CN101376280A - Ink supply mechanism and stepping motor driver therefor - Google Patents
Ink supply mechanism and stepping motor driver therefor Download PDFInfo
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- CN101376280A CN101376280A CNA2008100950719A CN200810095071A CN101376280A CN 101376280 A CN101376280 A CN 101376280A CN A2008100950719 A CNA2008100950719 A CN A2008100950719A CN 200810095071 A CN200810095071 A CN 200810095071A CN 101376280 A CN101376280 A CN 101376280A
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- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 title claims description 21
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009183 running Effects 0.000 description 3
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Abstract
In the invention, the DC motor for driving printing ink supplying quantity regulating scraper can be replaced by a step motor, and the step motor can be driven by the same control signal with the DC motor. The DC motor is replaced by the step motor (310); and the DC motor driver (100) as driving unit for providing analog voltage is remained; the analog voltage is used for driving the DC motor to rotate, reversely rotate or stop; a step motor driver (200) is disposed between the DC motor driver (100) and the step motor for generating power source from the analog voltage used for driving the DC motor and generating logic figure signal to drive the step motor.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind ofly be used for the ink fountain of printing machine, to inking mechanism that regulates from the ink supply amount of ink fountain and the stepping motor driver (stepping motor driver) that is used for this inking mechanism.The invention particularly relates to a kind of following technology: the printing ink in making ink fountain is attached on the ink foundation roller, when inking is arrived scraper, regulate this scraper by moving, regulate the interval (space) of described scraper and ink foundation roller, thereby adjusting quantity delivered, and be easy to make and move the motor of regulating as power source this moment, changes to stepping motor by the DC motor.
Background technology
Before, from the ink supply amount of ink fountain, be that the interval of ink foundation roller by will being configured in ink export and scraper is adjusted to suitable interval and regulates in the printing machine.Usually, ink foundation roller is rotated on same position, and by making scraper move control interval, thus regulate ink supply amount (with reference to the Japan Patent spy open the 2003-237026 communique, the Japan Patent spy opens the 2005-219479 communique).Specifically, according to these background technologies, by utilizing cam (cam) to make rotatablely moving of motor etc. be converted to straight-line actuator (actuator) mechanism, make described scraper change the position with linearity ground and move, to regulate ink supply amount with respect to the roller surface of ink foundation roller.
These are used for the motor of background technology, mostly are DC (direct current, direct current) motor greatly.The DC motor is also referred to as brush motor (brush motor) because of its Structural Characteristics.
Yet in recent years, the defective of the DC motor of printing ink adjusting usefulness is found more and more in the printing machine.As defective, be listed below (1)～(4) item.(8,000～13,000rpm), therefore, when using gear reduction, rotation sound (rotationalnoise) becomes very big to motor revolution height when (1) using.And the power of whir changes because of load change and the revolution that accompanies therewith, causes cacophonize.(2) when using in printing machine, if the load change, then operating current and revolution can changes.Because of described amplitude of fluctuation is bigger, so torque (torque) with respect to the load several times that set takes place sometimes.That is to say, institute such as (for example damage) causes even if the reason of described load change is because mechanical breakdown, the DC motor also can produce torque along with its characteristic (even for example load is motionless, also can increase and desire to make load change and the electric current of mandatory generation torque), thus cause damage, wearing and tearing and worsen acceleration etc. by the time.(3) because of load change or revolution change, make target in-position (time) or stop position (time) be easy to depart from.Just make the adjusting of suitable ink supply amount be easy to depart from.(4) because the revolution height of DC motor, so torque is little.For this reason, very easily be subjected near output shaft and the pinion (pinion) the dirt and the influence of load.
Therefore, industry more and more expects the DC motor is replaced by the stepping motor of the shortcoming that can remedy this DC motor.
For most printing machines of selling or making, also need the DC motor is replaced by stepping motor.Because these printing machines through making have been the products in client's hand, therefore expect that interchangeability is good, are easy to change.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of inking technology, the DC motor can be replaced by stepping motor, and utilize the control signal identical to drive this stepping motor with driving the DC motor with interface (interface).
