CN101392053B - Method for preparing composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization and use - Google Patents
Method for preparing composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization and use Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for preparing an alkylene oxide ring-opening polymerization catalyst, and the application thereof. The method comprises steps as follows: under the protection of inertia gas, the temperature is controlled to be minus 70 DEG C to minus 33.5 DEG C; two metals of high-purity alkali soil calcium metal and strontium metal with the mol ratio of 1:0.1 to 1:1.5 are dissolved in liquid ammonia; the mol ratio betwen the liquid ammonia and the metals is 50:1 to 100:1; the reaction lasts for 30min to 90min so as to form an organic ammonia calcium and strontium solution; then the alkylene oxide is added and the mol ratio between the alkylene oxide and the two metals is 0.5:1 to 1.5:1; or two compounds, nitrile and the alkylene oxide with the mol ratio of 0.1:1 to 0.8:1 are added, the mol ratio between the nitrile and the two metals is 0.1:1 to 0.8:1; and the reaction lasts for 60min to 120min; the temperature is raised to normal so as to volatilize the residual liquid ammonia in the reaction product; meanwhile, a dissolvent is added and slurrying is carried out to obtain the catalyzed product. Compared with the prior art, the invention is characterized by simple method, high economic benefit, excellent product properties, and the like.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to catalyst field, relate in particular to a kind of preparation method and application of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization.
Background technology
The epoxy alkane polymkeric substance is a kind of water-soluble polymer with good agglutination, dissemination and viscosifying action etc.Because have these good effects, the epoxy alkane polymkeric substance is widely used in the fields such as paper pulp dispersion agent, modifier, binding agent, condensing agent, washing composition, food, personal-care supplies, sanitary material, makeup, medical supplies and quasi drug.
Epoxy alkane can carry out polymerization by multiple polymerizing catalysts such as alkali, boron trifluoride, alkaline earth metal oxide and organometallic compounds and form polymkeric substance.The polymerization degree and the speed of response of epoxy alkane polyreaction are determined by employed catalyst type, when for example alkaline-earth metal such as calcium, strontium, barium being obtained resultant as catalyzer with the liquefied ammonia effect under predetermined condition, through polycomplexation mould assembly polyreaction, can obtain the higher epoxy alkane polymkeric substance of the polymerization degree.Therefore,, set out, all be absorbed in Continual Improvement all the time catalyzer by the viewpoint that improves speed of response and yield for the polymerization reaction system of epoxy alkane.
The epoxy alkane polymerization successively all has report both at home and abroad with ammonia calcium System Catalyst, but middle lower molecular weight polyethylene oxide report is less.For example: Chinese patent CN1306023A has introduced catalyst of open-loop polymerizing ethylene oxide, and calcium metal is dissolved in the liquefied ammonia, adds carriers such as improving agent and aluminium sesquioxide, obtain the low temperature active height thus, the catalyzer that yield is high, but the polymericular weight of gained is bigger, reaches 8,000,000.Chinese patent CN1611523A has introduced in the polymkeric substance building-up process, add and have the compound of reactive hydrogen as molecular weight regulator, in the preparation, low-molecular-weight poly-oxyethylene, but this method finishes in polymerization process, is not improved on catalyzer.United States Patent (USP) U.S.4200704 has introduced under the oxygen existence condition, in preparing with peroxide breakdown polyphosphazene polymer ethylene oxide, the purpose of lower molecular weight polyoxyethylene, but this art breading complexity, production cost increases.Above patent involved in, the preparation method of low molecular weight epoxy alkane polymer, all adopt secondary processing just can achieve the goal, increased production process, quality product is relatively poor, economy is lower.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention is exactly preparation method and the application that the composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization that a kind of method is simple, economic benefit is high, product performance are good is provided for the weak point that overcomes above-mentioned prior art existence.
