CN101382782A - Data acquisition system under mine - Google Patents
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- CN101382782A CN101382782A CNA200810046057XA CN200810046057A CN101382782A CN 101382782 A CN101382782 A CN 101382782A CN A200810046057X A CNA200810046057X A CN A200810046057XA CN 200810046057 A CN200810046057 A CN 200810046057A CN 101382782 A CN101382782 A CN 101382782A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02P90/02—Total factory control, e.g. smart factories, flexible manufacturing systems [FMS] or integrated manufacturing systems [IMS]
Abstract
The invention relates to a mine monitoring technology, in particular to an underground mine data acquisition system based on an improved CAN bus. A data acquisition tributary station of the invention is connected with a general control center by adopting TCP/IP communication and connected with an underground monitoring module by a CAN interface. The invention has the advantages that the CAN field bus technology is adopted by the invention so as to ensure that a coal mine monitoring system becomes open. The data acquisition tributary station and a monitoring center are communicated by TCP while the data acquisition tributary station is communicated with the underground monitoring module by CAN. An address arbitration mechanism of the CAN bus solves the problem of bus transmission confliction in each station. The underground mine data acquisition system has simple structure, simple and convenient operation, complete data acquisition as well as fast and accurate data transmission and resolution and is applicable to the coal mine monitoring system.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of mine monitoring technique, specifically relate to a kind of data acquisition system under mine based on improved CAN bus.
Background technology
What traditional mine supervision system information transmissions extensively adopted is RS232 or RS485 communication mode, there are many shortcomings that can't overcome in this transfer bus technology aspect information transmission, mainly show: (1) is though the supervisory system kind is many, but be primary and secondary structure, 1 host node can only be arranged on the network, can't constitute how main redundant system, after host node breaks down, system can't move; (2) owing to lacking unified standard and communication protocol, so system seals; (3) transfer rate is lower, and generally below 4800B/S, transmission range is short, and real-time does not satisfy.(4) precision of signal Processing is not high, and the antijamming capability of the data on the transmission line is low.
Traditional CAN bus is that unit carries out the data transmission with the message, and priority of messages is combined in 11 bit identifiers, and the identifier with minimum binary number has the highest priority.When several stations sent message simultaneously, 1 the message identifier of standing was 011111; 2 the message identifier of standing is 0100110; Stand 3 message identifier 0100111.All identifiers all have identical two 01, and when comparing for the 3rd, 1 the message of standing is lost, because its 3rd is high, and the 3rd of the message at other two stations is low.It is 2 identical with station 4,5,6 of 3 messages to stand, and in the time of the 7th, 3 the message ability of stand is lost.But this priority is in case just can not be modified after being established when system design again.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is at the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of method of the coal mine embedded data acquisition substation based on improved CAN bus has been proposed, total system can effectively be gathered the coal mine data, has the data acquisition system under mine of good stable and extendability.
A kind of data acquisition system under mine of the present invention is achieved by following technical proposals: data acquisition system under mine of the present invention comprises the master control center, the first data acquisition substation, the second data acquisition substation, the 3rd data acquisition substation, the CAN bus, main control chip, outer extension memory, the tcp/ip communication module, the CAN communication module, the EEPROM module, the power supply and the electrical equipment that resets, the fire damp monitoring module, down-hole CO monitoring module, the downhole temperature monitoring module, down-hole smog monitoring module, the underground air door monitoring module, other I/O operation, the CPU of main control chip, ethernet controller, network transformer, the described first data acquisition substation, the second data acquisition substation and the 3rd data acquisition substation are by the SPI interface, adopt the tcp/ip communication module to be connected the first data acquisition substation with the master control center that is used for mine safety monitoring with Ethernet, the second data acquisition substation and the 3rd data acquisition substation are by the CAN interface, CAN communication module and CAN bus respectively with the fire damp monitoring module, down-hole CO monitoring module, the downhole temperature monitoring module, down-hole smog monitoring module is connected with the underground air door monitoring module.
