CN101427436A - System, apparatus, and method for generating directional forces by introducing a controlled plasma environment into an asymmetric capacitor - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides method, apparatus, and system that generates and uses a motive and other force by introducing a plasma environment into an asymmetric capacitor, resulting in a significant gain in force. This extraordinary increase in force allows the use of ionic motive and other forces to enter the realistic and practical application realm. In one embodiment, the energy field is energized by applying a system to increase a plasma density by ionizing the plasma environment in the energy field through electromagnetic radiation, by increasing the plasma temperature, or some combination thereof. In one embodiment, the invention also generates a flow of energy or plasma directed outward from the apparatus. The present invention can also provide the motive forces at substantially reduced voltage levels. The low voltage can reduce or eliminate negative effects the prior high voltage levels required to energize the asymmetric capacitor.

Description

Be used for by controlled plasma environment is incorporated into asymmetric capacitor and system, the apparatus and method of generative power

Technical field

The present invention relates to asymmetric capacitor.More specifically, the present invention relates to use the asymmetric capacitor generative power by introducing controlled plasma environment.

Background technology

Known asymmetric capacitor presents clean power when applying enough electric power.Normally a kind of capacitor of asymmetric capacitor with electrode surface area different on how much.The asymmetric capacitor of energizing electric field has on every side produced unbalanced power, and has therefore produced motive power in a small amount.Challenge in past 10 years is the required amount that is used to produce motive energy, and it also is called as thrust-power consumption ratio.Produce the ability that the gravitational effect of himself quality is obeyed in enough making every effort to overcome although the asymmetric capacitor module of light weight is verified, the amount of required energy is too high for actual and this feature of commercial exploitation.Another challenge is the restriction of the charged particle that " space charge limited current " saturation point (also being called as " charged spatial limitation ") or given spatial volume can adapt to.Particle weight in the given volume has limited the amount of the power that can be generated by this volume.

For a variety of reasons, multiple researcher uses ion and motion thereof to produce motive power.Some United States Patent (USP) has been described in the multiple environment with respect to motive electrostatic charge.These patents are incorporated herein by reference herein.For example, assign in the U.S. Patent No. 1,974,483 of Brown, but relate to a kind of by in the system of charged species undergoes and the electrode that is associated, applying and keep the high potential energy electrostatic charge and the method for generation power or motion in September, 1934.Assign in the U.S. Patent No. 2,460,175 of Hergenrother in January, 1949, relate to a kind of Ion Vacuum Pump, it makes the gas molecule ionization, and draws back molecule by the attraction between the molecule subsequently, and a kind of conducting parts of energizing by negative potential energy.Assign in the U.S. Patent No. 2,585,810 of Mallinckrodt in February nineteen fifty-two, relate to jet propelled device, and relate to the arcing device that is used to advance aircraft.Assigning in April nineteen fifty-three relates to method for pumping in the U.S. Patent No. 2,636,664 of Hertzler, and it makes gas molecule stand ionization power, and this ionization power moves them in predetermined direction.Assign in the U.S. Patent No. 2,765,975 of Lindenblad in October, 1956, the corona discharge that relates to by acting on the gas moves gas under the situation of no moving parts.Assign in the U.S. Patent No. 2,949,550 of Brown in August nineteen sixty, relate to a kind of moving electric installation, its utilization is used to the electromotive force of the power that produces, and causes that structure is with the relative motion between the surrounding medium.Assign in the U.S. Patent No. 3,120,363 of Gehagen in February, 1964, relate to a kind of heavier-than-air flight instruments, and the method for using ionic discharge to advance and control.Assign in the U.S. Patent No. 6,317,310 of Campbell in November calendar year 2001, relate to disclosing and be charged to the method and apparatus that high potential energy is used to generate the two-dimentional asymmetric capacitor of thrust.

Assign from nineteen fifty-nine and in the U.S. Patent No. 2,876,965 of Streib, can see, a kind ofly cross over the nonionic that aerofoil is used to produce the air molecule of lift and use.This patent relates to the circular wing aircraft, and its radial section that can use wing is as effective aerofoil and vertical and horizontal flight.

Brown observes the non-zero net power of the asymmetric capacitor system in the vacuum environment.It can be seen,, can explain this phenomenon by the pressure on the electrode that causes by the charged ion of electrode vaporization under the situation of considering the charged ion of generation during not having medium (air).Brown also observes, and power has produced the relative motion between device and the surrounding fluid dielectric,, if make this device remain on the fixed position, causes that then dielectric moves through this device that is.And if this device can move freely, then the relative motion between medium and this device has caused the propulsion of this device.Feasible is, by following theory, be of the momentum transfer of charged ion at electrode surface, be the mechanism that produces Net Propulsion Force, can interpret these phenomena, this be because, if system remains on the fixed position, then energetic ion is led again, and moves through capacitor and mobile at it on every side, does not lose any momentum simultaneously.If system can move freely, then as the result who collides, will there be the ion that flows through capacitor and around it, flow, but since ion by with the collision loss of electrode surface their kinetic energy and momentum, therefore than the situation of fixed system, this flows should be weak more.And, Klaus Szielasko (GENEFO www.genefo.org " High Voltage LifterExperiment:Biefield-Brown Effect or Simple Physics? " Final Report, April 2002) observe, when system's polarity upset, the difference that does not have the motion of equipment, therefore set up, the electrostatic force of charged ion experience is not advance mechanism.The Canning that after the application requires the provisional application of priority, publishes, Francis X., Melcher, Cory, and Winet, " Asymmetrical Capacitors for Propulsion " Glenn ResearchCenter of NASA (NASA/CR-2004-213312) of Edwin, Institute of ScientificResearch, October in 2004, can obtain to support the further guidance of this basic principle.

The electrokinetics field that formed before the present invention is subjected to the very big puzzlement that high relatively energy input produces low output or clean power.Although the use of the universal of asymmetric capacitor and ionic forces is known, can not produce enough motive power, eliminated many potential purposes.Therefore, a difficult problem up to now is, when the necessary high voltages level must be enough high when at first producing conduction current, under the situation that does not increase power consumption, increase the conduct electricity flow in the ion processing propulsion system.

Accepted up to now another challenge is based on the necessary high voltages input of the effort listed above effort similar with other.Yet the high voltage input has disadvantageous second-order effect.These effects comprise, big electromagnetic field and interference, static, X radiation, ozone generating and other the adverse effect set up on the object on every side.

Therefore, there are needs to a kind of asymmetric energy field of the motive improvement that is used to produce improvement.

Summary of the invention

The invention provides the methods, devices and systems that generate motive power and other power in the asymmetric capacitor by controlled plasma environment is incorporated into.With energy stream or plasma flow guider outside.The present invention uses the asymmetric aspect of correlation energy field, but utilizes several orders of magnitude to energize for energy field.By increasing plasma density, energy of plasma (with equivalent plasma temperature) and relevant particle rapidity, perhaps their combination has partly realized this motive remarkable increase.This increase allows ion source power is used for unavailable up to now practical application.

In one embodiment, by electromagnetic radiation,, be used for controlled plasma environment is incorporated into the system of energy field, for energy field is energized such as annular array by laser or light-emitting diode (LED).Can be by increasing plasma density, energy of plasma and particle rapidity, perhaps their combination is for energy field is energized.And, can be before manifesting remarkable asymmetrical energy field, article on plasma body environment is energized.In another embodiment, the present invention uses electromagnetic radiation, and the required voltage level under the previous situation that does not have electromagnetic radiation has significantly strengthened power with the voltage level that reduces substantially.Advantageously, low-voltage can reduce or eliminate by existing up to now and be the asymmetric capacitor engine caused disadvantageous second-order effect of required high-voltage level of energizing.

Present disclosure provides a kind of and provides the method for power by asymmetric capacitor, comprising: electromagnetic radiation is applied near the particle the asymmetric capacitor with surface area at least two electrodes different and spaced apart; And voltage is applied at least one this electrode, to generate clean power by asymmetric capacitor.

