CN101710049A - Method for testing tensile mechanical performance of TiAl-base alloy - Google Patents

Method for testing tensile mechanical performance of TiAl-base alloy Download PDF

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CN101710049A
CN101710049A CN200910237269A CN200910237269A CN101710049A CN 101710049 A CN101710049 A CN 101710049A CN 200910237269 A CN200910237269 A CN 200910237269A CN 200910237269 A CN200910237269 A CN 200910237269A CN 101710049 A CN101710049 A CN 101710049A
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CN101710049B (en
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马岳
毛广杰
宫声凯
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Beihang University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for testing the tensile mechanical performance of TiAl-base alloy, comprising the steps of preparing raw materials, designing the size of a sample under test, processing and cutting the sample under test, processing the surface of the sample under test, loading and unloading the sample under test repeatedly and measuring the sample under test repeatedly. The sample which has no gap and is under the in-situ tension test by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is designed and is ruptured under uniform stress to increase the plastic deformation region. The sample is tensed by being repeatedly loaded and unloaded with horizontal stress points on a standard mechanical performance curve. The method is particularly suitable for testing the tensile mechanical performance of the brittle material such as the TiAl-base alloy and can ensure that the morphology of the non-uniform plastic deformation of the brittle material such as the TiAl-base alloy which is tensed repeatedly can be observed in detail, the generation of the crack and the plastic deformation region of the brittle material such as the TiAl-base alloy can be observed, and the mechanical performance of the brittle material such as the TiAl-base alloy can be researched well.

Description

A kind of test method of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of mechanic property test method of alloy, saying particularly is meant the test method of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing.
Background technology
TiAl base alloy has higher serviceability temperature, elevated temperature strength, elastic modulus and advantages such as good oxidization resistance energy and creep-resistant property, make it to be better than other metal and alloy and enjoy the material supplier author's of aerospace community concern, become one of candidate material in the used high-temperature structural material of new generation of aircraft engine and rocket propulsion system.At present, the research focus of Intermatallic Ti-Al compound all has been placed in the research and development of alloy.Yet, lower temperature-room type plasticity, elevated temperature strength and the fracture toughness of TiAl base alloy, alloy just can produce damage significantly under very little load simultaneously, has seriously hindered it and has entered the process of practicability.Therefore, we are necessary that material is produced the deformation behavior in certain certain range of stress study, and then understand material and produce the micro-crack derogatory behaviour, to reach the Secure Application of material.
In room temperature was on active service, owing to use repeatedly, the plastic yield of part might appear in material internal, and these distortion mainly are that germinating and the expansion by crackle shows, and cause material internal that damage has taken place, the overall performance of reduction material.The macrofeature of material fragility fracture is that immesurable plastic yield takes place before fracture, and the expansion rate of crackle is often very fast when material generation brittle fracture simultaneously.The driving force of TiAl intermetallic compound fracture is a drawing stress, and crackle can crack initiation and expansion in elastic range.In order better to study the process of TiAl base alloy material crack nucleation, expansion and fracture in drawing process, the method that people mainly adopt scanning electron microscope home position to stretch realizes.The sample that existing traditional scanning electron microscope (SEM) original position stretching test is adopted causes that easily stress is concentrated because size is less, and active section and gripping section transition chamfering are less, be at sample active section center gap, and make things convenient for the tracing observation crackle.Crackle forms the back spreading fracture along gap position, observes whole crack initiation and expansion process.But because the existence of breach has changed the even distribution of stress on whole sample multiple operation section, cause the stress of gap position to concentrate, be unfavorable for the mechanical property of research material under evenly stressed, limited to the application of research method.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is in order to solve in the performance test of material original position stretching because the stress that the sample gap causes is concentrated, cause the problem of unbalance stress, and the fixing less problem of stress concentration that causes of sample loading position size, a kind of test method of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing is provided.Described test method adopts not that the gap sample carries out the tension test of SEM scanning electron microscope, makes sample evenly stressed plastic yield take place down, ruptures at last.Utilize the means that stretch repeatedly, the size and the cycle index of control plus load are finished the distortion of materials behavior.The test method part that this method is different from the past is not gap of sample, and the formation position of unqualified crackle, and sample analytical mechanics performance under uniform stressing conditions can provide foundation for reality military service process.
