CN101534378B - Multimedia system, signal transformation device and method for controlling computer - Google Patents
Multimedia system, signal transformation device and method for controlling computer Download PDFInfo
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- CN101534378B CN101534378B CN2008100852951A CN200810085295A CN101534378B CN 101534378 B CN101534378 B CN 101534378B CN 2008100852951 A CN2008100852951 A CN 2008100852951A CN 200810085295 A CN200810085295 A CN 200810085295A CN 101534378 B CN101534378 B CN 101534378B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a multimedia system, a signal transformation device and a method for transforming an audio-visual control signal into a computer control signal so as to control a computer. The signal transformation device is used for transforming the audio-visual control signal into the computer control signal so as to control the computer, and comprises a stimulating unit and a transformation unit. The stimulating unit is used for stimulating an audio-visual device and receiving the audio-visual control signal, wherein the audio-visual control signal comprises a functional data block. The transformation unit transforms the audio-visual control signal into a corresponding computer control signal for control the computer according to the functional data block.
Description
Technical field
The invention relates to a kind of multimedia system, and particularly convert computer control signal to the control computer method relevant for a kind of multimedia system, chromacoder and with audio-visual control signal.
Background technology
(High Definition Multimedia Interface HDMI) becomes the digital interface standard of global consumer electronic device to the high-definition multimedia audio/video interface fast, and the trace of visible HDMI device more everywhere in the daily life in recent years.Usually alleged source end (Source) is digital versatile disc player, set-top box or enlarger for example in the HDMI standard, and receiving terminal (Sink) for example is projector or TV.
HDMI comprises and minimizes transmission differential signal (Transition Minimized DifferentialSignaling, TMDS) channel, display data channel (Display Data Channel, DDC), consumer electronics control (Consumer Electronics Control, CEC) passage.The TMDS channel is responsible for the transmission of all audio frequency, video data.For example auxiliary data such as AVI message box, audio-frequency information frame all is to see through the TMDS passage.(Extended Display Identification Data EDID), and then learns the function and the characteristic of receiving terminal and source end sees through the extending display identification data that the DDC passage reads receiving terminal.
CEC channel between source end and the receiving terminal electrically connects via the CEC holding wire, and the CEC signal is online to electrically connect many HDMI devices.The CEC holding wire provides the user for a kind of high-order control mode of HDMI device (or being called the CEC device), for example singly-bound is play (One Touch Play), singly-bound video recording (One Touch Record), system information (System Information) and system await orders (System Standby) etc., allow the consumer the higher control convenience of logicality level can be arranged to the HDMI device, this point helps much for the operability between the machine on family's theater is used.
HTPC is the abbreviation of Home Theater Personal Computer, briefly HTPC is exactly a computer of setting up family's theater, can connect devices such as projector, TV, sound equipment, enlarger, and play the high definition film, listen to the music, set up function such as wireless network.HTPC substitutes signal source equipment in traditional-family's theater by computer; Simultaneously because computer disposes flexibly, powerful disposal ability, excellent display quality, cheap big capacity storage, abundant software or the like, all be traditional home theater system can not compare.So more and more families are with the multimedia hub of HTPC as family's theater.Yet, when utilizing work such as HTPC browsing page or document processing when user's desire, must utilize computer input units such as mouse and keyboard to operate HTPC, disagree with the idea that promotes " is all multimedia equipments of may command with single TV remote controller " in recent years.
Summary of the invention
The invention relates to a kind of multimedia system, chromacoder and convert audio-visual control signal to computer control signal to control a computer method.Can control computer because the user sees through TV remote controller, therefore, not need to dispose extraly computer input units such as keyboard or mouse.Not only can avoid computer input units such as keyboard or mouse to take up room, more can reach the idea that promotes " is all multimedia equipments of may command with single TV remote controller " in recent years.
According to the present invention, a kind of chromacoder is proposed.Chromacoder is in order to convert audio-visual control signal to computer control signal with the control computer.Chromacoder comprises simulation unit and converting unit.To receive audio-visual control signal, wherein audio-visual control signal comprises a performance data block to simulation unit in order to the simulation video and audio device.Converting unit is converted to a corresponding computer control signal with the control computer according to the performance data block of audio-visual control signal.Is microcontroller exported first logical address and first physical address to TV, and judges whether the purpose logical address identical with first logical address? if promptly export first input signal that meets the first computer input interface according to the performance data block.
