CN101709444B - Thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy - Google Patents
Thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101709444B CN101709444B CN200910243382XA CN200910243382A CN101709444B CN 101709444 B CN101709444 B CN 101709444B CN 200910243382X A CN200910243382X A CN 200910243382XA CN 200910243382 A CN200910243382 A CN 200910243382A CN 101709444 B CN101709444 B CN 101709444B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- lead
- aluminum alloy
- temperature
- heat treatment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 title abstract description 15
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910000967 As alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010622 cold drawing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910017818 Cu—Mg Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000905 alloy phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The invention provides a thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy, and relates to a thermal treatment method for wrought aluminum alloy which contains Sn, Bi and does not contain Pb. The lead-free aluminum alloy uses bismuth, tin, copper, silicon and chromium as alloy elements, and uses aluminum as substrate. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) carrying out solution heat treatment on an alloy ingot in a thermal treatment furnace at a temperature of 535+/-2 DEG C for 60 minutes; (2) carrying out water quenching on the alloy ingot which is subjected to the solution heat treatment at room temperature; (3) carrying out aging treatment on the alloy ingot which is subjected to water quenching at the temperature of 165+/-2 DEG C for 10 hours; and (4) air cooling the alloy to room temperature after the reactant is discharged and cooled, and carrying out cold machining (cold-drawing) with cold machining deflection of between 0 an 4 percent. The method can greatly improve the mechanical performance of the wrought alloy, and further improve the alloy strength through cold machining.
Description
Technical field
A kind of heat treating method of lead-free aluminum alloy relates to a kind of Sn of containing, Bi, does not contain the heat treating method of the wrought aluminium alloy of Pb.
Background technology
Plumbous a kind of alloying element as aluminium alloy, being mainly used in 2XXX and 6XXX is alloy, to improve the workability of alloy, but problem because the waste material that Lead contamination brings is returned, make that since Chinalco's unleaded easy processing aluminium alloy that begins one's study of some developed countries of nineteen nineties investigators study and adopt other alloying element to come lead in the substitution of Al alloy, these substitute element comprise Si, Mn, Fe and Ni etc.Adopt Sn to substitute Pb in 6262 as Kaiser markets, having designed its inner trade mark is the KA62 alloy, and with 6262 alloy phases ratio, the physicals of this alloy and processing characteristics are the B level.Reynolds then adopts Pb and the Bi in In and alternative 6262 alloys of Sn, and these alloying elements have formed desired low melting point eutectic phase in aluminium alloy, and processing characteristics increases than 6262; Kobe Steel company then mainly adopts and adjusts the conventional alloys element, especially Si, Mn, the content of Fe and Ni improves processing characteristics, result of study shows, the Si content of alloy reduces can improve the processing characteristics of alloy, and changes 2017 and 6061 Si content on this basis and designed KE2 and KE6 respectively.The Reynolds metal company has been studied and has been added Ti and In and replace Bi and Pb in the AA6262 alloy, has obtained the suitable alloy materials of processing characteristics and tradition 6262, and company studies again and to add Bi and In replaces Pb subsequently, and has applied for United States Patent (USP) in calendar year 2001.
For the lead-free aluminum alloy performance is reached or with 2XXX or 6XXX be that alloy property is suitable, need carry out suitable thermal treatment to this new alloy, at present, the lead-free aluminum alloy of the extraordinary composition of using for maturation has special heat treatment process parameter all to be in confidential state, does not have the production of industrialized lead-free aluminum alloy and thermal treatment process to disclose.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention is exactly the deficiency that exists at above-mentioned prior art, and a kind of effectively heat treating method of the lead-free aluminum alloy of the mechanical property of alloy is provided.
The objective of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions.
A kind of heat treating method of lead-free aluminum alloy, its lead-free aluminum alloy be with bismuth, tin, and copper, silicon and chromium are alloying element, and aluminium is matrix, and the mass percent of its alloy is formed and is included as: Si:0.4%-0.8%; Cu:0.15%-0.40%; Mg:0.8%-1.2%; Sn:0.4%-0.9%; Bi:0.4%-0.9%; Cr:0.04%-0.142%; Zn :≤0.25%; Mn :≤0.15%; Ti :≤0.10%, surplus is aluminium and unavoidable impurities element; The step that it is characterized in that its heat treatment process comprises:
(1) with alloy pig in heat treatment furnace, under 535 ± 2 ℃ of temperature, the insulation 60min, carry out solution heat treatment;
(2) alloy pig after the solution heat treatment is carried out the room temperature shrend;
(3) with the alloy pig after the shrend under 165 ± 2 ℃ of temperature, the insulation 10h, carry out ageing treatment;
(4) come out of the stove the cooling after, air cooling is to room temperature; Carry out cold working (cold-drawn) again, it is 0-4% that deflection is pulled out in cold working.
