CN101378323A - Method for implementing on-line charging of control business stream and network system thereof - Google Patents
Method for implementing on-line charging of control business stream and network system thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN101378323A CN101378323A CNA2008102163188A CN200810216318A CN101378323A CN 101378323 A CN101378323 A CN 101378323A CN A2008102163188 A CNA2008102163188 A CN A2008102163188A CN 200810216318 A CN200810216318 A CN 200810216318A CN 101378323 A CN101378323 A CN 101378323A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a realization method for controlling the on-line charging of service flows, and a network system thereof. Service ending conditions are set in the local site by general packet radio system gateway support nodes; when detecting that the service meets the service ending conditions, the general packet radio system gateway support nodes report a credit control request message and a service ending message to a real-time on-line charging system; the real-time on-line charging system ends the service according to the received credit control request message and the service ending message. By adopting the realization method for presetting the service ending conditions in the local site, the information quantity carried by CCR is reduced in the flow, thus reducing the interaction of the on-line credit control messages between GGSN and OCS, and the load of the OCS and the GGSN for processing the on-line charging, and improving the message interaction efficiency between the GGSN and the OCS, and the accuracy of system charging.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to that packet domain relates in particular to a kind of implementation method and network system thereof of controlling the Business Stream online charging based on the online charging control method and the system of Business Stream in the mobile communcations system.
Background technology
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node: be the processing center of Packet Service wireless universal grouping system serving GPRS support node), support BSC (Base Station Controller: simultaneously base station controller) with RNC (Radio Network Control: access radio network controller).SGSN directly serves the mobile subscriber, provide mobile management, PDP (Packet Data Protocol: contextual processing and other PS (Packet Switched: the packet switching) business of type packet data protocol) to the mobile subscriber, relevant position and CAMEL-Subscription-Information that SGSN stores PS territory user are dynamic databases, these data are necessary handling initial or passive packet data transmission, and it is very similar to VLR (Visitor Location Register: VLR Visitor Location Register).
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node: be that (Public Land Mobile Network: Public Land Mobile Nerwork) network connects outside PDN (Packet Data Network: the node of network publicly-owned data network), it is actually internet gateway PLMN wireless universal grouping system gateway support node).GGSN is by the Gi mouth and the PDN network interconnection, interconnected by Gn mouth and SGSN, GGSN also includes the routing iinformation that is used to connect the user, for external data network with PDU (PacketData Unit: protocol Data Unit) send to MS (Mobile Station: travelling carriage) provide passage.
(Traffic Plane Function: the bearing function plane) be the logical functional entity of GGSN, TPF must be with the data stream filtering of different user in different server data stream, so that collect offline charging data and real-time online payment data for TPF; TPF supports filter and the CRF (Charging Rules Function: dynamically receive charging regulation) that predefined charging regulation is promptly static.
Gn interface be between the SGSN or SGSN and GGSN between interface.
The Gi interface is the interface between GGSN and the PDN.
The Gy interface is TPF and OCS (Online Charging System: the online charging interface the real-time online charge system); Because TPF is a logical functional entity of GGSN inside, so the Gy interface is exactly in fact the interface between GGSN and the OCS.