In order to reach described purpose, the 1st described invention of the present invention is a kind of inking mechanism, and it comprises: ink foundation roller, and the one side rotation, one side makes printing ink in the ink fountain attached to supplying with on the roller surface; Scraper is configured on the position in opposite directions, roller surface with described ink foundation roller; Actuator mechanism has motor, and is regulated for the quantity of ink that described ink foundation roller is supplied to scraper, and by described motor described scraper is moved, to regulate the interval between described scraper and the described ink foundation roller; And drive division, provide aanalogvoltage to drive to described Terminal of motor, described aanalogvoltage is used for making described motor to carry out positive rotation, contrary rotation or braking, described inking mechanism is to use stepping motor to be used as described motor, and between described drive division and described stepping motor, comprise: direction of rotation is distinguished portion, receive described aanalogvoltage from described drive division after, detect described stepping motor and carry out positive rotation or carry out contrary rotation; Logic figure (pattern) signal generating unit, according to distinguish the detected direction of rotation detection signal of portion by described direction of rotation, optionally generate following logic figure signal, and these logic figure signals are sent to described stepping motor, described logic figure signal is to be used for making described stepping motor to carry out the logic figure signal of positive rotation, contrary rotation or braking; And the power supply generating unit, based on described aanalogvoltage, generate and to supply to described direction of rotation and distinguish power supply in portion and the described logic figure signal generating unit.
And the 2nd described invention of the present invention is a kind of stepping motor driver, is used for the DC motor is driven the control terminal A of control and the aanalogvoltage V between the B when being applied to
A, V
BFor
0 ≦ | V
AB|=| V
A-V
B|, 0 ≦ V
A, V
B≦ supply voltage,
V
ABSymbol=direction of rotation
The time, comprising: the direction of rotation detection unit, detect described V
ABSymbol, to detect direction of rotation as the stepping motor of driven object; Logic figure signal generating unit, according to the detected direction of rotation detection signal of described direction of rotation detection unit, optionally generate following logic figure signal, described logic figure signal is to be used for making described stepping motor to carry out the logic figure signal that positive rotation drives, contrary rotation drives or brakes; And the power supply generating unit, receive described aanalogvoltage V
A, V
BThe back generates power supply, and described power supply is supplied to described logic figure signal generating unit.
[effect of invention]
The present invention is owing to keep the drive division that is used for driving the DC motor, and be provided with interface circuit (interface circuit) (direction of rotation is distinguished portion, logic figure signal generating unit and power supply generating unit) with power supply, described power supply receive from described drive division be used for drive the aanalogvoltage of DC motor after, be used for driving stepping motor, therefore, as long as the DC motor is replaced by stepping motor, and append interface circuit, just can be easy to be replaced as the inking mechanism that has stepping motor.So, can other main composition of printing machine partly not impacted, just can effectively utilize the feature that stepping motor has.That is to say,, be of value to and alleviate noise, reduce wearing and tearing or damage, and control suitable ink supply amount as the inking machine of printing machine.
Specifically, with respect to described (1)～(4), below explanation (I)～(IV).(I) stepping motor can be predicted torque margin to actual loading, decides revolution, and design gear is than (gear ratio) and their combination etc. thus, just reduces revolution from beginning, dwindles the speed reducing ratio of gear, the rotation sound in the time of just can reducing to rotate thus etc.(II) in the stepping motor, with respect to load change, the variation separately of revolution, torque and electric current is less, if exceed permissible range, just can cause step-out (lossof synchronism) (can't turn round).So unnecessary wearing and tearing or damage are alleviated.(III) stepping motor is open loop control (open-loop control), therefore is easy to carry out Position Control, and just shuts down control, and the holding torque that can utilize stepping motor to have reduces error to shut down on theoretical position.And departing from that inertia causes is also less.Therefore (IV) stepping motor is compared with the DC motor, and the torque height is not vulnerable to the dirt on the output shaft or the influence of load.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the functional structure chart of expression the invention process form.
