CN101498427A - Uniform illuminating device - Google Patents

Uniform illuminating device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101498427A
CN101498427A CNA2008100050217A CN200810005021A CN101498427A CN 101498427 A CN101498427 A CN 101498427A CN A2008100050217 A CNA2008100050217 A CN A2008100050217A CN 200810005021 A CN200810005021 A CN 200810005021A CN 101498427 A CN101498427 A CN 101498427A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
light
light emitting
illuminating device
reflection shield
emitting diode
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CNA2008100050217A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN101498427B (en
Inventor
洪志辉
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HUIYI MARKETING Ltd HONGKONG
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HUIYI MARKETING Ltd HONGKONG
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Abstract

The invention provides a uniform light-emitting device which comprises light-emitting diodes and a light-reflecting cover. Each light-emitting diode is a single-side light-emitting type light-emitting diode, and the light-reflecting cover is a diffused reflection light-reflecting cover. At least three single-side light-emitting type light-emitting diodes are arranged in a circle according to the shape of the light-reflecting cover in the light-reflecting cover, and the light-emitting faces of the light-emitting diodes face to the outside of the circle and are opposite to the light-reflecting cover. The direction position of the single-side light-emitting type light-emitting diodes is adjusted according to needed direction, and the single-side light-emitting type light-emitting diodes irradiate the light-reflecting cover with a proper distance and an incidence angle, then illumination of corresponding irradiated region on the light-reflecting cove is adjusted, and light irradiating the entire side wall of the light-reflecting cover is further more uniform. Meanwhile, colors corresponding to the light-emitting diodes are selected, the light-emitting intensity of various light-emitting diodes is controlled, and any required light color can be mixed. In addition, after the diffused reflection light-reflecting cover is adopted, light emitted by the light-emitting diodes irradiates the surface of the diffused reflection light-reflecting cover and is scattered completely, all of the light shines to a translucent screen, and the utilization rate of the light energy is high.

Description

Uniform illuminating device
Technical field
The invention belongs to a kind of light-emitting device, relate in particular to a kind of uniform illuminating device that uses light emitting diode as light source.
Background technology
Illuminator can attract people's notice, and businessman's signboard lamp house commonly used attracts client or does advertisement, architect and light designer especially in view of the above theory design illuminated ceiling, illuminated metope and the illuminated outer facade of building etc.The basic structure of this type of luminescent system is at the translucent printing opacity screen of light source installed in front, to allow light see through the printing opacity screen, builds a kind of atmosphere of elegance, or image or the information on the printing opacity screen is passed to people.
Above-mentioned luminescent system uses incandescent lamp usually, and fluorescent lamp or neon light etc. are as light source.As everyone knows, some luminous efficiency of these light sources is low, and power consumption is big, and some service life is short, and neon light etc. then need be operated under the high voltage, and security incident very easily takes place.
Along with the progress of science and technology, invented out LED for illumination in recent years, as a kind of new type light source, its luminous efficiency height, power consumption is low, the life-span is long, operating voltage is low.United States Patent (USP) proposes a kind of signboard lamp house system for No. 6964507 for this reason, and the structure of its light-emitting device is that a light emitting diode is installed in hollow terrace with edge shape reflection shield; This light emitting diode is roughly the double cone shape.One end is a base, is installed on the reflection shield, and the other end is can irradiant concave surface, the translucent printing opacity screen towards reflection shield open side the place ahead.For the light irradiation printing opacity screen of avoiding light-emitting diodes tube end concave surface to be sent forms bright hot spot on screen, the technical scheme of this case is included between translucent printing opacity screen and the light-emitting diodes tube end concave surface and installs a non transparent layer additional, particularly directly is coated in the skin of paint on this concave surface.
The shortcoming of above-mentioned signboard lamp house system is, a light emitting diode only is installed in reflection shield, its power is bigger, for erose diffuser, because the direction of illumination of light emitting diode is fixed, dark angle can appear in the sidewall of diffuser, and light can't be radiated at each corner of diffuser sidewall equably.And this non transparent layer is blocked the part light that light emitting diode sends, and reduces the luminous efficiency of light emitting diode, causes luminous flux to reduce energy dissipation; As for the skin of paint that directly is coated on the concave surface, not only have above-mentioned shortcoming especially, and influence LED heat radiating, especially will force light to return in the light emitting diode, cause luminous diode temperature to raise, shorten service life.