According to the present invention, a kind of multimedia system is proposed.Multimedia system comprises computer, TV, TV remote controller and chromacoder.TV remote controller is sent audio-visual control signal in order to RTV remote television.Chromacoder is in order to convert audio-visual control signal to computer control signal with the control computer.Chromacoder comprises simulation unit and converting unit.To receive audio-visual control signal, wherein audio-visual control signal comprises the performance data block to simulation unit in order to the simulation video and audio device.Converting unit is converted to a corresponding computer control signal with the control computer according to the performance data block of audio-visual control signal.
According to the present invention, propose a kind ofly to convert audio-visual control signal to computer control signal to control a computer method.Method comprises the steps: that at first the simulation video and audio device is to receive audio-visual control signal, and audio-visual control signal comprises the performance data block.Then, export a corresponding computer control signal that meets computer according to the performance data block.Then, the output computer control signal is with the control computer.
For foregoing of the present invention can be become apparent, a preferred embodiment cited below particularly, and cooperate appended graphicly, be described in detail below:
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 illustrates the connection configuration schematic diagram into the HDMI device.
Fig. 2 illustrates the logical address table into the HDMI device.
Fig. 3 illustrates the calcspar into a kind of multimedia system.
It is the signal field schematic diagram of an audio-visual control signal that Fig. 4 illustrates.
Fig. 5 illustrates the schematic diagram into a kind of chromacoder.
Fig. 6 illustrates the calcspar according to a kind of multimedia system of first embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 7 illustrates the calcspar according to a kind of multimedia system of second embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 8 illustrates the calcspar according to a kind of multimedia system of third embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 9 illustrates to a kind of and converts audio-visual control signal to computer control signal to control the flow chart of a computer method.
Embodiment
Please refer to Fig. 1, it illustrates the connection configuration schematic diagram into the HDMI device.The connection configuration of HDMI device for example comprises TV 110, enlarger 120, DVD player 132, D-VHS videocorder 134, set-top box 136, personal video record 140.Owing to is not point-to-point connected mode between the HDMI device, so certainly will there be a unique physical address (Physical Address) in each HDMI device, just can not clash collision problem.Since the problem of address assignment is arranged, nature must have the dynamic mechanism of a cover to regulate automatically, this course is called physical address and finds course (Physical Address Discovery), and all physical addresss are all represented with 4 unitss, and the exponent number that device connects mostly is 5 rank most.
The TV 110 of whole connection configuration is a so-called device (Root Device), and its physical address is " 0.0.0.0 ", and the enlarger 120 that couples with TV 110, its physical address is " 1.0.0.0 ".DVD player 132, D-VHS videocorder 134 and set-top box 136 are coupled to enlarger 120 respectively, and DVD player 132, D-VHS videocorder 134 and set-top box 136 are " 1.1.0.0 " respectively, " 1.2.0.0 " reaches " 1.3.0.0 ".Be coupled to the personal video record 140 of set-top box 136, its physical address is " 1.3.1.0 ".
Please refer to Fig. 2, it illustrates the logical address table into the HDMI device.In addition, each HDMI is installed on all a unique logical address (Logical Address) in the whole connection configuration.For instance, the logical address of TV is 0, and the logical address of DVD player 1 and DVD player 2 is respectively 4 and 8.It should be noted that in Fig. 2, " 1 " in the DVD player 1 is expressed as first and adds the DVD player that connects configuration, and " 2 " in the DVD player 2 are expressed as second DVD player that adds the connection configuration.
Please refer to Fig. 3, it illustrates a kind of calcspar of multimedia system.Multimedia system 1 comprises TV remote controller 10, TV 20, chromacoder 30 and first computer 40 (1).TV remote controller 10 is sent audio-visual control signal S2 in order to RTV remote television 20, and audio-visual control signal for example is consumer electronics control (Consumer Electronics Control, CEC) signal.Chromacoder 30 is in order to convert audio-visual control signal S2 to computer control signal S3 to control first computer 40 (1).Thus, the user only need use TV remote controller 10 can control first computer 40 (1), with work such as execution browsing page or document processing, and does not need to dispose extraly computer input units such as keyboard or mouse.Not only can avoid computer input units such as keyboard or mouse to take up room, more can reach the idea that promotes " is all multimedia equipments of may command with single TV remote controller " in recent years.
