CN101655885B - Method for designing efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for designing an efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter, comprising the following steps: firstly, selecting proper dielectric cylinder materials and background dielectric materials according to a working wavelength; then designing a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure; removing all dielectric cylinders of the two-dimensional photonic crystal at a middle position in an y direction and at the position along an x direction to form a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide, adding a row of circular dielectric cylinders at the emission end of the waveguide to form an asymmetric grating emission face, and setting the parameter optimized by the grating emission face; and finally, setting a planar energy detector in the emission space after waveguide, and searching the maximum average time energy flow of the energy detector by a genetic algorithm to obtain the optimized design parameter of the asymmetric grating emission face so as to design the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter emitted at an angle of theta. The method is simple and practicable, and the designed emitter has high transmission efficiency and precisely-controlled emission angle.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the method for designing of a kind of method for designing of 2 D photon crystal directional transmitter, particularly a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter.
Background technology
Photonic crystal is a kind of artificial material that is made up of through periodic arrangement the different refractivity dielectric material; People can utilize the forbidden band of photonic crystal and the transport behavior that the photon local effect is controlled photon, thereby for making photonic integrated device possibility are provided.The 2 D photon crystal waveguide is very important application of 2 D photon crystal; Also be a kind of typical sub-wavelength device simultaneously; Yet because the existence of diffraction limit; The waveguide emergent light can occur comparing the angular dispersed that can't ignore with device size in communication space, has therefore influenced the coupling efficiency between photon crystal wave-guide and other waveguide device greatly.2004; People such as Moreno take the lead in having proposed structure fold exit facet after the 2 D photon crystal waveguide port, through on exit facet, having excited surface state and being coupled to the diffraction limit problem that solves emergent light in the radiated wave and designing the photonic crystal directional transmitter.Because this fold exit facet is along waveguide axis symmetry, so the transmit direction of directional transmitter is along the waveguide axis.Nearest discovers, if different unit cycle or medium refraction index are set for the fold exit facet along the waveguide two ends, promptly constitutes non-fold exit facet, just can design off-axis directional emitter.Yet in the design of two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter spare, still have three main problems both at home and abroad at present: (1) directional transmissions efficient is low; (2) the directional transmissions angle can not smart be controlled; (3) complex structure.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiency of prior art, provide a kind of new method to design the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter that simple in structure and directional transmissions angle can smart control.
The concrete technical solution that realizes the object of the invention is:
(1) select suitable medium column material and background media material to make up 2 D photon crystal according to operation wavelength λ;
The grating constant of (2) establishing the photonic crystal that medium post and background media material constitute is a;
The sectional dimension of (3) getting the medium post is R, the scope of R be 0.3a to 0.7a, suppose that perpendicular to the paper direction be the z direction of principal axis, the medium post be the z direction axially;
(4) design one long be J * a, wide is the two-dimensional photon crystal structure of K * a, wherein J, K are the integer more than or equal to 1; The direction of supposing broadside place is a horizontal direction, and the flat direction to the right of water intaking is an x axle forward, is y axle positive dirction perpendicular to x direction and the direction that makes progress;
(5) with 2 D photon crystal on the centre position of y direction and remove along the All Media post on the x direction by this position, form the 2 D photon crystal waveguide;
(6) behind the waveguide exit end, add row's medium post as individual layer grating exit facet, setting this row's medium post needs optimum parameters;
(7) the plane energy-probe that in the emission space after waveguide a width to be set be l, the scope of l is that 4a is to 8a; The detector center is d from the distance of waveguide exit end, and the scope of d is that 40a is to 60a; The angle of the normal direction of detector plane and x direction is θ, the scope of θ be 0 spend to 80 the degree;
(8) adopt the maximum averaging time of this energy-probe of genetic algorithm search to flow, can obtain the optimal design parameters of individual layer grating exit facet in the step 6;
(9) the individual layer grating exit facet that design obtains in 2 D photon crystal waveguide that obtains in the integrating step 5 and the step 8 has promptly constituted along the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal directional transmitter of θ angle emission.
The present invention compared with prior art, its remarkable advantage is:
(1) do not need to provide the formula of controlling the directional transmissions angle according to the medium column information on the exit facet; Only need the size of the angle theta of normal direction and x direction through changing detector plane, can realize the accurate control of 2 D photon crystal directional transmitter directional transmissions direction.
(2) can avoid considering the relation between the parameter and directional transmissions efficient on the exit facet, only the variation range of each parameter need be set and adopt the energy maximal value of genetic algorithm reconnaissance probe device can realize that emission angle is the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal directional transmitter design of θ.