In addition, the light that light emitting diode sent causes the light-emitting device in the signboard lamp house system that uniform illumination can not be provided, thereby has a strong impact on the effect of whole system through forming the bright ring of light after the reflection shield reflection on the printing opacity screen.Although mention in this case specification the reflection shield inner surface is coated with white paint, however the fact show, still have the ring of light on the printing opacity screen with this understanding, only be degree different and with.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is, a kind of more even light emission, uniform illuminating device efficiently are provided.
In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the invention provides a kind of uniform illuminating device, comprise light emitting diode and reflection shield, this light emitting diode is the single face type light emitting diode, this reflection shield is the diffuse reflection reflection shield.At least three described single face type light emitting diodes are arranged in a circle according to the reflection shield shape in reflection shield, and its light-emitting area is outside circle, in the face of reflection shield.
Uniform illuminating device of the present invention compared with prior art has following beneficial effect:
1, uniform illuminating device uses at least three single face type light emitting diodes, according to the shape of reflection shield the positional alignment of each light emitting diode is become a circle, makes it respectively according to required direction the sidewall of uniform irradiation reflection shield.Adopt that a plurality of light emitting diodes substitute that a large-power light-emitting diodes can also the adjustment member light emitting diode to the position, make it with suitable distance and incidence angle irradiation reflection shield, thereby the illuminance in corresponding area to be illuminated territory on the adjustment reflection shield, and then make the whole sidewall of reflection shield be subjected to light more even.Select the color of light emitting diode correspondence simultaneously, and control the luminous intensity of various diodes, can blend required any photochromic.
2, behind the employing diffuse reflection reflection shield, after the light that light emitting diode sent is radiated at the abundant scattering on diffuse(d) reflector surface, all according to shield efficiency of light energy utilization height to printing opacity.Light has been avoided producing the ring of light or hot spot phenomenon on the printing opacity screen after scattering simultaneously.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic perspective view of uniform illuminating device first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 be among Fig. 1 circuit board look up schematic perspective view;
Fig. 3 is the schematic perspective view of the illuminated diode of single face among Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is vertical cross-sectional schematic of uniform illuminating device first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is vertical cross-sectional schematic of uniform illuminating device second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the schematic perspective view after a plurality of uniform illuminating devices are installed on signboard lamp house;
Fig. 7 is the cross-sectional schematic along K-K line among Fig. 6.
The specific embodiment
In order to make the technical problem to be solved in the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effect clearer,, the present invention is further elaborated below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explanation the present invention, and be not used in qualification the present invention.
Before describing the specific embodiment of the invention in detail, must be pointed out at this: " light emitting diode " used in the present invention speech, not only comprise and send visible light (wavelength 380nm to 780nm), and comprise and send infrared ray or ultraviolet light emitting diode.
As shown in Figure 1, the uniform illuminating device 100 that provides of the embodiment of the invention comprises one group of light emitting diode 300, circuit board 400 and reflection shield 500.As main points of the present invention, wherein light emitting diode 300 is the single face type light emitting diode, and their shapes according to reflection shield 500 in reflection shield 500 are arranged in a circle, and 350 (see figure 3)s of light-emitting area separately are outside circle, in the face of reflection shield 500.
Single face type light emitting diode 300 is installed in the front of circuit board 400 respectively, and mode can be welding or uses thermal conductance epoxy resin gluing etc.For the heat that light emitting diode 300 is produced distributes better, can in circuit board 400, metal level be set, such as aluminium lamination, and make it to constitute the heat conduction with single face type light emitting diode 300; Perhaps, can add the external heat sink of other forms or shape, to promote radiating effect.As shown in Figure 2, the back side of circuit board 400 is provided with control circuit 450, is used for regulating or control input current or voltage, so that each single face type light emitting diode 300 is realized functions such as light on and off simultaneously, light on and off successively, intermittently light on and off, flicker, deepening.Control circuit 450 can be with each single face type light emitting diode 300 serial or parallel connection (condition be that external power source can provide enough voltage or electric currents), so that the luminous situation of light emitting diode 300 is controlled or control individually jointly.
