CN101501297A - 模块化地质导向工具组件 - Google Patents

模块化地质导向工具组件 Download PDF

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CN101501297A
CN101501297A CNA2007800263630A CN200780026363A CN101501297A CN 101501297 A CN101501297 A CN 101501297A CN A2007800263630 A CNA2007800263630 A CN A2007800263630A CN 200780026363 A CN200780026363 A CN 200780026363A CN 101501297 A CN101501297 A CN 101501297A
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module
antenna
expansion module
tool
basic module
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CN101501297B (zh
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M·S·比塔尔
C·梅尼泽斯
M·D·保尔克
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Halliburton Energy Services Inc
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/026—Determining slope or direction of penetrated ground layers
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B25/00—Apparatus for obtaining or removing undisturbed cores, e.g. core barrels, core extractors
    • E21B25/16—Apparatus for obtaining or removing undisturbed cores, e.g. core barrels, core extractors for obtaining oriented cores
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
    • G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
    • G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
    • G01V3/28—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device using induction coils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/04—Adaptation for subterranean or subaqueous use
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop

Abstract

一种用于导向通过地下岩层的可回收工具，包括第一工具组件(406)和附连于第一工具组件(406)的倾斜天线(410)。该工具还包括附连于第一工具组件(406)的第二工具组件(422)以及附连于第二工具组件(422)的倾斜天线(426)。第一工具组件(406)附连于第二工具组件(422)以使天线(410，426)沿预定方向倾斜。倾斜天线(410、426)是发射机天线或接收器天线。每个工具组件是管状圆柱体，该圆柱体具有延伸过其长度的纵向轴线，其中管状圆柱体具有两端，每端包括一转动附连机构。各工具组件通过它们的转动附连机构彼此附连。转动附连机构可以是螺纹拧紧机构、压配合机构或焊接机构。

Description

模块化地质导向工具组件
背景技术