Method of the present invention, the purpose of high temperature solid solution are that Cu and Mg are dissolved in the aluminum substrate effectively, for the artificial aging of back creates conditions.Therefore selecting the high temperature solid solution temperature in the present invention is 535 ± 2 ℃, insulation 60min, if temperature is lower than this temperature, Cu and Mg can not dissolve in the base aluminum to greatest extent, do not reach maximum strengthening effect,, make original grain grow up fast on the one hand if temperature is higher than this temperature or soaking time is oversize, may cause burning not on the one hand, this two aspect all can reduce solid solution strengthening effect.
For oversaturated Al-Cu-Mg alloy, the timeliness sequence in ag(e)ing process is GP district---needle-like Mg
2Si non-equilibrium phase---sheet Mg
2The Si equilibrium phase, in the isothermal aging process, the quantity of precipitated phase increases with the prolongation of timeliness time.Aging technique of the present invention is: aging temp: 165 ± 2 ℃, and insulation 10h.If temperature is lower than this temperature, Al-Cu-Mg compound and Mg
2Si can not all separate out mutually, if instead temperature is higher than this temperature, can make the Al-Cu-Mg compound and the Mg that separate out
2Si grows up mutually, has increased the room in the alloy, has reduced the ageing strengthening effect; The timeliness soaking time is too short, and precipitated phase quantity is reduced, and the insulation timeliness surpasses 10 hours, and the increase of precipitated phase is not obvious, but energy consumption increases the product cost rising.
Alloy after the timeliness carries out cold working, and extruding back dimensional accuracy of products is improved, and has further improved the mechanical property of deforming alloy on the other hand.
The advantage of method of the present invention is: 1, through the alloy after the thermal treatment of the present invention, have excellent mechanical property and excellent erosion resistance and weldability; 2, through the alloy after the cold working, the dimensional precision height, mechanical property gets a greater increase; 3, heat treatment process less energy consumption, production cost is low.
This type of heat treatment of alloy comprises that mainly solution treatment and timeliness separate out two stages, and the purpose of solution treatment is to make alloying element dissolve in aluminum substrate to greatest extent, and the purpose of ageing treatment is that alloying element is separated out with tiny and uniform strengthening phase as much as possible.
Effect of the present invention: through the wrought aluminium alloy after the thermal treatment of the present invention, be greatly improved than the mechanical property of alloy before the thermal treatment, reduced the unrelieved stress of alloy simultaneously, the erosion resistance of alloy and weldability ought with 6262 alloy phases that contain Pb; Through the alloy after the cold working, the dimensional precision height, mechanical property gets a greater increase; Invent described thermal treatment process less energy consumption, production cost is low, has stronger industrial operability.
Embodiment
A kind of heat treating method of lead-free aluminum alloy, this lead-free aluminum alloy is with magnesium, bismuth, tin, copper, silicon and chromium are main alloy element, and contain other unavoidable impurities element.It basic composition is: Si:0.4-0.8%; Cu:0.15-0.40%; Mg:0.8-1.2%; Sn:0.4-0.9%; Bi:0.4-0.9%; Cr:0.04-0.142%; Zn :≤0.25%; Mn :≤0.15%; Ti :≤0.10%, surplus is an aluminium; For improving the intensity of alloy, alloy is heat-treated, its thermal treatment process flow process is that heat treatment furnace is warmed up to design temperature---shove charge---solution treatment (heat up---insulation)---quenching---ageing treatment (to warm shove charge, heat up---insulation)---air cooling of coming out of the stove---cold working.Its solid solubility temperature is 535 ± 2 ℃, insulation 60min, shrend; Aging temp is 165 ± 2 ℃, insulation 10h, air cooling; Cold deformation amount 0-4%.