As shown in Figure 3, each single face type light emitting diode 300 has light-emitting area 350 and pair of pins 380.Pin 380 is used to provide being electrically connected between the p-n junction (not shown)s in power supply and the light emitting diode 300.After adding suitable voltage, light-emitting area 350 can be sent radial light beam; Be noted that, this light beam (plane, X-Y axle place in as Fig. 3) angle of departure on the plane that is parallel to light emitting diode 300 bottom surfaces is 120 °, therefore three single face type light emitting diodes 300 of the minimum employing of the present invention and make it suitably to form a circle can be around 360 ° of ground irradiations of Z-Z axle reflection shield 500.
These type of 300 the presents of single face type light emitting diode have been widely used in occasion backlight, and finding has the SWTS1007 series of SSC company (Seoul Semi-Conductor) and the LW Y1SG series of Ao Silamu optical semiconductor company (OSRAM Opto Semi-conductor) on the market, its distinguishing feature is that energy consumption is low, about about 0.125W, thereby caloric value is less, and the inner additional optics of minute surface, reflector, refractile body, lens and so on that do not contain.
As a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, light emitting diode 300 can send white light, with x=0.33, is advisable near the y=0.33 in the photochromic coordinate in CIE (International Commission on Illumination) 1931 standard colorimetric systems.Under the situation that emits white light, can use generations such as colour filter that coloured light is arranged.When a certain specific when photochromic in the needs CIE1931 standard colorimetric system, can select for use and send the monochromatic light emitting diode 300 of respective wavelength.Perhaps by a plurality of monochromatic light emitting diodes 300 of different wave length that send are carried out the luminous intensity adjustment, and blend required photochromic.Preferably make each single face type light emitting diode 300 send ruddiness, green glow, blue light respectively, carry out the luminous intensity adjustment, and blend required photochromic through control circuit 450.
Please referring to Fig. 4, as another main points of the present invention, reflection shield 500 is the diffuse reflection reflection shield, and its shape and position are that all light 50 that can impel Light-Emitting Diode 300 to be sent totally reflect along Z-Z axle, become diffuse reflection light beam 55.The representative value of the inner surface diffuse reflectance of reflection shield 500 is more than 0.85.This type of reflection shield finding has the anodized aluminum product of my Nuo De company (Alanod) of Germany, and the product of Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd (FurukawaElectric Company Limited).For example, and the PETG of Furukawa company (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) froth pulp---foaming PETG (MCPET), its diffuse reflectance is greater than 0.95, and total reflectance is 0.98.All metals or nonmetal reflection shield, all inner surface diffuse reflectances all can be used as reflection shield 500 greater than 0.85.
Reflection shield 500 can be any required shape, and its cross section can be polygon, and such as triangle, square (as shown in Figure 1), rectangle, pentagon, hexagon etc., cross section also can be circle, Long Circle, ellipse, fan-shaped, not even regular shape.Simultaneously, reflection shield 500 also can cover zone as much as possible, the front that comprises circuit board 400, therefore provide maximum reflective surface area for uniform illuminating device 100, circuit board 400 can be arranged at the bottom outside of reflection shield 500, and the respective perforations (not shown) that 300 of each light emitting diodes pass on reflection shield 500 bottoms stretches in the reflection shield 500.Perhaps, then add diffuse reflector to increase reflective surface area in the front of circuit board 400 if circuit board 400 is arranged in the reflection shield 500.
The inner surface diffuse reflectance of reflection shield 500 can be guaranteed youth uncle reflection greater than 0.85.Under youth uncle conditioned reflex, be radiated at the abundant scattering of light on diffuse reflector surface, no matter observer's visual angle is how, this surperficial brightness is all identical for observer.With more professional technical standpoint, no matter promptly the visual angle how, this surperficial brightness is all identical.This phenomenon also is called youth uncle cosine law sometimes.