A kind of data acquisition system under mine of the present invention has following beneficial effect compared with prior art: the present invention has adopted the CAN field bus technique make to build based on network open mine supervision system becomes possibility, communicate by letter by TCP between data acquisition substation and the Surveillance center, communicate by letter by CAN between data acquisition substation and the downhole monitoring module, and the position arbitration mechanism that the CAN bus possesses, solved the transmission collision problem of each website effectively, can better ensure the safety case of down-hole in bus.The present invention adopts the ARM chip as main control chip, is far superior to adopt the system of 8/16 single-chip microcomputers as main control chip on performance.The TCP communication module has realized TCP communication.Embedded CAN module makes that CAN communication design circuit is simple, and performance is more stable.Serial communication can be realized the modification of important parameter such as IP address, ore deposit pound sign etc., extends out the storage that EEPROM is used for important parameter.The network interface socket adopts the RJ45 joint chair AT24C16 of embedded with network transformer, state display lamp and resistor network, has advantages such as signal coupling, electrical isolation, impedance matching, inhibition interference.Coal mine embedded data acquisition substation is collected down-hole kind monitoring module data, and in time is sent to aboveground Surveillance center, for coal mine safety monitoring provides effective way.Adopt tcp/ip communication to help the dynamic use of data acquisition substation; CAN communication has guaranteed the high rate communication between data acquisition substation and each node of down-hole.The present invention presses the safe coefficient classification with the situation of each website, generate corresponding identifier according to degree then, utilize the position arbitration mechanism of CAN bus, on bus, determine transmission priority, utilization factor that like this can more effective raising bus is handled the safety case of each website well.Data acquisition system under mine of the present invention is simple in structure, and is easy and simple to handle, and data acquisition is comprehensive, and data transmission, parsing fast accurately, are applicable to the mine supervision system.
Description of drawings
A kind of data acquisition system under mine of the present invention has following accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 forms structural representation for data acquisition system under mine security monitoring of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a data acquisition system under mine data acquisition substation hardware configuration synoptic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a data acquisition system under mine CAN communication task flowage structure synoptic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a data acquisition system under mine ethernet controller electrical block diagram of the present invention.
Wherein: 1, master control center; 2, Ethernet; 3, the first data acquisition substation; 4, the second data acquisition substation; 5, the 3rd data acquisition substation; 6, CAN bus; 7, main control chip; 8, outer extension memory; 9, tcp/ip communication module; 10, CAN communication module; 11, EEPROM module; 12, the power supply and the electrical equipment that resets; 13, fire damp monitoring module; 14, down-hole CO monitoring module; 15, downhole temperature monitoring module; 16, down-hole smog monitoring module; 17, underground air door monitoring module; 18, other I/O operation; 19, the CPU of main control chip; 20, serial communication modular; 21, ethernet controller; 22, network transformer.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples a kind of data acquisition system under mine technical scheme of the present invention is further described.
As Fig. 1-shown in Figure 4, a kind of data acquisition system under mine of the present invention comprises master control center 1, the first data acquisition substation 3, the second data acquisition substation 4, the 3rd data acquisition substation 5, CAN bus 6, main control chip 7, outer extension memory 8, tcp/ip communication module 9, CAN communication module 10, EEPROM module 11, the power supply and the electrical equipment 12 that resets, fire damp monitoring module 13, down-hole CO monitoring module 14, downhole temperature monitoring module 15, down-hole smog monitoring module 16, underground air door monitoring module 17, other I/O operation 18, the CPU19 of main control chip, ethernet controller 20, network transformer 21, the described first data acquisition substation 3, the second data acquisition substation 4 and the 3rd data acquisition substation 5 pass through the SPI interface, adopt tcp/ip communication module 9 to be connected the first data acquisition substation 3 with the master control center 1 that is used for mine safety monitoring with Ethernet 3, the second data acquisition substation 4 and the 3rd data acquisition substation 5 are by the CAN interface, CAN communication module 10 and CAN bus respectively with fire damp monitoring module 13, down-hole CO monitoring module 14, downhole temperature monitoring module 15, down-hole smog monitoring module 16 is connected with underground air door monitoring module 17.
