CN101638051A - 启动配备超电容器的车辆的燃料电池发动机的方法和设备 - Google Patents

启动配备超电容器的车辆的燃料电池发动机的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN101638051A
CN101638051A CN200910161809A CN200910161809A CN101638051A CN 101638051 A CN101638051 A CN 101638051A CN 200910161809 A CN200910161809 A CN 200910161809A CN 200910161809 A CN200910161809 A CN 200910161809A CN 101638051 A CN101638051 A CN 101638051A
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M·K·霍尔托普
D·J·凯斯
E·格雷芬施泰因
K·伊扎瓦
K·伊克亚
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
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Abstract

本发明涉及启动配备超电容器的车辆的燃料电池发动机的方法和设备。混合动力燃料电池系统采用燃料电池堆和超电容器。二极管设置在所述燃料电池堆和所述超电容器之间的高压总线上，使得来自于超电容器的高压不影响燃料电池堆的操作。在系统启动期间，旁通开关闭合，以旁通超电容器，使得来自于超电容器的功率能够用于启动各种系统负载，如阴极侧空气压缩机，所述阴极侧空气压缩机提供空气给燃料电池堆。在启动期间，在旁通开关断开时而在燃料电池堆开关闭合之前，采用12伏－高压转换器以从低压蓄电池提供低功率、高电压供应给系统负载。

Description

启动配备超电容器的车辆的燃料电池发动机的方法和设备
技术领域
[0001]本发明总体上涉及包括超电容器和燃料电池堆的混合动力燃料电池系统，且更具体地涉及包括超电容器和燃料电池堆的混合动力燃料电池系统，其中，所述系统采用允许来自于超电容器的功率操作系统启动部件的启动过程。
背景技术
[0002]氢是非常有吸引力的燃料，因为氢是清洁的且能够用于在燃料电池中有效地产生电力。氢燃料电池是电化学装置，包括阳极和阴极，电解质在阳极和阴极之间。阳极接收氢气且阴极接收氧或空气。氢气在阳极中分解以产生自由氢质子和电子。氢质子穿过电解质到达阴极。氢质子与阴极中的氧和电子反应产生水。来自于阳极的电子不能穿过电解质，且因而被引导通过负载，以在输送至阴极之前做功。
[0003]质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)是车辆的普遍燃料电池。PEMFC通常包括固体聚合物电解质质子传导膜，如全氟磺酸膜。阳极和阴极通常包括细分的催化剂颗粒，通常是铂(Pt)，所述催化剂颗粒支承在碳颗粒上且与离聚物混合。催化剂混合物沉积在膜的相对侧上。阳极催化剂混合物、阴极催化剂混合物和膜的组合限定了膜电极组件(MEA)。MEA的制造相对昂贵且需要某些条件以有效操作。
[0004]多个燃料电池通常组合成燃料电池堆以产生期望功率。例如，车辆的典型燃料电池堆可以具有两百或更多堆叠的燃料电池。燃料电池堆接收阴极输入气体，通常是由压缩机强制通过燃料电池堆的空气流。不是所有的氧都由燃料电池堆消耗，且一些空气作为阴极废气输出，所述阴极废气可以包括作为燃料电池堆的副产物的水。燃料电池堆也接收流入燃料电池堆的阳极侧的阳极氢输入气体。
[0005]燃料电池堆包括位于燃料电池堆中多个MEA之间的一系列双极板，其中，双极板和MEA设置在两个端板之间。双极板包括用于燃料电池堆中的相邻燃料电池的阳极侧和阴极侧。阳极气体流动通道设置在双极板的阳极侧上，且允许阳极反应气体流向相应MEA。阴极气体流动通道设置在双极板的阴极侧上，且允许阴极反应气体流向相应MEA。一个端板包括阳极气体流动通道，另一个端板包括阴极气体流动通道。双极板和端板由导电材料制成，如不锈钢或导电复合物。端板将燃料电池产生的电传导到燃料电池堆之外。双极板也包括冷却流体流经的流动通道。
[0006]大多数燃料电池车辆是混合动力车辆，混合动力车辆除了燃料电池堆之外还采用补充功率源，如高压DC蓄电池或超电容器。在系统启动和燃料电池堆不能提供期望功率时的高功率需求期间，所述功率源给各种车辆辅助负载提供补充功率。燃料电池堆通过DC高压电总线提供功率给电牵引马达，以用于车辆操作。在需要超过燃料电池堆能够提供的附加功率时(例如在猛烈加速期间)，蓄电池提供补充功率给电总线。例如，燃料电池堆可以提供70kW功率。然而，车辆加速可能需要100kW功率。在燃料电池堆能够提供系统功率需求时，燃料电池堆用于给蓄电池或超电容器再次充电。在再生制动期间可从牵引马达获得的发电机功率也用于给蓄电池或超电容器再次充电。
[0007]在上述混合动力车辆中，双向DC/DC转换器通常用于增加来自于蓄电池的DC电压，以使得蓄电池电压与由燃料电池堆的电压输出规定的电总线电压相匹配，且在蓄电池再次充电期间减小燃料电池堆电压。然而，DC/DC转换器是相对大的、昂贵的、重的和不可靠的，从而提供明显的缺陷。期望从包括补充功率源的燃料电池车辆消除DC/DC转换器。