Purpose of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of preparation method of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization; it is characterized in that; this method may further comprise the steps: under protection of inert gas; controlled temperature is-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃; with mol ratio is that 1: 0.1～1.5 high purity alkaline earth metals calcium and Preparation of Metallic Strontium bimetal are dissolved in the liquefied ammonia; the mol ratio of liquefied ammonia and metal is 50～100: 1; reacted 30～90 minutes; form organic amino calcium strontium solution; it is 0.5～1.5: 1 that the adding epoxy alkane makes epoxy alkane and bimetallic mol ratio; perhaps add mol ratio and be nitrile and two kinds of compounds of epoxy alkane of 0.1～0.8: 1, making nitrile and bimetallic mol ratio is 0.1～0.8: 1, reacts 60～120 minutes; be warming up to the unnecessary liquefied ammonia in the normal temperature volatiling reaction product; simultaneously, add the solvent slurry processing, promptly get catalyst prod.
The mol ratio of described Preparation of Metallic Strontium and calcium metal is 0.3～0.6: 1; Till the ratio of described liquefied ammonia and alkaline-earth metal is dissolved fully with alkaline-earth metal; Described epoxy alkane and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.5～1: 1; Described nitrile and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.2～0.5: 1; The mol ratio of described nitrile and epoxy alkane is 0.2～0.5: 1; Described organic amino calcium strontium solution is that liquefied ammonia and bimetal react the blue homogeneous solution that formed in 60～90 minutes in dry ice/ethanol cold-trap.
Described rare gas element comprises nitrogen, argon gas or helium.
Described epoxy alkane is one or both in oxyethane, propylene oxide, butylene oxide ring and the epoxy pentane, preferred propylene oxide.
Described nitrile is one or both in acetonitrile, propionitrile and the butyronitrile, preferred acetonitrile.
Described liquefied ammonia is the liquefied ammonia through the molecular sieve dehydration drying treatment.
Described solvent is a kind of in normal hexane, normal heptane and the 2-methylpentane.
The application of the composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization that a kind of aforesaid method obtains, it is characterized in that, the epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst is used for preparation lower molecular weight polyalkylene oxide, concrete steps are as follows: with inert gas purge reactive polymeric still, add solvent, epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst and epoxy alkane respectively, under 0 ℃～40 ℃, cause epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization, the preparation polyalkylene oxide.
Described solvent is a kind of in normal hexane, normal heptane and the 2-methylpentane.
Described epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst can be used for the polymerization of intermittent type epoxy alkane, also can be used for the polymerization of continous way and semi continuous epoxy alkane.
The present invention is a raw material with liquid ammonia, calcium metal, Preparation of Metallic Strontium, epoxy alkane, nitrile, normal hexane, normal heptane etc., synthetic organic calcium/organic strontium compound composite catalyst.This catalyzer is the bimetal organic double compound, and its catalytic mechanism is two active site catalysis, makes epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization by the two point embedded mode.The quick ring-opening polymerization of catalysis epoxy alkane under the reaction conditions of gentleness then, thus molecular weight 300,000～1,000,000, white particle, evengranular polymkeric substance obtained.Compared with prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:
1, the obtained ring-opening polymerization bimetallic catalyst of the present invention, raw materials used is common pharmaceutical chemicals, and raw material is easy to get, and the preparation method is simple, the economic benefit height.
2, the obtained ring-opening polymerization bimetallic catalyst of the present invention makes epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization by the two point embedded mode, the polymerization efficiency height, and the yield height, the product proterties is good.
3, the obtained ring-opening polymerization bimetallic catalyst of the present invention has good activity, and the polymerization and the molecular weight distribution that are particularly suitable for not having stringiness, middle low molecular weight epoxy alkane are narrower, has widened the scope of application of epoxy alkane.
4 and can fully suppress to make the caking of epoxy alkane polymkeric substance, make polymkeric substance be easy to come out by segregation in the solvent with the form of tiny saccharoid.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the invention will be further described.