Described data acquisition substation 3,4,5 comprise main control chip 7, and outer extension memory 8, tcp/ip communication module 9, CAN communication module 10, EEPROM module 11, serial communication modular 20, power supply and the electrical equipment 12 that resets, the tcp/ip communication module 9 of the described TCP of realization communication function is connected with main control chip 7 by the SPI interface, described CAN communication module 10 is connected with main control chip 7 by the CAN interface, is used for the important parameter modification and is connected with main control chip 7 with the SC1 interface by the 12C interface respectively with serial communication modular 20 with the EEPROM module 11 of storage; Ethernet controller 21 and network transformer 22 are used to transmit the data-signal of collection, the CPU 19 of microprocessor is used to resolve and handle the data-signal of collection, four pin TPOUT+ of network, TPOUT-, TPIN+, TPIN-be connected with the RJ45 interface by network transformer 22 backs that are integrated in the ethernet controller 21, two interrupt pin LEDA, LEDB is connected with the external interrupt of single-chip microcomputer or with universaling I/O port.
Described ethernet controller 20 is ENC28J60, is integrated in the main control chip 7; Main control chip 7 adopts the ARM chip as main control chip.
Described RJ45 interface adopts the RJ45 joint chair HR911105A of embedded with network transformer 22, state display lamp and resistor network.
Described data acquisition substation adopts serial communication modular 20 and TCP communication module 9 dual modes to revise important parameter, adopts AT24C16 as storage chip; EEPROM module 11 adopts AT24C16 as storage chip, is used to deposit in the important parameter of data acquisition substation.
Collecting method comprises the steps: under the mine of the present invention
A) the safety case data are gathered under data acquisition step employing gas-monitoring module 13, CO monitoring module 14, monitoring temperature module 15, smog monitoring module 16,17 pairs of mines of air door monitoring module;
B) data aggregation is collected all kinds of monitoring modules 13,14,15,16 in down-hole, 17 data by data acquisition substation 3,4,5 by CAN communication module 10;
C) data parsing is by data acquisition substation 3,4,5, the microprocessor ARM of main control chip 7 data of being gathered are resolved;
D) data transmission is by data acquisition substation 3,4,5, by tcp/ip communication module 9 and Ethernet 2 to master control center 1 transmitting data information.
Described gas density sign is respectively 11110,11100,11000,10000,00000.
Embodiment 1.
The present invention proposes a kind of method of the coal mine embedded data acquisition substation based on improved CAN bus, total system can effectively be gathered the coal mine data, has good stable and extendability.
Coal mine embedded data acquisition substation is collected all kinds of monitoring module data in down-hole, and in time is sent to aboveground Surveillance center, for coal mine safety monitoring provides effective way.Adopt tcp/ip communication to help the dynamic use of data acquisition substation; CAN communication has guaranteed the high rate communication between data acquisition substation and each node of down-hole.
The situation of each website is pressed the safe coefficient classification, generate corresponding identifier according to degree then, utilize the position arbitration mechanism of CAN bus, on bus, determine transmission priority.Utilization factor that like this can more effective raising bus is handled the safety case of each website well.
Coal mine data acquisition substation is the hinge of data transmission between each security monitoring module of coal mine down-hole and the aboveground safety monitoring center, be responsible between safety monitoring center and the security monitoring module data acquisition with communicate by letter.Can the data acquisition substation effectively work and determine coal mine safety monitoring carry out smoothly, so the data acquisition branch stands in and bringing into play important effect in the safety supervision of colliery.Structural representation is formed in data acquisition system under mine security monitoring of the present invention shown in Figure 1.Communicate by letter by TCP communication module 9 between data acquisition substation 3,4,5 of the present invention and the Surveillance center 1, with downhole monitoring module 13,14,15,16, between 17 by 10 communications of CAN communication module.
To measure gas density and it be classified as example.Gas explosion has certain concentration range, and we meet the concentration range that can set off an explosion behind the fire to gas in air and call gas explosion limits.Gas explosion limits is 5%~16%.When gas density is lower than 5%, meet fire and do not explode, but can form burning zone in the flame periphery, when gas density is 9.5%, its brisance maximum (oxygen and gas complete reaction).
If the warning bottom line of gas density is 5%, then divide five grades from 1%--5%.The identifier that produces when gas density is 1% is 11110.The rest may be inferred, is respectively 11100,11000,10000,00000 from the identifier of 2%--5%.By data being gathered the setting of the gas density identifier of substation, realized the basic quantization classification of mine safety degree, add the position arbitration mechanism of CAN bus, effectively solved the transmission collision problem of each website, can better ensure the safety case of down-hole in bus.All the other all can adopt the method to set up of this identifier to be provided with to down-hole CO concentration, downhole temperature, smokescope, air door intensity.
Gather the substation hardware system by main control chip 7 and outer extension memory 8, tcp/ip communication module 9, CAN bus communication module 10, important parameter is revised and memory module serial communication 20, E
2Compositions such as PROM11, power supply and reset circuit 12, as shown in Figure 2.
The present invention adopts the ARM chip as main control chip 7, is far superior to adopt the system of 8/16 single-chip microcomputers as main control chip on performance.TCP communication module 9 has realized TCP communication.Embedded CAN module 10 makes that CAN communication design circuit is simple, and performance is more stable.Serial communication 20 9 modifications that can realize important parameter (IP address, ore deposit pound sign etc.) of communicating by letter with TCP extend out E
2PROM11 is used for the storage of important parameter.
The tcp/ip communication module
The present invention adopts the ethernet controller 21 of the SPI of Microchip company interface to be ENC28J60, and its peak transfer rate is 10Mbps.ENC28J60 is connected by the CPU of SPI interface with the LPC2292 main control chip, four pins of network are connected to the RJ45 interface after by network transformer 22, two interrupt pin connect the external interrupt of single-chip microcomputer or are connected to universaling I/O port, two external luminotrons of light pin are connected to ground or power supply, and all the other pins are power supply and ground.Fig. 4 is ENC28J60 interface circuit figure.The network interface socket adopts the RJ45 joint chair HR911105A of embedded with network transformer, state display lamp and resistor network, has advantages such as signal coupling, electrical isolation, impedance matching, inhibition interference.
The CAN communication module
The CAN controller has constituted the interface circuit of CAN bus together with other peripheral chips.The designed data acquisition substation of the modification of important parameter and memory module this paper adopts the serial communication dual mode of communicating by letter with TCP to revise important parameter, adopts AT24C16 as storage chip.AT24C16 is the E that possesses I2C bus interface 2KB
2PROM, this chip are used for store data and gather the important parameter of substation.
Claims (7)
1, a kind of data acquisition system under mine, comprise master control center (1), the first data acquisition substation (3), the second data acquisition substation (4), the 3rd data acquisition substation (5), CAN bus (6), main control chip (7), outer extension memory (8), tcp/ip communication module (9), CAN communication module (10), EEPROM module (11), the power supply and the electrical equipment (12) that resets, fire damp monitoring module (13), down-hole CO monitoring module (14), downhole temperature monitoring module (15), down-hole smog monitoring module (16), underground air door monitoring module (17), other I/O operation (18), the CPU of main control chip (19), ethernet controller (20), network transformer (21), it is characterized in that: the described first data acquisition substation (3), the second data acquisition substation (4) and the 3rd data acquisition substation (5) are by the SPI interface, adopt tcp/ip communication module (9) to be connected the first data acquisition substation (3) with the master control center (1) that is used for mine safety monitoring with Ethernet (3), the second data acquisition substation (4) and the 3rd data acquisition substation (5) are by the CAN interface, CAN communication module (10) and CAN bus respectively with fire damp monitoring module (13), down-hole CO monitoring module (14), downhole temperature monitoring module (15), down-hole smog monitoring module (16) is connected with underground air door monitoring module (17).