The experimental technique of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing provided by the invention, concrete steps are:
The first step: preparation starting material;
Preparation TiAl base alloy cast ingot, and carry out pre-service, pre-service comprises hip treatment and annealing in process.
Second step: design specimen size, processing cutting sample;
The present invention designs not gap sample, and the gripping section at sample two ends is thickeied processing, and round-corner transition is connected between the gripping section of reinforcement and the central task section, to avoid causing stress to concentrate in the drawing process.
The 3rd step: the processing of specimen surface;
The work sightingpiston of sample is through corase grind, correct grinding, fine grinding and polishing post-etching, and corrosive liquid adopts TiAl base alloy corrosive liquid commonly used, and the composition volume ratio is HNO 3: HF: H 2O is 10: 5: 85, adopts shallow etch state, and the back side of sample and the edge of both sides roughly grind, are finely ground to 1200 respectively #~1500 #
The 4th step: sample adds unloading repeatedly, measures;
According to TiAl base alloy standard mechanical curves, formulate the horizontal stress point that adds unloaded repeatedly, promptly setting adds the horizontal stress point of unloading repeatedly in 0~σ s (yield point), each horizontal stress point loading and unloading circulation, each back that loads unloads at once, at interval not free, add the unloaded mode for manually adding unloading.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) design the not SEM original position stretching test sample of gap, make sample material rupture down evenly stressed, material plastic yield zone increases.
(2) the present invention is particularly useful for the stretching mechanical property testing of hard brittle materials such as TiAl, can observe the inhomogeneous plastic yield pattern that material produces in loading process repeatedly in more detail.
(3) adopt not the gap sample to test, avoided the existence of breach to define the germinating position of crackle, more help observing the germinating and the plastic yield generation area of the crackle of material, better the mechanical property of research material.
Description of drawings
Figure 1A is existing SEM original position stretching test sample standard size vertical view;
Figure 1B is a tensile sample vertical view of the present invention;
Fig. 1 C is a tensile sample side view of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the stretching test method process flow diagram for the invention provides;
Fig. 3 is for TiAl base alloy standard mechanical curves and formulate repeatedly the horizontal stress point;
Fig. 4 is for adding the process flow diagram in the uninstall process repeatedly among the embodiment 1;
Fig. 5 is a sample deformation 3D digital correlation deformation map among the embodiment 1;
Fig. 6 A is a sample deformation scanning electron microscope low power shape appearance figure among the embodiment 1;
Fig. 6 B is a sample deformation scanning electron microscope high power shape appearance figure among the embodiment 1;
Fig. 7 adds unloading back material surface crack morphology figure repeatedly for alloy among the embodiment 1;
Fig. 8 is a sample deformation scanning electron microscope shape appearance figure among the embodiment 2.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.
The present invention tests improved a kind of test method to the SEM original position stretching, and test sample size and conventional original position stretching size are distinguished to some extent.Conventional band notched specimen size is shown in Figure 1A, usually gap 3 can avoid the sample overall dimension less, gripping section 1 position of causing and the radius between active section 2 positions are the arcuation crossover position fracture of R1, but the existence of breach 3 has changed the stressed homogeneity of sample, is unfavorable for the even mechanical property of research material.Therefore the present invention designs the not tensile sample of gap, cancel the breach 3 in traditional sample centre position, and on the thickness direction of original sample, done the transition change processing, shown in Figure 1B, 1C, done in gripping section 1 position, the two ends of tabular tensile sample and to have thickened processing, the gripping section 1 of thickening ' and central task section 2 ' between adopt the rounded corner transition, transition arc radius R2 is 5~8mm.