Fig. 2 is used for the power supply generating unit of key diagram 1 and the details figure of direction of rotation detection unit.
Fig. 3 is the flow chart of expression stepping motor driver running.
Fig. 4 is the illustration figure that is used for driving the logic figure signal of stepping motor.
Fig. 5 is the variation diagram of the logic figure signal value of presentation graphs 4.
Fig. 6 is the logical value figure of the input/output signal of expression DC motor driver.
100 DC motor drivers (drive division)
110 logic control signal generating units
120 bridge drivers
200 stepping motor drivers
210 direction of rotation detection units
211 photoelectrical couplers
220 power supply generating units
221 rectifiers
222 voltage-stablizers
230 logic figure signal generating units
240 analog line drivers
300 actuator mechanisms
310 stepping motors
320 anglec of rotation test sections
330 driving mechanism portions
340 scrapers
400 ink fountains
410 ink fountain containers
420 ink foundation rollers
430 printing ink
500 control parts
600 Printing Departments
A, B input
The IN1/IN2 control signal
The D diode
R resistance
The S step
The X/Y signal
The specific embodiment
Use accompanying drawing that example of the present invention is described.Fig. 1 is the figure of the functional structure of expression the invention process form.Fig. 2 is used for the figure of details of the power supply generating unit of key diagram 1 and direction of rotation detection unit.Fig. 3 is the figure of the stepping motor driver running flow process of presentation graphs 1.Fig. 4 is the illustration figure that is used for driving the logic figure signal of stepping motor.Fig. 5 is the figure of variation of the logic figure signal value of presentation graphs 4.Fig. 6 is the figure of the input and output value of expression DC motor driver.
In Fig. 1, background technology part and the present invention are partly separated, as following (A) (B) as described in.That is to say, (A) control part 500, Printing Department 600, DC motor driver 100, the actuator mechanism 300 of removing stepping motor 310 and ink fountain 400 are background technology, (B) replace previous DC motor, and employing stepping motor 310, and between described stepping motor 310 and DC motor driver 100 (drive division that is equivalent to the claim scope), stepping motor driver 200 is set, belongs to the invention part.
Therefore, for the ease of understanding, and be divided into background technology part and invention technology, and describe in proper order according to this.
[explanation of background technology part]
In Fig. 1, ink fountain 400 forms and can utilize ink fountain container 410 and ink foundation roller 420 (also can further contain scraper 340) to store printing ink 430.Ink foundation roller 420 is rotated on the roller surface that makes printing ink 430 attached to ink foundation roller 420 on the direction as shown, supplies with printing ink 430 thus.At this moment,, regulate accompanying quantity of ink according to the interval (space) of scraper 340 and ink foundation roller 420, with so that regulate quantity delivered.
Scraper 340 constitutes and can move up by the right and left at Fig. 1 by actuator mechanism 300, utilizes this to move the quantity delivered of regulating printing ink 430.Actuator mechanism 300 passes through stepping motor 310 (before being the DC motor), anglec of rotation test section 320 and driving mechanism portion 330, and scraper 340 is moved.Therefore driving mechanism portion 330 and scraper 340 are known structure, can use to open the 2003-237026 communique with for example Japan Patent spy and the Japan Patent spy opens the identical structure of structure that the 2005-219479 communique is put down in writing.For example, can constitute the rotation that utilizes stepping motor 310, cam makes scraper 340 carry out straight line and moves.For the required revolution of rotating cam, torque are provided, can use gear, but identical structure also can use with the DC Motor Drive time.
Anglec of rotation test section 320 detects the rotation amount of stepping motors 310, the amount of movement of scraper 340 just, and this rotation amount (amount of movement) sent in the control part 500.Control part 500 has suitable desired value (setting value) in advance, when by comparing with described desired value, during detected value value of departing from objectives, control signal IN1, IN2 sent in the DC motor driver 100 control, so that the amount of movement of detected scraper 340 (rotation amount of stepping motor 310) reaches desired value.When both are consistent each other, scraper 340 mobile braked control, make it to stop.