2, data acquisition system under mine according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described data acquisition substation (3,4,5) comprise main control chip (7), and outer extension memory (8), tcp/ip communication module (9), CAN communication module (10), EEPROM module (11), serial communication modular (20), the power supply and the electrical equipment (12) that resets, the tcp/ip communication module (9) of the described TCP of realization communication function is connected with main control chip (7) by the SPI interface, described CAN communication module (10) is connected with main control chip (7) by the CAN interface, is used for the important parameter modification and is connected with main control chip (7) with the SC1 interface by the 12C interface respectively with serial communication modular (20) with the EEPROM module (11) of storage; Ethernet controller (21) and network transformer (22) are integrated in the main control chip (7), the CPU of microprocessor (19) is integrated in the main control chip (7), four pin TPOUT+ of network, TPOUT-, TPIN+, TPIN one is connected with the RJ45 interface by network transformer (22) back that is integrated in the ethernet controller (21), two interrupt pin LEDA, and LEDB is connected with the external interrupt of single-chip microcomputer or with universaling I/O port.
3, data acquisition system under mine according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that: described ethernet controller (20) is ENC28J60, is integrated in the main control chip (7); Main control chip (7) adopts the ARM chip as main control chip.
4, data acquisition system under mine according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described RJ45 interface adopts the RJ45 joint chair HR911105A of embedded with network transformer (22), state display lamp and resistor network.
5, data acquisition system under mine according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described data acquisition substation adopts serial communication modular (20) and TCP communication module (9) dual mode to revise important parameter, adopts AT24C16 as storage chip; EEPROM module (11) adopts AT24C16 as storage chip, is used to deposit in the important parameter of data acquisition substation.
6, collecting method under a kind of mine is characterized in that described acquisition method comprises the steps:
A) data acquisition step adopts fire damp monitoring module (13), down-hole CO monitoring module (14), downhole temperature monitoring module (15), down-hole smog monitoring module (16), underground air door monitoring module (17) that safety case data under the mine are gathered;
B) data aggregation is collected all kinds of monitoring modules in down-hole (13,14,15,16,17) data by data acquisition substation (3,4,5) by CAN communication module (10);
C) data parsing is resolved the data of being gathered by the microprocessor ARM of the main control chip (7) of data acquisition substation (3,4,5);
D) data transmission by data acquisition substation (3,4,5) by tcp/ip communication module (9) and Ethernet (2) to master control center (1) transmitting data information.
7, collecting method under the mine according to claim 6 is characterized in that: described gas density sign is respectively 11110,11100.11000,10000,00000.
