CN101483901B - Topology control method used for wireless sensor network middleware - Google Patents
Topology control method used for wireless sensor network middleware Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a topology control method used for the network middleware of a wireless sensor, which refers to the method that the middleware of the wireless sensor manages the condition of nodes according to the migration situation of an agent and mainly solves the energy constraint problem of the nodes, and by setting different states to the nodes and according to the request of implementing a task by the agent, corresponding topology control is carried out. According to an agent running state, an agent retransmission state, and a node state in a path searching state, the nodes that do not need to implement agent tasks enter an energy-saving dormant state. The method has flexible operation and can well improve the survival time of a network.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is a kind of topology control method that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware.Be mainly used in the wireless sensor network node energy constraint problem that solves, according to mobile agent task executions situation, the node of not carrying out the mobile agent task is carried out topology control, allow node enter the resting state of conserve energy, save node and network energy thereby reach, effectively prolong the life span of whole network, belong to wireless sensor network and use and the middleware software development field.
Background technology
Wireless sensor network is a kind of network application system that is made of a large amount of intensive sensor nodes that are deployed in guarded region, can perception, data acquisition and valid data are transferred to data acquisition center by the multi-hop mode.Have than application prospects in environmental monitoring, medical treatment and nursing, industrial environment, field of traffic and military affairs etc.
In sensor network, sensor node is the small embedded device of volume, adopt the powered battery of finite energy, computing capability and communication capacity are all very limited, so need to adopt a kind of effective topological controlling mechanism, guaranteeing under the performances such as network-in-dialing and covering, rationalization's node uses network energy efficiently, reduces cost on network communication, improve the efficient of mac-layer protocol and Routing Protocol, thereby prolong the life span of network.
Middleware Technology is a kind of emerging technology, design, realization and the maintenance of energy structure effective simplification distributed system.And mobile agent is an independently software entity, and it can be according to autonomous the moving in network of certain rules, and representative of consumer is finished specific task.Have superiority based on the middleware of mobile agent and to mainly contain: independently realize the computational resource trend, conserve network bandwidth, and have dynamic feasibility.Because wireless sensor node is small, node energy is limited, in wireless sensor network, adopt middleware Technology, the application program of develop and field sensor network dynamically, and can be by the distributed treatment of the realization of the cooperation between agency calculating, alleviate the heavier how early Problem of Failure of energy that causes of individual nodes load, the quick exploitation that helps the sensor network application program with reuse.
In the middleware of wireless sensor network, carry out topological controlling mechanism, can effectively solve the limited problem of node energy.For the node that does not have proxy task to carry out or move, by in the wireless sensor network middleware application, initiating topological control messages, allow part of nodes enter resting state, reach the purpose of saving node and network energy; And when mobile agent being arranged to the demand of executing the task, can enter different topological state of a controls according to the migration situation of mobile agent for node, the demand of executing the task according to the agency is to the node state executable operations.At the topology control method that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware, have two kinds of message to be initiated by the base station: a kind of is topological control messages, is used for node in the network is carried out topology control; A kind of is agency's migration message, obtains node data information by distributing mobile agent in network.These two kinds of message can executed in parallel in network, carries out topology control or agency's migration according to user's needs, and perhaps two kinds of message are carried out simultaneously.When node being carried out after topological control messages initiates agency migration message again, because the node of not executing the task enters resting state, when the agency is moved to this dormancy node, can rest on the father node of this node, carry out again after wait node is waken up and act on behalf of the task executable operations accordingly.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem: the object of the invention provides a kind of topology control method that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware, enters resting state to not needing to carry out the node of acting on behalf of the migration task, reaches conserve energy, effectively prolongs the purpose of the life span of network.
Technical scheme: the present invention is a kind of wireless sensor network middleware topology control method, can design and Implement on existing wireless sensor networks mobile agent middleware platform software.Node in the network is carried out topology control, and, carry out corresponding topological control operation, reach the purpose of saving node energy and network energy according to the demand of acting on behalf of of executing the task.
Be used for the topology control of wireless sensor network middleware, two kinds of nodes are arranged: a kind of is key node, and every bunch leader cluster node just is used for acting on behalf of the critical path node of migration.Another kind of node is an ordinary node, is the non-routing node except that each key node, and ordinary node belongs to the topological control range of key node.
The topology control method that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware adopts the hierarchical structure of sub-clustering.Various message (comprising topological control messages and agency's migration message) all are to be initiated by the base station.The mode of minute wheel is adopted in control to topology, and every time of taking turns is set according to user's needs.Send inundation topology control messages bag by base-station node and notify each layer leader cluster node to carry out Topology Management, the ordinary node in each layer bunch head receives that the state according to self judges whether to enter resting state behind the topological message bag.
Two places that needs are clear and definite are arranged here:
(1) attaching problem of ordinary node.After the network topology structure that forms layer cluster type, each key node (i.e. bunch head) sends inundation information, ordinary node for non-key node, for the first time receive that the inundation message of key node is as the ordinary node in this key node zone, if receive the inundation message of other key node once more, then abandon no longer and comprehend.
(2) all message of being initiated by the base station (topological control messages and agency's migration message) are transmitted downwards step by step via key node.The agency only carries out on key node the migration and the execution of task, if the agency needs to gather ordinary node information, then this ordinary node is initiated request of data by the key node of this ordinary node ownership,, after its key node sends data, carry out corresponding task by the agency again and handle by this ordinary node.When the agency does not reach task requests, only can be to the migration agency of lower floor; If proxy task is complete, then need the agency to upper strata migration or the migration acted on behalf of according to agency's destination address.
For the topology control key node that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware five kinds of states are arranged, the state classification of its node is as follows:
(1) Idle state
Be in the node monitoring wireless channel of Idle state, monitor base station or parent key node and whether send message (topological control messages or agency's migration message) to this node, if receive that message is topological control messages, then this key node at first sends topological control messages to ordinary node in this bunch, allow ordinary node in this bunch enter the resting state of conserve energy, after concurrent topological control messages was given subordinate's key node, this node communication close module entered resting state.Be agency's migration message as if message, then enter and act on behalf of run mode or agency's forwarding attitude.
(2) act on behalf of run mode
Being in the key node of acting on behalf of run mode is to have the agency to move or be about to act on behalf of to move on this node to move at this node, in this programme, the agency only arrives the key node of each layer, when data acquisition, ordinary node sends to data on the key node in this bunch in this bunch, data is handled on key node by the agency.
Owing to agency operation is arranged or be about to agency's operation, and this node has ordinary node will assist this node to carry out work such as data acquisition, data fusion in its administration, so these ordinary nodes can not enter resting state.After being in the topological message that the key node of acting on behalf of run mode receives that its upper strata father node sends, if this key node has following one deck key node, then broadcast transmission topology control messages notice down one deck key node enter topology and control.
(3) agency transmits attitude
Be in the agency and transmit the node of the key node of attitude as agency's " passing by ", only responsible Forward Proxy and do not carry out the agency, so this not dormancy of key node behind the topological control messages bag of receiving upper strata father's key node, but broadcast transmission topology control messages bag is given the key node of its lower floor and the ordinary node in this bunch.
(4) route search attitude
Node can be stored the path of having passed by when route search, if be in the path record that the key node of route search attitude does not have current agency's migration, key node need carry out preorder traversal and come searching route.After the key node that is in the route search attitude was received the topological control messages of upper strata father's key node, this not dormancy of key node is concurrent sent topological message bag to be searched for key node, enters corresponding resting state.
(5) dormant state
Be in the node communication close module of resting state, dormancy time sheet to be preset to after open communication module, and to put node state be Idle state.
Ordinary node in the network has two states: dormant state and operating state.When key node was initiated request of data, ordinary node entered the corresponding work state.If when not having request of data or other task to carry out, then enter resting state.
Be used for the topology control method of wireless sensor network middleware, may further comprise the steps:
Step 1). initial network is initiated network topology structure and is set up process;
Step 2). the network node that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware is carried out the initialization setting, and putting each node is Idle state;
Step 3). be in the key node monitor channel information of idle condition, monitor base station or upper strata key node and whether send message (comprising topological control messages or agency's migration message), if topological control messages skips to step 4) to this layer key node; If agency's migration message is handled accordingly according to the demand that the agency executes the task, if the agency will move, change step 5) on this key node, if the agency needs the path to transmit, change step 7);
Step 4). this key node is straton key node broadcast topology control messages under it earlier, ordinary node in its range of management sends topological control messages again, thereafter this key node communication close module is changeed step 17), dormancy time can be set according to user's needs;
Step 5). if this node is an Idle state, then go to step 8)) if dormant state then goes to step 17;
Step 6). node forwards acting on behalf of successfully, and goes to step 17);
Step 7). if this node is in dormant state, then go to 17), if be in Idle state, then go to 13);
Step 8). this key node is carried out for proxy task preparation is provided, if the agency only needs the data message of this key node, or on this key node task is handled, and this key node then provides data to be carried out by the agency, or gives the agency with data.If the agency needs the data message of certain ordinary node in this key node scope, then go to 9), topological control messages then go to 10 if receive this moment), if receive agency's migration message this moment, then go to 5 according to acting on behalf of implementation status) or 7);
Step 9). this key node certain node in its scope is initiated request of data information, gathers the data message of this ordinary node.If this moment, this node was in resting state, then need to wake up the laggard line data collection of this node request;
Step 10). if this key node has following straton key node, then each key node of broadcast transmission topology control messages notice lower floor carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant;
Step 11). the node that is in agency's forwarding attitude only is used for Forward Proxy, does not carry out the agency on this node.If success forwards the agency, then go to 17), otherwise go to 6);
Step 12). if act on behalf of in the repeating process, receive topological control messages again, then if this key node has following straton key node, then each key node of broadcast transmission topology control messages notice lower floor carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant;
Step 13). obtain the routing iinformation of acting on behalf of of this key node storage, whether this node of checking has this to act on behalf of routing information, if proxy information is arranged, goes to step 6), does not act on behalf of routing iinformation if having, and then goes to 14);
Step 14). begin to travel through the routing iinformation at this key node place downwards from this key node, if find the routing iinformation that the agency needs, then go to step 6), and go to step 17); If search, change step 16 again after then changeing step 15)) less than routing iinformation;
Step 15). to each the sub-key node broadcast topology control messages under this key node, and broadcast that ordinary node enters resting state in this scope;
Step 16). behind the key node Forward Proxy of upper strata, change step 17);
Step 17). this node enters resting state, wait topology control time sheet to arrive after, transfer Idle state to;
It is that all nodes in the wireless sensor network are carried out the collection of neighbor information that the topological structure of initial network mainly acts on, choose the interior node farthest of each layer key node coverage (judging) as lower floor's key node by the RSSI value, set up neighbor list, not selecteed node is with being the ordinary node in this key node scope.The network topology structure that forms is mainly and is used for wireless senser middleware topology control service, its network topology structure to set up process as follows:
1, all nodes all are in initial condition.
2, judge whether to be the base station, if the base station then is set to broadcast state.
3, be in father's key node of broadcast state, send hello message.
4, the node of initial state is received hello message, if no father's key node, it is hello packet node ID that father's key node is set, and judges the RSSI value, if satisfied imposing a condition sends hello and confirm bag.
5, the father node that is in the broadcasting attitude receives that hello confirms, fills neighbor list.Arrive when the time, stop to receive hello and confirm, send authorization messages and set up nearest-neighbors message, configuration state is an Idle state.
6, the node that is in initial state is received authorization messages, puts oneself for the broadcasting attitude, becomes father node; Receive and set up nearest-neighbors message, fill the nearest-neighbors tabulation.
7, father node is in the broadcasting attitude, skips to step 2, and circulation is all finished until setting up process.
Beneficial effect: use this method that following advantage is arranged:
1. improve the life span of whole network
By key node in the network and ordinary node being carried out topology control, use network energy that can be efficient and rational, the node that allowing does not have task to carry out enters resting state, prolongs the life span of whole network.