(3) with respect to the asymmetric fold exit facet of bibliographical information, the structure of the asymmetric grating exit facet that the present invention adopted has realized simplification.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation that utilizes the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter of method design of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the structure and the output intensity distribution plan of embodiment 1 gained photonic crystal directional transmitter.
Fig. 3 is the structure and the output intensity distribution plan of embodiment 2 gained photonic crystal directional transmitters.
Fig. 4 is the structure and the output intensity distribution plan of embodiment 3 gained photonic crystal directional transmitters.
Reference numeral and counterpart thereof are among the figure: 1 is asymmetric grating exit facet; R1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8 are parameter to be optimized; 2 is energy-probe; L is the width of detector; D is the distance of detector center from the waveguide exit end; 3 is the 2 D photon crystal lattice, and lattice period is a; 4 is incident light source; θ is the angle of the normal direction and the x direction of detector plane.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is described in further detail.
In conjunction with Fig. 1, the method for designing of a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, select suitable medium column material and background media material to make up 2 D photon crystal according to operation wavelength λ; Said medium column material is silicon or glass or gallium arsenide, and the background media material is an air.
Step 4, the design one long be J * a, wide is the two-dimensional photon crystal structure of K * a, wherein J, K are the integer more than or equal to 1; The direction of supposing broadside place is a horizontal direction, and the flat direction to the right of water intaking is an x axle forward, is y axle positive dirction perpendicular to x direction and the direction that makes progress;
Step 5, with 2 D photon crystal on the centre position of y direction and remove along the All Media post on the x direction by this position, form the 2 D photon crystal waveguide;
Step 6, behind the waveguide exit end, add row's medium post as individual layer grating exit facet, setting this row's medium post needs optimum parameters; The cross section of said medium post is circular, and constitutes asymmetric grating exit facet about the waveguide axis; If should asymmetric grating exit facet be divided into be divided into along the waveguide axis about two sub-exit facets; Needing optimum parameters so is 8, is respectively: go up the diameter r1 of medium post on the sub-exit facet, go up the lattice element cycle r2 of medium post on the sub-exit facet; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r3; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide exit end apart from r4, the diameter r5 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet, the lattice element cycle r6 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet; Down sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r7, the luxuriant waveguide exit end of following sub-exit facet apart from r8; The variation range of above-mentioned 8 parameters is respectively [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a], [0,2a], [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a] and [0,2a].
The plane energy-probe that in step 7, the emission space after waveguide a width to be set be l; The l scope is that 4a is to 8a; The detector center is d from the distance of waveguide exit end; The scope of d be 40a to 60a, the angle of the normal direction of detector plane and x direction is θ, the scope of θ be 0 spend to 80 the degree;
Can flow the averaging time of step 8, the above-mentioned energy-probe of calculating.
Step 9, the maximum averaging time that adopts genetic algorithm to search for this energy-probe can flow, and can obtain the optimal design parameters of individual layer grating exit facet in the step 6; The maximum averaging time of utilizing genetic algorithm to search for this energy-probe can flow and may further comprise the steps:
(1) controlled variable of setting genetic algorithm comprises initial population scale N
c, maximum evolutionary generation, crossover probability and variation probability;
(2) 8 parameters in the asymmetric grating exit facet are carried out real coding, represent a chromosome, generation comprises N at random
cIndividual chromosomal initial population;
(3) calculate each chromosomal fitness value P according to flowing formula the averaging time of detector
D(λ);
(4) thus adopt to select successively, intersect and three genetic operators that make a variation come the maximum averaging time of generation generation evolution initial population reconnaissance probe device can flow valuve;
(5) reach the optimal value that stops search behind the maximum evolutionary generation and export 8 parameters, thereby generate asymmetric grating exit facet optimal design structure.
The individual layer grating exit facet that design obtains in 2 D photon crystal waveguide that obtains in step 10, the integrating step 5 and the step 9 has promptly constituted along the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal directional transmitter of θ angle emission.
Principle of work below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing 1 summary two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter that the present invention designed: operation wavelength is that the light wave of λ incides from 2 D photon crystal waveguide left side and propagates the waveguiding structure, after the light wave of waveguide port outgoing incides individual layer grating exit facet, scattering can take place; If regard each medium post on the grating exit facet as a little scatterer,, all scatterers will form the directional transmissions ripple when interfering stack between the scattered light of x axle forward-propagating so; Because individual layer grating exit facet has unsymmetric structure along the waveguide axis, thereby the scattered light that forms also can have the asymmetrical wave direction vector, and then interferes and form off-axis directional transmissions ripple.