500 pairs of integral body that comprise Printing Department 600 of control part are controlled comprehensively.At this, for convenience's sake, the control of the inking mechanism among the present invention is illustrated.
The signal of described input A and input B if do not send to stepping motor 310, but sends in the previous DC motor, motor is directly turned round, and at this, owing to adopted stepping motor 310, so need stepping motor driver 200.
[invention technology: be mainly stepping motor driver, stepping motor]
Stepping motor driver 200 drives stepping motor 310 by direction of rotation detection unit 210, power supply generating unit 220, logic figure signal generating unit 230 and analog line driver 240.For stepping motor 310, if permanent magnet (permanent magnet) is used for rotating part (rotor (rotor)), stepping motor driver 200 formation logic figure signals (with reference to Fig. 4) so, to drive each stator coil (stator coil), described logic figure signal is to be used for carrying out timesharing (time-share) driving to for example being installed in four coils (stator coil) in the stator respectively.
The details of power supply generating unit 220 and direction of rotation detection unit 210 as shown in Figure 2.In Fig. 2, power supply generating unit 220 is accepted a kind of alternating voltage of importing between A and the input B in the 0-12V change, carry out full-wave rectification by rectifier 221, and make the voltage stabilisation, to generate voltage-stabilized power supply (for example+5V power supply) by voltage-stablizer (regulator) 222.At this moment, the part voltage of rectifier 221 also can be as the power supply of stepping motor 310.
Direction of rotation detection unit 210 is made of for example photoelectrical coupler (Photocoupler) 211, this photoelectrical coupler 211 possess light emitting diode (Light Emitting Diode, LED) and will be converted to the photo detector of the signal of telecommunication from the light of described light emitting diode.Photoelectrical coupler 211 is accepted this input A, input B, for example when input A be 12V and input B when being 0V (contrary rotation), " 0 ", the i.e. result of determination of " oppositely " are exported in light emitting diode conducting so (luminous), are used as direction determination signal; When input A is 0V and input B when being 12V (positive rotation), light emitting diode disconnects (diode D conducting) so, and therefore output " 1 " (via resistance R with+be connected), the i.e. result of determination of " positive direction " are used as direction determination signal.But if input A is that 0V and input B are 0V, so theoretically, direction determination signal becomes " 1 ", becomes the logical value identical with positive rotation, and at this moment, power supply generating unit 220 is output as " 0 ", enters on-position.
Logic figure signal during contrary rotation that the logic figure signal generating unit 230 of Fig. 4 sequential ground presentation graphs 1 is exported, Fig. 5 has represented the variation of contrary rotation logical value.Stepping motor 310 possesses four stator coils is arranged, and logic figure signal generating unit 230 generates signal X, counter-rotating X (reverse value of X (turnover value)), Y, the counter-rotating Y (reverse value of Y) that drives described four stator coils.As Fig. 4 and shown in Figure 5, basically, four logic states that repeat exactly from ST1 to ST4 are rotated.
If as time passes, make logical value change from top to bottom among Fig. 5, during for contrary rotation, in order to carry out positive rotation, carry out following control and get final product so: as time passes, the variation that makes logical value changes upward from the below of Fig. 5.During braking, because supply voltage is 0 (input A, input B are 0), so the logic figure signal also all becomes 0.Logic figure signal generating unit 230 receives the result of determination of direction of rotation detection unit 210, and changes the change direction of described logical value, with generation and positive rotation or the corresponding logic figure signal of contrary rotation.In addition, logic figure signal generating unit 230 must generate logic state (logic figure) as shown in Figure 4 according to the specification of stepping motor 310.That is to say, during ST1～ST5 is set is used as carrying out keeping of benchmark excitation (excitation), during the slow start, and then after ST6 subsequently, enter permanent rotation.