The position of above-mentioned each functional entity in network and the interface position between them in the prior art, as shown in Figure 1, according to the 3GPP related specifications is 3GPP TS32.299 and 3GPP TS23.125, online charging credit control flow, and may further comprise the steps as shown in Figure 2:
Step 201:SGSN receives that the PDP of mobile phone activates request;
Step 202:SGSN sends the PDP Context request of creating to GGSN;
Step 203:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR (Credit ControlRequest: the credit control request) message to OCS, the indication request type is that Initial promptly begins in the CCR message, and this request is used to set up the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS;
Step 204:OCS returns online charging response CCA (Credit ControlAnswer: the credit control request responds) message to GGSN, and the indication respond style is Initial in the CCA response message, and successfully set up online chargeable session between GGSN and the OCS this moment;
Step 205:GGSN returns success the establishment context response to SGSN;
Step 206: mobile phone is received the activation response message of SGSN, and then PDP activates successfully;
Step 207: mobile phone is initiated professional 1 request, and brings into use professional 1;
Step 208:GGSN detects the user and uses business 1, and then initiating CCR Update request to OCS is the CCR update request, carries corresponding RG_1 (the Rating Group: tier group 1) of the business 1 of user's use in the CCR Update request;
Step 209:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding charging rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
Step 210: mobile phone is initiated professional 2 requests, and brings into use professional 2;
Step 211:GGSN detects the user and uses business 2, then initiates CCR Update request to OCS, carries the corresponding RG_2 of the business 2 of user's use in the CCR Update request;
Step 212:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding charging rate RG_2 of the business 2 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
When step 213:GGSN detects service 1 and reaches quota and apply for trigger condition again; Its quota applies for that again trigger condition comprises: time flow quota runs out of, the time traffic threshold to, quota effective time to the factors such as application again that change with the rate condition and OCS initiates;
Step 214:GGSN initiates CCR Update request to OCS, carries the corresponding rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses and the user quota of actual consumption in the request;
Step 215:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
When step 216:SGSN receives the PDP deactivation request of mobile phone;
Step 217:SGSN sends the request of deletion PDP Context to GGSN;
Step 218:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, request type is that Termination promptly finishes, CCR message indication finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS, carry in the CCR message professional 1 with professional 2 corresponding charging rate RG_1 and the RG_2 difference quota of actual consumption;
Step 219:OCS returns online charging response CCA message to GGSN, finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS;
Step 220:GGSN returns the deletion context response to SGSN;
Step 221: mobile phone is received the deactivation response message of SGSN, and PDP deactivates successfully.
Above-mentioned flow process has only been described PDP and has been activated two kinds of business of back use, but the professional number that the user can use after PDP activated in actual applications is not restricted; And only described a quota renewal process from step 213 to step 215, but this process can take place repeatedly in actual applications, and can all repeatedly repeat to take place at each business at professional 1.According to above-mentioned interaction flow, activate PDP from the user and bring into use certain business to deactivate to the user the whole process of PDP, the online credit control flow of this business exists always; And in fact may be in the cycle that whole PDP activates, the user has only used certain business in a certain period, in a certain period, used professional 1 such as the user,, subsequent user is to use other business but not re-using business 1, this moment is because not deactivation of PDP, professional 1 online credit control does not finish, so just caused still carrying out between GGSN and the OCS controlling mutual about professional 1 online credit, and that this is actually alternately is invalid, waste the handling property of OCS and GGSN greatly, increased the load of system.This shows that prior art awaits further developing.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of implementation method and network system thereof of controlling the Business Stream online charging for solving the defective that exists in the prior art, corresponding conditions is set to reduce the load that OCS and GGSN handle online charging.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention program comprises:
A kind of implementation method of controlling the Business Stream online charging may further comprise the steps:
A, wireless universal grouping system gateway support node are provided with the service ending condition in this locality;
B, when described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detects business and satisfies the service ending condition, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reports credit control request information and winding-up message to the real-time online charge system;
The credit control request information and the winding-up end of message that C, described real-time online charge system basis receive should business.
Described implementation method, wherein, described service ending condition is professional maximum idle time threshold value.
Described implementation method, wherein, described step B is further comprising the steps of:
B1, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detect professional maximum idle time and whether surpass described professional maximum idle time threshold value;
B2, when the maximum idle time of business surpasses described professional maximum idle time threshold value, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reports credit control request information and winding-up message.
Described implementation method, wherein, described service ending condition is continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value.
Described implementation method, wherein, described step B is further comprising the steps of:
B3, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detect professional continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times and whether surpass continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value;
B4, when continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times surpasses continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reports credit control request information and winding-up message.
Described implementation method, wherein, described step C also comprises: the real-time online charge system is not to this sending down service credit quota during this service ending.
Described implementation method, wherein, winding-up message is encapsulated in the credit control request information.
Described implementation method, wherein, described step C also comprises: described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node with regard to this service ending after again when the real-time online charge system sends credit control request information, this credit control request information does not comprise this professional credit quota information.
Described implementation method, wherein, described step B also comprises: when described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detected business and do not satisfy the service ending condition, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node kept this business.
A kind of network system that realizes described method, described network system setting comprise a wireless universal grouping system gateway support node and a real-time online charge system; Wherein, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node also is used for being provided with in this locality the service ending condition, and the business that detects reports credit control request information and winding-up message to the real-time online charge system when satisfying the service ending condition;
Described real-time online charge system is used for should business according to the credit control request information and the winding-up end of message that receive.