油井产业许多年前就已完成井底信息的采集。现代石油钻井和生产操作需要大量与井底的参数和条件相关的信息。这类信息一般包括井孔和钻井组件的位置和方位、地下岩层特性以及井底的钻井环境参数。关于岩层特性和井底条件的信息的采集通常被称为“测井”，并在钻井工艺的过程中执行。
存在各种测量工具用于电缆测井和随钻测井。一种这样的工具是电阻率工具，它包括将电磁信号传入岩层的一个或多个天线以及接收岩层响应的一个或多个天线。当工作于低频段时，电阻率工具可称为“感应”工具，而在高频段它被称为电磁波传播工具。尽管对测量起决定作用的物理现象会随频率而变化，然而工具的工作原理是一致的。在一些情形下，将接收信号的振幅和/或相位与发射信号的振幅和/或相位进行比较以测量岩层电阻率。在其它情形下，将接收信号的振幅和/或相位彼此对比以测量岩层电阻率。
在某些情况下，例如当钻透岩层边界垂直延伸的岩层时，或当从近海平台进行钻井时，要求相对各地层的岩床边界呈一角度地进行钻井。这经常被称为“水平”钻井。当水平钻井时，要求尽可能地将井孔保持在产油区(含烃的岩层)以使回收率最大化。由于岩层可能倾斜或转向，这可能是困难的。因此，当试图在特定岩层中钻井和保持井孔时，钻头可能接近岩床边界。
随着旋转的钻头接近岩床边界，岩床边界将在钻头轴线的一侧，即相对钻头轴线形成一个方位角范围。传统的电阻率工具对方位角不灵敏并因此不能检测和避免对岩床边界的接近。此外，传统电阻率工具作为一个单元制造，并因此当发现和提炼出新的测量或边界检测技术时无法轻易地进行定制。相反，当发现不同硬件配置可用时，必须制造新的工具。
附图说明
在后面的详细说明中参照附图，在附图中：
图1示出随钻测井环境；
图2示出以随钻测井(LWD)电阻率工具形式出现的说明性基础模块；
图3示出用于限定倾斜天线方向的坐标；
图4A-4E示出用于模块化地质导向工具组件的说明性扩展模块；
图5示出说明性模块化地质导向工具组件；
图6示出另一说明性模块化地质导向工具组件；
图7示出具有在模块之间插入有不同工具的第三模块化地质导向工具组件；
图8示出基础模块和扩展模块的说明性电子器件；
图9示出说明性多抽头天线示意图；
图10A示出模块化地质导向工具组件在制造过程中的详图；
图10B—10D示出说明性倾斜天线模块实施例的组成部分；
图11A-11E示出第二说明性倾斜天线模块实施例的组成部分；
图12是说明性测井方法的流程图。
尽管所披露的发明容许各种修改和代替形式，其特定实施例以示例的方式示出于附图中并在本文中予以详细说明。然而应当理解，附图及其详细说明不旨在将本发明限制在所披露的具体形式，相反，本发明覆盖落在所附权利要求书的精神和范围内的所有修改、等效物和替换形式。
注释和术语
在下面的说明书和权利要求书中使用的某些术语指具体的系统构成和配置。如本领域内技术人员所能理解的那样，各公司可能用不同的名称来称呼一个部件。本文献不旨在在名称不同但功能相同的部件之间作出区别。在下面的说明和权利要求书中，术语“包括”和“包含”以开放方式使用，并因此应解释成表示“包括但不局限于……”。另外，术语“耦合”或“耦合于”旨在表示间接或直接电连接。因此，如果第一装置耦合于第二装置，则连接可以是直接电连接，或者是经由其它装置和连接的间接电连接。另外，术语“附连”旨在表示间接或直接的物理连接。因此，如果第一装置附连于第二装置，则可通过直接物理连接或经由其它装置和连接的间接物理连接实现连接。
具体实施方式
本文所披露的方法和工具组件至少部分地解决前面背景技术中论述的课题。在一些方法和工具组件的实施例中，扩展模块直接或间接地耦合于基础模块，在某些情形下基础模块可包含已有的商用电阻率随钻测井(LWD)工具的天线结构。扩展模块与基础模块配合工作以能检测岩层电阻率的方位角变化。可从方位角变化获得地质导向信号以能相对于岩床边界实现转向。可用一组不同种类的扩展模块以实现工具组件的定制配置。其它工具或管状物可位于扩展模块和基础模块之间，由此能提供深度测量配置而不需要过度地延长工具串。
现在参照附图，图1示出钻井工作期间的井。钻井平台2配有支承绞车6的井架4。油井和气井的钻井是通过由“钻具”接头7连接在一起以形成钻柱8的一串钻杆来实现的。绞车6悬挂方钻杆10，方钻杆10使钻柱8下降通过转台12。钻头14连接于钻柱8的下端。通过使钻柱8转动、在钻头附近使用井底电机或同时采用上述两种方法，使钻头14转动并实现钻井。
钻井液——术语为“泥浆”——由泥浆循环设备16高压和高容量地泵送通过供应管道18，通过方钻杆10，并向下通过钻柱8，以通过钻头14中的喷嘴或喷射器中排出。泥浆随后经由形成在钻柱8外部和钻壁20之间形成的环状空间返回到井孔，通过防喷装置并进入地表上的泥浆池24。在地表上，钻井泥浆被净化并随后再度由循环设备16循环。