2. managerial flexibility
Adopt the topological control structure of layer cluster type, conveniently network node is operated and searched, convenient agency is to the collection and the processing of data message.
3. dynamic routing flexibly
Behind the topological structure that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware, form route by key node, the route that does not have the agency to execute the task can periodically enter resting state, has improved the flexibility of middleware network operation greatly.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is used for the hierarchical chart of the topology control method employing sub-clustering of wireless sensor network middleware.
Fig. 2 is the key node state transition graph.
Fig. 3 is the ordinary node state transition graph.
Fig. 4 is the topology control method flow chart that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 is the hierarchical chart that is used for the topology control method employing sub-clustering of wireless sensor network middleware.One deck is a base-station node among the figure, and two layers-N layer is the key node of topological structure, and just topological control messages is moved the forward-path of message with the agency, and the non-path node among the figure under each layer is an ordinary node.Ordinary node under each key node belongs to the scope of its key node management.As ordinary node in the key node B scope all in the B zone.
Fig. 2 is the state transition graph of key node.Shown among the figure that key node is the state exchange that topological control messages or agency's migration message are carried out according to what receive.
Fig. 3 is the ordinary node state transition graph.For ordinary node two states is arranged, after node is received topological control messages, carry out resting state, other state then belongs to active state.
Fig. 4 is the topology control method flow chart that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware.
The topology control method flow chart that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware as shown in Figure 4, the step that is comprised is as follows:
Step 1). initial network is initiated network topology structure and is set up process; What network topology structure was set up can be referring to setting up process;
Step 2). the network node that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware is carried out the initialization setting, and putting each node is Idle state;
Step 3). establishing Base Station Identification is node A, be in the key node monitor channel information of idle condition, monitor base station A or its upper strata key node and whether send message (comprising topological control messages or agency's migration message), if topological control messages skips to step 4) to this layer key node; If agency's migration message is handled accordingly according to the demand that the agency executes the task, if the agency will move, change step 5) on this key node, if the agency needs the path to transmit, change step 7);
Step 4). this key node is straton key node broadcast topology control messages under it earlier, ordinary node in its range of management sends topological control messages again, thereafter this key node communication close module is changeed step 17), dormancy time can be set according to user's needs;
Step 5). if this node is an Idle state, then go to step 8)) if dormant state then goes to step 17;
Step 6). node forwards acting on behalf of successfully, and goes to step 17);
Step 7). if this node is in dormant state, then go to 17), if be in Idle state, then go to 13);
Step 8). this key node is carried out for proxy task preparation is provided, if the agency only needs the data message of this key node, or on this key node task is handled, and this key node then provides data to be carried out by the agency, or gives the agency with data.If the agency needs the data message of certain ordinary node in this key node scope, then go to 9), topological control messages then go to 10 if receive this moment), if receive agency's migration message this moment, then go to 5 according to acting on behalf of implementation status) or 7);
Step 9). this key node certain node in its scope is initiated request of data information, gathers the data message of this ordinary node.If this moment, this node was in resting state, then need to wake up the laggard line data collection of this node request;
Step 10). if this key node has following straton key node, then each key node of broadcast transmission topology control messages notice lower floor carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant;
Step 11). the node that is in agency's forwarding attitude only is used for Forward Proxy, does not carry out the agency on this node.If success forwards the agency, then go to 17), otherwise go to 6);
Step 12). if act on behalf of in the repeating process, receive topological control messages again, then if this key node has following straton key node, then each key node of broadcast transmission topology control messages notice lower floor carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant;
Step 13). obtain the routing iinformation of acting on behalf of of this key node storage, whether this node of checking has this to act on behalf of routing information, if proxy information is arranged, goes to step 6), does not act on behalf of routing iinformation if having, and then goes to 14);
Step 14). begin to travel through the routing iinformation at this key node place downwards from this key node, if find the routing iinformation that the agency needs, then go to step 6), and go to step 17); If search, then change step 15) less than routing iinformation;
Step 15). to each the sub-key node broadcast topology control messages under this key node, and broadcast that ordinary node enters resting state in this scope;
Step 16). behind the key node Forward Proxy of upper strata, change step 17);
Step 17). this node enters resting state, wait topology control time sheet to arrive after, transfer Idle state to;
It is that all nodes in the wireless sensor network are carried out the collection of neighbor information that the topological structure of initial network mainly acts on, choose node farthest in each layer key node coverage as lower floor's key node according to the situation of RSSI value, set up neighbor list, not selecteed node is with being the ordinary node in this key node scope, the network topology structure that forms is mainly and is used for wireless senser middleware topology control service, its network topology structure to set up process as follows:
1, all nodes all are in initial condition.
2, judge whether to be the base station, if the base station then is set to broadcast state.
3, be in father's key node of broadcast state, send hello message.
4, the node of initial state is received hello message, if no father's key node, it is hello packet node ID that father's key node is set, and judges the RSSI value, if satisfied imposing a condition sends hello and confirm bag.
5, the father node that is in the broadcasting attitude receives that hello confirms, fills neighbor list.Arrive when the time, stop to receive hello and confirm, send authorization messages and set up nearest-neighbors message, configuration state is an Idle state.
6, the node that is in initial state is received authorization messages, puts oneself for the broadcasting attitude, becomes father node; Receive and set up nearest-neighbors message, fill the nearest-neighbors tabulation.
7, father node is in the broadcasting attitude, skips to step 2, and circulation is all finished until setting up process.
For convenience of description, supposing that the agency will move on the key node B, and gather the ordinary node Q in the B scope, is example with the topological structure of Fig. 1, now pays close attention to the topology control situation of agency on key node B among Fig. 1.Specific implementation method is:
1). initial network is initiated network topology structure and is set up process; Formation is the base station with A, F, and B, the key node that J is two layers, C, D, E, G, H, J, K, L, M are three layers key node;
2). the network node that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware is carried out the initialization setting, and the state of putting above each node is an Idle state;
3). if be in the Node B monitor channel information of idle condition this moment, monitor the base station and whether send message (comprising topological control messages or agency's migration message) to this layer key node, if what A sent is agency's migration message, handle accordingly according to the demand that the agency executes the task, this moment, the agency will move by B on this key node, changeed 4);
4). if Node B is an Idle state, then go to step 5)) if dormant state then goes to 8;
5). this key node B carries out for proxy task preparation is provided, and this moment, the agency needed the data message of Q node in this key node B scope, then went to 6), topological control messages then go to 7 if receive this moment again);
6). the Q node of this key node B in its scope initiated request of data information, gathers the data message of this node Q.If this moment, node Q was in resting state, then B need wake the laggard line data collection of node Q request up;
7). if this key node B has following straton key node, then broadcast transmission topology control messages is notified each key node E of lower floor, G, H, I carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant, promptly guarantees to act on behalf of running status;
8). this node enters resting state, wait topology control time sheet to arrive after, transfer Idle state to.
Claims (2)
1. topology control method that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware is characterized in that this method may further comprise the steps:
Step 1). initial network is initiated network topology structure and is set up process;
Step 2). the network node that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware is carried out the initialization setting, and putting each node is Idle state;
Step 3). be in the key node monitor channel information of idle condition, monitor base station or upper strata key node and whether send message, comprise topological control messages or agency's migration message to this layer key node; If topological control messages is jumped
To step 4); If agency's migration message is handled accordingly according to the demand that the agency executes the task, if the agency will move, change step 5) on this key node, if the agency needs the path to transmit, change step 7);
Step 4). this key node is straton key node broadcast topology control messages under it earlier, ordinary node in its range of management sends topological control messages again, thereafter this key node communication close module is changeed step 17), dormancy time can be set according to user's needs;
Step 5). if this key node is an Idle state, then go to step 8)) if dormant state then goes to step 17;
Step 6). key node forwards acting on behalf of successfully, and goes to step 17);
Step 7). if this key node is in dormant state, then go to step 17), if be in Idle state, then go to 13);
Step 8). this key node is carried out for proxy task preparation is provided, if the agency only needs the data message of this key node, or on this key node task is handled, and this key node then provides data to be carried out by the agency, or gives the agency with data; If the agency needs the data message of certain ordinary node in this key node scope, then go to step 9), topological control messages then go to step 10) if receive this moment, if receive agency's migration message this moment, then go to step 5) or step 7) according to acting on behalf of implementation status;