Embodiment 1
Carry out cold working after the alloy thermal treatment after the extruding.Concrete technical process is: heat treatment furnace is warmed up to design temperature (535 ± 2 ℃)---shove charge---solution treatment (10 ℃/min heats up---insulation 60min)---quench (5-10s transfer time quenches)---ageing treatment (to warm shove charge, 3 ℃/min heats up---insulation 10h)---air cooling of coming out of the stove.
Embodiment 2
Carry out cold working after the alloy thermal treatment after the extruding.Concrete technical process is: heat treatment furnace is warmed up to design temperature (535 ± 2 ℃)---shove charge---solution treatment (10 ℃/min heats up---insulation 60min)---quench (5-10s transfer time quenches)---and ageing treatment (to warm shove charge, 3 ℃/min heats up---insulation 10h) and---air cooling of coming out of the stove---cold working (deflection 0.5%).
Embodiment 3
Carry out cold working after the alloy thermal treatment after the extruding.Concrete technical process is: heat treatment furnace is warmed up to design temperature (535 ± 2 ℃)---shove charge---solution treatment (10 ℃/min heats up---insulation 60min)---quench (5-10s transfer time quenches)---and ageing treatment (to warm shove charge, 3 ℃/min heats up---insulation 10h) and---air cooling of coming out of the stove---cold working (deflection 3.0%).
Embodiment 4
Carry out cold working after the alloy thermal treatment after the extruding.Concrete technical process is: heat treatment furnace is warmed up to design temperature (535 ± 2 ℃)---shove charge---solution treatment (10 ℃/min heats up---insulation 60min)---quench (5-10s transfer time quenches)---and ageing treatment (to warm shove charge, 3 ℃/min heats up---insulation 10h) and---air cooling of coming out of the stove---cold working (deflection 4.0%).
Table 1 mechanical property
Claims (2)
1. the heat treating method of a lead-free aluminum alloy, its lead-free aluminum alloy is an alloying element with bismuth, tin, copper, magnesium, silicon and chromium, and aluminium is matrix, and the mass percent of its alloy consists of: Si:0.4%-0.8%; Cu:0.15%-0.40%; Mg:0.8%-1.2%; Sn:0.4%-0.9%; Bi:0.4%-0.9%; Cr:0.04%-0.142%; Zn :≤0.25%; Mn :≤0.15%; Ti :≤0.10%, surplus is aluminium and unavoidable impurities element; The step that it is characterized in that its heat treatment process comprises:
(1) with alloy pig in heat treatment furnace, under 535 ± 2 ℃ of temperature, the insulation 60min, carry out solution heat treatment;
(2) alloy pig after the solution heat treatment is carried out the room temperature shrend;
(3) with the alloy pig after the shrend under 165 ± 2 ℃ of temperature, the insulation 10h, carry out ageing treatment;
(4) come out of the stove the cooling after, air cooling is to room temperature.
2. the heat treating method of a kind of lead-free aluminum alloy according to claim 1, after the cooling that it is characterized in that coming out of the stove, air cooling carries out cold-drawn processing again to room temperature, and cold-drawn machining deformation amount is 0.5%-4%.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200910243382XA CN101709444B (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2009-12-18 | Thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200910243382XA CN101709444B (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2009-12-18 | Thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101709444A CN101709444A (en) | 2010-05-19 |
| CN101709444B true CN101709444B (en) | 2011-03-16 |
Family
ID=42402250
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN200910243382XA Active CN101709444B (en) | 2009-12-18 | 2009-12-18 | Thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101709444B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102634745A (en) * | 2012-04-17 | 2012-08-15 | 烟台路通精密铝业有限公司 | Heat processing technology of aluminum alloy castings |
| CN105316605A (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2016-02-10 | 亚太轻合金(南通)科技有限公司 | Thermal-treatment method for preventing formation of water stains on surface of aluminum alloy |
| CN104561850B (en) * | 2014-07-23 | 2016-12-07 | 安徽四翔铝业有限公司 | A kind of Technology for Heating Processing of corrosion resistance aluminium alloy |
| CN104451480A (en) * | 2014-12-15 | 2015-03-25 | 西南铝业（集团）有限责任公司 | Solid solution quenching method for aluminum alloy plates |
| CN105624482B (en) * | 2016-02-02 | 2017-09-29 | 江苏富尔达机械有限公司 | aluminium forging water meter |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1137807A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1996-12-11 | 美国铝公司 | Lead-free 6XXX aluminium alloy |