为了随钻测井(LWD)，将井底传感器26设置在钻柱8中钻头14的附近。传感器26包括方向仪器和具有倾斜天线的模块化电阻率工具以用于检测岩床边界。方向仪器测量LWD工具的倾斜角、水平角和转角(又名“工具面角”)。如业内通常定义的那样，倾斜角是与垂直向下方向的偏离，水平角是水平面内与真北的夹角，而工具面角是与井孔高边的方位(绕工具轴线转动)角。在一些实施例中，方向测量实现如下：三轴加速度计测量相对于工具轴线和被称为“工具面位置线”的工具外周上的点的地球重力场矢量。(工具面位置线在工具表面上绘制成平行于工具轴线的线)。从这种测量，可确定LWD工具的倾角和工具面角。另外，三轴磁力计以相同方式测量地球磁场矢量。从结合的磁力计和加速度计数据可确定LWD工具的水平角。另外，可包含回转仪或其它形式的惯性传感器以执行位置测量并进一步改进方位测量。
在一些实施例中，井底传感器26耦合于遥测发射机28，该遥测发射机28通过对钻柱8中的泥浆流调制电阻率而发送遥测信号。遥测接收器30耦合于方钻杆10以接收所发送的遥测信号。其它遥测发送技术是公知和可用的。接收器30将遥测与处理和存储测量值的地表设备(未示出)通信。地表设备一般包括某种计算机系统，例如台式计算机，其可用来通知钻井者钻头和附近岩床边界之间的相对位置和距离。
钻头14在附图中穿透具有一系列以一定角度倾斜的分层岩床34的岩层。图中示出与传感器26关联的第一坐标系(x、y、z)，以及与岩床32关联第二坐标系(x”、y”、z”)。岩床坐标系具有与成层平面垂直的z”轴、沿水平平面的y”轴以及指向“下坡”的x”轴。两坐标系的z轴之间的夹角被称为“倾角”并在图1中表示为角β。
现在参照图2，图中以电阻率工具的形式示出了说明性基础模块102。基础模块102设有一个或多个直径减小的区域106。线圈104被设置在区域106中并间隔离开102的表面一固定距离。为了机械支承和保护线圈104，例如环氧树脂、橡胶、玻璃纤维或陶瓷的非导体填料(未示出)可用于直径减小的区域106。发射机和接收器线圈可包括少至一匝的线圈，尽管更多匝线圈可提供额外的信号功率。线圈和工具表面之间的距离较佳地在1/16—3/4英寸的范围内，但也可以更大。
在图2的工具实施例中，线圈104和108是发射线圈，而线圈110和112是接收线圈。在工作中，发射线圈104发送询问电磁信号，该询问电磁信号传播通过井孔并进入周围的岩层。来自岩层的信号到达接收器线圈110、112，感应出信号电压，该信号电压被检测和测量以确定线圈110和112之间的振幅衰减和相移。使用发射机108进行重复测量。从测得的衰减和相移，可使用传统技术估算岩层的电阻率。
然而，基础模块102缺乏任何方位角灵敏性，使其难以确定任何接近的岩床边界的方向。因此，需要倾斜一个或多个天线。图3示出在具有与工具轴线呈θ夹角的法向矢量的平面内且相对于工具面位置线呈α方位角的天线。当θ等于零时，天线被称为是同轴的，而当θ大于零时，天线被称为是倾斜的。
尽管图示的基础模块102不包括倾斜的天线，但也可考虑其它基础模块配置。例如基础模块可包括一个或更多个倾斜天线以提供方位角灵敏性。它可包括少至一个的天线(用于发送或用于接收)，或另一极端，它可以是完全自给的地质导向和电阻率测井工具。当采用扩展模块时，可望利用基础模块中的至少一个天线来向扩展模块上的接收器进行发送或从扩展模块上的发送器进行接收。这样，扩展模块扩充了基础模块的功能。
图4A-4E示出可附加于诸如工具102(图2)的基础模块以为该工具提供方位角灵敏性或诸如更深入的电阻率测量的其它增强功能的各种扩展模块。在某些代替性实施例中，这些模块也可充当基础模块，使这些模块混合和匹配以针对所研发的新测井技术或地质导向技术而根据需要形成完全定制的测井工具。如下面进一步说明的那样，这些模块可设有使它们将每个天线作为发射机或接收器运作的电子器件。在一些实施例中，设置单向通信总线(工具本体充当地面)以能在各模块之间实现功率传递和数字通信。在一些系统实施例中，设置分离的功率和控制模块(这里未示出)以协调各种工具模块的操作并采集(或许处理)作为接收器的那些模块的测量值。
电阻率工具模块具有使每个模块能耦合于其它模块的附连机构。在一些实施例中，附连机构可以是如图4A-4E所示的螺纹销和箱机构。在本发明的一些其它实施例中，附连装置可以是螺纹拧紧机构、压配合机构、焊接或使工具组件可附连于具有受控的方位角取向的其它工具组件的某些其它附连手段。