Step 9). this key node certain ordinary node in its scope is initiated request of data information, gathers the data message of this ordinary node; If this moment, this ordinary node was in resting state, then need to wake up the laggard line data collection of this ordinary node request;
Step 10). if this key node has following straton key node, then each key node of broadcast transmission topology control messages notice lower floor carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant;
Step 11). the node that is in agency's forwarding attitude only is used for Forward Proxy, is not in to act on behalf of at this and carries out the agency on node of transmitting attitude; If success forwards the agency, then go to step 17), otherwise go to step 6);
Step 12). if act on behalf of in the repeating process, receive topological control messages again, then if this key node has following straton key node, then each key node of broadcast transmission topology control messages notice lower floor carries out topology control, and the interior ordinary node of scope enters resting state under broadcasting this key node, but this key node keeps current state constant;
Step 13). obtain the routing iinformation of acting on behalf of of this key node storage, whether this node of checking has this to act on behalf of routing iinformation, if act on behalf of routing iinformation, goes to step 6), does not act on behalf of routing iinformation if having, and then goes to step 14);
Step 14). begin to travel through the routing iinformation at this key node place downwards from this key node,, then go to step 6) if find the routing iinformation that the agency needs; If search, then change step 15) less than routing iinformation;
Step 15). to each the sub-key node broadcast topology control messages under this key node, and broadcast that ordinary node enters resting state in this scope;
Step 16). behind the key node Forward Proxy of upper strata, change step 17);
Step 17). this key node enters resting state, wait topology control time sheet to arrive after, transfer Idle state to.
2. the topology control method that is used for the wireless sensor network middleware according to claim 1, it is that all nodes in the wireless sensor network are carried out the collection of neighbor information that the topological structure that it is characterized in that described initial network mainly acts on, choose node farthest in each layer key node coverage as lower floor's key node according to the situation of RSSI value, set up neighbor list, not selecteed node is with being the ordinary node in this key node scope, the network topology structure that forms is mainly and is used for wireless senser middleware topology control service, its network topology structure to set up process as follows:
A, all nodes all are in initial condition;
B, judge whether to be the base station, if the base station then is set to broadcast state;
C, be in father's key node of broadcast state, send hello message;
The node of d, initial state is received hello message, if no father's key node, it is hello packet node ID that father's key node is set, and judges the RSSI value, if satisfied imposing a condition sends hello and confirm bag;
E, the father node that is in broadcast state receive that hello confirms, fills neighbor list; Arrive when the time, stop to receive hello and confirm, send authorization messages and set up nearest-neighbors message, configuration state is an Idle state;
F, the node that is in initial condition are received authorization messages, put oneself and are broadcast state, become father node; Receive and set up nearest-neighbors message, fill the nearest-neighbors tabulation;
G, father node are in broadcast state, skip to step b, and circulation is all finished until setting up process.
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| CN102457867B (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2014-10-08 | 富士通株式会社 | Wireless network device, wireless network system and wireless network node control method |
| CN102404828B (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2015-02-18 | 山东大学 | POOL-mechanism-based cluster regulation algorithm for target tracking in WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) |
| CN102638863B (en) * | 2012-03-20 | 2014-10-29 | 东南大学 | Method for tracking moving targets in wireless sensor networks |
| CN104067560A (en) * | 2012-04-24 | 2014-09-24 | 惠普发展公司，有限责任合伙企业 | Identifying network communication patterns |
| US11159385B2 (en) | 2014-09-30 | 2021-10-26 | Micro Focus Llc | Topology based management of second day operations |
| CN106385670B (en) * | 2016-09-18 | 2020-01-07 | 广东工业大学 | Method and system for collecting data of sensing node by mobile Sink node |
| CN110166113A (en) * | 2019-05-31 | 2019-08-23 | 北京工商大学 | Communication system and method for disaster area |
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