Present disclosure also provides the method for a kind of increase from the output of the power of asymmetric capacitor, comprising: make the particle ionization by electromagnetic radiation having the first long-pending electrode of first surface and have in the medium that is different between the second long-pending electrode of the long-pending second surface of this first surface; And voltage is applied at least one this electrode and generates clean power by this electrode.

Present disclosure further provides a kind of motive system that is used to produce, and comprising: asymmetric capacitor, and it comprises that the first long-pending electrode of first surface is different from the second long-pending electrode of the long-pending second surface of this first surface with having; Voltage source, it is connected to this asymmetric capacitor, is used for voltage is applied to this capacitor, and generates clean power by this capacitor; And electromagnetic radiation source, it is suitable for radiation is applied to particle between the electrode.

Description of drawings

By with reference to the embodiments of the invention that illustrate and describe hereinafter in the accompanying drawings, can obtain the above of the present invention more concrete description of brief overview.But should be noted that accompanying drawing has only illustrated some embodiment of the present invention, and should not be regarded as restriction that this is because the present invention allows other same effectively embodiment to its scope.

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram by the electromagnetic field environment of the asymmetric capacitor of present disclosure and related system generation.

Fig. 2 a is the schematic diagram about the charged particle of the baseline asymmetric capacitor of the form of simplifying more of Fig. 1.

Fig. 2 b is the schematic diagram of charged particle with asymmetric capacitor of the electromagnetic radiation that applies, and it has illustrated the particle density that increases.

Fig. 2 c is the schematic diagram of charged particle with enhanced scheme of the present invention of electromagnetic radiation, and it has illustrated the particle density and the speed of resulting increase.

Fig. 2 d shows the schematic diagram of the voltage-current characteristic of Langmuir electrostatic probe.

Fig. 3 is the motive schematic diagram of experience with the neutral particle momentum of the collision of charged particle.

Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of an embodiment of asymmetric capacitor engine.

Fig. 5 a is to use the schematic diagram of cross section view of an embodiment of the system of asymmetric capacitor.

Fig. 5 b is the schematic top view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 5 a.

Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram about the power budget of an exemplary embodiment.

Fig. 7 a is the perspective schematic view of an embodiment of unmanned vehicle (UAV).

Fig. 7 b is the schematic top view of the embodiment of Fig. 7 a.

Fig. 7 c is the schematic side elevation of the embodiment of Fig. 7 a.

Fig. 8 a is the perspective schematic view of piloted vehicle's (MAV) a embodiment.

Fig. 8 b is the front schematic view of the embodiment of Fig. 8 a.

Embodiment

The present invention relates to a kind of system, method and apparatus, it makes the particle ionization by electromagnetic radiation being applied between the electrode in the asymmetric capacitor, and by the asymmetric capacitor generative power.Than existing effort, this electromagnetic radiation has generated the height state of energizing in capacitor, such as plasma, be used to produce the power of increase, motive power of sending such as this capacitor certainly or other power.By control plasma density, energy of plasma or particle rapidity, plasma temperature, with respect to the surface area of the negative electrode (negative electrode) of anode or their combination, realized the increase of this power.

Asymmetric capacitor with the different different electrodes of surface area in axial direction, that is, and from big or negative electrode to the direction of the line of little or positive electrode, obtained clean power.Owing to can not change in the direction that changes these clean power of polarity chron, no matter therefore the polarity of supply power voltage how, the direction of this power all is suitable for.Because the greatest differences of surface area, the clean power of the clean power on the big or negative electrode on the little or positive electrode.

Usually, present disclosure provides, and applies external energy under favourable frequency, becomes ion with excited particles, and perhaps excited ion becomes the higher ion of energy, perhaps produces condition of plasma.Present disclosure provides, and by produce the plasma that can handle between this electrode when voltage being applied to the electrode of asymmetric capacitor, exports and obtained big relatively power with low relatively energy input.Term " plasma " is known, and purpose is to comprise the high energy set of the electronics that moves freely and ion (promptly losing the atom of electronics).Need energy to be used for peeling off electronics to make plasma from atom.The energy that is input to particle that is used for plasma can have multiple source: heat, electricity or light (ultraviolet light or from the high light of laser).If there is not the enough power that continues, then plasma reconfigures and is neutral gas.

The summation of the present invention and asymmetric capacitor

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram by the electromagnetic field environment of the asymmetric capacitor of present disclosure and related system generation.This figure provides certain understanding to the operation of asymmetric capacitor, to understand improvement of the present invention better.The size of the vector (that is the power in the specific direction) of the momentum that expression is shifted from charged particle is neither proportional also accurately non-.Electromagnetic field lines is similar to.

Asymmetric capacitor 2 generally includes first electrode 4 and second electrode 6, and it is spaced apart by medium 11, and this medium 11 comprises gas, such as air, vacuum, such as space or liquid.Operation in the vacuum space will advantageously be used the injection of the medium with particle usually.In order in liquid, to operate, usually by the plasma between the electrode engine is energized and engine is played a role, and provide gasifying liquid, such as steam to engine, it has such gas attribute, promptly enough is used for the ionization by the collision that is associated discussed herein.It is long-pending that first electrode has the first surface that is calculated by the part that is exposed to medium, and second electrode to have second surface equally long-pending.For asymmetric capacitor, this surface area is different.And the absolute dimension of each electrode and electrode needle can cause the difference of the clean power that generates by this electrode to the relative size of another electrode.Usually, first electrode is an anode, and second electrode is a negative electrode, and anode has more positive charge (voltage) with respect to negative electrode.Usually, negative electrode will have bigger surface area.Electrode can have any geometry or with other the combination of shape, and has the geometrical pattern that forms in one or more electrodes, such as opening or the like.Anode can be, for example and be not limited to transmitter line, blade or dish, and negative electrode can be sheet, blade or dish.Electrode can have any suitable material, comprises copper, aluminium or other the material that can set up electromagnetic field between electrode.Usually, electrode comprises conductive material, to set up electromagnetic field.Use for some, weight, cost, conductibility, structural intergrity and other factor can be identified for the material accurately of special electrodes or the combination of material.For example, and without limitation, can on having, use first material, to produce combination electrode with higher density and/or big conductivity than the material of low-density and/or less conductivity.And electrode can have a plurality of surfaces, and its electric being linked together is to change the surface area of special electrodes.Traditionally, positive voltage is applied to anode, and negative electrode bears with respect to anode, although also can be with polarity inversion by power supply 8.In certain embodiments, voltage can be applied to two electrodes, and anode has bigger positive potential energy usually.Can use alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).

When voltage is applied at least one electrode such as anode,, therefore between electrode, produced electromagnetic field because the medium between the electrode is non-relatively conduction than electrode.For present purpose, according to electric field 12 this is discussed, this electric field 12 has the electric field line of Strength Changes, and it is parallel to the line of drawing 9 usually in the central spot between the electrode between electrode, and near crooked even counter-rotating electrode.Electromagnetic field 14 has magnetic field line, its usually any specific some place on electric field line perpendicular to electric field line.Therefore, the central spot between electrode, magnetic field line usually will be perpendicular to line 9.Electric field is used to the particle 16 in the medium to energize, and has produced the ion with certain charge value, and magnetic field is used for attracting ion on the magnetic direction of the specific location of ion.Because electric field and magnetic field extend across the straight line from the electrode to the electrode, therefore cross this straight line and the particle around electrode also be affected.Therefore, the particle around this electrode also can be included in generalized definition herein be electrode " between " volume in, shown in electromagnetic field zone 28.Term " particle " is extensive use of herein, unless and pointed out specific background, otherwise it comprises neutral particle and charged particle (i.e. " ionization " particle).This particle can be molecule or atom, or subatomic particle, such as electronics, neutron and proton, and other subatomic particle.