图4A示出具有同轴天线404的扩展模块402。图4B示出具有容纳倾斜天线410的成角度凹进408的扩展模块406，从而能实现对方位角灵敏的电阻率测量。倾斜天线410(以及凹进408)较佳地被设定在θ＝45°的角度。图4C示出具有带有相应倾斜天线416和420的两个成角度凹进414、418的扩展模块412。在单个模块中设置多个天线可满足更紧凑的空间要求并执行更精确的差值测量。
图4D示出方位角与图4B中的天线相差180°的凹进424和倾斜天线426的扩展模块422。扩展模块422可设计成与其它模块以这样的方式耦合：即确保天线426相对于例如图4B-4C中那些天线的任何其它天线的这种炯异的取向(alignment)。或者，扩展模块可设有使天线能以任何要求的方位角取向固定的耦合机构，由此使模块406和422等效。作为另一种选择，可如图4E所示地提供多轴天线模块428以实现天线取向的实际导向。实际导向涉及由不同天线430、432和434作出或用其产生的测量值的组合，以构造出由以任意角度和方位定向的天线作出或用其产生的测量值。
如上所述，每个工具模块在管件外周周围具有凹进。天线被设置在管状工具组件中的凹进内，不留下任何妨碍将工具串插入钻孔中的径向型面。在一些实替代的施例中，如有必要，天线可缠绕在管件的非凹进部分，或许就在保护性磨损带之间。
图5示出图2的基础模块102，它耦合于具有倾斜天线以实现可用来提供相对于附近岩床边界的地质导向的对方位角灵敏的电阻率测量的扩展模块406。对用于确定与附近岩床边界的距离和方向的合适方法的详细说明可在Michael Bittar的美国专利No.7,019,528“用于在所想要的产油带内进行地质导向的具有倾斜天线的电磁波电阻率工具(Electromagnetic wave resistivity toolhaving a tilted antenna for geosteering within a desired payzone)”和同样是Michael Bittar的同时待审的美国专利申请______(委托案号1391-681.01)“用于方位角电阻率测量和岩床边界检测的工具(Tool for Azimuthal ResistivityMeasurement and Bed Boundary Detection)”中找到。
图6示出由图4A-4E的模块构成的模块化电阻率/地质导向工具组件。如所容易理解的那样，使用这些模块能迅速构造可最好地利用新的测井和地质导向方法的定制电阻率工具。此外，当天线或电子器件损坏时，可成本经济地修复或替换各模块，延长了工具的使用寿命。
更重要的是可散置电阻率工具模块与其它仪器或管件，如图7所示那样。在图7的组件中，例如地质导向机构的工具或其它测井仪器702被设置在电阻率工具模块之间。这种配置能实现深度电阻率测量而不需要使电阻率工具本身过长。此外，这种能力可使电阻率工具的各个部分能靠近钻头许多，从而使接近岩床边界的情况被更早地检测到。
在至少一些实施例中，工具702是根据共同转让的美国专利No.5,318,137和5,318,138所披露内容的具有可调叶片的稳定器，其教义以引用方式包含于此。如这些专利所披露的那样，可通过有选择地改变稳定器叶片的延伸来改变井底组件的倾斜度。如本领域内技术人员很快就能理解的那样，钻头的行程可根据其它技术而改变，例如有选择地导通或断开井底电机、调整弯曲电机箱内的弯曲角或改变系统钻头的重量。
在一些实施例中，模块化电阻率工具可在现场组装，例如在井址。不同工具组件可使每个工具模块绕纵轴相对于其它工具模块具有不同转动量。重新配置已有工具串的能力允许采集更多关于井孔周围岩层的数据。因此，可确定更健全和完善的电阻率图以沿正确方向导向钻井设备。地质导向工具使用上述工具组件将提高模块性、可靠性并减少制造、保养、设计、再使用和更换的成本。
图8示出基础模块和扩展模块的电子器件的说明性实施例的方框图。在组装后，各模块经由单线工具总线802耦合在一起。在一些实施例中，当组装好工具时，电缆穿过工具的孔并手动附连于工具模块内的接线板。在一些替代的实施例中，工具总线电缆穿过工具壁中的开口或封闭通道并附连于模块每端的触点或电感耦合器。当模块被连接在一起时，由于连接结构的几何形状，这些触点或电感耦合器形成电子通信。例如，在螺纹箱—销连接器结构中，箱连接器可包括通过来自模块内壁的一个或多个支承件在中心轴线上保持在位的导电雄性销。与之配合的雌性插座同样可在销连接器的中心轴线上保持在位并定位成当螺纹连接被拧紧时与雄性销形成电接触。可提供O形环结构以在钻井操作过程中保持电连接处干燥。在需要空孔的系统中，可将电连接器改为环形连接，其中圆形对称的叶片邻抵于圆槽，也是通过O形环结构保持电连接处干燥。其它合适的机电连接器是已知的并能被采用。