Can obviously find out by Fig. 4 simultaneously, the present invention adopts three above single face type light emitting diodes 300 to use in groups, for identical total energy consumption (such as 1 watt), low power LED (such as 0.125 watt) then can adopt the light emitting diode 300 (being the ratio of 1:8 for 1 watt) of greater number.In other words, adopt a plurality of low power LEDs 300 to substitute large-power light-emitting diodes and mean, thereby on bigger degree, provide precondition for uniform irradiation reflection shield 500 to the rearranging of light flux distribution situation.
Particularly, adopt a plurality of light emitting diodes 300 to form a circle, light-emitting area 350 is outside circle, making can be according to the shape of cross section of diffuser 500, rationally arrange the position of each light emitting diode 300, make it respectively according to required direction the sidewall of uniform irradiation reflection shield 500.Be foursquare reflection shield 500 for cross section shown in Figure 1 for example, light emitting diode 300 can surround square cast accordingly, makes each sidewall of reflection shield 500 be subjected to light more equably.
Adopt that a plurality of light emitting diodes 300 substitute that high-power persons can also adjustment member light emitting diode 300 to the position, make it with suitable distance and incidence angle irradiation reflection shield 500.Know by optical theory, can adjust the illuminance in corresponding area to be illuminated territory on the reflection shield 500 like this, and then make the whole sidewall of reflection shield 500 be subjected to light equably.For example surround the situation of square cast for above-mentioned light emitting diode 300, promptly can be further at the sidewall sections at 500 4 seamed edge places of reflection shield, the light emitting diode 300 that aligns four jiaos of places of square cast carries out to the position adjustment, make it to shine the sidewall at above-mentioned seamed edge place with suitable distance and incidence angle, make the illuminance at this place consistent as far as possible, thereby guarantee that whole sidewall is subjected to light more equably with the elsewhere.
In addition, adopt a plurality of light emitting diodes 300 to form a circle, the more feasible spacing that can adjust 300 of light emitting diodes impels the whole sidewall of reflection shield 500 evenly to be subjected to light to the full extent.Like this, no matter which kind of shape the shape of cross section of diffuser 500 is, even concave shaped such as crescent, its sidewall all can reach and evenly be subjected to light state, and dark angle can not occur.
Evenly be subjected at reflection shield 500 sidewalls under the situation of light and youth uncle reflection, can guarantee to be parallel on the illuminated plane of X-Y plane (Fig. 1) has quasi-homogeneous surface brightness.For example when two or more reflection shields 500 side by side the time, blackening (dark area or boundary line) comes across reflection shield 500 peripheries often.This situation evenly is subjected to can avoid under light and the youth uncle conditioned reflex at reflection shield 500 sidewalls.In the signboard industry, luminance difference or contrast on the same plane that the uniformity often is defined as being paid close attention between zones of different.With the technical standpoint opinion, the uniformity promptly is considered as evenly greater than 0.85.
See also Fig. 6, the uniform illuminating device 100 of a plurality of embodiment of the invention is arranged in this signboard lamp house 600, this lamp box 600 comprises casing 65 and printing opacity screen 68, casing 65 each uniform illuminating device 100 of supporting wherein, and printing opacity screen 68 covers the front side of lamp box 600.Printing opacity screen 68 is translucent, and most of light that reflection shield 500 is reflected is appeared.In most of occasions, printing opacity screen 68 serves as a kind of diffuser, makes light diffusion, so that see through the output light of printing opacity screen 68 shape that is evenly distributed.
See also Fig. 7, light emitting diode 300 is in apart from printing opacity with circuit board 400 and shields 68 a certain distances, 62 places, to allow whole printing opacity screen 68 be able to be illuminated by the light that is reflected in the uniform illuminating device 100.For avoiding speck (bright areas) and blackening (dark area) occurring on the printing opacity screen 68, should keep empty spacious between circuit board 400 and the printing opacity screen 68, must not be occupied by any other reflector, reflective mirror, lens or reflective skin of paint and so on optical equipment.Only can use protective layer 63 (Fig. 5) to cover and holding circuit plate 400 and luminous two pipes 300, to avoid being subjected to mechanicalness or damage of electric property and interference, electric short circuit for example, electromagnetic interference, moisture etc.In preferred embodiment, the distance 62 that printing opacity screen 68 and circuit board are 400 is less than 2 inches (50.8mm).