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is done further detailed description:
Embodiment 1:
(1) confirm operation wavelength λ=1550nm, selecting gallium arsenide is the medium column material, and air is the background media material;
(2) the grating constant a=0.35 λ=542.5nm of selection 2 D photon crystal gets the medium column section for circular, sectional dimension R=0.18a=97.6nm, and getting perpendicular to the paper direction is the z direction of principal axis, the medium post is placed along the z direction of principal axis, and by the square mode arrangement;
(3) length and width size of design be the two-dimensional photon crystal structure of 31a * 12a, and the direction of establishing broadside place is a horizontal direction, and the direction of putting down to the right of fetching water is an x axle forward, is y axle positive dirction perpendicular to x direction and the direction that makes progress;
(4) be that the 16th row medium post removes with the centre position of this 2 D photon crystal on the y direction, form the 2 D photon crystal waveguide, incident light goes into to inject this waveguiding structure from the photon crystal wave-guide left side along the waveguide axis direction;
(5) add that behind the waveguide exit end row's medium post constitutes asymmetric grating exit facet; This grating exit facet is divided into two sub-exit facets up and down along the waveguide axis, and it is 8 that setting needs optimum parameters: go up the diameter r1 of medium post on the sub-exit facet, go up the lattice element cycle r2 of medium post on the sub-exit facet; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r3; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide exit end apart from r4, the diameter r5 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet, the lattice element cycle r6 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet; Down sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r7, the luxuriant waveguide exit end of following sub-exit facet apart from r8; The variation range of above-mentioned 8 parameters is respectively [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a], [0,2a], [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a] and [0,2a];
(6) the plane energy-probe that in the emission space after waveguide a width l to be set be 6a, the detector center is d=50a from the distance of waveguide exit end, the angle of the normal direction of detector plane and x direction is θ=10 °;
(7) adopt the maximum averaging time of this energy-probe of genetic algorithm search can flow the optimal design parameters that can obtain asymmetric grating exit facet;
Set step delta x=Δ y=0.05a between real domain method of finite difference (FDTD) algorithm hollow, the start and end time of detector is respectively 300 Δ t and 600 Δ t,
Represent the time step of FDTD, set genetic algorithm initial population scale N in addition
c=300, maximum evolutionary generation 80, crossover probability are 0.9, and the variation probability is 0.005;
(8) be correlated be provided with after, adopting the design parameter of the asymmetric grating exit facet that genetic algorithm finally obtains is r1=0.77a, r2=1.87a, r3=0.84a, r4=1.01a, r5=0.69a, r6=1.06a, r7=0.69a, r8=1.26a; After this grating exit facet was positioned over 2 D photon crystal waveguide exit end, promptly having accomplished emission angle was the design of 10 ° 2 D photon crystal directional transmitter, and Fig. 2 is seen in its structure and light distribution;
(9) adopt existing process technology can accomplish the making of above-mentioned design resulting structures.
Embodiment 2:
(1) confirm operation wavelength λ=1550nm, selecting gallium arsenide is the medium column material, and air is the background media material;
(2) the grating constant a=0.35 λ=542.5nm of selection 2 D photon crystal gets the medium column section for circular, sectional dimension R=0.18a=97.6nm, and getting perpendicular to the paper direction is the z direction of principal axis, the medium post is placed along the z direction of principal axis, and by the square mode arrangement;
(3) length and width size of design be the two-dimensional photon crystal structure of 31a * 12a, and the direction of establishing broadside place is a horizontal direction, and the direction of putting down to the right of fetching water is an x axle forward, is y axle positive dirction perpendicular to x direction and the direction that makes progress;
(4) be that the 16th row medium post removes with the centre position of this 2 D photon crystal on the y direction, form the 2 D photon crystal waveguide, incident light goes into to inject this waveguiding structure from the photon crystal wave-guide left side along the waveguide axis direction;
(5) add that behind the waveguide exit end row's medium post constitutes asymmetric grating exit facet; This grating exit facet is divided into two sub-exit facets up and down along the waveguide axis, and it is 8 that setting needs optimum parameters: go up the diameter r1 of medium post on the sub-exit facet, go up the lattice element cycle r2 of medium post on the sub-exit facet; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r3; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide exit end apart from r4, the diameter r5 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet, the lattice element cycle r6 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet; Down sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r7, the luxuriant waveguide exit end of following sub-exit facet apart from r8; The variation range of above-mentioned 8 parameters is respectively [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a], [0,2a], [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a] and [0,2a];
(6) the plane energy-probe that in the emission space after waveguide a width l to be set be 6a, the detector center is d=50a from the distance of waveguide exit end, the angle of the normal direction of detector plane and x direction is θ=20 °;
(7) adopt the maximum averaging time of this energy-probe of genetic algorithm search can flow the optimal design parameters that can obtain asymmetric grating exit facet;
Set step delta x=Δ y=0.05a between FDTD algorithm hollow, the start and end time of detector is respectively 300 Δ t and 600 Δ t, sets genetic algorithm initial population scale N in addition
c=300, maximum evolutionary generation 80, crossover probability are 0.9, and the variation probability is 0.005.