Embodiment 1
(1) preparation of ammonia calcium strontium solution
Under protection of nitrogen gas, make cold-trap with dry ice/ethanol, collect the 250ml liquid ammonia down in 500ml four-hole glass flask in-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃.Under agitation condition, in flask, add 7g calcium, 3g strontium, reaction generates blue organic amino calcium strontium solution immediately, and metal dissolves fully in 5 minutes.
(2) preparation of ammonia calcium strontium/propane catalyst
The ammonia calcium strontium solution that step (1) is made, under agitation, slowly add propylene oxide with constant pressure funnel, propylene oxide and bimetallic mol ratio are 1: 1, after reacting 1 hour, be warming up to 25 ℃, the ammonia that volatilizees lentamente in this process, adds No. 90 solvent oils of 200ml and carries out the slurry processing, extremely unnecessary ammonia volatilizees fully and removes, and promptly makes catalyzer cat-1 and uses for ethylene oxide polymerization.
(3) preparation of polyoxyethylene
Have the 10L polymeric kettle of cooling jacket, still Internal baffle and stirring rake with nitrogen purging, be equipped with equipment such as thermometer, tensimeter on the still.Add 8g catalyzer cat-1, No. 90 solvent oils of 2L; Starting stirring arm and cooling-water pump is that temperature in the kettle is reduced to about 4 ℃ of kick off temperatures, slowly adds 800g oxyethane; The polymeric reaction temperature that progressively raises then, polyreaction is 24 hours under 10 ℃～40 ℃ temperature, and filtering separation solvent and polymkeric substance after the vacuum-drying, obtain polyoxyethylene 533g, and yield is 66.7%, molecular weight 39.9 ten thousand.
Embodiment 2:
Method by embodiment 1 step (1) makes ammonia calcium strontium solution, under the stirring that does not stop, slowly add propylene oxide, the mol ratio of propylene oxide and metal is 1: 1, react after 0.5 hour, slowly add acetonitrile again, acetonitrile and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.5: 1, continue reaction 1 hour, the unnecessary liquefied ammonia of volatilization heats up, and adding 200ml 90 solvent oils carry out the slurry processing in this process, volatilize fully to unnecessary ammonia and remove, and promptly make catalyzer cat-2 and use for ethylene oxide polymerization.
Press the method for embodiment 1 step (3), No. 90 solvent oils of 0.08g catalyzer cat-2,2L and oxyethane 800g added respectively in the 10L polymeric kettle that nitrogen purging is crossed carry out polyreaction, polymerization time 22 hours, the separation of polymeric product, obtain polyoxyethylene 620g after the vacuum-drying, yield is 77.5%, molecular weight 510,000.
Embodiment 3:
Make ammonia calcium strontium solution by embodiment 1 step (1), under the stirring that does not stop, slowly add propylene oxide and acetonitrile mixed solution, the mol ratio of propylene oxide and metal is 1: 1, and acetonitrile and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.5: 1, reacts after 2 hours, the unnecessary liquefied ammonia of volatilization heats up, and No. 90 solvent oils of adding 200ml carry out the slurry processing in this process, volatilize fully to unnecessary ammonia and remove, and promptly make catalyzer cat-3 and use for ethylene oxide polymerization.
Press the method for embodiment 1 step (3), No. 90 solvent oils of 24g catalyzer cat-3,2L and oxyethane 800g added respectively in the 10L polymeric kettle that nitrogen purging is crossed carry out polyreaction, polymerization time 24 hours, the separation of polymeric product, obtain polyoxyethylene 720g after the vacuum-drying, yield is 90%, molecular weight 33.5 ten thousand.