[0008]在工业中已经有各种尝试来消除燃料电池供电车辆中的DC/DC转换器，这些尝试通过提供能够在各种车辆操作条件下处理来自于燃料电池堆的大电压波动的功率源来消除所述转换器。某些类型的蓄电池也用于消除车辆燃料电池系统中的DC/DC转换器。然而，这些系统通常受到超出某一水平给蓄电池放电的能力的限制。换句话说，由于在系统操作期间电总线上的大电压波动，这些类型的蓄电池可能被损坏。
发明内容
[0009]根据本发明的教导，公开了采用燃料电池堆和超电容器的混合动力燃料电池系统。二极管设置在所述燃料电池堆和所述超电容器之间的高压总线上，使得来自于超电容器的高压不影响燃料电池堆的操作。在系统启动期间，旁通开关闭合，以旁通超电容器，使得来自于超电容器的功率能够用于启动各种系统负载，如阴极侧空气压缩机，所述阴极侧空气压缩机提供空气给燃料电池堆。在启动期间，在旁通开关断开时而在燃料电池堆开关闭合之前，采用12伏-高压转换器以从低压蓄电池提供短时期的低功率、高电压供应给系统负载。
[0010]本发明的附加特征将从以下说明和所附权利要求书结合附图显而易见。
附图说明
[0011]图1是根据本发明的一个实施例、采用燃料电池堆和超电容器的混合动力燃料电池系统的示意性框图；和
[0012]图2是示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的图1所示的燃料电池堆的启动过程的流程图，采用用于旁通二极管的旁通开关和12伏-高压低功率DC转换器。
具体实施方式
[0013]本发明的实施例的以下讨论涉及混合动力燃料电池系统和用于启动该系统的方法，本质上仅仅是示例性的，而决不旨在限制本发明或其应用或使用。
[0014]图1是燃料电池系统10的示意性框图，燃料电池系统10包括燃料电池堆12和超电容器14，燃料电池堆12和超电容器14均电连接到高压电总线16。虽然在该非限制性实施例中采用超电容器作为补充功率源，但是能够采用其它高压DC存储装置代替超电容器14，如高压蓄电池。燃料电池堆开关18选择性地将燃料电池堆12和高压电总线16连接和断开。各种电气部件(如推进车辆的电牵引马达22)电连接到高压电总线16。此外，驱动空气压缩机的马达24和其它系统负载26电连接到电总线16，所述空气压缩机用于提供空气给燃料电池堆12的阴极侧。
[0015]燃料电池堆12和超电容器14能够具有不同的输出电压，其中，超电容器14的电压通常较高且可能损坏燃料电池堆12。超电容器14上的较高电压可以是通过牵引马达22获得的再生制动能量的结果。如上所述，DC/DC转换器通常设置在高压电总线16中以保护燃料电池堆不受高压DC功率源的电压的影响。在该实施例中，不采用DC/DC转换器。因而，需要一些其它技术来保护燃料电池堆12。为了提供该保护，合适的高压二极管28设置在高压电总线16中，且以本领域熟知的方式防止燃料电池堆12遇到超电容器14的高压。然而，在系统启动时，当燃料电池堆12不操作时，来自于超电容器14的能量对于操作各种系统负载(如空气压缩机马达24)来说是必要的。
[0016]为了允许来自于超电容器14的DC电压驱动马达24，有必要旁通二极管28。因而，围绕二极管28设置旁通线路30，且旁通开关32设置在旁通线路30中，从而选择性地允许二极管28被旁通。因而，在系统启动期间，开关18断开且开关32闭合，从而来自于超电容器14的电能能够绕过二极管28且驱动空气压缩机马达24和其它系统负载26，而不损坏燃料电池堆12。
[0017]燃料电池系统10也包括低压蓄电池34，如12伏车用蓄电池。蓄电池34能够提供功率给不需要高压的各种系统和车辆部件。然而，在某些时间期间，期望将来自于蓄电池34的12伏DC电势转换为高压低功率电势以驱动某些系统部件。为了提供该转换，提供了12伏-高压转换器36。在超电容器14可能无电压或者没有足够的功率时，来自于转换器36的高压低功率能够用于驱动空气压缩机马达24，以启动燃料电池堆12。因此，该功率源用作使用超电容器14的启动次序的备用系统。
[0018]在系统启动期间在超电容器14通过开关32提供功率给空气压缩机马达24和燃料电池堆12开始提供稳定功率时有窄的时间窗口，其中，所述稳定功率可以切换到系统10。在该过程期间，开关32断开，从而燃料电池堆12由二极管28保护而不受超电容器14的功率的影响，开关18然后闭合，使得来自于燃料电池堆12的功率能够提供在高压电总线16上以驱动各种负载。在该窄的时间窗口期间，当开关18和32均断开时，功率可能不提供给空气压缩机马达24，这可能引起提供给燃料电池堆12的阴极空气的暂时下降。在该时间期间，来自于高压转换器36的功率能够保持空气压缩机马达24是操作的，以在开关32的断开和开关18的闭合之间提供无缝转换。
[0019]该启动次序能够由图2中的流程图40示出。启动次序在框42开始，如通过将车辆点火钥匙接通，在框44，启动算法闭合旁通开关32。在框46，启动算法然后启动压缩机马达，在框48启动增压转换器36。在判定菱形区50，启动算法然后确定燃料电池堆12的输出功率是否稳定，如果否，返回，以在经过一定时间段之后确定燃料电池堆的稳定性。在判定菱形区50，如果燃料电池堆的输出功率是稳定的，那么在框52启动算法断开旁通开关32，在框54闭合燃料电池堆开关18。在开关32断开和开关18闭合的时间期间，功率由增压转换器36提供给压缩机马达24。在框56，启动算法然后关闭增压转换器36，其中，系统10此时应当正常操作。