Furthermore, simulation unit 510 obtains the logical address of the physical address and the simulation video and audio device of first computer 40 (1).When chromacoder 30 receives audio-visual control signal S2, does converting unit 520 judge whether the logical address of AV device of 510 emulation of purpose logical address 1200 and simulation unit identical? if the logical address of the AV device of 510 emulation of purpose logical address 1200 and simulation unit is identical, is about to performance data block 1300 and is converted to computer control signal S3 to control first computer 40 (1).
The mode of aforementioned simulation unit 510 simulation video and audio devices for example is the logical address of the AV device of 30 emulation of broadcast mode (Broadcasting) announcement signal conversion equipment.If the logical address of the AV device of institute's emulation is used by other device, then chromacoder 30 will be received an ack signal this moment, represent that the logical address of original institute emulation clashes collision with conventional device.Simulation unit 510 is another AV device of emulation, to obtain the logical address of another AV device.For instance, the logical address of simulation unit 510 original replicating machine top boxs, and equal address 3 (as shown in Figure 2) with the logical address of 30 emulation of broadcast mode announcement signal conversion equipment.This moment, set-top box promptly responded an ack signal to simulation unit 510 if existing set-top box adds in the connection configuration of TV 30, and the logical address that expression connects in the configuration has clashed collision.Simulation unit 510 learns that the logical address of original institute emulation has clashed collision, promptly changes emulation and becomes DVD player 1, and equal address 4 (as shown in Figure 2) with the logical address of broadcast mode announcement signal conversion equipment 30.At this moment, simulation unit 510 does not represent that promptly the logical address of institute's emulation does not clash collision with conventional device if receive any ack signal again, and this logical address is output to TV 20.
Please refer to Fig. 5, it illustrates the schematic diagram into a kind of chromacoder.Chromacoder 30, for example a CEC chromacoder can couple with the TV 20 and first computer 40 (1).Chromacoder 30 comprises microcontroller 310, and microcontroller 310 is in order to first logical address of emulation one a CEC device and obtain first physical address of first computer 40 (1).Microcontroller 310 output first logical addresses and first physical address make TV 20 confirm first address of computer 40 (1) in whole connection configuration to TV 20.
When audio-visual control signal S2 that microcontroller 310 receives that TV 20 sent, do you judge further promptly whether purpose logical address 1200 identical with first logical address of institute's emulation before? if purpose logical address 1200 is identical with first logical address of previous institute emulation, represent that promptly audio-visual control signal S2 is output to first computer 40 (1).Microcontroller 310 is according to the computer control signal S2 of performance data block 1300 outputs, and computer control signal S2 for example is keyboard signal or mouse signal.
Thus, the user only need use TV remote controller 10 can control first computer 40 (1), with work such as execution browsing page or document processing, and does not need to dispose extraly computer input units such as keyboard or mouse.Not only can avoid computer input units such as keyboard or mouse to take up room, more can reach the idea that promotes " is all multimedia equipments of may command with single TV remote controller " in recent years.
Perhaps, when the user pushed directionkeys " ↑ " on TV remote controller 10, TV 20 was exported audio-visual control signal S2 according to the push button signalling S1 that this moment, TV remote controller 10 was sent.Microcontroller 310 according to audio-visual control signal S2 in the table of comparisons, find out with mouse or keyboard on the corresponding computer control signal S3 of directionkeys " ↑ ", and audio-visual control signal S2 be converted to computer control signal S3 export first computer 40 (1) to.