Embodiment 4:
Under the protection of pure nitrogen gas, make cold-trap with ethanol, collect the 200ml liquid ammonia down in 500ml four-hole glass flask in-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃.Under agitation condition, in flask, add 5g calcium, 5g strontium, reaction generates blue organic amino calcium strontium solution immediately, and metal dissolves fully in 5 minutes, reacts 1 hour.Under agitation, slowly add propylene oxide, the mol ratio of propylene oxide and metal is 0.8: 1, reacts after 0.5 hour, slowly adds acetonitrile again, acetonitrile and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.7: 1, continue reaction 1 hour, the unnecessary liquefied ammonia of volatilization that heats up, and No. 90 solvent oils of adding 200ml carry out the slurry processing in this process, extremely unnecessary ammonia volatilizees fully and removes, and promptly makes catalyzer cat-4 and uses for ethylene oxide polymerization.
Press the method for embodiment 1 step (3), No. 90 solvent oils of 2g catalyzer cat-4,2L and oxyethane 800g added respectively in the 10L polymeric kettle that nitrogen purging is crossed carry out polyreaction, polymerization time 22 hours, the separation of polymeric product, obtain polyoxyethylene 648g after the vacuum-drying, yield is 81%, molecular weight 36.1 ten thousand.
Embodiment 5:
Under the protection of pure nitrogen gas, make cold-trap with ethanol, collect the 200ml liquid ammonia down in 500ml four-hole glass flask in-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃.Under agitation condition, in flask, add 5g calcium, 5g strontium, reaction generates blue organic amino calcium strontium solution immediately, and metal dissolves fully in 5 minutes, reacts 1 hour.Under the stirring that does not stop, slowly add propylene oxide and acetonitrile mixed solution, the mol ratio of propylene oxide and metal is 1: 1, acetonitrile and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.4: 1, react after 2 hours, the unnecessary liquefied ammonia of volatilization that heats up, and adding 200ml 90 solvent oils carry out the slurry processing in this process, extremely unnecessary ammonia volatilizees fully and removes, and promptly makes catalyzer cat-5 and uses for ethylene oxide polymerization.
Press the method for embodiment 1 step (3), No. 90 solvent oils of 6g catalyzer cat-5,2L and oxyethane 800g added respectively in the 10L polymeric kettle that nitrogen purging is crossed carry out polyreaction, polymerization time 22 hours, the separation of polymeric product, obtain polyoxyethylene 790g after the vacuum-drying, yield is 98.8%, molecular weight 23.1 ten thousand.
Embodiment 6
Press the method for embodiment 1 step (3), No. 90 solvent oils of 18g catalyzer cat-5,2L and oxyethane 900g added respectively in the 10L polymeric kettle that nitrogen purging is crossed carry out polyreaction, polymerization time 24 hours, the separation of polymeric product, obtain polyoxyethylene 822g after the vacuum-drying, yield is 91.3%, molecular weight 77.4 ten thousand.
Embodiment 7:
Press the method for embodiment 1 step (3), No. 90 solvent oils of 10g catalyzer cat-4,2L and oxyethane 800g added respectively in the 10L polymeric kettle that nitrogen purging is crossed carry out polyreaction, polymerization time 10 hours, the separation of polymeric product, obtain polyoxyethylene 608g after the vacuum-drying, yield is 76%, molecular weight 21.1 ten thousand.
Embodiment 8:
A kind of preparation method of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization; this method may further comprise the steps: under nitrogen protection; controlled temperature is-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃; with mol ratio is that 1: 0.1 high purity alkaline earth metals calcium and Preparation of Metallic Strontium bimetal is dissolved in the liquefied ammonia; this liquefied ammonia is the liquefied ammonia through the molecular sieve dehydration drying treatment; the mol ratio of liquefied ammonia and metal is 50: 1; reaction formed the blue homogeneous solution of organic amino calcium strontium solution in 60 minutes in dry ice/ethanol cold-trap; it is 0.5: 1 that the adding butylene oxide ring makes butylene oxide ring and bimetallic mol ratio; perhaps add mol ratio and be propionitrile and two kinds of compounds of epoxy alkane of 0.1: 1; making propionitrile and bimetallic mol ratio is 0.1: 1; reacted 60 minutes, and be warming up to the unnecessary liquefied ammonia in the normal temperature volatiling reaction product, simultaneously; add the processing of normal hexane slurry, promptly get catalyst prod.
