CN101542650B - Electromagnetic device - Google Patents
Electromagnetic device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101542650B CN101542650B CN2007800431994A CN200780043199A CN101542650B CN 101542650 B CN101542650 B CN 101542650B CN 2007800431994 A CN2007800431994 A CN 2007800431994A CN 200780043199 A CN200780043199 A CN 200780043199A CN 101542650 B CN101542650 B CN 101542650B
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- Prior art keywords
- magnetic
- mover
- permanent magnet
- magnetic sheet
- stator
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/16—Rectilinearly-movable armatures
- H01F7/1607—Armatures entering the winding
- H01F7/1615—Armatures or stationary parts of magnetic circuit having permanent magnet
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/081—Magnetic constructions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/121—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position
- H01F7/122—Guiding or setting position of armatures, e.g. retaining armatures in their end position by permanent magnets
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Electromagnets (AREA)
- Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an electromagnetic device. A magnetic short-circuiting plate (16) for reducing a quantity of a magnetic flux to be generated from a permanent magnet (9) is mounted between magnetic plates (11, 12) in the case of having an electromagnetic device operate for constant excitation, and the magnetic short-circuiting plate (16) is removed from the electromagnetic device in the case of having the electromagnetic device operate as an electromagnetic latch.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to electromagnet apparatus, particularly relate to the appropriate electromagnet apparatus that in the derailing switch that is provided with magnet exciting coil and permanent magnet, is suitable for.
Background technology
Set inside has pair of electrodes in derailing switches such as circuit breaker, draws movable side lever from an electrode to the outside, and the movable side lever of drawing is connected with the movable axis that mover is installed.And when energising in the magnet exciting coil of electromagnet apparatus during exciting current, the magnetic attraction of the magnetic flux through its generation is to stator one side drive mover.Then, this actuating force is delivered to movable side lever through movable axis, and an electrode is contacted with another electrode, makes derailing switch change the input state into thus.As the unit that is used to keep this input state, often excitation, mechanical latches and electromagnetic latch are arranged.
Often excitation is that also always lasting energising keeps the mode of input state to magnet exciting coil later on through change the input state at derailing switch, so can cause the increase of consumes electric power.In addition, mechanical latches is mechanically to tangle and keep dropping into the device of state with suitable works, therefore generally needs complicated form, needs the lubricated wet goods of coating to be used to suppress the maintenance of the loss of drive part.
On the other hand; Electromagnetic latch as open in Japanese Patent Laid the 2002-8498 communique disclosed; It is the device that keeps the state that drops into through the electromagnetic attraction of permanent magnet; Therefore when derailing switch changes the input state into,, can realize economizing electrification through stopping that the energising of magnet exciting coil is perhaps reduced electrical current.
Yet; Utilize electromagnetic latch, even when having a power failure etc. under the cut situation of power supply, also the electromagnetic attraction by permanent magnet keeps the input state; Because even dump also keeps the input state, therefore exist in the problem that to use in the field that needs cut-off breaker when power supply is cut off.
On the other hand, utilize excitation often, keeps the input state through always magnet exciting coil being continued energising, when therefore power supply is cut off when power failure etc., can the automatic disconnection circuit breaker.
Yet, utilize excitation often, in order to keep the input state, cause the increase of consumes electric power, therefore also need keep the problem that can not use in the field of the state that drops into when existing in power supply and being cut off.
At this, the purpose of this invention is to provide and a kind ofly need not the complicated of structure and can switch the electromagnetic latch and the electromagnet apparatus of excitation often simply.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above-mentioned problem, the electromagnet apparatus according to a mode of the present invention is characterized in that, comprising: the movable axis that mover is installed; Be inserted into said movable axis, and can with the stator of above-mentioned mover contact separation; Magnet exciting coil, it disposes with the mode of surrounding above-mentioned mover and said stator, produces the magnetic force that above-mentioned mover is moved to the direction of said stator; The permanent magnet of magnetic force of the contact condition of above-mentioned mover and said stator is kept in generation; Framework, it surrounds above-mentioned magnet exciting coil and above-mentioned permanent magnet, the flux path that utilizes the magnetic flux of above-mentioned magnet exciting coil and permanent magnet to form to make above-mentioned mover to move to the direction of said stator; With can be freely be provided with to step up the mode of stating permanent magnet with loading and unloading; And make the magnetic short board that reduces from the magnetic flux of above-mentioned permanent magnet generation; When said mover contacts with said stator, by the additional magnetic flux part that lowers through said magnetic short board of the magnetic flux of magnet exciting coil.
In addition, the electromagnet apparatus according to a mode of the present invention is characterized in that, comprising: first magnetic sheet, and its mode not contact with above-mentioned mover is configured to join with the inner surface of said frame and a utmost point of above-mentioned permanent magnet; With second magnetic sheet; Its mode not contact with said frame disposes with above-mentioned mover with being free to slide, and is configured to join with another utmost point of above-mentioned permanent magnet; Wherein, be configured between above-mentioned first magnetic sheet and above-mentioned second magnetic sheet free installing/dismounting of above-mentioned magnetic short board.
In addition, the electromagnet apparatus according to a mode of the present invention is characterized in that, possesses: first magnetic sheet, and its mode not contact with above-mentioned mover is configured to join with the inner surface of said frame, and joins with the utmost point of above-mentioned permanent magnet; With second magnetic sheet; With the mode that does not contact, dispose with above-mentioned mover with being free to slide, and be configured to join with another utmost point of above-mentioned permanent magnet with said frame; Wherein, above-mentioned magnetic short board is erected between above-mentioned first magnetic sheet and above-mentioned second magnetic sheet.
In addition; Electromagnet apparatus according to a mode of the present invention; It is characterized in that: above-mentioned permanent magnet and above-mentioned magnet exciting coil are along above-mentioned movable axis and row arrangement, and above-mentioned permanent magnet is supported in the said frame under the state that is clipped between above-mentioned first magnetic sheet and above-mentioned second magnetic sheet.
In addition, the electromagnet apparatus according to a mode of the present invention is characterized in that: through increasing and decreasing the sectional area of above-mentioned magnetic short board, the magnetic flux that increase and decrease produces from above-mentioned permanent magnet.
In addition, the electromagnet apparatus according to a mode of the present invention is characterized in that: above-mentioned first magnetic sheet and above-mentioned second magnetic sheet form the R shape with the contact-making surface of above-mentioned magnetic short board.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the sectional view of release condition of the electromagnet apparatus of expression an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is the sectional view of input state of the electromagnet apparatus of expression an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is the front elevation of the structure of the electromagnet apparatus of expression when the A2 direction of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is seen.
Fig. 4 is the side view of the structure of the electromagnet apparatus of expression when the A3 direction of Fig. 3 is seen.
Label declaration
1 movable axis
The movable screw of 1a
The movable nut of 1b
2 movers
The 2a gap
3 stators
The 3a support slot
The 4a spring groove
5 space parts
6 frameworks
The 6a frame end
7 end plates
8 magnet exciting coils
The 8a coil former
9 permanent magnets
The 10a flux path
11,12 magnetic sheets
13 spatial portions
14 fastening bolts
15 clamp nuts
16 magnetic short boards
Embodiment
Following electromagnet apparatus with reference to description of drawings execution mode of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is the sectional view that cuts off the release condition of the electromagnet apparatus of representing an embodiment of the invention along the A1-A1 line of Fig. 3; Fig. 2 is the sectional view of input state of the electromagnet apparatus of expression an embodiment of the invention; Fig. 3 is the front elevation of the structure of the electromagnet apparatus of expression when the A2 direction of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 is seen, Fig. 4 is a side view of representing the structure of the electromagnet apparatus when the A3 direction of Fig. 3 is seen.
In Fig. 1～Fig. 4, in electromagnet apparatus, be provided with the mover 2 and stator 3 that can be in contact with one another separation, and be provided with so that the mode that mover 2 separates with stator 3 applies the blocking spring 4 of active force.In addition, in electromagnet apparatus, be provided with and be used to magnet exciting coil 8 that mover 2 is contacted with stator 3, and be provided with the permanent magnet 9 of the magnetic force that is used to produce the contact condition of keeping mover 2 and stator 3.Here, it is cylindric that mover 2 and stator 3 form, and mover 2 is fixed in the movable axis 1 of the central part that connects electromagnet apparatus, and the through hole of the inside of movable axis 1 through being formed on stator 3 inserts in the stator 3.And mover 2 and stator 3 can make the mode of the space part 5 that mover 2 separates from stator 3 dispose when discharging according to forming.Here, the end at movable axis 1 is formed with movable screw 1a.And, through the movable nut 1b of installation on movable screw 1a, and fastening movable nut 1b, can mover 2 be fixed in movable axis 1.
In addition, opposite face one side at mover 2 and stator 3 is formed with spring groove 4a along movable axis 1.And, dispose blocking spring 4 at spring groove 4a with the mode of striding space part 5.In addition, in the outside of mover 2 and stator 3, be provided with the framework 6 of the tubular that surrounds mover 2 and stator 3., be formed with the frame end 6a with movable axis 1 quadrature here, and at the other end of framework 6, the end plate 7 of configuration relatively with frame end 6a is installed at an end of framework 6.
And, in frame end 6a, be formed with the through hole that inserts stator 3, on stator 3, be formed with the support slot 3a of the front end that is used to be inserted into frame end 6a.And the front end of frame end 6a inserts support slot 3a, thus fixed stator 3 and framework 6.In addition, at the outer circumferential side of mover 2 and stator 3, dispose the magnet exciting coil 8 and permanent magnet 9 that are housed in the framework 6.Here, magnet exciting coil 8 can be along movable axis 1 and row arrangement with permanent magnet 9.
And magnet exciting coil 8 can constitute cylindric with the mode of a part of surrounding stator 3 and mover 2.And, through having the coil former 8a winding cables of hollow bulb, forming magnet exciting coil 8, can mover 2 and stator 3 be inserted in the hollow of magnet exciting coil 8.Here, between mover 2 and coil former 8a, can be along movable axis 1 formation gap 2a.
In addition, permanent magnet 9 for example can constitute ring-type with the mode of a part of surrounding mover 2.Wherein, permanent magnet 9 also can for example form strip except that ring-type, disposes up and down across mover 2.
And permanent magnet 9 is clipped in magnetic sheet 11, between 12, is fixed on the framework 6 through magnetic sheet 11,12.Here, the mode of magnetic sheet 11 not contact with mover 2 is configured to join with the inner surface of framework 6, and joins with the utmost point of coil former 8a and permanent magnet 9.And, be formed with the spatial portion 13 that is communicated with gap 2a through magnetic sheet 11 and permanent magnet 9.In addition, the mode of magnetic sheet 12 not contact with framework 6 disposes with mover 2 with being free to slide, and, be configured to join with another utmost point of permanent magnet 9.
In addition, between magnetic sheet 12 and end plate 7, dispose fastening bolt 14, fastening bolt 14 is inserted in the through hole that forms on the end plate 7.And, through clamp nut 15 is installed on the screw slots of fastening bolt 14, clamp nut 15 is tightened, can fastening bolt 14 be squeezed on the magnetic sheet 12, between fastening bolt 14 and frame end 6a, support magnet exciting coil 8 and permanent magnet 9.
In addition, at magnetic sheet 11, between 12, can be provided with magnetic short board 16 with the mode of striding permanent magnet 9 with freely loading and unloading.Here, magnetic short board 16 can be so that magnetic sheet 11, the mode of magnet short-cut path be erected at magnetic sheet 11, between 12, the magnetic flux that produces from permanent magnet 9 be reduced between 12.Wherein, magnetic short board 16 can be formed by for example steel plate.And, can at magnetic sheet 11, between 12 magnetic short board 16 be installed by the magnetic attraction of permanent magnet 9, perhaps take off magnetic short board 16.In addition, the sectional area through increase and decrease magnetic short board 16 can increase and decrease the magnetic flux that produces from permanent magnet 9.
Wherein, as shown in Figure 4, at end 11a, the 12a of each magnetic sheet 11,12, can form R face 17 at contact-making surface with magnetic short board 16.
Below, the action of the electromagnet apparatus of Fig. 1～Fig. 4 is described.
In this electromagnet apparatus, through magnetic short board 16 is installed, can make its conduct excitation actuating often, through taking off magnetic short board 16, it is moved as electromagnetic latch.
And, in Fig. 1, when the release of electromagnet apparatus, mover 2 is separated with stator 3 through blocking spring 4.Then, between mover 2 and stator 3, form space part 5, the end of mover 2 keeps the state with end plate 7 butts.
Here; When the end of mover 2 and end plate 7 butts; The magnetic flux
that is produced by permanent magnet 9 mainly forms flux path 10b by
thus shown in dotted line.And, when the release of electromagnet apparatus, mover 2 is always kept and end plate 7 state of contact by the magnetic attraction of this flux path 10b.Therefore, can make mover 2 move to the displacement homogenizing that drops into the position, can make the mover 2 can be even, thereby can improve the quality of electromagnet apparatus with the time of contact that stator 3 contacts from lap position.
Under this state, magnet exciting coil 8 is switched on; When making magnet exciting coil 8 excitations; The magnetic flux
that is produced by magnet exciting coil 8 is shown in the dotted line of Fig. 2; Main
that press forms flux path 10a thus, and the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 9
also converges with flux path 10a.And; Mover 2 attracted to stator 3 by the magnetic attraction of the magnetic flux
that circulates at flux path 10a; As shown in Figure 2; Mover 2 compresses blocking spring 4 when the direction to stator 3 moves, and mover 2 contacts with stator 3 and becomes the input state.
Here; If at magnetic sheet 11, magnetic short board 16 is installed between 12, then the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 9
also on magnetic short board 16 circulation make magnetic sheet 11, magnet short-cut path between 12.Therefore, from correspondingly the deperm magnetic loss vector of short board 16 of the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 9, the magnetic attraction of permanent magnet 9 reduces.Therefore; The magnetic attraction of the magnetic flux
through origin self-excitation coil 8 replenishes the reduction of this magnetic attraction; Can keep the input state, it is moved as excitation often.
On the other hand,,, mover 2 is contacted with stator 3 and keep the input state, it is moved as electromagnetic latch then through magnetic attraction from the permanent magnet 9 of flux path 10a if take off magnetic short board 16.Therefore, after changing the input state into, perhaps reduce electrical current, can realize energy-conservationization of electric power through the energising that stops magnet exciting coil 8.
Like this; Through taking off magnetic short board 16; It is moved as electromagnetic latch, can magnet exciting coil 8 energisings not kept the input state, therefore can realize energy-conservationization of electric power; Even and under the cut situation of power supply, also can keep the input state when having a power failure etc. through the electromagnetic attraction of permanent magnet 9.In addition, through magnetic short board 16 is installed at magnetic sheet 11, between 12, can move, when power supply is cut off when having a power failure etc., can be automatically changeb to the blocking state as excitation often.
Therefore; Can with electromagnetic latch and often excitation be used for 1 electromagnet apparatus; And can need not the complicated of structure and switch electromagnetic latch and excitation often simply, can when maximization that suppresses electromagnet apparatus and high price are formatted, improve the ease of use of electromagnet apparatus.
In addition, in electromagnet apparatus of the present invention, when often excitation switches to electromagnetic latch, magnetic short board 16 is taken off get final product,, also can be simply change electromagnetic latch into from excitation often even in existing electromagnet apparatus.
And; In the above-described embodiment; To the release force of energy accumulation mover 2 is illustrated from the method that stator 3 separates by blocking spring 4, but because the contrary magnetic attraction only through magnet exciting coil 8 also can make mover 2 separate from stator 3, so it is optional to interdict spring 4.
In addition, magnetic sheet 11, the magnetic short board 16 between 12 can be configured in, the error or the third party's imitation can be easily found to make from the visual observation of electromagnet apparatus.
In addition, the magnetic flux that is produced by permanent magnet 9 can increase and decrease through the sectional area that makes magnetic short board 16, can the exciting current of energising in the magnet exciting coil 8 be adjusted into arbitrary value.
In addition, in each magnetic sheet 11,12, through forming R face 17 at contact-making surface with magnetic short board 16; Can make flux concentrating on R face 17; Can correspondingly reduce flux leakage corresponding to the part that forms R face 17, therefore can reduce magnetic loss, can improve magnetic efficiency.
Utilizability on the industry
Electromagnet apparatus of the present invention for example can be utilized in: derailing switch such as circuit-breaker or leakage circuit breaker and be used for electromagnetic actuator of tripper etc. needs the field of cut-off breaker and when power supply is cut off, need keep all can being suitable in the field of the state that drops into when power supply is cut off.
Claims (6)
1. an electromagnet apparatus is characterized in that, comprising:
The movable axis of mover is installed;
Be inserted into said movable axis, and can with the stator of said mover contact separation;
Magnet exciting coil, it disposes with the mode of surrounding said mover and said stator, produces the magnetic force that said mover is moved to the direction of said stator;
The permanent magnet of magnetic force of the contact condition of said mover and said stator is kept in generation;
Framework, it surrounds said magnet exciting coil and said permanent magnet, the flux path that utilizes the magnetic flux of said magnet exciting coil and permanent magnet to form to make said mover to move to the direction of said stator; With
Mode to stride said permanent magnet can freely be provided with loading and unloading, and makes the magnetic short board that reduces from the magnetic flux of said permanent magnet generation,
When said mover contacts with said stator, by the additional magnetic flux part that lowers through said magnetic short board of the magnetic flux of magnet exciting coil.
2. electromagnet apparatus according to claim 1 is characterized in that, comprising:
First magnetic sheet, its mode not contact with said mover is configured to join with the inner surface of said framework and a utmost point of said permanent magnet; With
Second magnetic sheet, its mode not contact with said framework disposes with said mover with being free to slide, and is configured to join with another utmost point of said permanent magnet, wherein,
Be configured between said first magnetic sheet and said second magnetic sheet free installing/dismounting of said magnetic short board.
3. electromagnet apparatus according to claim 1 is characterized in that, comprising:
First magnetic sheet, its mode not contact with said mover is configured to join with the inner surface of said framework, and joins with the utmost point of said permanent magnet; With
Second magnetic sheet with the mode that does not contact with said framework, disposes with said mover with being free to slide, and is configured to join with another utmost point of said permanent magnet, wherein,
Said magnetic short board is erected between said first magnetic sheet and said second magnetic sheet.
4. according to each described electromagnet apparatus in the claim 2～3, it is characterized in that:
Said permanent magnet and said magnet exciting coil are along said movable axis and row arrangement, and said permanent magnet is supported in the said framework under the state that is clipped between said first magnetic sheet and said second magnetic sheet.
5. according to each described electromagnet apparatus in the claim 1～3, it is characterized in that:
Through increasing and decreasing the sectional area of said magnetic short board, the magnetic flux that increase and decrease produces from said permanent magnet.
6. according to claim 2 or 3 described electromagnet apparatus, it is characterized in that:
Said first magnetic sheet and said second magnetic sheet form the R face at the contact-making surface with said magnetic short board.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP340248/2006 | 2006-12-18 | ||
| JP2006340248 | 2006-12-18 | ||
| PCT/JP2007/074216 WO2008075640A1 (en) | 2006-12-18 | 2007-12-17 | Electromagnetic device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101542650A CN101542650A (en) | 2009-09-23 |
| CN101542650B true CN101542650B (en) | 2012-08-08 |
Family
ID=39536270
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2007800431994A Active CN101542650B (en) | 2006-12-18 | 2007-12-17 | Electromagnetic device |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4630373B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101542650B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008075640A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009060508A1 (en) * | 2007-11-06 | 2009-05-14 | Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic device |
| WO2013042566A1 (en) * | 2011-09-19 | 2013-03-28 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Solenoid operating device and opening and closing device using same |
| CN108780689B (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2021-06-08 | 株式会社不二越 | Solenoid coil |
| CN109448950B (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2020-11-03 | 太原理工大学 | Radial magnetizing moving-magnet type proportional electromagnet |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2442372Y (en) * | 2000-09-23 | 2001-08-08 | 郑奇存 | Traction electromagnetic iron |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5872815U (en) * | 1981-11-12 | 1983-05-17 | 株式会社広業社通信機器製作所 | solenoid |
| JPS58116211U (en) * | 1982-01-30 | 1983-08-08 | 株式会社広業社通信機器製作所 | solenoid |
| JPS58159715U (en) * | 1982-04-19 | 1983-10-25 | 星電器製造株式会社 | self-holding solenoid |
| JP2004172516A (en) * | 2002-11-22 | 2004-06-17 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Polarized electromagnet device |
| JP2006108615A (en) * | 2004-09-07 | 2006-04-20 | Toshiba Corp | Electromagnetic actuator |
-
2007
- 2007-12-17 WO PCT/JP2007/074216 patent/WO2008075640A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2007-12-17 JP JP2008550136A patent/JP4630373B2/en active Active
- 2007-12-17 CN CN2007800431994A patent/CN101542650B/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2442372Y (en) * | 2000-09-23 | 2001-08-08 | 郑奇存 | Traction electromagnetic iron |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101542650A (en) | 2009-09-23 |
| JPWO2008075640A1 (en) | 2010-04-08 |
| JP4630373B2 (en) | 2011-02-09 |
| WO2008075640A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
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Owner name: FUJI ELECTRIC CO., LTD. Free format text: FORMER OWNER: FUJI ELECTRIC SYSTEMS CO., LTD. Effective date: 20111017 |
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Effective date of registration: 20111017 Address after: Japan's Kawasaki City Applicant after: Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Co-applicant after: Meidensha Electric Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Address before: Tokyo, Japan Applicant before: Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd. Co-applicant before: Meidensha Electric Manufacturing Co., Ltd. |
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