Please refer to Fig. 6, it illustrates the calcspar according to a kind of multimedia system of first embodiment of the invention.In first embodiment, chromacoder 30 is with chromacoder 30 (1) expressions.TV 20 comprises tv control unit 210, extends Identification Data (Extended Display IdentificationData, EDID) storage element 220 and high-definition multimedia audio/video interface 230, and high-definition multimedia audio/video interface 230 comprises the 2nd TMDS passage 232, the 2nd DDC channel 234 and CEC channel 236.Extend Identification Data storage element 220 and have the extending display identification data (EDID) of physical address, and extend Identification Data storage element 220 and for example be the serial electronics formula read-only memory (Serial EEPROM) of erasing in order to storage.And tv control unit 210 is in order to producing audio-visual control signal S2 according to push button signalling S1, and exports chromacoder 30 (1) to through CEC channel 236.
First computer 40 (1) comprises first computer control unit 410 (1), the first computer input interface 420 (1) and first video output interface 430 (1), and the first computer input interface 420 (1) and first video output interface 430 (1) are coupled to first computer control unit 410 (1).Wherein, the first computer input interface 420 (1) can be for example USB (Universal Serial Bus, USB) interface or PS2 interface, and first video output unit 430 (1) can be digital visual interface (DigitalVisual Interface, DVI).
Chromacoder 30 (1) couples with the TV 20 and first computer 40 (1), and microcontroller 310 is in order to the logical address of simulation video and audio device and obtain the physical address of first computer 40 (1).The logical address of the AV device of microcontroller 310 output institutes emulation and the physical address of first computer 40 (1) make TV 20 confirm first address of computer 40 (1) in whole connection configuration to TV 20.
In this embodiment, chromacoder 30 (1) more can comprise a screen display (On ScreenDisplay, OSD) chip 340, have the keyboard icon of a plurality of key icon and the picture of TV 40 coincides in order to provide one.Aforementioned computer control signal S3 can be in order to select in a plurality of key icon at least one of them.For instance, the user can utilize TV remote controller 10 to click key icon in the keyboard icon, with input characters, numeral or symbol to the first computer 40 (1) more quickly.
Please refer to Fig. 7, it illustrates the calcspar according to a kind of multimedia system of second embodiment of the invention.In second embodiment, chromacoder 30 is with chromacoder 30 (2) expressions.Second embodiment and the first embodiment difference are: chromacoder 30 (2) more comprises one first physical address storage element 350, and the first physical address storage element 350 can be serial electronics erasing type read-only memory.
Please refer to Fig. 8, it illustrates the calcspar according to a kind of multimedia system of third embodiment of the invention.In the 3rd embodiment, chromacoder 30 is with chromacoder 30 (3) expressions.The 3rd embodiment and the first embodiment difference are: TV 20 can optionally couple with many computers via chromacoder 30 (3), allows the user can preferably utilize a remote controller to control many computers.And for convenience of description, computer among the 3rd embodiment is the example explanation with first computer 40 (1) and second computer 40 (2) only, so the present invention is not limited thereto, when chromacoder 30 (3) increases a plurality of physical address storage element, TV 20 also can couple via chromacoder 30 (3) and computer more than two, allows the user control computer more than two via a TV remote controller.
Second computer 40 (2) comprises second computer control unit 410 (2), the second computer input interface 420 (2) and second video output interface 430 (2), and the second computer input interface 420 (2) and second video output interface 430 (2) are coupled to second computer control unit 410 (2).The above-mentioned second computer input interface 420 (2) is USB (universal serial bus) or PS2 interface for example, and the second computer input interface 420 (2) can be identical or different with the first computer input interface 420 (1).And second video output interface 430 (2) for example is a digital visual interface, and second video output interface 430 (2) further comprises the 3rd TMDS passage 432 (2) and the 3rd DDC passage 434 (2).
Chromacoder 30 (3) makes TV 20 optionally couple with first computer 40 (1) or second computer 40 (2) via chromacoder 30 (3) in order to switching controls first computer 40 (1) or second computer 40 (2).Chromacoder 30 (3) more comprises the second physical address storage element 360, video switcher 380 and computer Input Interface Control device 390 except microcontroller 310 and the first physical address storage element 350, and the first physical address storage element 350 and the second physical address storage element 360 can be the serial electronics formula read-only memory of erasing.Microcontroller 310 reads the extending display identification data with physical address through the 2nd DDC channel 234 to the extension Identification Data storage element 220 of TV 20.Physical address for fear of first computer 40 (1) and second computer 40 (2) clashes collision, microcontroller 310 will be stored to the first physical address storage element 350 after will being converted to the physical address of first computer 40 (1) from the original physical address that TV 20 is read, and be stored to the second physical address storage element 360 after original physical address being converted to the physical address of second computer 40 (2).