| EP0828008A2 (en) * | 1996-09-09 | 1998-03-11 | Alusuisse Technology & Management AG | Aluminium alloy with good machinability |
| US5803994A (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1998-09-08 | Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation | Aluminum-copper alloy |
| CN101158000A (en) * | 2007-11-23 | 2008-04-09 | 江苏亚太轻合金科技股份有限公司 | Leadless easy-cutting aluminum alloy |
| CN101205577A (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2008-06-25 | 广东凤铝铝业有限公司 | Leadless easy-cutting aluminium alloy and manufacturing technology thereof |
| CN101294249A (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2008-10-29 | 佛山市三水凤铝铝业有限公司 | Leadless easy-cut aluminum alloy material and manufacturing technique thereof |
-
2009
- 2009-12-18 CN CN200910243382XA patent/CN101709444B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5803994A (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1998-09-08 | Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation | Aluminum-copper alloy |
| CN1137807A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1996-12-11 | 美国铝公司 | Lead-free 6XXX aluminium alloy |
| EP0828008A2 (en) * | 1996-09-09 | 1998-03-11 | Alusuisse Technology & Management AG | Aluminium alloy with good machinability |
| CN101205577A (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2008-06-25 | 广东凤铝铝业有限公司 | Leadless easy-cutting aluminium alloy and manufacturing technology thereof |
| CN101158000A (en) * | 2007-11-23 | 2008-04-09 | 江苏亚太轻合金科技股份有限公司 | Leadless easy-cutting aluminum alloy |
| CN101294249A (en) * | 2008-06-05 | 2008-10-29 | 佛山市三水凤铝铝业有限公司 | Leadless easy-cut aluminum alloy material and manufacturing technique thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 王国军等.变形铝及铝合金热处理.《YS/T 591-2006 变形铝及铝合金热处理》.2006,1-29. * |
| 黄志其.易切削铝合金的组织与性能研究.《中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 工程科技Ⅰ辑》.2007,(第6期),全文. * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101709444A (en) | 2010-05-19 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3805416B1 (en) | Aluminum alloy and preparation method and application thereof | |
| CN102337429B (en) | High-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN100447275C (en) | High-strength invar alloy and its alloy wire rod production method | |
| CN101113498B (en) | High-strength highly-conductive low-calcium boron chromic zirconium copper alloy and method for manufacturing same | |
| CN103930576B (en) | Lead free cutting copper alloys and production method thereof | |
| WO2012026354A1 (en) | Co-based alloy | |
| CN110592444B (en) | 700-doped 720 MPa-strength heat-resistant high-intergranular corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN101298643A (en) | Environment-protective free-cutting copper alloy material and processing technique | |
| CN101709444B (en) | Thermal treatment method for lead-free aluminum alloy | |
| CN111636018A (en) | High-thermal-conductivity aluminum alloy and casting method thereof | |
| CN103898353A (en) | Copper alloy with high strength and high conductivity and preparation method thereof | |
| CN110938767A (en) | Die-casting aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103131925A (en) | High-strength heat-resisting composite rare earth magnesium alloy | |
| CN111020321A (en) | Al-Cu series casting alloy suitable for forging processing and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103146972A (en) | Multielement rare-earth magnesium alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103103425A (en) | Heat resisting magnesium alloy | |
| JP2012136746A (en) | Copper alloy for electric and electronic parts, and method for manufacturing the same | |
| CN109161767B (en) | Creep-resistant magnesium alloy containing W phase and preparation method thereof | |
| CN104498785B (en) | A kind of Al-Mg-Er-Zr heat-resisting aluminium alloy and preparation technology thereof | |
| CN1169988C (en) | Low cost heat-resistant magnesium alloy | |
| CN102787262A (en) | High-strength Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy for hot working and preparation method thereof | |
| CN115011846A (en) | High-strength and high-stability Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Sc aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof | |
| JP3763234B2 (en) | Method for producing high-strength, high-conductivity, high-heat-resistant copper-based alloy | |
| CN114672689B (en) | Rare earth copper alloy material with electromagnetic shielding function and preparation method thereof | |
| CN111455234B (en) | Sm-containing aluminum alloy for vacuum pump rotor and preparation method thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |