CN101479628A - 用于制造倾斜天线的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
揭示了具有受保护的倾斜天线的测井工具及其制造方法。在一个方法实施例中,井下工具的可回收段上的倾斜天线如下制成:在段上形成椭圆形凹陷;在椭圆形凹陷内形成天线;以及在椭圆形天线上方垂直于椭圆形天线的轴线地形成窗口的椭圆布型。一些工具实施例包括:井下工具的可回收段,该段具有椭圆形凹陷;椭圆形天线,该天线设置在椭圆形凹陷内;以及椭圆形的窗口布型,该窗口布型形成在椭圆形天线上方并垂直于椭圆形天线的平面。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2006年7月12日提交的、发明人为Michael Bittar、Randy Beste、Vadim Minosyan和Mark Sitka的美国临时专利申请60/807,136的优先权。
背景技术
油井行业已经实施采集井下信息多年。当今的石油钻井和生产作业需要与井下参数和条件相关的大量信息。这种信息通常包括井筒和钻井组件的定位和定向、地层性质、以及井下钻井环境参数。收集与地层性质和井下条件相关的信息通常称为“测井”,且可在钻井过程中实施。
现有各种测量工具用于电缆测井和随钻测井。一种这样的工具是电阻率测井工具,该电阻率测井工具包括一个或多个用于将电磁信号发送到地层的天线、以及一个或多个用于接收地层响应的天线。在低频处工作时,电阻率测井工具可称为“感应”工具,在高频处工作时,它可称为电磁波传播工具。尽管支配测量的物理现象会随频率变化,但是工具的工作原理是不变的。在一些情况下,将接收信号的幅值和/或相位与发送信号的幅值和/或相位作比较以测量地层电阻率。在其它情况下,将接收信号的幅值和/或相位彼此作比较以测量地层电阻率。
在某些情形下,诸如当钻井通过其中地层边界垂直延伸的地层时、或当从离岸平台进行钻井时,希望相对于地层中的地层边界以一角度进行钻井。这通常称为“水平”钻井。在水平钻井时,希望尽可能将井筒保持在生产层(包含碳氢化合物的地层)中以使采收率最大化。这会是很困难的,因为地层会倾斜或转向。因此,当试图钻井并将井筒保持在特定的地层内时,钻头会接近地层边界。
当转动的钻头接近地层边界时,地层边界将在钻头轴线的一侧上,即在相对于钻头轴线的一个方位范围内。传统的电阻率测井工具对方位不敏感,因此它们不能有效探测和避免接近地层边界。
附图说明
在随后的具体实施方式中将参照附图,在附图中:
图1示出了示例性的随钻测井环境;
图2示出了示例性的多抽头天线的示意图;
图3示出了用于规定倾斜天线的定向的坐标系;
图4A示出了具有倾斜天线的、部分组装的电阻率测井工具;
图4B示出了具有椭圆形的窗口布型(pattern)的示例性保护盖;
图4C-4D示出了放置在电阻率测井工具上的保护盖的不同视图;
图5A-5E示出了用于保护倾斜天线的另一结构;以及
图6是示例性的倾斜天线制造方法的流程图。
尽管本发明可有各种修改和替换形式,但在附图中示例性地示出了本发明的诸特定实施例并在这里将对它们进行了详细描述。然而应该理解,附图及其详细描述并不想要将本发明局限于所述特定形式,而相反的是,本发明想要涵盖落入所附权利要求书的精神实质和范围内的所有修改、等同和替换特征。
具体实施方式
在下面的描述和权利要求书中使用某些词语来涉及特定的系统部件和结构。如同熟悉本领域的技术人员会意识到的那样,诸公司可涉及不同名称的部件。本文件并不想要在名称不同但功能相同的部件之间作出区分。在以下讨论和权利要求书中,词语“包括”和“包含”以开放方式使用,且因此应诠释为意味着“包括但不限于……”。还有,词语“联接”想要指间接或直接的电连接。因此,假如第一装置联接至第二装置,则该连接可以是与其它装置或连接件的直接电连接或间接电连接。此外,词语“附连”想要指间接或直接的物理连接。因此,假如第一装置附连至第二装置,则该连接可以是与其它装置或连接件的直接物理连接或间接物理连接。
本申请涉及用于制造随钻测井(LWD)工具的方法和装置,该随钻测井工具具有一个或多个倾斜天线以能进行方位敏感的电阻率测量。参考美国专利5,563,512会是有用的,该专利由美国得克萨斯州休斯敦市的哈里伯顿公司(Halliburton Company)拥有。该专利提供了与井下工具中的电磁天线的实施方式相关的讨论和附图。美国专利6,911,824和6,181,138也会是有用的,这些专利由美国得克萨斯州休斯敦市的哈里伯顿公司(Halliburton Company)拥有。这些专利提供了与井下工具中的倾斜天线的使用相关的讨论和附图。
现在转到附图,图1示出了钻井操作过程中的井。钻井平台2装备有井架4,该井架4支承提升机6。通过由“工具”接头7连接在一起的一连串钻管来形成钻柱8,可进行钻油井和气井。提升机6悬挂顶部驱动器10,该顶部驱动器10用来转动钻柱8并使钻柱8下降穿过井口12。钻头14连接至钻柱8的下端。钻头14通过转动钻柱8、通过使用靠近钻头的井下电动机、或通过以上两种方法来实现转动和钻井。钻井流体被泥浆再循环设备16以高的压力和体积泵送通过供给管18、通过顶部驱动器10、并向下通过钻柱8以通过钻头14中的喷嘴或喷口排出。泥浆然后通过形成在钻柱8的外部和井筒壁20之间的环状通路沿井筒向上移动,经过防喷器(未具体示出),然后进入地面上的泥浆池。在地面上,钻井泥浆被清洁然后通过再循环设备16再循环。钻井泥浆用来冷却钻头14,将来自井筒底部的钻屑携带至地面,并平衡岩层中的流体静压力。
在采用泥浆脉冲遥测技术的井中,井下传感器26收集与地层性质和/或各种钻井参数有关的数据。井下传感器26联接至泥浆脉冲遥测发送器28,该发送器28将数据发送至地面。发送器28调制通至钻井流体流的电阻率以产生压力脉冲,该压力脉冲以声速传播至地面。一个或多个压力换能器124、126将压力信号转化成用于信号数字转换器128的电信号。为了改进接收,缓冲器或波动消除器140减轻来自泥浆再循环设备的噪音。馈送管18连接至波动消除器140中的钻井流体腔142。膜片或隔膜144将钻井流体腔142与气体腔146隔开。膜片144随着钻井流体压力的变化而移动,使气体腔能扩张和收缩,由此吸收大部分压力波动。
数字转换器128将数字形式的压力信号供给至计算机130或一些其它形式的数据处理装置。计算机130根据软件(可存储在信息存储介质132上)和来自输入装置134的用户输入来运行,以处理和解译已接收的信号。最终的遥测数据可由计算机130进一步分析和处理,从而在计算机显示器136或一些其它形式的显示装置上产生有用信息的显示。例如,钻井人员可采用该系统来获得并监测BHA位置和定向信息、钻井参数、以及地层性质。
图2是多抽头天线100的电气示意图。(注意,天线100的物理外观可以是如图3所示的单个平面线圈。)天线100包括围绕中心芯线105的多个金属丝线圈。导线110、115、120、125附连至不同的线圈以使发送器或接收器电子元件能改变线圈中的有效圈数。当将交流电施加至线圈100时,产生电磁场。相反地,天线100附近的交变电磁场在导线处感应出电压。因此,天线100可用来发送或接收电磁波。
图3示出了用于规定天线的定向的坐标系。金属丝圈位于相对于工具轴线以一角度倾斜的平面中。倾斜角度可表示为工具轴线和平面法线之间的角度θ。在需要处,天线的方位定向α可表示为工具的x轴线(通常在工具表面上用划线划定界线)和法向向量在垂直于工具纵向轴线的平面上的投影之间的角度。
图4A示出了设置在井下工具的段200中的椭圆形凹陷210内的倾斜天线215和支承块220。段200包括圆柱形本体205、两个椭圆形凹陷210、两个倾斜天线215、以及支承件220。段200还包括用于同轴天线的同轴凹陷229,该同轴凹陷229被保护在交叉金属条230下方。用于通过天线发送和接收电磁信号的电子元件可包含在仓口222之后的气密腔中。段200的电子元件可处理已被接收的信号并测量衰减和相移,或者可使信号数字化和打上时间标记,并与用于这种处理的工具的其它部件通信。段200可以是方位敏感的电阻率测井工具的一部分,该电阻率测井工具能在靠近地层边界处或其它电阻率变化处(例如靠近井筒处)检测距离和方向。
圆柱形本体205例如可包括去除了其内部和外部的一些部分的无缝钢管,从而可测量电阻率、各向异性和边界方向,这在前述的已授权专利中有更完整的描述。各种已知技术可用来去除圆柱形本体205的部分,这些技术例如蚀刻、激光切割。圆柱形本体205的形状、长度和直径可随着具体应用而有所不同,例如,圆柱形本体205通常外径为4.5至20英寸,长度为2至4英尺。圆柱形本体205可在任一端部包括螺纹连接件或其它附连结构,以便将工具段组装成工具,并将工具结合成钻柱。
在图4A中,圆柱形本体205的外部被去除以形成椭圆形凹陷210。在如图4A所示的实施例中,椭圆形凹陷210包括围绕圆柱形本体205的圆周且以相对于本体轴线的一角度设置的通道或凹槽。在图中,椭圆形凹陷210显示成相对于圆柱形本体205的轴线处于相同角度,但是根据所设计的段200的具体应用,通道的数量、其深度、宽度、形状和相对于圆柱体205的轴线的角度也可有所不同。椭圆形凹陷210的深度可以是各种深度,例如通常为1/8英寸至一英寸,这取决于圆柱形本体205的壁厚。椭圆形凹陷210可以具有斜切边、圆角或方角等。尽管希望椭圆形凹陷相对于圆柱形本体205的圆周缩进以免延伸工具的径向轮廓,但是结构整体性是一对立因素,该对立因素会暗示:椭圆形凹陷可形成在本体205表面上的突起防护带之间。
如图4A所示,天线215设置在椭圆形凹陷210内,且联接至可采用天线作为发送器或接收器的电子元件。天线215位于相对于工具轴线以一角度倾斜的平面中。例如兰达莱特(Randallite)、玻璃纤维—环氧树脂或橡胶的绝缘材料层(未示出)可设置在天线215和椭圆形凹陷210之间。天线215可以被绝缘材料密封或封装、即完全封闭。在一些其它实施例中,当圆柱形本体205已经是绝缘的或由非导电材料(例如玻璃纤维)形成时,天线215无需附加的绝缘材料就可直接安装。然而,较佳的是,在天线215和椭圆形凹陷210之间保持间隙或间距。
椭圆形凹陷210中的每个凹陷与天线215中的每个天线相对于圆柱形本体205的纵向轴线的角度可以根据需要改变。在一些实施例中,角度可以是45度。在其它实施例中,天线可以具有多个不同的角度。天线215可以邻近段200上的其它天线,可能为零角度(即与工具同轴)。尽管在图4A中未示出,但可在椭圆形凹陷210中的每个凹陷内设置多个天线。
如图4A进一步所示,支承件220也设置在椭圆形凹陷210内。支承件可简单地用作结构支承件以在天线和导电的工具本体之间保持均匀的间隙。然而在一些实施例中,支承件也可在天线和电路之间提供电连接,在另外一些实施例中,可封装电路。支承件还可用来固定天线和间隙的充填材料,以防止可能会扭曲天线结构的滑动。在一些实施方式中,支承件自身可设计成基本上充填间隙,除了可能的密封剂之外无需任何附加的充填材料。支承件220的数量可在一个应用与另一应用之间有所不同。支承件可由导电或非导电材料、或其组合形成。
图4B示出了根据本发明一些实施例的保护盖。窗口310的布型形成在盖子中,设置成与倾斜天线215对准。在一些实施例中,窗口是基本矩形的,最靠近天线的边定向成大体垂直于倾斜天线。当垂直于天线的平面进行测量时,窗口尺寸将是至少一厘米,较佳地不超过10或12厘米。安装孔315也可设置成用于将盖子固定至工具段200的装置。盖子300通过用作刚性壳体或套管来为段200的至少一部分提供保护。
管体305可由导电或非导电材料、或其组合形成。在一些实施例中,管体305由非磁性钢形成。管体305可例如用碳化钨进行表面硬化。管体205具有开口端,从而它可滑上和滑离圆柱形本体205,同时使段200能在任一端附连至钻柱。管体305的形状、厚度、直径和长度可在一个应用与另一应用之间有所不同。就像圆柱形本体205可以是锥形的那样,管体305也可以是锥形的。在一些实施例中,管体305的内径与圆柱形本体205的外径相同。管体305较佳地足够长以保护包括天线215在内的所有电子元件。
一个或多个窗口310的布型形成在盖子300中。每个窗口310的布型设计成与用天线215标示的天线对准。每个窗口设置成使其长边垂直于天线215的平面,因为盖子的表面将允许如此。窗口的数量可在一个应用与另一应用之间有所不同。每个窗口或每组窗口的尺寸、间距和其它特征可在一个应用与另一应用之间有所不同。结构整体性可影响尺寸、间距和其它特征。在一些实施例中,窗口310的布型中的每个窗口具有相同的尺寸。在一些实施例中,窗口310的布型中的窗口是等距的。形成窗口310的边可以是斜切的。
安装孔315可用来将盖子300固定至段200。同样,匹配的孔可形成在段200中(未示出)。螺钉或其它已知装置(未示出)可用来将盖子300连接至段200。这些装置除了压配之外还可焊接或用其它补充方法将盖子300固定在段200上方。
图4C示出了设置在工具段200上的保护盖300。为了说明,盖子300显示成透明材料以能看见天线215和窗口210之间的关系。被覆盖的段的侧视图400包括与段200相匹配的盖子300。椭圆形凹陷210和天线215放置在窗口310的布型的下方。当合适匹配时,窗口310对准在围绕段200的圆周的天线215上方并垂直于天线215。图4C还示出了在一些实施例中,天线215对准成与段200的轴线成45度。
图4D示出了设置在工具段200上的保护盖300的仰视图。已被覆盖的段的仰视图400示出了椭圆形凹陷210、天线215和窗口310的附加视图,窗口310设置成垂直于围绕段200的圆周的天线215。
在图4C和4D中,示出了工具段200中的仓口405。每个仓口下方的气密腔容纳用于通过对应天线215发送和接收信号的电子元件。
凹陷210、窗口310和其它区域的容积可被充填和密封,以防止钻井流体和其它材料渗入。合适的方法可包括美国专利5,563,512中所述的方法。然而,密封剂较佳地基本上不会劣化窗口310供辐射能和反射能通过的能力。
图5A示出了另一椭圆形凹陷结构。段500包括圆柱形本体505、椭圆形凹陷510、天线515、以及台肩525。段200与段500之间的主要差别是存在台肩525。台肩525支承比盖子300小的盖子。
图5B示出了另一盖子的局部图,该盖子具有与椭圆形凹陷对准的窗口的布型。盖子550包括具有窗口560的带555。盖子550由台肩525和可能附加的任何支承件(未示出)来支承。与窗口310相似,窗口560较佳地与天线对准并垂直于天线,该天线在这种情况下是天线515。如同先前对于盖子300和窗口310所述那样,用来形成盖子550的材料以及盖子550和窗口560的尺寸可在一个实施方式与另一实施方式之间有所不同。同样,窗口560和其它区域可用任何已知的方式进行密封,以防止钻井流体和其它材料渗入。盖子550可用任何合适的附连方法固定至段500,该附连方法例如螺钉、压紧、夹具。盖子550可包括一件或多件。垫圈可固定至盖子550或台肩525。
在另一实施例中,在如图4A所示那样的结构中,台肩525可支承离散的金属条230且使绝缘材料散布其间。条230之间的间隙用作窗口,以使天线能发送或接收电磁信号。对于倾斜天线来说,金属条可成形为设置横向于天线延伸的边。
图5C示出了整个盖子550的侧视图,图5D示出了整个盖子550的前视图。盖子550可以从平钢板中切割出来并形成为(倾斜的)圆筒形。在已经配装在凹陷中之后,可沿着接缝575进行焊接以将盖子固定在位。可设置突片565来防止盖子转动,可设置槽口570来围绕入口盖子进行配装,固定硬件或其它工具元件。注意,窗口的形状无需在形状或尺寸上统一,如窗口580所示。
图5E示出了设置在部分组装的测井工具中的盖子550,以示出天线515和窗口之间的关系。在已加工的凹陷584中是电子元件腔584以及用于固定电子元件和仓口的各种螺纹孔。带有附加螺纹孔的匹配凹陷586使仓口能横跨天线凹陷的宽度进行固定,从而假如想要的话,在天线和电子元件之间设置电线通道。实际上,天线将不会被看到,因为椭圆形凹陷和盖子窗口将被一些绝缘材料充填以支承和保护天线。
尽管并未示出,但是窗口也可形成在段中或段上,即形成在段体的壁中,部分地或完全地穿过外表面到内腔。可在相邻的窗口之间形成空间以供一个或多个天线通过。固定件绝缘件可配装通过空间,以防止与段(假设它是导电的)相接触。带有窗口的盖子可以采用或不采用本发明的这种实施例。
图6示出了用于制造根据本发明一些实施例的井下工具的可回收段上的倾斜天线的技术。技术600包括:在步骤605处,在段上形成椭圆形凹陷,在步骤610处,将天线放置在椭圆形凹陷内,以及在步骤615处,为天线设置保护盖。前述的技术规定了动作,也可插入和后接附加的动作,以形成功能性的电阻率测井工具。
在一些实施例中,在步骤605处,在段上形成椭圆形凹陷包括在段中形成椭圆形通道。在其它实施例中,它包括在段上的突起带之间形成椭圆形凹陷。椭圆形凹陷相对于段轴线的角度可在一个应用和另一应用之间有所不同。如前所述,每个椭圆形凹陷的形状和尺寸可在一个实施方式和另一实施方式之间有所不同。
在一些实施例中,在步骤610处,将倾斜天线放置在椭圆形凹陷内包括:形成包含在平面线圈罩壳中的具有多个金属丝圈的椭圆形天线,轻轻地扭曲该线圈罩壳以使天线通过段体到达该凹陷,在该凹陷内重新成形该线圈罩壳并支承该线圈罩壳,将天线联接至电子元件,将电子元件放置在气密腔中,以及用充填材料包围天线以支承和保护天线。