For instance, microcontroller 310 equals 1.0.0.0 from the original physical address that TV 20 is read.Microcontroller 310 is converted to the physical address of first computer 40 (1) with original physical address, and the physical address of first computer 40 (1) equals 1.1.0.0.Microcontroller 310 also is converted to the physical address of second computer 40 (2) with original physical address, and the physical address of second computer 40 (2) equals 1.2.0.0.Microcontroller 310 stores the physical address of first computer 40 (1) and physical address to the first physical address storage element 350 and the second physical address storage element 360 of second computer 40 (2) respectively.When first computer 40 (1) and second computer 40 (2) were coupled to chromacoder 30 (3), first computer 40 (1) and second computer 40 (2) can be respectively by reading 1.1.0.0 and 1.2.0.0, to confirm physical address separately.
In addition, microcontroller 310 is may command computer Input Interface Control device 390 also, optionally microcontroller 310 and computer input interface 420 (1) or computer input interface 420 (2) are coupled.Thus, computer control signal S3 can optionally be output to first computer 40 (1) or second computer 40 (2).When chromacoder 30 (3) switched TVs 20 and first computer 40 (1) and couples, the user can be via information to the first computer input interfaces 420 (1) such as TV remote controller input characters, numeral or symbols.On the contrary, when chromacoder 30 (3) switched TVs 20 and second computer 40 (2) and couples, the user can be via information to the second computer input interfaces 420 (2) such as TV remote controller input characters, numeral or symbols.
Wherein, computer Input Interface Control device 390 can integrate with microcontroller 310 or directly replace with this microcontroller 310, makes the first computer input interface 420 (1) and the second computer input interface 420 (2) directly be electrically connected to microcontroller 310 respectively.When chromacoder 30 (3) switched TVs 20 and couples with first computer 40 (1), microcontroller 310 was exported computer control signal S2 to the first computer input interfaces 420 (1).On the contrary, when chromacoder 30 (3) switched TVs 20 and couples with second computer 40 (2), microcontroller 310 was exported second input signal S4 to the second computer input interface 420 (2).Hence one can see that, and the user only need use single TV remote controller can control many computers, with work such as execution browsing page or document processing, and then avoids many sets of computer input unit to take up room.
Please refer to Fig. 9, it illustrates to a kind of and converts audio-visual control signal to computer control signal to control the flow chart of a computer method.And please be simultaneously with reference to Fig. 3 about element numbers mentioned in the following step.Convert audio-visual control signal S2 to computer control signal S3 and be used for above-mentioned multimedia system 1 with the method for controlling first computer 40 (1), and method comprises the steps: at first shown in step 910, simulation unit 510 simulation video and audio devices are to receive audio-visual control signal S2, and audio-visual control signal S2 comprises performance data block 1300.Then shown in step 920, converting unit 520 is exported a corresponding computer control signal S3 who meets first computer (1) according to performance data block 1300.Shown in step 930, chromacoder 30 output computer control signal S3 are to control first computer 40 (1) then.
In sum, though the present invention discloses as above with several preferred embodiments, so it is not in order to limit the present invention.The technical staff in the technical field of the invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, when doing various changes and retouching.Therefore, protection scope of the present invention is as the criterion when looking the accompanying Claim person of defining.
Claims (14)
1. chromacoder, is characterized in that this chromacoder comprises in order to convert an audio-visual control signal to a computer control signal to control a computer:
One simulation unit, to receive this audio-visual control signal, wherein this audio-visual control signal comprises a performance data block in order to the logical address of emulation one AV device; And
One converting unit according to this performance data block of this audio-visual control signal, should audio-visual control signal be converted to corresponding this computer control signal controlling this computer,
Wherein this audio-visual control signal comprises a purpose logical address, and this converting unit judges whether this purpose logical address is identical with the logical address of this AV device, if be about to this performance data block and be converted to this computer control signal to control this computer.
2. chromacoder as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, wherein this simulation unit obtains the logical address of physical address and this AV device of emulation of this computer.