In other words, logic figure signal generating unit 230 has this logic figure during keeping in advance, and ST1 also has the clock pulses generating unit to the logic figure (logic figure of Fig. 5) of ST5.And, logic figure signal generating unit 230, select and the logic figure of indicating corresponding logic change direction from the direction of direction of rotation detection unit 210, generate the logic figure signal of actual signal with the such startup clock pulses slowly of Fig. 4 (during or constantly shorten lentamente clock pulses), drive stepping motor 310, and further drive subsequently with the clock pulses for the permanent rotation of fixing (fixed speed) during the clock pulses.
From as mentioned above, the aanalogvoltage that stepping motor driver 200 is accepted this input A, input B turns round, and the aanalogvoltage of described input A, input B is applied to and is used for driving between the control terminal A and B of the previous DC motor of control.If the aanalogvoltage of the input A of this moment, input B is respectively with V
A, V
BExpression can be expressed as so.
0 ≦ | V
AB|=| V
A-V
B|, 0 ≦ V
A, V
B≦ supply voltage,
V
ABSymbol=direction of rotation
So direction of rotation detection unit 210 detects V
ABSymbol, to detect direction of rotation, logic figure signal generating unit 230 is according to direction of rotation detection unit 210 detected direction of rotation detection signals, generation is used for driving respectively the logic figure signal as four stator coils of the stepping motor 310 of driven object, to drive.
The analog line driver 240 of Fig. 1 carries out electric current and amplifies logic figure signal X, counter-rotating X, Y, counter-rotating Y from logic figure signal generating unit 230, drives each stator coil of stepping motor 310.
Based on the flow process of Fig. 3, a series of runnings of stepping motor driver 200 are illustrated.
Step S1: power supply generating unit 220, accept this and be used for driving the voltage change that the control voltage of controlling the DC motor is promptly imported A, input B, and carry out rectification, generate the voltage stabilizing power supply, and this voltage stabilizing power supply is supplied in each one.
Step S2: accept this input A, input B,, judge that the direction of rotation of desire rotation still applies the state (result of determination is used for step S3, S9) of braking by direction of rotation detection unit 210 etc.
Step S3: 210 pairs of logic figure signals of direction of rotation detection unit generating unit 230 is sent the indication of carrying out positive rotation or carrying out contrary rotation.If carry out positive rotation, so, enter step S4, if carry out contrary rotation, enter step S5 so.
Step S4, S5: logic figure signal generating unit 230, as shown in Figure 5, has logic figure in advance, receive the indication of direction of rotation from direction of rotation detection unit 210 after, according to described direction of rotation detection signal, and along with the time advances, select logic be with Fig. 5 from the top down or from bottom to top and the logic figure that changes.
Step S6: logic figure signal generating unit 230, for initial this stepping motor 310 that drives, and longer clock pulses during generating than other clock pulses in the logic figure during shown in Figure 4 keeping to drive, makes stepping motor 310 excitations thus.
Step S7: after during keeping, logic figure signal generating unit 230, for stepping motor 310 is started slowly, and in during ST1～ST5 of Fig. 4 (an about logic simulation cycle), utilize the selected logic figure of step S4, S5, and compare during utilization and shown in Figure 4 the keeping, during the clock pulses of slower shortening (speeding) drive.
Step S8: after between the slow starting period of process, ST1 is identical to the logic figure (logic figure of Fig. 5) of ST5, but can drive this stepping motor 310 by generating the logic figure signal that carries out the clock pulses of repetition with fixed cycle faster, image pattern 4 makes stepping motor 310 carry out permanent rotation like that.
Step S9, S10: whether the state of importing A and input B is 0 detects, when all being not 0, directly turning back to step S8 and make stepping motor 310 carry out permanent rotation.If be 0, stepping motor 310 is shut down.Nonetheless, be not to detect especially yet.That is to say, when input A and input B both when being 0, supply voltage is 0, so nature applies braking in step S10, and both all are not 0 o'clock, still proceed the permanent rotation of step S8.
