CN101339138B - Explosive stability nitrous oxides concentration detection device - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a concentration detection device of invariable nitrogen oxides in an explosive, which comprises a gas acquisition and transmission device, a nitrogen oxide gas detector, and a data acquisition and processing system. A reaction test tube which is filled with explosive test samples or test paper is heated by a heating furnace of constant temperature for a period of time, and then extracted from the furnace; under the control of a solenoid valve and a flowmeter, the driving function of carrier gas is used for transmitting the nitrogen oxide gas decomposed in the reaction test tube completely to the nitrogen oxide gas detector at a certain velocity of flow; the data acquisition and processing system is used for collecting and analyzing the detection data acquired by the nitrogen oxide gas detector to ultimately determine whether the invariability of the explosive test sample is qualified. The detection device can not only be used in the detection of the invariability of the explosive test sample, but also can be used in the approval test of the special test paper. At the same time, the detection device can be singly used for collecting the decomposed gas of the explosive. The detection device has the outstanding advantages of low labor intensity, and objective and accurate measurement results.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fiery explosive performance test ing field, relate generally to a kind of explosive stability pick-up unit, relate in particular to and a kind ofly judge the pick-up unit that its stability is whether qualified by the nitrous oxides concentration of testing fiery explosive test decomposed sample.
Background technology
Existing explosive stability method of testing great majority are qualitative or semiquantitative test paper variable color methods, and content measurement mainly is to judge the stability of fiery explosive under certain condition according to the variable color time of test paper.As Abel test in the national military standard, methyl-violet test and Vieri experiment method etc.Traditional test paper variable color method mainly is that quantitative fiery explosive sample and special test paper are put into special-purpose test tube and used rubber stopper seal, heating and decomposition produces oxides of nitrogen gas in the thermostatic bath of set point of temperature, observe the special test paper change color by the long-time eyes of testing crew, when determining the complete variable color of special test paper test specimen heat time heating time of process, with the stability of its expression sample.Measurement mechanism mainly is made up of rubber plug, the special test paper of thermostatic bath, special-purpose test tube, sealing usefulness, and wherein gas is collected in thermostatic bath control sample decomposition temperature, special-purpose test tube and rubber plug combination, special test paper indication decomposing nitrogen oxide gas concentration amount.Tradition test paper variable color method is very high to the requirement of testing crew and test paper, and different experimenters differs greatly the observed test paper variable color time sometimes, so test error is bigger; In order to observe the time of test paper variable color accurately, need testing crew long-time continuous viewing test, simultaneously so labour intensity is also big.
In addition, at present to the approval test in the special test paper production run of using in the test paper variable color method, the method that also adopts testing crew to observe variable color is carried out usually.Special test paper is a kind of extraordinary test paper that explosive stability detects that is used for.Its concrete method of inspection is for to place the test tube that quantitative criterion sample (as 60 side's sheet standard models) is housed rubber stopper seal respectively with test paper to be checked and the qualified test paper of last consignment of, heating and decomposition in thermostatic bath, observe the test paper change color by the artificial vision, when the oxides of nitrogen gas that the substance decomposition that settles the standard produces makes the complete variable color of special test paper heat time heating time of process.As standard, whether by comparing two batches of test paper variable color temporal differences, it is qualified to pass judgment on test paper to be checked with the last consignment of test paper.This method of inspection is very high to the requirement of testing crew and test paper, and the observed test paper variable color time of different testing crews differs greatly sometimes, so test error is bigger; In addition, because each test paper check is a standard with the qualified test paper of last consignment of all, easily cause the test paper value of discoloration to depart to same direction (plus or minus); And the artificial vision observes that test paper variable color check can't be carried out comprehensively product quality, data statistics accurately and analysis, and this has just determined that the quality of test paper can not effectively be checked and control.