More specifically, when voltage was applied to asymmetric capacitor 2, conduction current flow to bigger or negative electrode 6 from less or positive electrode 4.According to Ampere's law, this conduction current has produced the azimutal magnetic fields around the capacitor.For the sake of clarity, use circular cylindrical coordinate in this system, the direction that adopts the line 9 from the negative electrode to the positive electrode is as axial direction.At air normally, perhaps steam or as other the medium of introducing described herein in, produced " son " charged particle, and owing to distribute from the electrode surface evaporation or with other forms with the collision of " father " electronics and ion, except because it also experiences Lorentz (Lorentz) power (j * B or enV * B), wherein vector quantity is represented by bold-type letter the power that the electric field (eE) of appointment causes.Here " father " means the original charged particle of carrying conduction current, and " son " means the secondary charged particle that produces by with the collision of father's charged particle.In the top and the bottom of electrode 6, ion radially inwardly promotion of quilt owing to this Lorentz force (circular cylindrical coordinate :-z *-ф=-r, wherein the axial component of (z) expression electric field (ф) is represented magnetic direction, and (r) represents the ion motion direction).

On flat surfaces on the electrode 6, ion owing to this power (r *-ф=-z) be pushed upwardly, wherein upward to being direction towards the less electrode that aligns mutually 4.On zone more, ion inwardly is pushed to radially and the direction that makes progress near top surface.On the lower surface of bigger or negative electrode 6, and since the direction (ф) of the counter-rotating of the axial component (z) of the electric field of electrode bottom, the counter-rotating that moves up of ion, and this makes direction (ф) counter-rotating in magnetic field successively.Power in the last zone of first electrode 4 further away from each other, the power in this zone is regarded as more weak, has caused the clean power in the direction of axial component (z).Near the less electrode 4 of calibration similar the moving of ion experience, but be in the rightabout of axial component (z).

Motive power (being thrust) is the clean power from the pressure on whole surfaces of special electrodes (producing by the collision with energetic ion), has caused the clean power 7 on the electrode 6 in the rightabout of the clean power 5 on clean power 5 and relative first electrode 4 on the electrode 4.Aim in the direction about the clean power online 9 of each electrode, but be in (that is, along the z axle in the coordinate axis system) in the opposite direction.Because the difference of electrode surface area, the clean power on the electrode 6 is greater than the clean power on the electrode 4.Use the total system of asymmetric capacitor, no matter the polarity of supply power voltage how, in online 9 the axial direction, that is, from negative or bigger electrode to the direction of the line of positive or less electrode, obtained synthetic clean power 26, its be power 5,7 vector and.

Although the movement of electrons that is associated is fully opposite with moving of ion, than the momentum transfer of ion, the momentum transfer of electronics is regarded as unessential and insignificant.Therefore, ion is regarded as the contributive main mechanism of clean motive power at the momentum transfer of neutral particle.In away from direction about the far-end of the bigger electrode 6 of less electrode 4, created the ion shower 18 of particle, its further the self-capacitance device send power.

The magnitude of the Lorentz force that the magnetic field that is produced by conduction current causes, than the magnitude of electrostatic force, normally insignificant.Yet, can be sure of that when the local current densities of plasma was increased with improving conductivity dramatically by ohmic heating, high-intensity magnetic field was feasible local place therein, Lorentz force is significant.In this place, the order of magnitude can be every square centimeter megampere of training, and Lorentz force and electrostatic force are suitable thus, and is perhaps bigger than it.

Basic comprehension to the operation of asymmetric capacitor has been arranged, attentiveness has been turned to further discussion to aspect of the present invention.In at least one embodiment, produce the Ionized environment of enhancing of particle in the medium volume between the electrode of asymmetric capacitor, both all improve to have improved the temperature of density, particle of charged particle or this.The charged particle that strengthens can be promoted to the environment of plasma level, and it can be controlled according to the peaceful all temperature of plasma of the density of plasma (and therefore influencing particle rapidity).Term " plasma " means the Ionized gas of electroneutral height usually, and it is made up of ion, electronics and neutral particle.It is the material phase that is different from solid, liquid and normal gas.

By with electromagnetic radiation, be provided in the particle such as ultra-violet radiation, infrared radiation, radio-frequency radiation, other frequencies or their combination, produced the enhancing ionization environment of particle.This environment comprises the part plasma usually at least.One or more electromagnetic radiation sources 20,20A can be used for providing this radiation.Advantageously, rely on and treat to use the radiation of specific wavelength by Ionized particle, so that particle is promoted to plasmoid.Can be source 20,20A power supply by one or more power supplys 22, the 22A identical with power supply 8.

Do not increasing under the situation of power supply 8 at the input power of capacitor, can improve the value of the clean power that obtains by asymmetric capacitor according to herein teachings.Far and away, for electromagnetic radiation source, need input power to be used for ionization, and may produce controlled plasma environment.Yet, can be at the net gain of system with sizable tolerance limit, even an order of magnitude or more, for electric field is energized.

By electromagnetic radiation being applied in the volume between the electrode, the particle in the electromagnetic field that produces at the power of electrode of can further serving as reasons is energized.This electromagnetic radiation can increase the density of the plasma of (volume that comprises the particle in the electric field) between the electrode.By using interchangeable electromagnetic radiation source, this electromagnetic radiation can also increase the temperature of plasma, and it increases particle's velocity.In certain embodiments, electric field can increase plasma density and temperature.And, can before manifesting sizable asymmetric energy field, energize for electric field.

Increase plasma density and/or plasma temperature and allow to increase the clean power from asymmetric capacitor system of conduct up to now, although carried out the effort of many decades for this reason about the limiting factor of power output.The term of more fully being described hereinafter that is called as " space charge limited current " comes self-saturation that the maximum amount of charge of the ion in the given space before takes place, and has limited other electric charge.Increase saturation value and can allow to increase clean force and work rate output.

Existing effort concentrates on the high voltage with subsidiary restriction and complexity.The present invention has developed a kind of interchangeable and improved method, it is by allowing to use the low relatively voltage about asymmetric capacitor, and the energy at particle is amplified in the electromagnetic radiation by one or more wavelength, increases plasma density and/or temperature, the subsidiary saturated level that increases.The result is unexpected nonlinear response, and than any known asymmetric capacitor configuration of using identical voltage, it has greatly increased the clean power of conduct from the output of asymmetric capacitor.In certain embodiments, this increase is an order of magnitude or more.Advantageously, low-voltage can reduce or eliminate the adverse effect that is caused by the required high-voltage level that is used to the asymmetric capacitor engine to energize up to now.

And the inventor determines, with particle spraying in electric field, because the ability of the increase of the extra particle of the use that causes by the saturation value that increases has increased the permissible generative power of system of the present invention.Jet particle can comprise gas particle, such as hydrogen, helium or other gas and material.This injection can be the replacement that asymmetric capacitor is operated in additional or this medium of medium wherein.And jet particle can strengthen asymmetric capacitor less than the operation under the normal pressure condition (1 atmospheric pressure), such as space or other low-pressure or the stress-free substantially condition of relative vacuum.

Fig. 2 a, 2b, 2c are the schematic diagrames that has the asymmetric capacitor of charged particle according to of the present invention, its contrasted power vector and significantly improve.Fig. 2 a is the schematic diagram about the charged particle of the baseline asymmetric capacitor of the form of simplifying more of Fig. 1.First electrode 4 has the different surface areas that is exposed to particle to be energized with second electrode 6, and has formed the setting of basic asymmetric capacitor 2.Particle 16 between the electrode (being the particle in the electromagnetic field 28) has specific density and speed 24.This speed has been pointed out the energy level of specified particle, and has therefore pointed out temperature.Described in Fig. 1, the interaction of particle has produced clean power on whole asymmetric capacitor, and it is illustrated as power 26.