在步骤615处,为倾斜天线设置保护盖包括:形成具有与椭圆形凹陷和倾斜天线对准的窗口布型的盖子,并将该盖子放置在椭圆形凹陷上方。盖子应包括诸如钢之类的刚性耐磨损材料。窗口的布型设计成使天线能相对低损失地起作用。窗口通过防止电流流过天线平面中的盖子、例如通过使窗口边垂直于天线平面延伸来实施这一操作。
在其它实施例中,步骤615可包括:在段中形成窗口,并在窗口之间形成空间。在其中与盖子相对地在段内形成窗口的实施例中,步骤615可与步骤605合并。然而,仍然可利用具有窗口的盖子来吸收大部分的磨损和破裂。
应该注意,套管300和单独天线盖550的实施例使随钻测井工具的两个倾斜天线之间的间距小于套管或盖子的垂直尺寸。
尽管关于有限数量的实施例描述了本发明,但是熟悉本领域的技术人员将会意识到多种来自于其的改型和变型。所附的权利要求书想要涵盖落入本发明的真实精神实质和范围之内的所有这些改型和变型。
Claims (20)
1.一种制造在工具的可回收段上的倾斜天线的方法,包括:
在所述段上形成椭圆形凹陷;
在所述椭圆形凹陷内形成天线;以及
在所述椭圆形天线上方且垂直于所述椭圆形天线的轴线形成窗口的布型。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述椭圆形凹陷与所述段的轴线形成45度的角度。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述窗口的布型形成在盖子上,所述盖子定位在所述段的至少一部分上方。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述窗口是等距的且具有相同的尺寸。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,多个天线设置在所述椭圆形凹陷内。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述天线包括可变电磁天线。
7.一种随钻测井工具,包括:
圆柱形本体,所述圆柱形本体具有围绕其圆周的倾斜凹陷;
倾斜天线,所述倾斜天线设置在所述凹陷内;以及
所述凹陷上方的盖子,所述盖子具有与所述倾斜天线对准的窗口的布型,
其中,所述窗口具有垂直于所述倾斜天线的平面的边。
8.如权利要求7所述的工具,其特征在于,所述段包括多个倾斜凹陷,所述倾斜凹陷具有设置在每个倾斜凹陷中的至少一个天线。
9.如权利要求8所述的工具,其特征在于,至少两个倾斜凹陷相对于所述可回收段的轴线形成不同角度。
10.如权利要求7所述的工具,其特征在于,所述窗口是等距的且具有相同的尺寸。
11.如权利要求7所述的工具,其特征在于,所述倾斜凹陷包括用于支承盖子的台肩。
12.如权利要求7所述的工具,其特征在于,至少一个支承件定位在所述凹陷和盖子之间。
13.如权利要求12所述的工具,其特征在于,至少一个支承件包括结构件、绝缘件、天线导向件、间隔件、容积充填件、连接件或电子元件。
14.如权利要求7所述的工具,其特征在于,所述窗口的尺寸和形状不同。
15.一种可回收的井下工具,包括
至少一个倾斜天线,所述倾斜天线至少部分地被保护在一个或多个导电表面下方,所述导电表面具有与所述倾斜天线对准的窗口或间隙,
其中,所述窗口或间隙的最靠近所述倾斜天线的边定向成:使在包含所述倾斜天线的平面中的电流基本最小化。
16.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述窗口或间隙具有垂直于所述天线的平面的尺寸,并且,所述尺寸不超过约十厘米。
17.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述井下工具包括具有外表面的圆柱形本体,所述一个或多个导电表面是所述外表面的一部分,并且,所述窗口形成在所述圆柱形本体的壁中。
18.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述一个或多个导电表面是金属条,所述金属条设置成横跨包含所述至少一个倾斜天线的倾斜凹陷。
19.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述一个或多个导电表面包括套管,所述套管配装在多个倾斜天线凹陷的上方。