Above-mentioned catalyzer is used for preparation lower molecular weight polyalkylene oxide, and concrete steps are as follows; With inert gas purge reactive polymeric still, add normal hexane, epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst and epoxy alkane respectively, under 0 ℃, cause epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization, the preparation polyalkylene oxide.
Embodiment 9:
A kind of preparation method of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization; this method may further comprise the steps: under argon shield; controlled temperature is-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃; with mol ratio is that 1: 1.5 high purity alkaline earth metals calcium and Preparation of Metallic Strontium bimetal is dissolved in the liquefied ammonia; the mol ratio of liquefied ammonia and metal is 100: 1; reacted 90 minutes; form organic amino calcium strontium solution; it is 1.5: 1 that adding epoxy pentane makes epoxy pentane and bimetallic mol ratio; perhaps add mol ratio and be butyronitrile and two kinds of compounds of epoxy pentane of 0.8: 1; making butyronitrile and bimetallic mol ratio is 0.8: 1; reacted 120 minutes, and be warming up to the unnecessary liquefied ammonia in the normal temperature volatiling reaction product, simultaneously; add the solvent slurry processing, promptly get catalyst prod.
Above-mentioned catalyzer is used for preparation lower molecular weight polyalkylene oxide, and concrete steps are as follows; With inert gas purge reactive polymeric still, add normal hexane, epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst and epoxy alkane respectively, under 40 ℃, cause epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization, the preparation polyalkylene oxide.
Embodiment 10:
A kind of preparation method of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization; this method may further comprise the steps: under nitrogen protection; controlled temperature is-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃; with mol ratio is that 1: 0.3 high purity alkaline earth metals calcium and Preparation of Metallic Strontium bimetal is dissolved in the liquefied ammonia; this liquefied ammonia is the liquefied ammonia through the molecular sieve dehydration drying treatment; till the ratio of liquefied ammonia and alkaline-earth metal is dissolved fully with alkaline-earth metal; reaction formed the blue homogeneous solution of organic amino calcium strontium solution in 60 minutes in dry ice/ethanol cold-trap; it is 1: 1 that the adding butylene oxide ring makes butylene oxide ring and bimetallic mol ratio; perhaps add mol ratio and be propionitrile and two kinds of compounds of epoxy alkane of 0.2: 1; making propionitrile and bimetallic mol ratio is 0.2: 1; reacted 90 minutes; be warming up to the unnecessary liquefied ammonia in the normal temperature volatiling reaction product; simultaneously; add the processing of normal hexane slurry, promptly get catalyst prod.
Above-mentioned catalyzer is used for preparation lower molecular weight polyalkylene oxide, and concrete steps are as follows; With inert gas purge reactive polymeric still, add normal hexane, epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst and epoxy alkane respectively, under 0 ℃, cause epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization, the preparation polyalkylene oxide.
Embodiment 11:
A kind of preparation method of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization; this method may further comprise the steps: under argon shield; controlled temperature is-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃; with mol ratio is that 1: 0.6 high purity alkaline earth metals calcium and Preparation of Metallic Strontium bimetal is dissolved in the liquefied ammonia; the mol ratio of liquefied ammonia and metal is 100: 1; reacted 90 minutes; form organic amino calcium strontium solution; it is 0.5: 1 that adding epoxy pentane makes epoxy pentane and bimetallic mol ratio; perhaps add mol ratio and be butyronitrile and two kinds of compounds of epoxy pentane of 0.5: 1; making butyronitrile and bimetallic mol ratio is 0.5: 1; reacted 120 minutes, and be warming up to the unnecessary liquefied ammonia in the normal temperature volatiling reaction product, simultaneously; add the solvent slurry processing, promptly get catalyst prod.