Fig. 2 b is the charged particle schematic diagram with asymmetric capacitor of the electromagnetic radiation that applies, and it has illustrated the particle density that increases.Apply electromagnetic radiation to particle,, provide the power that increases output significantly aspect the synthetic clean power of asymmetric capacitor.Can be sure of that the application of electromagnetic radiation has increased the density of plasma.Electrode 4,6 can operate in given power level.Electromagnetic radiation source 20 can be applied to electromagnetic radiation on particle 16, to provide energy to particle.More specifically, at least one embodiment, can pass through laser, one or more light-emitting diode (LED) or other photo emissions source, apply electromagnetic radiation.This radiation is used to produce the partial ionization at least of the medium between the electrode, and this medium generally includes the medium that asymmetric capacitor is operated therein.Advantageously, the wavelength that laser uses can be short relatively wavelength, such as infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) or shorter.For example, the research of photoionization points out, about O ₂About 1024nm or lower and about N ₂About 798nm or lower characteristic frequency under, these atmospheric molecules are all with photoionization, and in the mode with the molecular mimicry by high-voltage ionization, become preparation and handled by electric field.Although this frequency can change along with different Ionization Efficiencies, the frequency range of commericially feasible is be sure of for about O ₂About 750nm～about 1024nm, and about N ₂About 248nm～about 798nm.This gas specific frequency is called as the Fraunhofer frequency sometimes.These harmonic frequencies are by the relatively little specific gas ionization of energy input causing.What be used to prepare plasma generation is used to make the Ionized less energy of particle, for each energy input unit, contribute more power to export.

And, can provide combination of frequency to medium.In example above, if medium is to comprise a large amount of oxygen and the air of nitrogen, then the energy about the characteristic frequency place of every kind of composition can be applied to this medium, to realize more efficient ionization.And, can be with multiple frequency, certain shortwave and other long wave, and the electromagnetic radiation of using other, it can add extra energy to particle.This frequency can be applied to particle simultaneously, perhaps with the mode of stepping and with the order of the voltage that is applied to capacitor discrete or with the order of its combination, be applied to particle.This applies the higher efficient that has advantageously caused about engine simultaneously or sequentially.

Another radiation source uses the laser of the 248nm with the pulse of high energy femtosecond to make air ionization (may be 10 ¹¹Particle/cubic centimetre).And this system can use longer wavelength, such as 750nm IR, be used for reconfiguring by particle with other, can not reduce the neutralization of the plasma that takes place unfriendly with any important way to the contributive neutral particle of power to reduce, make plasma stability.Frequency to be used is exemplary, and greatly depend on medium and specified particle to be energized that asymmetric capacitor operates therein, herein as providing under the guidance that comprises and the disclosure prerequisite those skilled in the art determined under the situation that need not carry out unsuitable experiment.These personnel generally include the physics technical staff, such as the plasma physics technical staff.The mode of the single dependence by being different from existing voltage to the electrode of crossing over asymmetric capacitor, present disclosure have effectively increased usually at the energizing of particle, and producing plasma, and produce big relatively power.

By utilizing electromagnetic radiation, such as UV and/or IR light, make the particle ionization in asymmetric capacitor inside and the volume on every side, density of medium and energy are increased to the point that produces to the small part plasma.Can quicken and control this plasma by electric field and magnetic field, it allows control and applies this plasma.

The plasma density and the temperature that increase have two-fold advantage: it provides the particle that number more is used for the trigger molecule collision and the further ionization of equal volume; And having increased the energy of particle, it has given bigger energy in collision process.The Ionized ability that increases has caused than the more influence of Fig. 2 a and bigger clean power 26.

The plasma density that increases can allow to reduce the voltage at electrode about given clean power, and reduces negative high voltage effect.Because UV or IR frequency or other electromagnetic energy are applied to particle, and this lower voltage is feasible.

Can be sure of two different restriction physics laws when the present invention also is devoted to space charge limited current saturated.One type is saturated from the emission of the electronics of negative electrode, and it is believed to be the emission of ions that also comprises from positive electrode.For example, in vacuum diode, can observe this phenomenon.Usually, saturated from the emission rate domination space charge limited current of the electronics of negative electrode, this is because this emission rate is subjected to the restriction from the thermionic emission of heated cathode.This means that this emission rate is revealed as at the specific voltage place that applies and reaches its maximum.

Second type saturated is electron density (and ion concentration) saturated in the plasma sheath zone around the electrode.Can be sure of that for the situation of asymmetric capacitor, this is second saturated than mentioned first saturated, have more decisively that this is because by making medium (such as air) ionization with the collision of father's charged particle, to form plasma.

Be brief explanation below near the general phenomenon that plasma presented the body structure surface (being electrode surface in this case).Plasma trends towards shielding the electromotive force that puts on it, and the edge that should shield is based on the density and the variations in temperature of this plasma.The thickness of this shielding is called as " debye (Debye) length ", and the inner zone of this plasma shielding is called as near " Debye sphere " about near the zone the wall (needn't wall) or " plasma sheath ".

The square root of Debye length and electron temperature is proportional, and is inversely proportional to the square root of plasma density.For example, use every cubic metre of (" #/m of ion concentration 1.0E+15 particle ³") and the electron temperature of 10KeV, considering the rough estimate of this length, the result who is obtained is the Debye length (or ion cloud thickness) of about 2.3cm.If under the situation that does not change density, increase the temperature, particularly electronics of plasma, should observe the expansion of Debye length or shell thickness.On the other hand, if under the situation that does not increase temperature, increase the density of plasma, then should observe the contraction of Debye length or shell thickness.

In plasma sheath, exist because the potential energy gradient that the difference of electronics and ion velocity causes.The shell that produces on negative electrode trends towards resisting the too much electronics that enters, and the shell that produces on positive electrode trends towards resisting the too much ion that enters.This shielding has caused the ion of shell inside and the stable state of electron density.

With reference to figure 2d, Fig. 2 d shows the voltage-current characteristic of Langmuir electrostatic probe before describing Fig. 2 c, as owing to the feasible explanation that the variation in saturated that electromagnetic radiation takes place is provided to asymmetric capacitor.Because actual electronic current is much larger than ionic current (such as three orders of magnitude), so this electric current does not correctly meet ratio.

In order to generate this curve chart, change the voltage that is applied to the probe (not shown), and measure the electric current of collecting by probe.Vf is plasma floating potential (that is, about the probe potential of clean zero current), and Vp is a plasma potential.Can analogize this characteristic at the situation of asymmetric capacitor.Consider the Vf point as lucky condition before voltage is applied to system, that is, and zero.If variable voltage is applied to system, then Xia Mian situation may take place equally.In the starting stage, because the increase of ion and electronic current, electric current increases.For negative electrode, this can be referring to the V-I characteristic from Vf to B, and for positive electrode, this can be referring to the V-I characteristic from Vf to C.The electromotive force that reaches negative electrode when the voltage that is applied becomes-and during the point of Vf, ionic current reaches its stable state, that is and, ionic current is saturated.This electric current is called as " Bohm electric current ".Although, suppose Vp-2Vf because electronic current causes total current still to increase at the electromotive force of positive electrode for the+some place of Vf still increases〉0, reached this stable state.When the electromotive force that reaches positive electrode when the voltage that applies became the point of Vp, then because electronic current reaches its stable state, so total current was saturated.Yet if the voltage that applies further is increased to such value, its potential energy drop that makes plasma sheath inside is greater than the potential energy that is used to make atomizing/ionizing, and electric current increases suddenly at a D place.Do not have in the capacitor of improvement project disclosed herein at some, some D is corresponding to the scope of 23kV～30kV.The voltage that surpasses the increase of this point can not produce important and corresponding advantages.

Consider the performance of two different exemplary asymmetric capacitors, it has the different voltage that applies, as 1 gram about 30KV of situation 1/watt and as situation 2 about 324 of 110KV restrain/watt, can be positioned on the V-I characteristic curve.Situation 2 is about the Vf of positive electrode and certain point on the curve between the C, and about the Vf of negative electrode and certain point on the curve between the B.In some cases, this point can leave a B, but usually should be about positive electrode with this point symmetry, to obtain bigger power.