Compare to 8 inches thicker sizes such as (203.2mm) of prior art, above-mentioned distance 62 is significant less than 2 inches, the uniform illuminating device 100 that is the embodiment of the invention is applied to lamp box and illuminated metope, during illuminated ceiling and so on luminescent system, the thickness that can make this type systematic is attenuate greatly.Lamp box is thin, makes outstanding building structure metope take public place, also easily by government permission; The metope luminescent system is thin, and taking careat must lack; The ceiling luminescent system is thin, then can avoid with ceiling in other imbed conflicts mutually such as thing such as air-conditioning pipe, fire extinguishing spray thrower, public communication system.System is both thin, and weight is from light, can take in concurrently light and handy just.Above-mentioned distance 62 is actually because light-emitting device of the present invention 100 is luminous even less than 2 inches (50.8mm), but due to the uniform irradiation printing opacity screen 68.
In another embodiment, printing opacity screen 68 can be made into refractive body, and casing 65 then is translucent.Again return casing 65 after being changed direction by the light after the diffusion by refractive body.
As other examples of the present invention, what the illuminated diode 300 of single face sent also can be ultraviolet ray, and printing opacity screen 68 can be used the uniform light of reflection shield 500 reflections instead to casing 65 at this moment; Or should scribble embedded photoluminescent material on the printing opacity screen 68, and such as fluorescence or phosphor material, evenly exciting through ultraviolet ray, embedded photoluminescent material can appear uniform light at casing 65; Or what the illuminated diode 300 of single face sent is infrared ray, makes the present invention that uniform night vision illumination can be provided.
Example
The experiment structure is painted with Fig. 1,12 single face type light emitting diodes 300 (0.125 watt of every tube power adopts the SSC SWTS1007 of company series of products) is welded on become diameter 30mm ring on the circuit board 400.All light-emitting areas 350 of light emitting diode 300 are all in the face of reflection shield 500, and reflection shield 500 is made by Furukawa company foaming PETG.Be added in electric current on the circuit board 400 and be 0.135 peace doubly.Reflection shield 500 inside dimensions are 900mm * 900mm.
Placing on the reflection shield 500 is diffuse transmission printing opacity screen 68, adopts the Shinkolite-A of Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd (MitsubishiRayon Co.Ltd.) series #432 model, and its thickness is 3mm, and material is an acrylic resin.Distance 62 is through being measured as 35mm between printing opacity screen 68 and the circuit board 400.
Brightness on the printing opacity screen 68, through locating to measure as follows at three vertical 9 of three transverse directions:
874 1071 907
1024 960 1038
860 1012 890
The average light brightness and the uniformity (minimum light brightness/average light brightness) are respectively 956cd/m as calculated 2With 0.9.Test data shows this uniform illuminating device efficient height, luminous even.
The above only is preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to restriction the present invention, all any modifications of being done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, is equal to and replaces and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (14)

1, a kind of uniform illuminating device, comprise light emitting diode and reflection shield, it is characterized in that: described light emitting diode is the single face type light emitting diode, at least three described single face type light emitting diodes are arranged in a circle according to the reflection shield shape in reflection shield, and its light-emitting area is outside circle, in the face of reflection shield, and described reflection shield is the diffuse reflection reflection shield.
2, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described uniform illuminating device also comprises circuit board, and the illuminated diode of described single face is installed in the front of circuit board.
3, uniform illuminating device according to claim 2 is characterized in that: be provided with heat radiating metallic layer in the described circuit board, described metal level is connected with the single face type light emitting diode.
4, uniform illuminating device according to claim 2 is characterized in that: the back side of described circuit board is provided with the control circuit of each single face type light emitting diode working condition of control.