In addition, so-called " whether the state of input A and input B is 0 ", be meant by anglec of rotation test section 320 to detect the permanent rotation that utilizes stepping motor 310 and the amount of movement of mobile scraper 340, and judge by control part 500 whether described amount of movement reaches desired value.Then, having reached desired value if control part 500 is judged amount of movement, by making both values of IN1, IN2 be " H ", is 0 and make the logical value both of input A, input B then, thus stepping motor 310 is implemented braking and makes it to shut down.Whether described amount of movement reaches desired value is judged by control part 500.Then, if judging amount of movement, control part 500 do not reach desired value, different value before then both values of IN1, IN2 being maintained always, to make input A, input B both values thus be not 0 but remain former value, so make stepping motor 310 keep permanent rotation, till reaching target always.
Claims (2)
1. inking mechanism, it comprises:
Ink foundation roller, one side rotation, one side makes printing ink in the ink fountain attached to supplying with on the roller surface; Scraper is configured on the position in opposite directions, roller surface with described ink foundation roller; Actuator mechanism has motor, and is regulated for the quantity of ink that described ink foundation roller is supplied to scraper, and by described motor described scraper is moved, to regulate the interval between described scraper and the described ink foundation roller; And drive division, provide aanalogvoltage to drive to the terminal of described motor, described aanalogvoltage is used for making described motor to carry out positive rotation, contrary rotation or braking,
Described inking mechanism is characterised in that:
Use stepping motor to be used as described motor, and
Between described drive division and described stepping motor, comprising:
Direction of rotation is distinguished portion, receive described aanalogvoltage from described drive division after, detect described stepping motor and carry out positive rotation or carry out contrary rotation; Logic figure signal generating unit, according to distinguish the detected direction of rotation detection signal of portion by described direction of rotation, optionally generate following logic figure signal, and these logic figure signals are sent to described stepping motor, described logic figure signal is to be used for making described stepping motor to carry out the logic figure signal of positive rotation, contrary rotation or braking; And the power supply generating unit, based on described aanalogvoltage, generate and to supply to described direction of rotation and distinguish power supply in portion and the described logic figure signal generating unit.
2. stepping motor driver is characterized in that:
Be used for the DC motor being driven the control terminal A of control and aanalogvoltage VA, the VB between the B is when being applied to
0 ≦ | V
AB|=| V
A-V
B|, 0 ≦ V
A, V
B≦ supply voltage,
V
ABSymbol=direction of rotation
The time, comprising:
The direction of rotation detection unit detects described V
ABSymbol, to detect direction of rotation as the stepping motor of driven object;
Logic figure signal generating unit, according to the detected direction of rotation detection signal of described direction of rotation detection unit, optionally generate following logic figure signal, described logic figure signal is to be used for making the logic figure signal that described stepping motor positive rotation drives, contrary rotation drives or brakes; And
The power supply generating unit receives described aanalogvoltage V
A, V
BThe back generates power supply, and described power supply is supplied to described logic figure signal generating unit.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007219894 | 2007-08-27 | ||
| JP2007219894A JP2009051089A (en) | 2007-08-27 | 2007-08-27 | Ink supply mechanism and stepping motor driver used for the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101376280A true CN101376280A (en) | 2009-03-04 |
Family
ID=40420087
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2008100950719A Pending CN101376280A (en) | 2007-08-27 | 2008-04-28 | Ink supply mechanism and stepping motor driver therefor |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2009051089A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101376280A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102904513A (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2013-01-30 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Processing method of spacing switch signals in control system driven by stepping motor |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5867354B2 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2016-02-24 | オムロン株式会社 | Motor control device |
| JP5949403B2 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2016-07-06 | オムロン株式会社 | Game machine |
-
2007
- 2007-08-27 JP JP2007219894A patent/JP2009051089A/en active Pending
-
2008
- 2008-04-28 CN CNA2008100950719A patent/CN101376280A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102904513A (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2013-01-30 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Processing method of spacing switch signals in control system driven by stepping motor |
| CN102904513B (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2015-04-22 | 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 | Processing method of spacing switch signals in control system driven by stepping motor |
Also Published As
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|---|---|
| JP2009051089A (en) | 2009-03-12 |
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Open date: 20090304 |