Situation 1 is positioned at the saturated electrons current status, promptly about the C of positive electrode and certain point between the D, and is positioned at about the symmetric points on the left of the negative electrode.Can be sure of, use UV, IR or RF or O ₂And N ₂The photoionization of the electromagnetic radiation of other of molecule, heating or its combination, increased energy level fully, make one or more electronics leave separately atom (" ionization " herein), it will be ready to the particle of being handled by electric field in the mode with the molecular mimicry of high-voltage ionization.Enough energy have produced plasma.Can be sure of, owing to present the plasmoid that ionization should change the plasma density of shell inside and change shell inside, so ionization has changed the saturated of space charge limited current.Now, observe this V-I characteristic curve, ionization will increase plasma potential Vp and Vf.Therefore, curve will be displaced to the right side.This displacement will increase the saturation current value.The Bohm electric current is expressed as

$I_{\left(\mathrm{ion}\right)}=\frac{1}{2}{n}_0\mathrm{eA}{\left(\frac{{\mathrm{KT}}_e}{M}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$

N wherein ₀Be background plasma density, e is an electron charge, and A is the surface area of probe, and K is Boltzmann (Boltsmann) constant, T _eBe electron temperature, and M is a mass of ion.This formula has also been pointed out, by increasing plasma density and electron temperature, can increase the saturation value of ionic current.Can be sure of that this also sets up for electronic current.

Fig. 2 c is the schematic diagram of charged particle with enhanced scheme of the present invention of electromagnetic radiation, and it has illustrated the particle density and the speed of resulting increase.Increasing energy can gather way.The ionization of using UV and/or IR light to carry out can produce weak ionization (being part) plasma.And UV and/or IR light can significantly increase plasma density as the form of electromagnetic radiation.Except applying the electromagnetic radiation from electromagnetic radiation source 20, if be used for some other the method for heating plasma, then the saturation current value will further increase.By applying the electromagnetic radiation with different frequency by another electromagnetic radiation source 20A, can be independent of plasma density increases, and carries out this plasma heating.Advantageously, use a plurality of frequencies, can utilize plasma density to increase and heated by plasma from source 20,20A.In one embodiment, single unit or a plurality of unit that source 20,20A can the radiation multi-wavelengths.The aggregated momentum of giving neutral particle (p) that shifts from charged particle is long-pending (p=mv) of quality * speed.Therefore, in Fig. 2 c, transfer to the aggregated momentum (among Fig. 3, being shown as particle 16A, 16B, 16C) of neutral particle, have the bigger quality and because the higher energy that the temperature increase that big speed causes causes of the greater number of zone in 28 from charged particle 16.

Exist several to be used for adding the method for energy to plasma.A kind of method is to use radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation.In the method, have three kinds of different applying frequency scopes usually: electron cyclotron frequency, lower hybrid frequency and ion involution quicken frequency.Other method is to use the method that is ejected into the neutral beam in the plasma.In the method, the high speed neutral particle is ejected in the plasma, and these high energy neutral particles become high energy (at a high speed) ion by losing electronics with the ion collision of less energy (low speed), and the ion of this less energy becomes the low speed neutral particle by receiving these electronics.Yet this method need be used to produce the equipment of this high speed neutral beam, and this needs big power supply.On the other hand, by using magnetron and the power supply similar, can realize the RF heating of plasma to for example microwave oven.

These heating means of mentioning are used external source.Under the situation of not using these external sources, can reasonably expect, by ohmic heating with because the heating of the compression that causes of magnetic pressure in the system, can inner certain heating that realizes plasma.Yet because the resistivity of plasma depends on 3/2 power of its (electronics) temperature conversely, therefore when plasma temperature increases, the ohmic heating efficient that becomes is lower.Therefore, in this, it is very efficient using the external heat source.Making by this method after electric current in the system increases, can pass through the further heating plasma of magnetic compression, this be because of, can expect, in this, in system, produced very strong magnetic field.The ordering of the heating means that these are different or connection can be the very efficient methods of system's heating.

In at least one embodiment, present disclosure uses UV and/or the IR photoionization with RF heating combination.Use the method that above outlines, increase the density of plasma, particularly, will improve the motive power of system with increasing energy of plasma and therefore gathering way and the virtual temperature combination.In Fig. 2 c, () increase not to scale is illustrated as bigger than Fig. 2 b, 2a clean power 26.Can be sure of that this method can improve motive power several orders of magnitude.

Except asymmetric capacitor 2 operates in wherein the medium with particle, other gas can be offered asymmetric capacitor, to replenish this medium or to replace this medium.For example, when medium is the medium of space or other no particle or low particle, the needs to replenishing may appear.For example, can use hydrogen or helium, it has and not limited by atmosphere, has for the UV of the minimizing of the single-frequency of UV or IR photoionization or the advantage of IR wavelength complexity, and allows to increase effect, optimization RF frequency at the hydrogen ion temperature.And the combination of gas can be replaced single gas.And, such as vaporization particle of mercury or other the particle that is used to produce and keep propulsive force and other power, can be injected into asymmetric capacitor and operate in wherein the volume.

Fig. 3 is the motive schematic diagram of experience with the neutral particle momentum of the collision of charged particle.This figure has illustrated how neutral particle has contribution by capacitor to clean power.It has illustrated main power source, and promptly the charged particle from Fig. 2 b, 2c 16 shifts to the momentum of neutral particle 16A, 16B, 16C.Particle 16A with vector upwards has positive contribution to the thrust that makes progress.Particle 16B with downward vector has negative contribution to the thrust that makes progress.The particle 16C that only has horizontal vector is to the not contribution of this thrust.Clean power 5A on first electrode 4 is normally downward, and the clean power 7A on second electrode 6 normally makes progress, and the synthetic new power on the asymmetric capacitor 2 be power 5A and 7A vector and, caused clean power 26.This power can the thrust of same-action on the physics propulsion unit be correlated with.Some extra power can derive from ion shower and by the air that is associated of charged particle pumping of guiding again.

In addition,, replace firm power, can realize further high efficiency by producing pulse power.This system can make the electromagnetic radiation that is applied to particle, the voltage that is applied at least one electrode or their assembled pulseization.Exist several to be used to produce the selection of pulse power.When pulse power descended average energy consumption, it can be more efficient.For example, and unrestrictedly, when making the output pulses that applies (～100Hz timing ,～10ms pulse duration),, proved reducing of the power that do not record by the experiment and the modeling of the standard asymmetric capacitor of～1mA～25kV DC steady-state supply.

Another variation scheme is the texture by the surface, and porosity or the break-through opening that is provided are controlled the surface area on one or more electrodes.For example, by the opening that passes electrode is provided, can increase the surface area on the electrode.Advantageously, this opening can be arranged in electrode, to assist to influence the field between particle inflow or the outflow electrode.

And, can use oxide or other coated materials electrode, with increase power by the source of additional particles.Can be by this coating of high-energy ion bombardment, and neutral particle and coating particle are with other particles that add in the plasma.

Asymmetric capacitor can be as " engine " structure that is connected to this capacitor or that be used to guide the energy that the self-capacitance device sends.In fact this engine can be used for any field, comprise and unrestrictedly, someone handles with unmanned, land, space (by particle spraying is strengthened in automotive engine system) and the navigation vehicles in the air,, and in fact can be used for any equipment or system that needs motive power to be used to move, but be used for perhaps that the self-capacitance device sends and the volume of the energy that leads.And the present invention can be applicable to little object, comprises the object of nano-scale, and can be applied to big relatively object.Another purposes of the present invention is to generate energy stream or the plasma flow that outwards leads from device.

In at least one embodiment, asymmetric capacitor has moving-member seldom, and the idle running that provides as in the typical rotary Engine that produces power is provided a little, can arbitrarily open and close this engine.Use atmospheric air or use discrete media, replace the present invention of atmospheric air such as hydrogen, helium or other medium, characteristic with " numeral " push system, wherein it can be solid-state, has little analog component to there not being analog component, such as pump, ignition system, fluid fuel control, compressor, turbine and nozzle control.Electric energy from fuel cell can switch to negative electrode and anode, UV and/or IR solid-state light emission diode and laser and solid-state RF reflector.Can be by on timeline, starting from scratch of matching with whole vehicles control system requirement, control thrust to peaked any value.The analog equivalent scheme has lasting startup circulation usually, and can have minimum dry run condition, and needs a lot of accelerating time line of needed length than overall system control.Therefore, the asymmetric capacitor with improvement project herein as the motive power engine can be called as " numeral " engine.