20.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述一个或多个导电表面包括盖子,所述盖子的尺寸构造成适配一个倾斜天线凹陷。
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- 2007-07-11 WO PCT/US2007/015744 patent/WO2008008346A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-07-11 AU AU2007273026A patent/AU2007273026B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-07-11 CN CN2007800243622A patent/CN101479628B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (4)
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CN107075941A (zh) * | 2014-11-13 | 2017-08-18 | 哈里伯顿能源服务公司 | 具有用于方位角灵敏度的倾斜铁氧体元件的电阻率测井工具 |
CN107112624A (zh) * | 2015-01-16 | 2017-08-29 | 哈里伯顿能源服务公司 | 具有线圈和铁氧体狭槽的可安装在钻铤上的线轴天线 |
CN107112624B (zh) * | 2015-01-16 | 2019-07-05 | 哈里伯顿能源服务公司 | 具有线圈和铁氧体狭槽的可安装在钻铤上的线轴天线 |
CN108028464A (zh) * | 2015-10-20 | 2018-05-11 | 哈里伯顿能源服务公司 | 用于倾斜线圈天线的软磁带 |
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CA2650481C (en) | 2013-09-03 |
EP3159717A1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
EP2041607A4 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
WO2008008346A3 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
CA2650481A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
US8264228B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
EP3159717B1 (en) | 2019-05-15 |
EP2041607B1 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
MX2008014830A (es) | 2009-03-05 |
EP2041607A2 (en) | 2009-04-01 |
AU2007273026B2 (en) | 2010-04-08 |
US20090309798A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
WO2008008346A2 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
CN101479628B (zh) | 2012-10-03 |
BRPI0713267B1 (pt) | 2018-06-19 |
AU2007273026A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
BRPI0713267A2 (pt) | 2012-04-17 |
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