3. chromacoder as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, wherein the logical address when this AV device is used, and this another AV device of simulation unit emulation is to obtain the logical address of this another AV device.
4. chromacoder as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, this chromacoder more comprises one first physical address storage element, in order to store the physical address of this computer.
5. chromacoder as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, wherein this chromacoder is more in order to another computer of switching controls, and this chromacoder more comprises:
One first physical address storage element, this converting unit receives an original physical address, and is stored to this first physical address storage element after this original physical address being converted to the physical address of this computer;
One second physical address storage element, this converting unit receives this original physical address, and is stored to this second physical address storage element after this original physical address being converted to the physical address of this another computer; And
One video switcher is in order to optionally to receive a vision signal of this computer or this another computer.
6. chromacoder as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, this chromacoder more comprises:
One computer Input Interface Control device is in order to optionally to export this computer control signal to this computer or this another computer.
7. chromacoder as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, this chromacoder more comprises:
One screen display (On Screen Display, OSD) chip, in order to a keyboard icon with a plurality of key icon to be provided, for this computer control signal select those key icon at least one of them; And
The comparison list storage element, in order to store comparison list, this converting unit is converted to this computer control signal according to this conversion table with this performance data block.
8. a multimedia system is characterized in that, this multimedia system comprises:
One computer;
One TV;
One TV remote controller is sent an audio-visual control signal in order to this TV of remote control; And
One chromacoder, in order to should audio-visual control signal converting a computer control signal to control this computer, this chromacoder comprises:
One simulation unit, to receive this audio-visual control signal, wherein this audio-visual control signal comprises a performance data block in order to the logical address of emulation one AV device; And
One converting unit according to this performance data block of this audio-visual control signal, should audio-visual control signal be converted to corresponding this computer control signal controlling this computer,
Wherein this audio-visual control signal comprises a purpose logical address, and this converting unit judges whether this purpose logical address is identical with the logical address of this AV device, if be about to this performance data block and be converted to this computer control signal to control this computer.
9. multimedia system as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, wherein this simulation unit obtains the logical address of physical address and this AV device of emulation of this computer.
10. multimedia system as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, wherein the logical address when this AV device is used, and this another AV device of simulation unit emulation is to obtain the logical address of this another AV device.
11. multimedia system as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, wherein this chromacoder is more in order to another computer of switching controls, and this chromacoder more comprises:
One first physical address storage element, this converting unit receives an original physical address, and is stored to this first physical address storage element after this original physical address being converted to the physical address of this computer;
One second physical address storage element, this converting unit receives this original physical address, and is stored to this second physical address storage element after this original physical address being converted to the physical address of this another computer; And
One video switcher is in order to optionally to export a vision signal to this computer or this another computer.
12. multimedia system as claimed in claim 11 is characterized in that, this multimedia system more comprises:
One computer Input Interface Control device is in order to optionally to export this computer control signal to this computer or this another computer.
13. multimedia system as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, this multimedia system more comprises:
One screen display (On Screen Display, OSD) chip, in order to a keyboard icon with a plurality of key icon to be provided, for this computer control signal select those key icon at least one of them; And
The comparison list storage element, in order to store comparison list, this converting unit is converted to this computer control signal according to this conversion table with this performance data block.
14. one kind converts audio-visual control signal to computer control signal to control a computer method, it is characterized in that this method comprises:
The logical address of emulation one AV device and obtain the physical address of this computer after, export the physical address of this computer and logical address to a TV of this AV device, to receive this audio-visual control signal, this audio-visual control signal comprises a performance data block and a purpose logical address;
Judge whether this purpose logical address is identical with the physical address of this computer;
If export corresponding this computer control signal that meets this computer according to this performance data block; And
Export this computer control signal to control this computer.
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| CN1692674A (en) * | 2003-01-30 | 2005-11-02 | 索尼株式会社 | Control device and method, recording medium, and program |
| CN1753469A (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2006-03-29 | 四川长虹电器股份有限公司 | Multimedia terminal |
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| CN1692674A (en) * | 2003-01-30 | 2005-11-02 | 索尼株式会社 | Control device and method, recording medium, and program |
| CN1753469A (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2006-03-29 | 四川长虹电器股份有限公司 | Multimedia terminal |
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