Above-mentioned catalyzer is used for preparation lower molecular weight polyalkylene oxide, and concrete steps are as follows; With inert gas purge reactive polymeric still, add normal hexane, epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst and epoxy alkane respectively, under 40 ℃, cause epoxy alkane ring opening polymerization, the preparation polyalkylene oxide.
Described epoxy alkane polymerizing catalyst can be used for the polymerization of intermittent type epoxy alkane, also can be used for the polymerization of continous way and semi continuous epoxy alkane.
Claims (7)
1. the preparation method of a composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization; it is characterized in that; this method may further comprise the steps: under protection of inert gas; controlled temperature is-70 ℃～-33.5 ℃; with mol ratio is that 1: 0.1～1.5 high purity alkaline earth metals calcium and Preparation of Metallic Strontium bimetal are dissolved in the liquefied ammonia; the mol ratio of liquefied ammonia and metal is 50～100: 1; reacted 30～90 minutes; form organic amino calcium strontium solution; it is 0.5～1.5: 1 that the adding epoxy alkane makes epoxy alkane and bimetallic mol ratio; perhaps add mol ratio and be nitrile and two kinds of compounds of epoxy alkane of 0.1～0.8: 1, making nitrile and bimetallic mol ratio is 0.1～0.8: 1, reacts 60～120 minutes; be warming up to the unnecessary liquefied ammonia in the normal temperature volatiling reaction product; simultaneously, add the solvent slurry processing, promptly get catalyst prod.
2. the preparation method of a kind of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the mol ratio of described Preparation of Metallic Strontium and calcium metal is 0.3～0.6: 1; Till the ratio of described liquefied ammonia and alkaline-earth metal is dissolved fully with alkaline-earth metal; Described epoxy alkane and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.5～1: 1; Described nitrile and bimetallic mol ratio are 0.2～0.5: 1; The mol ratio of described nitrile and epoxy alkane is 0.2～0.5: 1; Described organic amino calcium strontium solution is that liquefied ammonia and bimetal react the blue homogeneous solution that formed in 60～90 minutes in dry ice/ethanol cold-trap.
3. the preparation method of a kind of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described rare gas element comprises argon gas or helium.
4. the preparation method of a kind of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described epoxy alkane is one or both in oxyethane, propylene oxide, butylene oxide ring and the epoxy pentane.
5. the preparation method of a kind of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described nitrile is one or both in acetonitrile, propionitrile and the butyronitrile.
6. the preparation method of a kind of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described liquefied ammonia is the liquefied ammonia through the molecular sieve dehydration drying treatment.
7. the preparation method of a kind of composite catalyst applied to alkylene oxide ring-expansion polymerization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described solvent is a kind of in normal hexane, normal heptane and the 2-methylpentane.
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| CN102030896B (en) * | 2010-11-15 | 2012-06-13 | 上海豪胜化工科技有限公司 | Polyalkylene oxide catalyst with medium-low molecular weight and preparation method thereof |
| CN109517157B (en) * | 2019-01-09 | 2020-11-24 | 于广臣 | Special catalyst for synthesizing high molecular weight polyoxyethylene and preparation method thereof |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3624008A (en) * | 1969-06-30 | 1971-11-30 | Basf Wyandotte Corp | Catalyst and method for the polymerization of ethylene oxide |
| CN1740209A (en) * | 2004-08-24 | 2006-03-01 | 上海化工研究院 | Prepn process of catalyst for ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3624008A (en) * | 1969-06-30 | 1971-11-30 | Basf Wyandotte Corp | Catalyst and method for the polymerization of ethylene oxide |
| CN1740209A (en) * | 2004-08-24 | 2006-03-01 | 上海化工研究院 | Prepn process of catalyst for ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide |
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