The invention provides a kind of implementation method and network system thereof of controlling the Business Stream online charging, the service ending condition is set in this locality, reduced the mutual of online credit control messages between GGSN and the OCS, reduced the load that OCS and GGSN handle online charging, improved the efficient of interaction message between GGSN and the OCS, expand the application space of system, made things convenient for user experience, improved the accuracy that system charges.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the frame structure schematic diagram of online charging in the prior art;
Fig. 2 is the schematic flow sheet of online charging in the prior art;
Fig. 3 is the schematic flow sheet that professional maximum idle time surpass to be set winding-up credit control after the threshold value among the present invention;
Fig. 4 be among the present invention continuously reporting service maximum empty stream CCR request number of times surpass the schematic flow sheet of setting winding-up credit control after the threshold value.
Embodiment
Below with reference to accompanying drawing, comparatively detailed explanation is carried out in each preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The invention provides a kind of implementation method and network system thereof of controlling the Business Stream online charging, set in advance the local service termination condition in the wireless universal grouping system gateway support node in the prior art; When described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detected business and satisfies the service ending condition, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reported credit control request information and finishes this professional message to the real-time online charge system; Described real-time online charge system should business according to the credit control request information that receives and the winding-up end of message; When described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detected business and do not satisfy the service ending condition, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node continued this business, reduced OCS and handled the effect that online charging is loaded with GGSN thereby reach.
In the inventive method and the network system, described service ending condition comprises professional maximum idle time threshold value and continuous reporting service maximum empty stream CCR request number of times threshold value; Described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detects whether professional maximum idle time surpasses described professional maximum idle time threshold value or whether the professional continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times of described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detection surpasses continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value; When professional maximum idle time surpasses described professional maximum idle time threshold value or when continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times surpassed continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reported credit control request information and this professional message of end; And finishing this professional message is encapsulated in the credit control request information.From the above,, expanded the application space of system, made things convenient for user experience by the technological means of service ending condition is set in this locality.
The present invention also provides a kind of network system that realizes controlling Business Stream online charging method, with reference to Fig. 1 of prior art and Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 of the inventive method, network system of the present invention comprises a wireless universal grouping system gateway support node GGSN and a real-time online charge system OCS; As the situation of prior art, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node is interconnected by Gi mouth and publicly-owned data network PDN, and is interconnected by Gn mouth and wireless universal grouping system serving GPRS support node SGSN; Described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node also comprises a bearing function plane TPF, connects described real-time online charge system by a Gy interface.
The gateway support node of wireless universal grouping system described in the network system of the present invention also is used for being provided with in this locality the service ending condition, and the business that detects reports credit control request information and winding-up message to the real-time online charge system when satisfying the service ending condition; Described real-time online charge system is used for should business according to the credit control request information and the winding-up end of message that receive.
In order further to set forth the present invention, existing is that professional maximum idle time threshold value is that example describes with described service ending condition, and as shown in Figure 3, GGSN is provided with professional maximum idle time threshold value in this locality, and it may further comprise the steps:
Step 301:SGSN receives that the PDP of mobile phone activates request;
Step 302:SGSN sends the PDP Context request of creating to GGSN;
Step 303:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, and the indication request type is Initial in the CCR message, and this request is used to set up the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS;
Step 304:OCS returns online charging response CCA message to GGSN, and the indication respond style is Initial in the CCA response message, and successfully set up online chargeable session between GGSN and the OCS this moment;
Step 305:GGSN returns success the establishment context response to SGSN;
Step 306: mobile phone is received the activation response message of SGSN, and then PDP activates successfully;
Step 307: mobile phone is initiated professional 1 request, and brings into use professional 1;
Step 308:GGSN detects the user and uses business 1, and then initiating CCR Update request to OCS is the CCR update request, carries the corresponding RG_1 of the business 1 of user's use in the CCR Update request;
Step 309:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding charging rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
Step 310: mobile phone is initiated professional 2 requests, and brings into use professional 2;
Step 311:GGSN detects the user and uses business 2, then initiates CCR Update request to OCS, carries the corresponding RG_2 of the business 2 of user's use in the CCR Update request;
Step 312:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding charging rate RG_2 of the business 2 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