Domestic woods letter Yun Dengren had once delivered the article that is entitled as " research of chemoluminescence method fast measuring nitroglycerine stability " at " fiery explosive journal " the 3rd phase of nineteen ninety 42-46 page or leaf.The author has proposed a kind of nitrous oxides concentration detection device in this article, it mainly comprises carrier gas cleaning system, flow control and semi-automatic five-way switch, nitroglycerine safety heating constant-temperature system, instrument calibration system, but does not provide the detailed technology scheme of pick-up unit.The detection principle of this device institute foundation is a method for continuous measuring, promptly in heating and decomposition simultaneously, extracts oxides of nitrogen gas immediately out, detects with chemiluminescence method to execute nitrous oxides concentration.The shortcoming of the method is, because will decompose the gaseous product that produces at any time extracts away, fiery explosive cracking chemical reaction balance is destroyed, quickened or slow down decomposition reaction, make measurement result be difficult to the nitrous oxides concentration value of representing that accurately reaction decomposes produces under the air-tight state.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is at the defective that test paper variable color method evaluation explosive stability in the prior art exists, to provide a kind of regularly explosive stability nitrous oxides concentration detection device of constant volume mensuration that adopts.This device both can be used for detecting the nitrous oxides concentration in the fiery explosive decomposition gas, also can be used for the approval test of special test paper.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, explosive stability nitrous oxides concentration detection device provided by the invention comprises gas collecting transmitting device, oxides of nitrogen gas detector, the data acquisition processing system that contains temperature control unit and gas collecting transmission unit; Described temperature control unit comprises temperature control instrument and the heating furnace body of heating jacket, temperature detecting resistance and heat-insulation layer is housed, heating furnace body is provided with bottoming hole, temperature detecting resistance is connected with temperature control instrument by lead with heating jacket, and temperature control instrument can be controlled at heating furnace body on the constant heating-up temperature; Described gas collecting transmission unit comprises the reaction tube of placing gunpowder test specimen or test paper, sealing nut, air induction conduit, outtake tube, first solenoid valve, second solenoid valve, carrier gas bottle, flowmeter, the top of described sealing nut is provided with two pores and the hook of test paper is installed, sealing nut is connected with the port sealing of described reaction tube, described air induction conduit one end is connected with the gas outlet of described first solenoid valve and the other end feeds the bottom of reaction tube by pore on the sealing nut, one end of described outtake tube links to each other with the air intake opening of described second solenoid valve and the other end feeds the port position of reaction tube by another pore on the sealing nut, the air intake opening of first solenoid valve communicates with carrier gas bottle, the gas outlet of second solenoid valve communicates with the input end of described flowmeter, and the output terminal of flowmeter links to each other with the air intake opening of described oxides of nitrogen gas detector; When detecting test, the reaction tube that gunpowder test specimen or test paper are housed is placed in the bottoming hole of heating furnace body and takes out after the heating regular hour, by the control of described first, second solenoid valve and described flowmeter, make decomposition gas and carrier gas in the reaction tube enter into described oxides of nitrogen gas detector again by certain flow velocity; Described data acquisition processing system is for being equipped with capture card, the graphic presentation control, the computer system of data processing software bag, data processing software comprises pretreatment module, data acquisition module, data memory module, graphical module, the smoothing processing module, the concentration computing module, data analysis module, system management module, the function of pretreatment module is the various test parameterss by keyboard acceptance test personnel input, the function of data acquisition module is to gather battery of tests data in the described oxides of nitrogen gas detector by data collecting card, the function of data memory module is that the relevant information data that will collect stores in the predefined variable array, and the function of graphical module is to convert the test figure that collects to nitrous oxides concentration and time relation curve f ' (x) by calling the graphic presentation control; The function of smoothing processing module is that the spike of described curve f ' on (x) smoothly formed smooth curve f (x); The function of concentration computing module is to calculate the oxides of nitrogen total concentration value of described smooth curve f (x) according to following formula,
In the formula, M is a nitrous oxides concentration, and F is the gas flow that enters chemiluminescent NOx analyzer, and f (t) is that t is a Measuring Time through nitrous oxides concentration and time relation curve after the smoothing processing, and V is the reaction tube volume; Whether qualified data analysis module provide gunpowder test specimen stability conclusion according to qualified criterion value, and system management module master's function is user management and report output.
According to the present invention, described gas collecting transmission unit also comprises a surge flask, described first solenoid valve is a three-way solenoid valve, second solenoid valve is two three-way electromagnetic valves, the gas outlet that first solenoid valve links to each other with described air induction conduit is first gas outlet, second gas outlet of first solenoid valve all links to each other with the air intake opening of described surge flask with the gas outlet of second solenoid valve, and the gas outlet of surge flask then links to each other with the input end of described flowmeter.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is embodied in the following aspects.
(1) pick-up unit provided by the present invention is when check test paper quality, and whole experiment is full quantification, test findings accuracy height.The data statistic analysis that obtains by to the test paper variable color time can effectively instruct the test paper quality Control during Production.Compare with existing artificial vision's test paper quality inspection method in addition, the labour intensity of testing crew has substantial degradation.