(8) be correlated be provided with after, adopting the design parameter of the asymmetric grating exit facet that genetic algorithm finally obtains is r1=0.36a, r2=1.49a, r3=0.45a, r4=1.31a, r5=0.66a, r6=1.07a, r7=1.38a, r8=1.18a; After this grating exit facet was positioned over 2 D photon crystal waveguide exit end, promptly having accomplished emission angle was the design of 20 ° 2 D photon crystal directional transmitter, and Fig. 3 is seen in its structure and light distribution;
(9) adopt existing process technology can accomplish the making of above-mentioned design resulting structures.
Embodiment 3:
(1) confirm operation wavelength λ=1550nm, selecting gallium arsenide is the medium column material, and air is the background media material;
(2) the grating constant a=0.35 λ=542.5nm of selection 2 D photon crystal gets the medium column section for circular, sectional dimension R=0.18a=97.6nm, and getting perpendicular to the paper direction is the z direction of principal axis, the medium post is placed along the z direction of principal axis, and by the square mode arrangement;
(3) length and width size of design be the two-dimensional photon crystal structure of 31a * 12a, and the direction of establishing broadside place is a horizontal direction, and the direction of putting down to the right of fetching water is an x axle forward, is y axle positive dirction perpendicular to x direction and the direction that makes progress;
(4) be that the 16th row medium post removes with the centre position of this 2 D photon crystal on the y direction, form the 2 D photon crystal waveguide, incident light goes into to inject this waveguiding structure from the photon crystal wave-guide left side along the waveguide axis direction;
(5) add that behind the waveguide exit end row's medium post constitutes asymmetric grating exit facet; This grating exit facet is divided into two sub-exit facets up and down along the waveguide axis, and it is 8 that setting needs optimum parameters: go up the diameter r1 of medium post on the sub-exit facet, go up the lattice element cycle r2 of medium post on the sub-exit facet; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r3; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide exit end apart from r4, the diameter r5 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet, the lattice element cycle r6 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet; Down sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r7, the luxuriant waveguide exit end of following sub-exit facet apart from r8; The variation range of above-mentioned 8 parameters is respectively [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a], [0,2a], [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a] and [0,2a];
(6) the plane energy-probe that in the emission space after waveguide a width l to be set be 6a, the detector center is d=50a from the distance of waveguide exit end; Especially, the angle of setting normal direction and the x direction of detector plane is θ=0 °, and thinks r1=r5, r2=r6, r3=r7, r4=r8 in the step (5).
(7) adopt the maximum averaging time of this energy-probe of genetic algorithm search can flow the optimal design parameters that can obtain asymmetric grating exit facet;
Set step delta x=Δ y=0.05a between FDTD algorithm hollow, the start and end time of detector is respectively 300 Δ t and 600 Δ t, sets genetic algorithm initial population scale N in addition
c=300, maximum evolutionary generation 80, crossover probability are 0.9, and the variation probability is 0.005.
(8) be correlated be provided with after, adopting the design parameter of the individual layer grating exit facet that genetic algorithm finally obtains is r1=r5=0.62a, r2=r6=1.61a, r3=r7=1.47a, r4=r8=1.16a; After this grating exit facet was positioned over 2 D photon crystal waveguide exit end, promptly having accomplished emission angle was the design of 0 ° 2 D photon crystal directional transmitter, and Fig. 4 is seen in its structure and light distribution;
(9) adopt existing process technology can accomplish the making of above-mentioned design resulting structures.