在图8所示实施例中，工具总线802经由变压器804感应耦合于模块电子器件。电源806从工具总线提取交流电(AC)功率并调整该功率以供电子器件的其它部分使用。在控制器810的控制下通过调制解调器808实现与其它模块的双向通信。控制器810根据固件和存储在存储器812中的软件工作以协调与其它模块的操作并控制每个天线818的发射机814和接收器816。当将电磁信号发射入岩层时，控制器经由工具总线将同步信号提供给其它模块。当作为接收器工作时，控制器接收同步脉冲并开始对所接收的信号数字化并将其存入存储器以供之后与功率和控制模块通信使用。
图9是天线818的说明性简图。天线818包括围绕中央铁心905的多个线圈。引线910、915、920、925附连于不同线圈以使发射机或接收器的电子器件能改变线圈中的有效匝数。当将交流电作用于线圈818时，产生电磁场。相反，天线818附近的交流电磁场在引线处感应出电压。如此，可将天线818用来发射或接收电磁波。
图10A示出两个部分组装起来的模块402和412的详图。模块402中的天线406的发射机/接收器电子器件的孔口1008是可见的，然而由于天线受到一层交错带1010和1012的保护，天线本身在该视图中是不可见的。带1012是钢磨损条以保护天线不受到损坏。为了避免钢磨损条1012抑制天线信号，它们被定向成垂直于天线平面并与绝缘材料1010的带交错。
模块412的天线416和420通过支承块1002和1004支承在其各自的凹进414和418中。用支承材料填充天线周围的空间并将保护性结构覆于天线上，以提供耐磨性。天线416和420的发射机/接收器电子器件的孔口1006也是可见的。
图10B示出可覆于倾斜天线上的保护性结构的第一实施例。该保护性结构是由具有设置成与一个或多个倾斜天线对准的窗口1016图案的管状本体1014构成的套筒1013。在一些实施例中，窗口大致呈矩形，其最靠近天线的边通常定向成垂直于天线平面。可设置安装孔1018作为将罩固定于工具本体的装置。罩1013由充当刚性壳的材料制成，以保护天线。管状本体1014可形成导电或非导电材料，并在至少一些实施例中，管状本体由非磁性钢构成。管状本体1014可以例如用碳化钨进行硬合金敷焊。管状本体1014具有敞开端，以使其可滑上和滑离模块本体，同时使模块能在任一端附连于其它模块。管状本体1014的形状、厚度、直径和长度可根据应用场合而变化。窗口的数目可根据应用场合而变化，而每个窗口或每组窗口的尺寸、间距和其它特征也可根据应用场合而变化。
安装孔1018可用来将罩1013固定于模块本体。如此，可在模块中形成匹配孔并将螺钉或其它已知装置用来使罩1013结合于模块本体。这些手段可以是除了罩1013将保持在位的压配合、焊接或其它辅助方法之外的手段。
图10C-10D示出位于模块412上适当位置的保护罩1013的两个示图。为便于说明，罩1013图示为半透明材料以使天线416、420和保护罩1102中切出的窗口1016之间的关系变得可见。罩1013可望包括钢或一些其它的导电金属。因此，窗口1016可切有垂直于天线416、420的边以防止保护罩1013中的感生电流抑制天线信号。
图10C示出位于工具模块412上适当位置的保护罩1013的侧视图。倾斜的凹进414、418和天线416、420位于窗口1016图案的下面。当正确配合时，窗口1016在模块412外周周围在天线416、416之上对准并与之垂直。图10C还示出，在一些实施例中，天线416、420倾斜离开工具轴线45°。
图10D示出位于工具模块412上适当位置的保护罩1013的仰视图。该仰视图示出倾斜凹进、倾斜天线和在模块412外周周围垂直于天线416、420设置的窗口的附加视图。在图10C和10D中示出工具模块412中的孔口1006。位于每个孔口之下的密封腔包含经由相应天线416、420发送和接收信号的电子器件。可填充和密封凹进414、418和窗口1016以及其它区域的体积，以防止渗入钻井液和其它物质。合用的方法包括美国专利5,563,512中记载的那些内容。然而，密封剂较佳地不会显著劣化窗口1016使辐射和反射能量通过的能力。
作为采用保护罩1013的一种代替形式，可使用类似于如图10A所示的那些的交错的磨损带1012来保护倾斜天线。图11A示出具有模块505的电阻率工具500，所述模块505具有含倾斜天线515的倾斜凹进510。该凹进具有用于支承图11B所示交错带结构550的肩部525。该结构包括含基本横跨结构宽度定向的钢磨损条560的绝缘材料555。绝缘材料555防止对天线信号造成抑制的电流。