When step 313:GGSN detects service 1 and reaches quota and apply for trigger condition again; Its quota applies for that again trigger condition comprises: time flow quota runs out of, the time traffic threshold to, quota effective time to the factors such as application again that change with the rate condition and OCS initiates;
Step 314:GGSN initiates CCR Update request to OCS, carries the corresponding rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses and the user quota of actual consumption in the request;
Step 315:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
The free time that step 316:GGSN detects business 1 has surpassed the threshold value of setting;
Step 317:GGSN reports CCR message at professional 1, and reporting types is Update, and the CCR message indication that reports finishes this business 1; Only just indicating services end of CCR message in the flow process of PDP deactivation in the prior art;
After step 318:OCS receives CCR message, detect and indicate service 1 to finish among the CCR, then OCS no longer issues quota to professional 1;
When step 319:SGSN receives the PDP deactivation request of mobile phone;
Step 320:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, and request finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS, and the quota of only carrying professional 2 actual consumptions in the CCR message is not carried professional 1 relevant credit quota information; Can carry PDP in the CCR message of the correspondence of PDP deactivation in the prior art and be activated to the quota consumption that PDP deactivates the professional rate correspondences of once using all in the whole process;
Step 321:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, request type is Termination, the indication of CCR message finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS, and the corresponding charging rate RRG_2 of the business of only carrying in the CCR message 2 is the quota of actual consumption;
Step 322:OCS returns online charging response CCA message to GGSN, finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS;
Step 323:GGSN returns the deletion context response to SGSN;
Step 324: mobile phone is received the deactivation response message of SGSN, and PDP deactivates successfully.Hence one can see that, adopts implementation method of the present invention to improve the accuracy that system charges.
When described service ending condition was continuous reporting service maximum empty stream CCR request number of times threshold value, as shown in Figure 4, GGSN was provided with continuous reporting service maximum empty stream CCR request number of times threshold value in this locality, and it may further comprise the steps:
Step 401:SGSN receives that the PDP of mobile phone activates request;
Step 402:SGSN sends the PDP Context request of creating to GGSN;
Step 403:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, and the indication request type is Initial in the CCR message, and this request is used to set up the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS;
Step 404:OCS returns online charging response CCA message to GGSN, and the indication respond style is Initial in the CCA response message, and successfully set up online chargeable session between GGSN and the OCS this moment;
Step 405:GGSN returns success the establishment context response to SGSN;
Step 406: mobile phone is received the activation response message of SGSN, and then PDP activates successfully;
Step 407: mobile phone is initiated professional 1 request, and brings into use professional 1;
Step 408:GGSN detects the user and uses business 1, and then initiating CCR Update request to OCS is the CCR update request, carries the corresponding RG_1 of the business 1 of user's use in the CCR Update request;
Step 409:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding charging rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
Step 410: mobile phone is initiated professional 2 requests, and brings into use professional 2;
Step 411:GGSN detects the user and uses business 2, then initiates CCR Update request to OCS, carries the corresponding RG_2 of the business 2 of user's use in the CCR Update request;
Step 412:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding charging rate RG_2 of the business 2 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
When step 413:GGSN detects service 1 and reaches quota and apply for trigger condition again; Its quota applies for that again trigger condition comprises: time flow quota runs out of, the time traffic threshold to, quota effective time to the factors such as application again that change with the rate condition and OCS initiates;
Step 414:GGSN initiates CCR Update request to OCS, carries the corresponding rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses and the user quota of actual consumption in the request;
Step 415:OCS carries out wholesale price at the corresponding rate RG_1 of the business 1 that the user uses, the calculated flow rate quota, and quota is issued to GGSN by CCA message;
The continuous reporting service maximum empty stream CCR request number of times that step 416:GGSN detects business 1 has surpassed the threshold value of setting;
Step 417:GGSN reports CCR message at professional 1, and reporting types is Update, and the CCR message indication that reports finishes this business 1; Only just indicating services end of CCR message in the flow process of PDP deactivation in the prior art;
After step 418:OCS receives CCR message, detect and indicate service 1 to finish among the CCR, then OCS no longer issues quota to professional 1;
When step 419:SGSN receives the PDP deactivation request of mobile phone;
Step 420:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, and request finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS, and the quota of only carrying professional 2 actual consumptions in the CCR message is not carried professional 1 relevant credit quota information; Can carry PDP in the CCR message of the correspondence of PDP deactivation in the prior art and be activated to the quota consumption that PDP deactivates the professional rate correspondences of once using all in the whole process;
Step 421:GGSN sends on-line charging request CCR message to OCS, request type is Termination, the indication of CCR message finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS, and the corresponding charging rate RRG_2 of the business of only carrying in the CCR message 2 is the quota of actual consumption;
Step 422:OCS returns online charging response CCA message to GGSN, finishes the online charging session between GGSN and the OCS;
Step 423:GGSN returns the deletion context response to SGSN;
Step 424: mobile phone is received the deactivation response message of SGSN, and PDP deactivates successfully.Hence one can see that, adopts implementation method of the present invention to reduce the mutual of online credit control messages between GGSN and the OCS.