5, according to each described uniform illuminating device of claim 2-4, it is characterized in that: described circuit board is positioned at reflection shield, in the front of described circuit board diffuse reflector is set.
6, according to each described uniform illuminating device of claim 2-4, it is characterized in that: described circuit board is arranged at the bottom outside of reflection shield, and described single face type light emitting diode passes the respective perforations on the reflection shield bottom and stretches in the reflection shield.
7, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the inner surface diffuse reflectance of described reflection shield is more than or equal to 0.85.
8, uniform illuminating device according to claim 7 is characterized in that: the material of described reflection shield is the foaming PETG.
9, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: it is monochromatic photochromic identical that described each single face type light emitting diode sends.
10, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the monochromatic photochromic part that described each single face type light emitting diode sends is identical or different.
11, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described each single face type light emitting diode can send ruddiness, green glow, blue light at the same time or separately.
12, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: what described each single face type light emitting diode sent is ultraviolet ray or infrared ray.
13, uniform illuminating device according to claim 1 is characterized in that: several described uniform illuminating devices are arranged in the signboard lamp house.
14, according to claim 1 or 13 described uniform illuminating devices, it is characterized in that: the dead ahead of described uniform illuminating device is provided with translucent printing opacity screen, and the distance between described translucent printing opacity screen and circuit board is less than 50.8mm.
CN2008100050217A 2008-01-29 2008-01-29 Uniform illuminating device Expired - Fee Related CN101498427B (en)

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CN101498427B CN101498427B (en) 2012-07-25

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102466201A (en) * 2010-11-16 2012-05-23 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 Lamp reflector and portable lamp
CN103797386A (en) * 2012-06-18 2014-05-14 古河电气工业株式会社 Foamed sheet, and light reflector and backlight panel both formed using same
CN108730920A (en) * 2018-04-19 2018-11-02 张�浩 A kind of illumination light system of asymmetry light distribution
CN109210501A (en) * 2017-07-06 2019-01-15 株式会社小糸制作所 Lens equipped with distension reflex face
CN110715223A (en) * 2019-10-14 2020-01-21 深圳市维业装饰集团股份有限公司 Intelligent luminous ceiling

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CN2618049Y (en) * 2003-06-11 2004-05-26 桐乡市生辉照明电器有限公司 LED cup light
JP2005306189A (en) * 2004-04-21 2005-11-04 Kojima Press Co Ltd Light source unit and lighting device
CN1746556A (en) * 2004-09-06 2006-03-15 甄钊伟 Light holder with multi-wire input
CN2802258Y (en) * 2005-05-27 2006-08-02 张宇 Multiple light path synthetic semiconductor light-projector
KR100713226B1 (en) * 2005-10-28 2007-05-02 한국에너지기술연구원 Led lamp structure mixed many leds
CN100388092C (en) * 2006-04-20 2008-05-14 友达光电股份有限公司 Heat radiation structure of backlight module
CN2916345Y (en) * 2006-06-23 2007-06-27 揭衍旺 Fire-fighting emergency illuminating light cap

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102466201A (en) * 2010-11-16 2012-05-23 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 Lamp reflector and portable lamp
CN102466201B (en) * 2010-11-16 2014-03-12 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 Lamp reflector and portable lamp
CN103797386A (en) * 2012-06-18 2014-05-14 古河电气工业株式会社 Foamed sheet, and light reflector and backlight panel both formed using same
CN103797386B (en) * 2012-06-18 2016-08-17 古河电气工业株式会社 Foamed sheet and the light reflecting board and the backlight panel that use this foamed sheet
CN109210501A (en) * 2017-07-06 2019-01-15 株式会社小糸制作所 Lens equipped with distension reflex face
CN108730920A (en) * 2018-04-19 2018-11-02 张�浩 A kind of illumination light system of asymmetry light distribution
CN108730920B (en) * 2018-04-19 2021-06-25 张�浩 Illumination optical system with asymmetric light distribution
CN110715223A (en) * 2019-10-14 2020-01-21 深圳市维业装饰集团股份有限公司 Intelligent luminous ceiling

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