图11C示出具有与倾斜天线对准的窗口图案的另一种可替代的罩572的侧视图。罩572包括具有窗口576的带574。罩572由肩部525以及或许额外的任何天线支承件支承。与窗口1016相同，窗口576较佳地与天线对准并与之垂直，在本例中，上述天线是天线515。如同前面结合罩1013和窗口1016所提到的那样，用来形成罩572的材料以及罩和窗口的尺寸可根据具体应用而变化。同样，可通过任何已知的方法将窗口576和其它区域密封以防止钻井液和其它材料的渗入。罩572可通过例如螺钉、挤压、夹具等任何已知的安装方法固定于段500。垫圈可固定于罩572或肩部525。
图11D示出罩572的主视图。罩572可从平钢板切割出并形成(倾斜的)圆柱形。在已配入凹进后，可沿接缝582进行焊接以将罩固定在位。可设置凸耳578以防止罩转动，并设置凹口580以配合在固定硬件或其它工具元件的出入罩周围。如窗口584所示那样，注意窗口形状不一定具有均一的形状和尺寸。
图11E示出位于部分组装的测井工具上的罩572以说明天线515和窗口之间的关系。在经加工的凹进588中具有电子器件腔590以及用于固定电子器件的各个螺纹孔和孔口。具有附加螺纹孔的匹配凹进586使得能横跨天线凹进的宽度固定孔口(在罩572的下面)，如果需要则在天线和电子器件之间提供电线通道。在实践中，由于用一些绝缘材料填充椭圆形凹进和罩窗口以支承和保护天线，天线是不可见的。
一旦组装、插入钻孔并供电，电阻率/地质导向工具组件逐次使其各个发射机进行发射并从每个接收器采集测量值。在一些实施例中，基础模块包括方向和位置跟踪硬件，而在其它实施例中，基础模块访问由另一模块提供的方向和位置信息。在又一些实施例中，基础模块将相关测量值提交给已访问位置和方向信息的另一工具。尽管图12下面的说明基于基础模块执行所述动作的假设，然而这些动作也可由系统的一个或其它部分予以完成。
在方框1202中，扩展模块耦合于基础模块。在一些实施例中，扩展模块简单地螺纹连接入带基础模块的井底组件或工具串，而连接器中的电触头建立工具总线连接。其它适宜的通信技术是可知的并能被采用。
在方框1204中，基础模块识别其所耦合于的各个扩展模块。每个扩展模块较佳地包括预编程的唯一识别器，以及模块类型(例如发射机、接收器、天线方向和单独配置或差别配置)和版本号的一些指示，以能通过基础模块自动执行该识别过程。然而，现场工程师的定制配置或编程也可用作设置工具的方法。
一旦基础模块已完成识别过程，它在方框1206中开始时钟同步程序。为确保测量的准确性，可在每次测量前重复或改进同步过程。在一些实施例中，每个模块具有其本身的高精度时钟且基础模块仅使用请求—响应过程确定每个模块的相对时钟偏差。为了进一步改进，基础模块也可确定和跟踪每个时钟偏差的变化率。
在方框1208中，基础模块建立测量参数并将这些参数与相关扩展模块通信。例如，测量参数可指定发射机天线、所要求的频率和功率设定以及所要求的发射时间。(所要求的发射时间可采用总线上的特定触发信号予以指定。)在采用脉冲信号的情形下，也可指定脉冲的形状和持续时间。
在方框1210中，使发射机进行发射且接收器测量相位和衰减。这些测量是相对于若干可能基准中的任何一个而作出的。可相对于单独时钟、相对于发射信号的相位或相对于来自另一天线的接收信号的相位而测量相位。类似地，可相对于校准值、相对于特定发射功率设定或相对于来自另一天线的接收信号的振幅来测量衰减。基础模块与每个扩展模块通信以采集接收器测量值。在扩展模块发出信号的情形下，如果该模块测量该值，也可采集实际发送时间。
在方框1212中，基础模块确定工具方向并相应地处理相位和衰减测量值。在一些实施例中，工具在采集测量值时转动。测量值被分类到方位角收集器中并与来自该收集器的其它测量值相组合。如此可通过组合测量值而减小测量误差。基础模块处理测量值以确定测量值的方位和径向依存关系，并进一步通过取相反方向的测量值之间的差或给定收集器的测量值和所有收集器的平均值之间的差而产生地质导向信号。
在方框1214中，基础模块在将数据存入内存和/或将数据提供给将要与地表通信的遥测发射机之前可选择地压缩数据。在方框1216中，基础模块确定测井是否应当继续，如果继续，则操作从方框1206开始重复。