Adopt above-mentioned improved tensile sample to carry out tension test, process flow diagram as shown in Figure 2, concrete steps are as follows:
The first step: preparation starting material; At first TiAl base alloy cast ingot is through pre-service, and pre-service comprises hip treatment and later stage homogenizing annealing processing, and the treatment temperature of high temperature insostatic pressing (HIP) is 1200~1300 ℃, and pressure is 170~220MPa, and temperature retention time is 3~5h.The temperature of annealing in process is 800 ℃~1100 ℃, and temperature retention time is 12~16h.
Second step: the design specimen size, process cutting;
Among the present invention alloy cast ingot is cut into plate tensile sample, shown in Figure 1B, the sample overall length is 33~36mm, the width of gripping section 1 position is 14~15mm, length is about 7mm, and the width of active section 2 positions is 4~5m, and length is 15~18mm, because the mode that loads is that the 2mm cylinder is stressed to both sides tension test sample by four fixing on original position stretching platform radiuses, so the round-corner transition position R1 of active section 2 and gripping section 1 gets 2mm.Size on plate tensile sample thickness and traditional original position stretching specimen size are revised, as Fig. 1 C, wherein the gripping section 1 ' position that thickens, two ends increases thickness 8~10mm, general thickness is between 2.3~2.8mm, gripping section 1 ' the thickness knuckle radius R2 of central task section 2 ' and both sides gets 5~8mm, central task section 2 ' thickness is 0.8~1mm, and length is 6~8mm.Sample just has plane and flexure plane of avoiding stress to concentrate of a smooth experimental observation like this.
The 3rd step: specimen surface is handled; Original position stretching sample viewing plane under scanning electron microscope just can be observed after must passing through corase grind, correct grinding, polishing, corrosion, and corase grind and correct grinding to a certain degree also should be passed through to avoid producing micro-crack in flexure plane and two sides.Especially to be ground to 1200 at some on by the curved surface of arc transition position #~1500 #The corrosive liquid volume that adopts during the sample corrosion compares HNO 3: HF: H 2O is 10: 5: 85.Because γ contains the substructure tissue in inside mutually in the TiAl base alloy, after normal corrosion, can form and the similar simple curved shape structure of micro-crack, influence the observation of original position stretching, so the only simple corrosion of test design, avoid eroding away the inner mutually substructure that contains of γ as far as possible.
The 4th step: sample adds unloading repeatedly, measures;
The original position stretching load mode is different with traditional original position stretching among the present invention.According to TiAl base alloy standard mechanical curves, as shown in Figure 3, formulate the level point that adds unloaded repeatedly, i.e. 0~σ s(yield point) interior setting adds the horizontal stress point of unloading repeatedly, and the loading and unloading circulation is 100~400 times under each load, and unloading at once is at interval not free after each the loading, adds the unloaded mode for manually adding unloading.Set the initial load F that adds unloading repeatedly 0, circulate after 100~400 times, increase magnitude of load Δ F, Δ F is between 40~70MPa, second adds unloaded repeatedly and just is F 0+ Δ F after 100~400 times, increases magnitude of load Δ F repeatedly, and the 3rd adds unloaded repeatedly and just be F 0+ 2* Δ F after 100~400 times, increases load repeatedly again ..., identical in the cycle index design of each fixing load position design, the charge number Δ F of increase is also identical, finds that in test material has distortion, stops to load off-test.Adding repeatedly of general design unloads maximum load (F 0+ x* Δ F) at yield point σ sIn, x=1,2,3 ...
Through above-mentioned process of the test, the setting of specimen size has been avoided sample to crack in the position of curve transition causing crisp section, can observe again simultaneously material at low stress in the process of heavily stressed variation, in elastic range, whether there is not distortion fully, and add repeatedly in the uninstall process in the plastic yield-point position, whether as to produce in the TiAl base alloy drawing process very little be zero plastic yield substantially.This loading procedure does not influence the test of tensile property, and stretches through said process, has avoided because the stress that notched specimen causes is concentrated, and the mechanical property that records is more accurate.The plastic yield zone that produces in the TiAl base alloy drawing process increases.