And this system can comprise the compact power that is used for asymmetric capacitor 2 and/or electromagnet source 20,20A.A kind of method of portability that provides is to use chemistry-electricity power transfer.This technology comprises: by the fuel cell of hydrogen, paraffin, oil and the power supply of other fuel; Photon capture or solar panel; The artificial photosynthesis that strengthens; Organism with genetic engineering.Other technology comprises solar energy, the source of power supply of using the mobile object of asymmetric capacitor in mode disclosed herein is provided from the fixed position such as providing of the energy of storing in the battery, controlled fusion and fission and other.Term " fixed position " is that broad sense is used, and comprises for example ground, fixed structure, the perhaps object to move with respect to the different directions or the speed of asymmetric capacitor, and any structure that is connected to this capacitor.

Can realize performance prediction, optimization and adjustment in experience ground.Other method is to use computer simulated plasma.The problem of the analysis of relevant this system is highly nonlinear, and it shows, it is suitable that the magnetohydrodynamics of plasma (MHD) is handled, and this is because the temporal evolution of the plasma around the electrode makes the structure complicated in electric field and magnetic field in the mode of being in harmony certainly.Because the plasma in this system is weak Ionized part plasma, thus two-fluid or three-fluid MHD to handle for estimated performance be useful.Dynamics process for this problem plasma may there is no need, this be because, can Cookson Electronics and the VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION of ion be similar to maxwell (Maxwellian) and distribute.Yet, owing to the energy loss that may consider to cause by radiation (comprising black body radiation, Bremsstrahlung radiation and IMPURITY RADIATION), and MHD handles the microscopic instability in the inscrutable plasma, therefore aspect efficient, quality and control, this processing is useful when designing practical more equipment.

Example 1

In at least one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation such as light (UV and/or IR) and RF energy, can be delivered in the volume of asymmetric capacitor system.Electrode can be copper, aluminium or other conductive material to small part.Can use one or more porous electrodes, to increase total surface and Bohm electric current.One or more (such as the annular LED array) electromagnetic radiation source is attached to position, the position below the negative electrode or their any combination between position, anode and the negative electrode above the anode, thinks that the particle between the electrode is energized (being arranged in the somewhere of the field around the electrode at least).Another electromagnetic radiation source can be the RF transmitter device, and its use has the pulsed magnetron of variable frequency.In certain embodiments, the 10kW pulsed magnetron with variable frequency is preferred.Can use laser or the led array and the RF equipment of finished commercial prod.Advantageously, the method that electromagnetic radiation source is attached to asymmetric capacitor allows this source to handle plasma equably.The commercial lasers device uses the laser rays of the 248nm with the pulse of high energy femtosecond to make air ionization (may be 10 ¹¹#/cm ³), and use the laser (such as the 750nm infrared laser) of longer wavelength to make plasma stability.Term " is stablized " and is meant, and the laser of this relative longer wavelength reduces or prevents that plasma self from neutralizing by the ion reorganization.Yet,, therefore need to change the frequency that generates by this equipment, so that the plasma of even circumference because electron cyclotron frequency and ion involution acceleration frequency depend on magnetic field intensity, and can expect that this intensity changes in system.The waveform modulated of DC electric current has strengthened ionization.Output current voltage by variable has strengthened the performance adjustment.

Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of an embodiment of asymmetric capacitor engine 100.Listed parts only are exemplary and do not have restriction.Wherein can replace, add or remove other parts.Usually, engine 100 comprises asymmetric capacitor 110, and it comprises anode 112 and negative electrode 114, and is as indicated above.Can use one or more electromagnetic radiation sources 120,122, so that the radiation of one or more wavelength to be provided to particle near the volume electrode, also as indicated above.For example, and unrestrictedly, the UV that provided by one or more lasers or the light source of IR light can be provided electromagnetic radiation source 120.Similarly, and unrestrictedly, electromagnetic radiation source 122 can comprise can be by the RF source that provides such as one or more magnetrons.Because electron cyclotron frequency and ion involution quicken frequency and depend on magnetic field intensity, and this intensity changes in system, therefore can change the frequency that is generated by this equipment, so that the even plasma of circumference.Power supply 118 can be connected to asymmetric capacitor 110, to provide electric power at least one electrode.Power supply 118 can be can anode and any suitable power supply of negative electrode delivery of energy.This power supply 118 can also provide energy to one or more electromagnetic radiation sources 120,122.Replacedly, this power supply can be a plurality of unit from electric power to individual component that can send.Particle source 126 can be connected to asymmetric capacitor, so that the particle of engine operation in medium wherein particle in addition to be provided, perhaps replaces this particle.For example, this source can be a compressed gas cylinder, perhaps other the memory device that is used to supply particle.

Fig. 5 a is to use the schematic diagram of cross section view of an embodiment of the system of asymmetric capacitor.Engine 100 comprises asymmetric capacitor 110, and it has anode 112 and negative electrode 114.In one embodiment, than negative electrode, anode can be made by dish, blade or the line of the relative thin of one or more high porosities, and it has bigger surface area usually.As restrictedly, negative electrode 114 can not made by the thick relatively aluminium dish of high porosity.Based on the restriction of the structural intergrity of the system that comprises electrode, and other the consideration such as stability, determine porosity level.

Electrode surface can be coated with such as oxidation film such material or other coatings, with further raising performance.

Electromagnetic radiation source 120, such as laser or LED equipment, can be any suitable laser or other to treating that Ionized particle sends the equipment of required wavelength.For this particle, unrestrictedly, exemplary wavelength can be in UV and IR scope, such as, for O ₂Smaller or equal to 1024nm, and for N ₂Smaller or equal to 798nm.Can also use electromagnetic radiation source 122, such as the RF firing equipment, as indicated above.

And, one or more reflectors 124 can be placed in and treat in the Ionized zone or around it.This reflector is by making molecule photoionization and heating plasma more equably, and the energy by leading again and dissipating away from the capacitor field, can improve the efficient of laser equipment and/or RF firing equipment.Usually, one or more support 116a, 116b, 116c, 116d will be directly, perhaps other supports (such as engine shell 128) of the surrounding structure by being connected to other and supporting anodes, negative electrode, reflector or its any combination indirectly.Engine 100 can further be connected to bigger structure hereinafter described.In order to assist to connect, can use one or more engine brackets 106.

Power supply 118 can anode 112, negative electrode 114, electromagnetic radiation source 120 (such as laser or LED), electromagnetic radiation source 122 (such as the RF source) or its any associating power supply.Particle source 126 can directly or indirectly be connected to asymmetric capacitor 110, so that additional or main particle (such as in the space) to be provided to capacitor.One or more injection nozzle 126A and/or 126B can be with from inlet or spaces between the particle of the particle source 126 guiding electrode, so that uniform and controlled particle spraying to be provided.The power pipeline 102 of 104 beginnings from the fixed position can be provided.Replacedly, power supply 118 can be a compact power, is the internal power supply that is independent of the fixed position in its some time cycle at least before execution refreshes again or charges again.

Fig. 5 b is the schematic top view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 5 a.In at least one embodiment, the anode 112 of engine 100 and/or negative electrode 114 can comprise one or more openings 136, so that increase the surface area that withdraws from of special electrodes with this opening.This opening can to produce collar vortex or other style, be used to improve the efficient of capacitor and the power that obtains with suitable style configuration.Other media that opening 136 can allow air or negative electrode or anode to operate therein enter in anode, negative electrode or this zone between the two by electrode.The surface area of this increase can provide higher efficient to engine 100.

Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram about the power budget of an exemplary embodiment.Can use power supply 118 mentioned above,, be the asymmetric capacitor power supply by being specifically designed to first power unit 130 of anode mentioned above and negative electrode.Not as restrictedly, exemplary wattage scope is about 200 watts (W) or bigger, but convergent-divergent that can be suitable should value, so that about the best performanceization of concrete application.Can use second source part 132 to be laser equipment mentioned above or led array power supply.Similarly, exemplary wattage scope is about 300 watts (W) or bigger.Can use the 3rd power unit 134 to be RF firing equipment power supply mentioned above.For this embodiment, exemplary wattage scope is about 1500 watts (W) or bigger.This power unit can be formed single power supply or a plurality of power supply.Nature, other embodiment can have different power budgets, and this embodiment only is illustrative.

Present disclosure provides the structure of waiting to be connected to asymmetric capacitor, and the motive power from this asymmetric capacitor can provide thrust to this structure thus.This structure can support equipment, organism or other interested article of one or more people or other work, and it broadly is called " payload " herein.

Fig. 7 a is the perspective schematic view of an embodiment of unmanned vehicle (UAV).Fig. 7 b is the schematic top view of the embodiment of Fig. 7 a.Fig. 7 c is the schematic side elevation of the embodiment of Fig. 7 a.These figure will be described with mutually combining.UAV 150 comprises the framework 152 that is connected to one or more asymmetric capacitor engines 100.Each engine can have the form of engine mentioned above, and it has anode, negative electrode and one or more electromagnetic radiation source, such as one or more photon emitters equipment (such as laser) and firing equipment or its some combination.This UAV also comprises multiple electronic installation 154, and it is suitable for controlling this UAV.In at least one embodiment, can be by power pipeline 102 to UAV power supply, this power pipeline 102 can be connected to such as on the ground or the remote power supply of other fixed position 104.In certain embodiments, can provide power supply 118 from one's body at this UAV.This UAV also comprises transducer 156,103, is used for handling and showing so that image, electromagnetism and data capture content to be provided.

Advantageously, UAV 150 can comprise three engines, although also can use more or less engine.Three engines help to provide plane control, such as gradient, the rotation of UAV, and may provide the driftage of UAV.

This UAV and other a advantage of object that is driven by engine 100 are low relatively sound, electromagnetism and/or radar cross section feature.This feature is useful especially for some vehicles and delivery vehicle.

Nature, other embodiment can comprise the carrier aircraft of other objects in piloted vehicle or the ground suspension vehicles and guided missile and land,, the water surface, airborne or the space under water.The present invention has created general motive power system, and it is generally used for advancing.The present invention can also generate the energy stream or the plasma flow of guider outward direction.In one embodiment, this engine does not have moving-member, and can reduce and comprise the possessory total cost of purchasing with maintenance cost.

In at least one embodiment, some exemplary design characteristic is variable and the scope of extending; Variable speed and high-speed ability; Low sound, electromagnetism and RCS feature; Variable pulse power supply, at about 120～160+VDC or VAC, 1.6～16+A is in the scope of～2+kW; With solve the low carrying cost that the moving-member to the erosion of node causes owing to having seldom certain little maintenance of needs.

Fig. 8 a is the perspective schematic view of an embodiment of piloted vehicle (MAV) 170.Fig. 8 b is the front schematic view of the embodiment of Fig. 8 a.These figure will be described with being bonded with each other.This MAV can also be used as the ground suspension vehicles.One or more engines 100 that MAV 170 generally includes framework 172, subframe 174 and connects with framework by suitable control.The shape and size of framework 172 are designed to one or more people usually.The human engineering feature can change, and at least one embodiment, it can be similar to the aircraft flight seat.Subframe 174 is formed by structural detail, and is connected to framework 172.Subframe 174 can provide the support to the one or more engines 100 that are connected to MAV 170.Engine can be installed in multiple height place, such as being below or above framework 172, and the perhaps height between it.In certain embodiments, owing to have lower payload center of gravity, higher height can provide bigger stability.

Although the number of engine can change, advantageously, a plurality of engines 100 can provide the Position Control about MAV 170.In at least one embodiment, engine 100 can be in one or more medium dips with respect to subframe 174, so that multiple thrust vectoring to be provided.This inclination can be automatic or manual.

Can be automatically, manually or both realize Position Control in combination these.For example, controller 176 such as " game paddle ", can provide plane control, such as gradient and Spin Control.Controller 178 can provide driftage control, and can be activated by the pin of the operator on the MAV 170.This controller can comprise necessary electronic device, cable, control line and other parts, as known for one of ordinary skill in the art.And MAV 170 can comprise power controller 180, is used to control the power that offers one or more engines 100.And, use gyroscope or other stabilitrak, can strengthen the control of MAV 170.

In certain embodiments, MAV 170 can also comprise accident rescue parachute 182.This accident rescue parachute can be applied to the emergency about the personal security on the MAV.

Explained multiple basic point of the present invention herein.Disclosed multiple technologies and device rendered technical staff in the plasma physics field teachings by the application the part of understandable scope.Those of ordinary skill in the art can add the details of its implementation.Accompanying drawing may comprise the not special extra information of discussing in the literal, and under the situation of not adding new theme, can describe this information in the application of back.In addition, can produce and present the multiple assembled scheme or the conversion scheme of all elements or application.All these can be implemented, and are used for making the best performanceization of concrete application.

Term " connection " and similar term are extensive use of herein, and can comprise any method or the equipment that are used for following operation, promptly close, engage, fix, attaching, connect, be inserted in wherein, formed thereon or wherein, be communicated with or additionally, for example, mechanically, magnetic ground, chemically, directly or by intermediary element indirectly, one or more parts of parts are linked together, and may further include, intactly form a functional part with other unit.

Plurality of step described herein can unless otherwise specifically limited, can appear in the multiple sequence with other step combination, can insert plurality of step in described step, and described step can be divided into a plurality of steps.Unless context needs, otherwise speech " comprises " that should be understood that to mean is group or the described element in its equivalent or the inclusion of step of element or step at least, and the eliminating thing of other elements in the group of not element or step or its equivalent or step.

And, at any document and all lists of references listed in any list of references tabulation of together submitting to the application of this patent reference, be incorporated herein by reference herein among the application.Yet, consider that statement may be inconsistent with patent application of the present invention, so the applicant is not taken explicitly into account this statement.

And, any direction, such as " top ", " bottom ", " left side ", " right side ", " making progress ", " downwards " and other direction and orientation, with reference to the accompanying drawings for for the purpose of clear and be described, and should not become the restriction of the use of physical device or system or equipment or system.Can in many directions and orientation, use this equipment and system.

List of references

1.Szielasko，Klaus，High?Voltage＂Lifter＂Experiment：Biefeld-BrownEffect?or?Simple?Physics？，Genefo，April?2002.

2.Stein，William?B.，Electrokinetic?Propulsion：The?Ionic?WindArgument，Purdue?University，Energy?Conversion?Lab，September?5，2000.

3.Bahder，Thomas?B.and?Bazi，Chris，Force?on?an?AsymmetricCapacitor，Army?Research?Laboratory，September?27，2002.

4.Bahder，Thomas?B.and?Bazi，Chris，Force?on?an?AsymmetricCapacitor，Army?Research?Laboratory，March?2003.

5.Bilen，Sven，G.，Domonkos，Mathew?T.，and?Gallimore，Alec?D.，TheFar-Field?Plasma?Environment?of?a?Hollow?Cathode?Assembly，University?of?Michigan，AIAA?Conference，June?1999.

6.Canning，Francis?X.，Melcher，Cory，andWinet，Edwin，Asymmetrical?Capacitors?for?Propulsion，Glenn?Research?Center?ofNASA(NASA/CR-2004-213312)，Institute?for?Scientific?Research，October，2004.

Claims (60)

1. method of utilizing asymmetric capacitor that power is provided comprises:

A. the particle near the medium asymmetric capacitor applies electromagnetic radiation, and described asymmetric capacitor has the different and electrode spaced apart of at least two surface areas; And

B. at least one electrode application voltage, to generate clean power by asymmetric capacitor.

2. the process of claim 1 wherein to particle apply electromagnetic radiation make between the electrode to the ionization of small part particle.