(2) in gas collecting transmitting device of the present invention, its temperature control unit adopts higher temperature control instrument of performance and the control of high precision measuring temperature resistance, and temperature-controlled precision can reach 0.1 ℃, and can carry out the programmed control intensification; The gas collecting transmission unit adopts dual-coil electromagnetic valve switch control simultaneously gas circuit, and it is poor to have reduced in the gas circuit instantaneous pressure, has reduced the error of oxides of nitrogen gas detector.Turnover airway in that sealing nut is provided with helps carrier gas oxides of nitrogen gas is all taken away from reaction tube.The setting of surge flask and flowmeter, it is adjustable that gas flow in the gas circuit is become, and can satisfy the needs of different detecting instruments.
(3) the detection principle of institute of the present invention foundation is regularly the constant volume mensuration, being about to fiery explosive test sample in the reaction tube is heated to after certain hour decomposes it fully, corresponding gas circuit by solenoid control all is sent to the oxides of nitrogen gas that decomposes in the reaction tube in the oxides of nitrogen gas detector and tests again, guarantee that with this fiery explosive test sample chemical reaction equilibrium in the pyrolysis process is not destroyed, thereby make measurement result more science, nitrous oxides concentration value that more reaction decomposes produces under the visual representation air-tight state.
(4) the present invention can substitute the measurement mechanism of available technology adopting semiquantitative test paper discoloration test method, and the stability that it both can be used for fiery explosive test sample detects, and also can be used for the approval test of special test paper; Simultaneously, the present invention also can be separately uses as the harvester of fiery explosive decomposition gas.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the overall formation synoptic diagram of nitrous oxides concentration detection device of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a gas collecting transmission unit main composition synoptic diagram among Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the connection diagram of sealing nut and reaction tube among Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is the workflow diagram of data processing software in the data acquisition processing system.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and preferred embodiment.
As shown in Figure 1, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are based upon on the existing Abel test measurement mechanism basis, and it comprises gas collecting transmitting device, oxides of nitrogen gas detector 16, data acquisition processing system 18.The gas collecting transmitting device contains temperature control unit, gas collecting transmission unit, base 24.Temperature control unit comprises temperature control instrument 1, temperature detecting resistance 2, heat-insulation layer 3, heating jacket 4, heating furnace body 5.Heating furnace body 5 is the right cylinders that process with the metallic aluminium post, is evenly distributed with three bottoming holes on the same circumference of its end face.Heating jacket 4 is 1600W, 900W two cover heater strips, and lock ring is on the cylinder of heating furnace body 5, two cover heater strips use of can using separately or contact, the heating shelves of formation 900W, 1600W, three different capacities of 2500W, the heating electrode of temperature control instrument 1 is connected with heater strip.Heat-insulation layer 3 is wrapped in the outside of heating furnace body 5 and heating jacket 4, and heat-insulation layer 3 is selected the aluminosilicate fiberboard felt for use.The model of temperature control instrument 1 is AI-708P, the material of temperature detecting resistance 2 is platinum (Pt100), temperature detecting resistance 2 is embedded in the heating furnace body 5 and with the temperature value of sensing and sends in the temperature control instrument 1, thereby makes temperature control instrument 1 that heating furnace body 5 is controlled at a stationary temperature.Temperature control instrument 1 is embedded in (referring to Fig. 2) in the base 24 with the heating furnace body 5 that has heat-insulation layer 3.