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Cited By (15)
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CN102170458A (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2011-08-31 | 河南省煤层气开发利用有限公司 | Coal mine safety monitoring and inspecting management system |
CN102298349A (en) * | 2010-05-18 | 2011-12-28 | 通用电气公司 | Monitoring systems and backplane for a monitoring system |
CN103425109A (en) * | 2013-08-15 | 2013-12-04 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | False-great-number filtering method of coal mine monitoring system |
CN103792919A (en) * | 2014-01-16 | 2014-05-14 | 安徽富得隆纺织有限公司 | Data acquisition system for hydraulic looms |
CN103809570A (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2014-05-21 | 浙江图维电力科技有限公司 | Underground shaftway multi-data collecting and controlling system |
CN104061021A (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-09-24 | 苏州南斗专利服务有限公司 | Coal mine monitoring device based on virtual instrument |
CN104852836A (en) * | 2015-04-22 | 2015-08-19 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | Comprehensive data acquisition substation for underground coal mine |
CN105336146A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-02-17 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | Coal mine underground multi-system data acquisition and transmission method and apparatus |
CN105404337A (en) * | 2015-12-15 | 2016-03-16 | 刘志海 | Ethernet-based warehouse safety monitoring system |
CN105634893A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-06-01 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Petroleum downhole signal real-time transmission control system |
CN106209548A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2016-12-07 | 西安万物互连电子科技有限公司 | A kind of method extending coal-winning machine CAN interface |
CN108833245A (en) * | 2018-07-25 | 2018-11-16 | 山东精诚电子科技有限公司 | A kind of cascade extension acquisition system and method based on CAN and LoRa |
CN109139118A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-01-04 | 郑州煤机液压电控有限公司 | Fully-mechanized mining working intelligent early-warning system based on digital speech |
CN116382244A (en) * | 2023-04-28 | 2023-07-04 | 润芯微科技(江苏)有限公司 | Intelligent automobile online monitoring and diagnosing system and method based on embedded intelligent automobile online monitoring and diagnosing system |
CN116701412A (en) * | 2023-08-07 | 2023-09-05 | 中煤科工集团信息技术有限公司 | Mining data storage system |
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CN102298349A (en) * | 2010-05-18 | 2011-12-28 | 通用电气公司 | Monitoring systems and backplane for a monitoring system |
CN102298349B (en) * | 2010-05-18 | 2015-11-25 | 通用电气公司 | Monitoring system |
CN102170458A (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2011-08-31 | 河南省煤层气开发利用有限公司 | Coal mine safety monitoring and inspecting management system |
CN103425109A (en) * | 2013-08-15 | 2013-12-04 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | False-great-number filtering method of coal mine monitoring system |
CN103425109B (en) * | 2013-08-15 | 2015-09-02 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | The method of the pseudo-large number of mine supervision system filtering |
CN103809570A (en) * | 2013-12-25 | 2014-05-21 | 浙江图维电力科技有限公司 | Underground shaftway multi-data collecting and controlling system |
CN103792919A (en) * | 2014-01-16 | 2014-05-14 | 安徽富得隆纺织有限公司 | Data acquisition system for hydraulic looms |
CN104061021A (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-09-24 | 苏州南斗专利服务有限公司 | Coal mine monitoring device based on virtual instrument |
CN104852836B (en) * | 2015-04-22 | 2018-04-13 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | Underground coal mine comprehensive data acquisition substation |
CN104852836A (en) * | 2015-04-22 | 2015-08-19 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | Comprehensive data acquisition substation for underground coal mine |
CN105336146A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2016-02-17 | 天地(常州)自动化股份有限公司 | Coal mine underground multi-system data acquisition and transmission method and apparatus |
CN105404337A (en) * | 2015-12-15 | 2016-03-16 | 刘志海 | Ethernet-based warehouse safety monitoring system |
CN105634893A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2016-06-01 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Petroleum downhole signal real-time transmission control system |
CN106209548A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2016-12-07 | 西安万物互连电子科技有限公司 | A kind of method extending coal-winning machine CAN interface |
CN108833245A (en) * | 2018-07-25 | 2018-11-16 | 山东精诚电子科技有限公司 | A kind of cascade extension acquisition system and method based on CAN and LoRa |
CN108833245B (en) * | 2018-07-25 | 2023-08-15 | 山东精诚致和信息科技有限公司 | Cascade extension acquisition system and method based on CAN and LoRa |
CN109139118A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-01-04 | 郑州煤机液压电控有限公司 | Fully-mechanized mining working intelligent early-warning system based on digital speech |
CN116382244A (en) * | 2023-04-28 | 2023-07-04 | 润芯微科技(江苏)有限公司 | Intelligent automobile online monitoring and diagnosing system and method based on embedded intelligent automobile online monitoring and diagnosing system |
CN116701412A (en) * | 2023-08-07 | 2023-09-05 | 中煤科工集团信息技术有限公司 | Mining data storage system |
CN116701412B (en) * | 2023-08-07 | 2023-10-31 | 中煤科工集团信息技术有限公司 | Mining data storage system |
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