Claims (6)
1. the method for designing of an efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1, select suitable medium column material and background media material to make up 2 D photon crystal according to operation wavelength λ;
Step 2, the grating constant of establishing the photonic crystal that medium post and background media material constitute are a;
Step 3, the sectional dimension of getting the medium post are R, the scope of R be 0.3a to 0.7a, suppose that perpendicular to the paper direction be the z direction of principal axis, the medium post be the z direction axially;
Step 4, the design one long be J * a, wide is the two-dimensional photon crystal structure of K * a, wherein J, K are the integer more than or equal to 1; The direction of supposing broadside place is a horizontal direction, and the flat direction to the right of water intaking is an x axle forward, is y axle positive dirction perpendicular to x direction and the direction that makes progress;
Step 5, with 2 D photon crystal on the centre position of y direction and remove along the All Media post on the x direction by this position, form the 2 D photon crystal waveguide;
Step 6, behind the waveguide exit end, add row's medium post as individual layer grating exit facet, setting this row's medium post needs optimum parameters, and the cross section of said medium post is a circle, and constitutes asymmetric grating exit facet about the waveguide axis; If will this asymmetric grating exit facet be divided into along the waveguide axis about two sub-exit facets; Needing optimum parameters so is 8, is respectively: go up the diameter r1 of medium post on the sub-exit facet, go up the lattice element cycle r2 of medium post on the sub-exit facet; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r3; Go up sub-exit facet from the waveguide exit end apart from r4, the diameter r5 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet, the lattice element cycle r6 of medium post on the following sub-exit facet; Down sub-exit facet from the waveguide axis apart from r7, following sub-exit facet from the waveguide exit end apart from r8; The variation range of above-mentioned 8 parameters is respectively [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a], [0,2a], [0, a], [a, 2a], [0,2a] and [0,2a];
The plane energy-probe that in step 7, the emission space after waveguide a width to be set be l, the detector center is d from the distance of waveguide exit end, the angle of the normal direction of detector plane and x direction is θ;
Can flow the averaging time of step 8, the above-mentioned energy-probe of calculating;
Step 9, the maximum averaging time that adopts genetic algorithm to search for this energy-probe can flow, and can obtain the optimal design parameters of individual layer grating exit facet in the step 6;
The individual layer grating exit facet that design obtains in 2 D photon crystal waveguide that obtains in step 10, the integrating step 5 and the step 9 has promptly constituted along the efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal directional transmitter of θ angle emission.
2. the method for designing of a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the medium column material in the step 1 is silicon or glass or gallium arsenide, and the background media material is an air.
3. the method for designing of a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the grating constant a of the 2 D photon crystal in the step 2 is that 0.3 λ is to 0.5 λ.
4. the method for designing of a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter according to claim 1 is characterized in that, step 3 medium column section is circular, and the arrangement mode of medium post is a square.
5. the method for designing of a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the width l scope of the plane energy-probe in the step 7 is that 4a is to 8a; The detector center is that 40a is to 60a from the scope apart from d of waveguide exit end; The scope of the angle theta of the normal direction of detector plane and x direction be 0 spend to 80 the degree.
6. the method for designing of a kind of efficient two-dimensional photonic crystal off-axis directional emitter according to claim 1 is characterized in that, step 9 is utilized the maximum averaging time of this energy-probe of genetic algorithm search to flow and may further comprise the steps:
(1) controlled variable of setting genetic algorithm comprises initial population scale N
c, maximum evolutionary generation, crossover probability and variation probability;
(2) 8 parameters in the asymmetric grating exit facet are carried out real coding, represent a chromosome, generation comprises N at random
cIndividual chromosomal initial population;
(3) calculate each chromosomal fitness value P according to flowing formula the averaging time of detector
D(λ);
(4) thus adopt to select successively, intersect and three genetic operators that make a variation come the maximum averaging time of generation generation evolution initial population reconnaissance probe device can flow valuve;
(5) reach the optimal value that stops search behind the maximum evolutionary generation and export 8 parameters, thereby generate asymmetric grating exit facet optimal design structure.
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| CN1547792A (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2004-11-17 | 独立行政法人科学技术振兴机构 | Two-dimensional photonic crystal surface-emission laser |
| CN1874012A (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-06 | 北京大学 | High-luminance chip of luminescent tube in GaN base, and preparation method |
| WO2007119761A2 (en) * | 2006-04-12 | 2007-10-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Vcsel with photonic crystal mirror for waveguiding by diffraction |
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| CN1547792A (en) * | 2001-07-05 | 2004-11-17 | 独立行政法人科学技术振兴机构 | Two-dimensional photonic crystal surface-emission laser |
| CN1874012A (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-06 | 北京大学 | High-luminance chip of luminescent tube in GaN base, and preparation method |
| WO2007119761A2 (en) * | 2006-04-12 | 2007-10-25 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Vcsel with photonic crystal mirror for waveguiding by diffraction |
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