Embodiment 1:
The TiAl base alloy Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb with full lamella form through cast molding is carried out the SEM original position stretching add the unloading test repeatedly.
The first step: the process pre-service earlier of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy, 175MPa, 1280 ℃, temperature retention time is the 4h hip treatment, and then 800 ℃ of insulation 12h annealing in process.
Second step: the design specimen size is processed cutting.
Not shown in the positive size Figure 1B of the sample of the SEM original position stretching of gap sample, shown in the lateral thickness dimensional drawing 1C.The sample overall length is designed to 35mm, and gripping section 1 width is 14mm, and active section 2 length are 17mm, and width is 4mm, and active section 2 is got 2mm with the round-corner transition of gripping section 1 for the R1 position.Size on thickness and traditional original position stretching specimen size are revised, wherein a side of two ends gripping section 1 ' position thickens, the length of the gripping section 1 ' of every side is 10mm, general thickness 2.5mm, central task section 2 ' is got 5mm with gripping section 1 ' the thickness knuckle radius of both sides for the R2 position, central task section 2 ' thickness is 0.8mm, and length is about 8mm.Sample just has plane and flexure plane of avoiding stress to concentrate of a smooth experimental observation like this.
The 3rd step: viewing plane is through observing after corase grind, correct grinding, polishing, the corrosion under scanning electron microscope for the original position stretching sample, and the corrosive liquid volume compares HNO 3: HF: H 2O is 10: 5: 85.Flexure plane and two sides process corase grind and correct grinding to a certain degree are to avoid producing micro-crack.Especially on some curved surfaces, finish grind 1500 by the arc transition position #Because the inner γ of TiAl base alloy contains substructure in mutually, can form and the similar simple curved shape structure of micro-crack after normal corrosion, influences the observation of original position stretching.Therefore the only simple corrosion of test design avoids eroding away the inner mutually substructure that contains of γ as far as possible.
The 4th step: sample adds unloading repeatedly, measures;
Different among the present invention with traditional original position stretching, according to TiAl base alloy standard mechanical curves, formulate the level point (shown in Figure 3) that adds unloaded repeatedly, 0~σ s(yield point) interior setting adds four horizontal stress points of unloading repeatedly, and the loading and unloading circulation is 100 times under each load, unloading at once after each the loading, and at interval not free, adding the unloaded mode is manual loading.Add the uninstall process process flow diagram as shown in Figure 4:
(1) sets the initial load F that adds unloading repeatedly 0Be 190MPa, circulate 100 times;
(2) improve load level Δ F=60MPa, second F that adds the unloaded level repeatedly 1Be designed to (F 0+ Δ F),, i.e. F 1=250MPa circulates 100 times;
(3) the 3rd add the horizontal F of unloading repeatedly 2Be designed to (F 0+ 2* Δ F), i.e. F 2=310MPa circulates 100 times;
(4) the 4th add the horizontal F of unloading repeatedly 3Be designed to (F 0+ 3* Δ F), i.e. F 3=370MPa circulates after 100 times, because 370MPa near yield point, observes and finds material surface generation deformation, so CYCLIC LOADING finishes.Adopt above-mentioned SEM original position stretching test method, material surface active section 2 central areas produce the plasticity deformation of unevenness of macroscopic view, utilize the distortion pattern (shown in Figure 5) on digital correlation commercial measurement 3D surface, irregular deformation of unevenness has obviously taken place in the zone that can see the center dark color, vertical coordinate has tangible fluctuations, the perk of sample two ends, the center is uneven.Contrast metaloscope differential interference method picture shot (shown in Fig. 6 A and Fig. 6 B) again, can see the center of sample,, cause the surface brightness difference the reflection of light difference owing to after the unloading generation plastic yield that stretches repeatedly, cause surface irregularity.All produced the sliding deformation vestige in these positions that produce deformation of unevenness.Explanation is adding unloading through stretching repeatedly in the drawing process repeatedly, and sample constantly produces stretcher strain, leaves residual plastic