In sum, the invention provides a kind of implementation method and network system thereof of controlling the Business Stream online charging, the service ending condition is set in this locality, when corresponding service finishes, in flow process thereafter, reduced the amount of information that CCR carries, thereby reduced the mutual of online credit control messages between GGSN and the OCS, reduced the load that OCS and GGSN handle online charging, improved the efficient of interaction message between GGSN and the OCS, expanded the application space of system, make things convenient for user experience, improved the accuracy that system charges.
Should be understood that; above-mentioned description at preferred embodiment is comparatively detailed; can not therefore think restriction to scope of patent protection of the present invention; those of ordinary skill in the art is under enlightenment of the present invention; do not breaking away under the scope situation that claim of the present invention protects; can also make various deformation such as replacement, simple combination, these all fall within protection scope of the present invention, and the scope of asking for protection of the present invention should be as the criterion with claims.
Claims (10)
1, a kind of implementation method of controlling the Business Stream online charging may further comprise the steps:
A, wireless universal grouping system gateway support node are provided with the service ending condition in this locality;
B, when described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detects business and satisfies the service ending condition, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reports credit control request information and winding-up message to the real-time online charge system;
The credit control request information and the winding-up end of message that C, described real-time online charge system basis receive should business.
2, implementation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described service ending condition is professional maximum idle time threshold value.
3, implementation method according to claim 2 is characterized in that, described step B is further comprising the steps of:
B1, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detect professional maximum idle time and whether surpass described professional maximum idle time threshold value;
B2, when the maximum idle time of business surpasses described professional maximum idle time threshold value, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reports credit control request information and winding-up message.
4, implementation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described service ending condition is continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value.
5, implementation method according to claim 4 is characterized in that, described step B is further comprising the steps of:
B3, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detect professional continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times and whether surpass continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value;
B4, when continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times surpasses continuous reporting service maximum empty stream credit control request number of times threshold value, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node reports credit control request information and winding-up message.
6, implementation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step C also comprises: the real-time online charge system is not to this sending down service credit quota during this service ending.
7, implementation method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, winding-up message is encapsulated in the credit control request information.
8, implementation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step C also comprises: described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node with regard to this service ending after again when the real-time online charge system sends credit control request information, this credit control request information does not comprise this professional credit quota information.
9, implementation method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described step B also comprises: when described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node detected business and do not satisfy the service ending condition, described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node kept this business.
10, a kind of network system that realizes the described method of claim 1, described network system setting comprise a wireless universal grouping system gateway support node and a real-time online charge system; It is characterized in that described wireless universal grouping system gateway support node also is used for being provided with in this locality the service ending condition, and the business that detects reports credit control request information and winding-up message to the real-time online charge system when satisfying the service ending condition;
Described real-time online charge system is used for should business according to the credit control request information and the winding-up end of message that receive.
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| CN101895857A (en) * | 2010-07-09 | 2010-11-24 | 中国联合网络通信集团有限公司 | Telecommunication service application amount-based real-time charging method and system thereof |
| CN102137379A (en) * | 2011-03-02 | 2011-07-27 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method and device for controlling charging flow |
| WO2011120217A1 (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-06 | Alcatel Lucent | Local roaming charging in lte/epc networks |
| CN102075897B (en) * | 2009-11-20 | 2013-12-11 | 中国移动通信集团江苏有限公司 | Method and system for charging mobile data service |
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| WO2011120217A1 (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2011-10-06 | Alcatel Lucent | Local roaming charging in lte/epc networks |
| CN102783195A (en) * | 2010-03-30 | 2012-11-14 | 阿尔卡特朗讯 | Local roaming charging in LTE/EPC networks |
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