3. the method for claim 2 wherein applies electromagnetic radiation to particle and has produced plasma between the electrode.

4. the method for claim 3 further comprises, the longer electromagnetic radiation of wavelength by wavelength ratio is used to produce plasma makes plasma stability.

5. the process of claim 1 wherein that applying electromagnetic radiation to particle has increased particle density, energy of plasma or its combination for given volume.

6. the process of claim 1 wherein that applying voltage comprises than the voltage that applies that does not have about the electromagnetic radiation of given net thrust, applies lower voltage to the capacitor with the electromagnetic radiation that is applied to particle.

7. the process of claim 1 wherein that applying electromagnetic radiation is included in voltage is applied to before the asymmetric capacitor, applies radiation to particle.

8. the process of claim 1 wherein that applying electromagnetic radiation comprises and apply ultra-violet radiation, infrared radiation or its combination.

9. the method for claim 8 wherein applies electromagnetic radiation and comprises to make the Ionized frequency of particle apply radiation by photon radiation.

10. the method for claim 1 further comprises, increases the plasma density of the particle in the asymmetric capacitor by apply ultra-violet radiation, infrared radiation or its combination to particle.

11. the method for claim 1 further comprises, generates clean power at the less electrode from asymmetric capacitor to the direction of bigger electrode.

12. the process of claim 1 wherein that asymmetric capacitor is connected to structure, and further comprise to described structure thrust is provided.

13. the method for claim 12 further comprises, makes asymmetric capacitor rotate to a plurality of orientation with respect to described structure, so that a plurality of thrust vectorings to be provided.

14. the method for claim 1 further comprises, provides particle to asymmetric capacitor, with manifest be independent of medium that engine operates therein to the clean power of small part.

15. the method for claim 1 further comprises, with ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION REFLECTION near the volume the electrode.

16. the method for claim 1 further comprises, makes electromagnetic radiation at particle, at the voltage of at least one electrode, perhaps its assembled pulseization.

17. the method for claim 1 further comprises, electromagnetic radiation is switched to open mode from closed condition, and switches back closed condition.

18. the method for claim 1 further comprises, operates asymmetric capacitor in air, and acts on the air particles, to generate clean power.

19. the method for claim 18 further comprises, utilizes selected additional particle to replenish air particles.

20. the method for claim 19, wherein replenishing particle is gaseous state.

21. the method for claim 1 further comprises, operating asymmetric capacitor less than atmospheric pressure in medium, and provides additional particle under reference condition, to generate clean power.

22. the method for claim 1 further comprises, for asymmetric capacitor provides compact power.

23. the method for claim 1 further comprises, operates asymmetric capacitor in liquid medium, wherein the form with vaporization is delivered to asymmetric capacitor with this liquid.

24. the process of claim 1 wherein that clean power is to be used to make asymmetric capacitor and thrust that the structure that connects with it moves.

25. the method for claim 1 further comprises, by regulating the surface area of at least one electrode, revises clean power.

26. the method that increase is exported from the power of asymmetric capacitor comprises:

A. having the first long-pending electrode of first surface, make the particle ionization by electromagnetic radiation with having in the medium that is different between the second long-pending electrode of the long-pending second surface of first surface; And

B. voltage is applied at least one electrode, and generates clean power by this electrode.

27. the method for claim 26 wherein makes the particle ionization increase particle density, energy of plasma or its combination about given volume by electromagnetic radiation.

28. the method for claim 26 wherein applies voltage and comprises than the voltage that applies that does not have about the electromagnetic radiation of given clean power, applies lower voltage to the capacitor with the electromagnetic radiation that is applied to particle.

29. the method for claim 26 wherein applies electromagnetic radiation and comprises and apply ultra-violet radiation, infrared radiation or its combination.

30. the method for claim 29 wherein applies electromagnetic radiation and comprises to make the Ionized frequency of particle apply radiation by photon radiation.

31. the method for claim 26, wherein asymmetric capacitor is connected to structure, and further comprises to described structure thrust is provided.

32. the method for claim 26 further comprises, provides particle to asymmetric capacitor, with manifest be independent of medium that asymmetric capacitor operates therein to the clean power of small part.

33. the method for claim 26 further comprises, makes the pulse of electromagnetic radiationization at particle.

34. the method for claim 26 further comprises, electromagnetic radiation is switched to open mode from closed condition, and switches back closed condition.

35. the method for claim 26 further comprises, operates asymmetric capacitor in air, and acts on the air particles, to generate clean power.

36. the method for claim 35 further comprises, utilizes selected additional particle to replenish air particles.

37. the method for claim 26 further comprises, operating asymmetric capacitor less than atmospheric pressure in medium, and provides additional particle under reference condition, to generate clean power.

38. the method for claim 26 further comprises, by regulating the surface area of at least one electrode, revises clean power.

39. the method for claim 26 further comprises, makes electromagnetic radiation at particle, at the voltage of at least one electrode, perhaps its assembled pulseization.

40. a system that is used to the power that produces comprises

A. asymmetric capacitor, it comprises having the first long-pending electrode of first surface and having and is different from the second long-pending electrode of the long-pending second surface of first surface;

B. voltage source, it is connected to asymmetric capacitor, to apply voltage to described capacitor and to generate clean power by described capacitor; With

C. electromagnetic radiation source, it is suitable for radiation is applied to particle between the electrode.

41. the system of claim 40, wherein electromagnetic radiation source is suitable for providing energy except the energy that is offered capacitor by voltage to particle.

42. the system of claim 41, wherein electromagnetic radiation source is suitable for making at least a portion particle ionization between the electrode.

43. the system of claim 41, wherein electromagnetic radiation source is suitable for producing the plasma between the electrode.

44. the system of claim 40, wherein electromagnetic radiation source is before being applied to asymmetric capacitor with voltage, and the particle between electrode provides electromagnetic radiation.

45. the system of claim 40, wherein electromagnetic radiation source comprises UV source, the source of infrared radiation and combination thereof.

46. the system of claim 45, wherein electromagnetic radiation source is suitable for increasing the particle density about given volume, energy of plasma or its combination in the asymmetric capacitor.

47. the system of claim 40, wherein asymmetric capacitor is connected to structure, and is suitable for providing thrust to described structure.

48. the system of claim 47, wherein asymmetric capacitor can be rotated to a plurality of orientation with respect to described structure.

49. the system of claim 40 further comprises particle source, it is connected to asymmetric capacitor and is suitable for being independent of the medium that asymmetric capacitor operates therein and provides particle to asymmetric capacitor.

50. the system of claim 40, wherein electromagnetic radiation source provides electromagnetic radiation to make the Ionized frequency of particle by photon radiation.

51. the system of claim 40, wherein one or more electrodes have the formed opening that runs through, to increase the surface area on one or more electrodes.

52. the system of claim 40 further comprises one or more ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION REFLECTION devices, it is connected to asymmetric capacitor.

53. the system of claim 40 further comprises:

A. be connected to the structure of asymmetric capacitor; With

B. be connected to the controller of described structure.

54. the system of claim 53 further comprises power supply, it is connected to described structure and the fixed bottom boundary position is arrived in mooring.

55. the system of claim 53 further comprises compact power, it is connected to described structure, is used to be independent of fixing ground location and powers to asymmetric capacitor.

56. the system of claim 53 further comprises particle source, it is connected to described structure, is used for providing particle to asymmetric capacitor.

57. the system of claim 53 further comprises a plurality of asymmetric capacitors, it is connected to described structure, and is suitable for providing gradient, rotation and driftage control to the vehicles.

58. the system of claim 53, wherein said system is suitable for carrying payload.

59. the system of claim 53, wherein electromagnet source comprises photon emitters, the volume between its guiding electrode.

60. the system of claim 53, wherein electromagnet source comprises emitter of electromagnetic radiation, the volume between its guiding electrode.

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