yield behind the release stress, and the plastic yield zone of material increases.Specimen surface no longer is the smooth surface when testing preceding the polishing.SEM original position stretching by the Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy adds the unloading test repeatedly, observes material and produces very big plastic yield in the central area, mainly shows to produce macroscopic uneven whole distortion in the central area.Test findings above corresponding is by crack morphology such as Fig. 7 of scanning electron microscopic observation center deformed region.Fig. 7 a, 7b, 7c are respectively that crack initiation is in the crystal grain inside of wearing lamella, crystal boundary position and there is not a shape appearance figure in the lamellar structure γ piece.Wherein the germinating of crackle in the crystal grain inside of wearing lamella be since the angle of loading direction and lamella direction near due to 0 °, and the crystal boundary position is easy to cause that stress concentrates, and is the position that material crack germinates the easiest formation.The γ piece of no lamellar structure is mutually identical with the γ of lamellar structure, and crackle forms mutually and expands along γ easily.And the quantity of crack initiation when the crack number found in these three kinds of positions of making discovery from observation is higher than direct the loading far away.
Embodiment 2:
Carry out the SEM original position stretching and add unloading test repeatedly having full lamellar structure Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-1B alloy.
The first step: at first TiAl base alloy cast ingot is through pre-service, and pre-service comprises hip treatment and later stage homogenizing annealing processing, and the treatment temperature of high temperature insostatic pressing (HIP) is 1280 ℃, and pressure is 175MPa, and temperature retention time is 4h.The temperature of annealing in process is 800 ℃ ℃, and temperature retention time is 12h.
Second step: the design specimen size is processed cutting.
Shown in the positive size Figure 1B of the sample of the SEM original position stretching of gap sample, shown in the lateral thickness dimensional drawing 1C.The sample overall length is designed to 35mm, and gripping section 1 width is 14mm, and active section 2 length are 17mm, and width is 4mm, and active section 2 is got 2mm with the round-corner transition of gripping section 1 for the R1 position.Size on thickness and traditional original position stretching specimen size are revised, wherein gripping section 1 ' position in two ends thickens, the length of the gripping section 1 ' of every side is 10mm, general thickness 2.5mm, active section center 2 ' is got 5mm with gripping section 1 ' the thickness knuckle radius of both sides for the R2 position, central task section 2 ' thickness is for O.8mm, and length is about 8mm.Sample just has plane and flexure plane of avoiding stress to concentrate of a smooth experimental observation like this.
The 3rd step: original position stretching sample viewing plane under scanning electron microscope just can be observed after must passing through corase grind, correct grinding, polishing, corrosion, and corase grind and correct grinding to a certain degree also should be passed through to avoid producing micro-crack in flexure plane and two sides.Especially to be ground to 1200 at some on by the curved surface of arc transition position #~1500 #The corrosive liquid volume that adopts during the sample corrosion compares HNO 3: HF: H 2O is 10: 5: 85.Because the inner γ of TiAl base alloy contains substructure in inside mutually, can form and the similar simple curved shape structure of micro-crack after normal corrosion, influences the observation of original position stretching.Therefore the only simple corrosion of test design avoids eroding away the inner mutually substructure that contains of γ as far as possible.
The 4th step: sample adds unloading repeatedly, measures;
According to TiAl base alloy standard mechanical curves, to formulate the level point that adds unloaded repeatedly and be respectively 250MPa, 310MPa and 370MPa, process of the test is set the initial load F that adds unloading repeatedly 0Be 250MPa, circulate after 200 times, improve load level, second stress point F that adds unloaded repeatedly 1Be designed to F 0+ Δ F, Δ F are 60MPa, i.e. F 1=310MPa circulates after 200 times the 3rd stress point F 2Be designed to F 0+ 2* Δ F, i.e. F 1=370MPa, add unloading 40 times repeatedly after, material surface generation deformation is so stop to load.