尽管前面的说明着重于使用对方位角灵敏的电阻率测量以实现相对岩床边界的地质导向，这些测量也可用来提供基本平行于一个或多个已有井孔的附加井孔。已有井孔可用电阻率截然不同于周围岩层的液体填充。当钻新井孔时，对方位角灵敏的电阻率工具能检测相对已有井孔的方向和距离。大致平行的井孔的精确布置使得能够采用诸如蒸汽辅助重力排水(SAGD)的技术，其中蒸汽从第一井孔泵入岩层以加热岩层，从而增加烃的流动性。第二井孔随后从储油区排干这些烃，如此显著提高了储油区的产量。
尽管已结合有限数量的实施例对本发明进行了说明，然而本领域内技术人员可以理解，可从这些实施例得出多种修改和变化。例如，可以预料，所披露的工具构造方法可望用于电缆起下的工具以及随钻测井工具中。在随钻测井时，钻柱可以是布线或未布线线的钻杆或盘管。所附权利要求书旨在覆盖落在本发明真正精神和范围内的所有这些修改和变化。

Claims (18)

1.一种测井方法，包括：
将扩展模块耦合于基础模块；以及
协作地运作所述扩展模块和所述基础模块以进行以下操作中的至少一个：检测岩层电阻率的方位角变化和导向。
2.一种地质导向工具组件，包括：
基础模块；以及
扩展模块，所述扩展模块耦合于所述基础模块以协作地检测岩层电阻率的方位角变化以进行导向。
3.一种扩展模块，包括：
螺纹连接器，所述螺纹连接器机械耦合于基础模块并当如此耦合时建立与所述基础模块的电信号路径；以及
电子器件，所述电子器件与所述基础模块协作地工作以进行以下操作中的至少一个：检测岩层电阻率的方位角变化和导向。
4.如权利要求1—3中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述基础模块包括具有至少一个发射机天线和至少一个接收器天线的电阻率测井工具。
5.如权利要求1—4中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述扩展模块包括倾斜的接收器天线以响应所述基础模块中的发射机天线的工作得出对方位角灵敏的测量值。
6.如权利要求5所述的发明，其特征在于，所述对方位角灵敏的测量值包括所述倾斜的接收器天线和基准信号之间的相移和衰减中的至少一个。
7.如权利要求6所述的发明，其特征在于，所述基准信号是发射信号或来自另一接收器天线的接收信号。
8.如权利要求1—7中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述方位角变化用来确定地质导向信号。
9.如权利要求1—8中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述扩展模块在所述基础模块的控制下工作。
10.如权利要求9所述的发明，其特征在于，当供电时，所述基础模块自动地检测和控制所述扩展模块。
11.如权利要求1—10中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述耦合通过至少一个中间管件实现。
12.如权利要求1或2所述的发明，其特征在于，还包括将第二扩展模块耦合于所述基础模块，其中所述第二扩展模块在所述基础模块的控制下工作。
13.如权利要求1或2所述的发明，其特征在于，所述扩展模块通过包括下述装置的装置组中的附连装置耦合于所述基础模块：螺纹拧紧连接器、压配合连接器和焊缝。
14.如权利要求1—13中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述扩展模块来自一组可互换扩展模块，当耦合于所述基础模块时，所述可互换扩展模块可工作以提供不同的测量值。
15.如权利要求14所述的发明，其特征在于，所述一组可互换扩展模块包括具有不同数量天线的模块。
16.如权利要求14—15中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述一组可互换扩展模块包括具有不同方向的天线的模块。
17.如权利要求14—16中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述一组可互换扩展模块包括具有不同发射功率的发射机模块。
18.如权利要求14—17中任何一项所述的发明，其特征在于，所述一组可互换扩展模块包括具有不同灵敏度的接收器模块。
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EP2038513A4 (en) 2011-06-29
RU2394270C1 (ru) 2010-07-10
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