[0020]前述讨论仅仅公开和描述了本发明的示例性实施例。本领域技术人员从这种讨论和附图以及权利要求书将容易认识到在此可以进行各种变化、修改和变型，而不偏离在所附权利要求书中限定的本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于启动混合动力燃料电池系统的方法，所述方法包括：
提供高压电总线；
提供电连接到所述高压电总线的燃料电池堆；
提供电连接到所述高压电总线的高压DC功率存储装置；
在高压电总线中提供二极管，所述二极管防止来自于所述高压存储装置的电压接近所述燃料电池堆；
提供绕过所述二极管的旁通线路；
在所述燃料电池堆和所述高压电总线之间提供燃料电池堆开关；
将系统负载电连接到所述高压电总线；
将低压-高压增压转换器电连接到所述高压电总线；
闭合所述旁通线路中的旁通开关，使得来自于所述高压DC存储装置的电功率绕过所述二极管且能够操作所述系统负载；
使用所述系统负载启动所述燃料电池堆；
确定所述燃料电池堆的输出电压是否稳定；
如果所述燃料电池堆的电压稳定，那么断开所述旁通开关；和
在所述旁通开关断开之后闭合所述燃料电池堆开关。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，提供高压DC存储装置包括提供超电容器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，操作系统负载包括操作空气压缩机马达，所述空气压缩机马达提供动力给空气压缩机，空气压缩机驱动空气给燃料电池堆。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括在断开所述旁通开关之前接通所述增压转换器，从而允许所述增压转换器为在所述旁通开关断开且所述燃料电池堆开关闭合时提供功率给系统负载做好准备。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，将系统负载电连接到所述高压电总线包括将电牵引马达电连接到所述高压电总线。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中，所述电牵引马达推进车辆。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括在燃料电池堆开关断开之后关闭所述增压转换器。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括将12伏蓄电池电连接到所述低压-高压增压转换器，以提供低压。
9.一种启动混合动力燃料电池系统的方法，所述方法包括：
将燃料电池堆从高压电总线电断开；
将来自于高压DC功率存储装置的电功率通过旁通开关提供给高压电总线上的压缩机马达，所述旁通开关旁通电总线中的二极管，所述压缩机马达驱动压缩机，所述压缩机提供空气给所述燃料电池堆的阴极侧；
在所述燃料电池堆的电压变得稳定之后，断开所述旁通开关；
在断开所述旁通开关之后，闭合燃料电池堆开关，以将燃料电池堆连接到所述高压电总线；和
在所述旁通开关断开时且在燃料电池堆开关闭合之前，从低压-高压增压转换器提供电功率给所述压缩机马达。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中，所述高压DC存储装置是超电容器。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括在断开所述旁通开关之前接通所述增压转换器，从而允许所述增压转换器为在所述旁通开关断开且所述燃料电池堆开关闭合时提供功率给系统负载做好准备。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法，还包括将12伏蓄电池电连接到所述低压-高压增压转换器，以提供低压。
13.一种燃料电池系统，包括：
高压电总线；
电连接到所述高压电总线的压缩机马达；
电连接到所述高压电总线的燃料电池堆；
燃料电池堆开关，用于将所述燃料电池堆和所述高压电总线选择性地连接和断开；
电连接到所述高压电总线的高压DC功率存储装置；
在高压电总线中的二极管，所述二极管防止来自于所述高压存储装置的电压接近所述燃料电池堆；
绕过所述二极管的旁通线路；
在所述旁通线路中的旁通开关；和
电连接到所述高压电总线的低压-高压增压转换器，在系统启动期间，在所述旁通开关断开之后而在所述燃料电池堆开关闭合之前，所述增压转换器提供功率给压缩机马达。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中，所述高压DC存储装置是超电容器。
15.根据权利要求13所述的系统，在断开所述旁通开关之前接通所述增压转换器，从而允许所述增压转换器为在所述旁通开关断开且所述燃料电池堆开关闭合时提供功率给系统负载做好准备。
16.根据权利要求13所述的系统，还包括电连接到所述低压-高压增压转换器的12伏蓄电池。
17.根据权利要求13所述的系统，还包括电连接到所述高压电总线的电牵引马达。
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