Fig. 8 adds the surface deformation that causes in the uninstall process repeatedly.Tangible concavo-convex deformation takes place in specimen surface, and with the method that stretches repeatedly, gap can not observed the deformation that material takes place under evenly stressed condition.This provides very important information for the mechanism that forms fracture in the tensile property of studying hard brittle material and the drawing process.
The present invention has broken through the method that conventional employing gap sample carries out tension test in this area, adopt a kind of novel mode that adds unloading repeatedly, material plastic yield situation at material surface before tension failure all is presented in microscopically one by one, has made things convenient for for personnel in the affiliated field for the research of hard brittle material mechanism of fracture.

Claims (8)

1. the test method of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing is characterized in that:
The first step: preparation starting material;
Preparation TiAl base alloy cast ingot, and carry out pre-service, pre-service comprises hip treatment and annealing in process; Second step: design sample;
Described sample is compared with conventional gap plate tensile sample, gap not, and done in gripping section position, the two ends of tabular tensile sample and to thicken processing, adopt arc transition between thickening and the central task section;
The 3rd step: the processing of specimen surface;
The work sightingpiston of sample is through corase grind, correct grinding, fine grinding and polishing post-etching, and corrosive liquid adopts TiAl base alloy corrosive liquid commonly used, and the composition volume ratio is HNO 3: HF: H 2O is 10: 5: 85, adopts shallow etch state, and the back side of sample and the edge of both sides roughly grind, are finely ground to 1200 respectively #~1500 #
The 4th step: sample adds unloading repeatedly, measures;
According to TiAl base alloy standard mechanical curves, 0 to yield point σ sInterior setting adds the horizontal stress point of unloading repeatedly, each horizontal stress point loading and unloading circulation, and unloading at once after each the loading, at interval not free, adding the unloaded mode is manual loading.
2. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the sample two ends gripping section described in second step thickens 8~10mm, and the gripping section thickness knuckle radius of central task section and both sides is got 5~8mm.
3. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: described sample overall length is 33~36mm, the width of gripping section position is 14~15mm, length is about 7mm, the width of active section position is 4~5m, length is 15~18mm, and the round-corner transition position radius of active section and gripping section is got 2mm; Two ends gripping section position general thickness is between 2.3~2.8mm on plate tensile sample thickness, and central task section thickness is 0.8~1mm, and length is 6~8mm.
4. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the sample described in the 4th step adds the unloading detailed process repeatedly and is:
Set the initial load F that adds unloading repeatedly 0, circulate after 100~400 times, increase magnitude of load Δ F, Δ F is between 40~70MPa, second adds unloaded repeatedly and just is F 0+ Δ F after 100~400 times, increases magnitude of load Δ F repeatedly, and the 3rd adds unloaded repeatedly and just be F 0+ 2* Δ F after 100~400 times, increases load repeatedly again ..., find that in experiment material has distortion, stop to load off-test.
5. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the horizontal stress point described in the 4th step is chosen 3~4 points on every mechanical curves, the maximum horizontal stress point load is at yield point σ sNear.
6. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1 is characterized in that: differ identical magnitude of load Δ F between adjacent two horizontal stress points.
7. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the cycle index that each the horizontal stress point described in the 4th step adds unloading is identical.
8. the test method of a kind of TiAl base alloy stretching mechanical property testing according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the treatment temperature of high temperature insostatic pressing (HIP) is 1200~1300 ℃ in the first step, and pressure is 170~220MPa, and temperature retention time is 3~5h; The temperature of annealing in process is 800 ℃~1100 ℃, and temperature retention time is 12~16h.
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