According to Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and shown in Figure 3, the gas collecting transmission unit mainly comprises reaction tube 12, gas circuit box 19, sealing nut 9, air induction conduit 10, outtake tube 17, sleeve pipe 20, web member 11, three-way solenoid valve 7, two three-way electromagnetic valves 8, power supply 6, support bar 21, carrier gas bottle 25, surge flask 14, flowmeter 15.The manufacturing materials of reaction tube 12 can be selected glass for use, also available stainless steel or metallic aluminium, and reaction tube 12 port outsides have the prominent edge, location of 2～3mm thickness, and the top on prominent edge must be smooth, guarantees the sealing with sealing nut 9.Sealing nut 9 is made by stainless steel, and its top has two pores and the crown inside surface is provided with hook 13.Web member 11 has center pit and external thread.Gas circuit box 15 is made by steel plate, is shaped as elliptical cylinder-shape.Three-way solenoid valve 7 (model is 6104T-FKM-MS-2508) and two three-way electromagnetic valves 8 (model is 6011A-FKM-MS-2506) all are fixed on gas circuit box 19 inside and provide 24V stable operating voltage by power supply 6 (model is CL-A-70-24).Sealing nut 9 and sleeve pipe 20 all are fixedly connected on the lower end of gas circuit box 19.Center pit and convex lower surface, location that reaction tube 12 is put into web member 11 contact with an end face of web member 11, silicon rubber pad circle 26 is placed on the upper surface on prominent edge, location, the external thread of web member 11 is connected with nut, thus reaction tube 12 is fixed on the gas circuit box 19; Air induction conduit 10 and outtake tube 17 are stainless-steel tube, and the electricity consumption solid welding fixes in two pores of sealing nut 9.One end of air induction conduit 10 feeds reaction tube 12 bottoms, and an end of outtake tube 17 flushes and do interior lead angle at 45 with the crown inside surface of sealing nut 9, to guarantee carrier gas all gas in the reaction tube 12 is taken away.The other end of air induction conduit 10 and outtake tube 17 is connected with polyfluortetraethylene pipe with the first gas outlet c of three-way solenoid valve 7 and the air intake opening of two three-way electromagnetic valves 8 respectively.Support bar 21 is connected on the base 24 and threading 20, sleeve pipe 20 can slide up and down along support bar 21, clip 22 is fixed on the support bar 21 by trip bolt 23 and is positioned at the lower end of sleeve pipe 20, by adjusting the position of clip 22, can make gas circuit box 19 drive reaction tubes 12 and be positioned at the bottoming hole in the heating furnace body 5 or the operating position of heating furnace body 5 tops.The air intake opening a of three-way solenoid valve 7 and the carrier gas bottle that drying nitrogen is housed 25 link to each other by polyfluortetraethylene pipe.In order accurately to measure the concentration value of oxides of nitrogen, the nitrogen in the carrier gas bottle 25 must be removed wherein by dry silica gel and remove oxides of nitrogen impurity by activated charcoal again behind the moisture.The second gas outlet b of three-way solenoid valve 7 and the gas outlet of two three-way electromagnetic valves 8 all link to each other by the air intake opening of polyfluortetraethylene pipe with surge flask 14.The effect of surge flask 14 is to stablize gaseous tension in the gas circuit, reduces electromagnetic valve switch and causes the instantaneous pressure in the gas circuit poor, to improve measuring stability of the present invention and accuracy.The gas outlet of surge flask 14 is connected with flowmeter 15 input ends by polyfluortetraethylene pipe, and the effect of flowmeter 15 is to guarantee that gas flow rate is stable, reaches the detection requirement.Oxides of nitrogen gas detector 16 is selected U.S. ML9841A type oxides of nitrogen gas detector or the U.S. PGM-5020 of Hua Rui company type combined type gas detector for use, air intake opening on it is connected by the output terminal of polyfluortetraethylene pipe with energy meter 15, and its measurement data output port is connected with data acquisition processing system 18 by cable.
Data acquisition processing system 18 is for being equipped with the computer system of capture card, graphic presentation control, storer, data processing software bag.Data processing software comprises pretreatment module, data acquisition module, data memory module, graphical module, smoothing processing module, concentration computing module, data analysis module, system management module.According to shown in Figure 4, when adopting the present invention to test, pretreatment module in the data processing software bag is at first finished initializing set, promptly admit the various test parameterss of testing crew input by computer keyboard, comprise data acquiring frequency, acquisition time, flow rate of carrier gas, reaction tube volume, the qualified criterion value of stability parameters such as (the qualification criterion value are to be obtained by a large amount of test paper variable color method contrast tests).After initializing set is intact, data acquisition module is finished data acquisition by data collecting card and according to the frequency acquisition of pretreatment module setting, after clock triggers, gather one group of detected test figure of oxides of nitrogen detector automatically and test figure and relevant information data thereof are stored in the storer in the predefined variable array.In data storage, graphical module converts the test figure that collects to nitrous oxides concentration and time relation curve f ' (x) and shown by the graphic presentation control.When gathering end, operation smoothing processing module, the relation curve f ' that obtains (x) is carried out smoothing processing, promptly by the cubic spline interpolation algorithm spike of test figure curve f ' on (x) carried out smoothly, the smooth curve f (x) that obtains after level and smooth is shown by the graphic presentation control.Afterwards, the concentration computing module calculates the oxides of nitrogen total concentration value of smooth curve f (x) according to following algorithmic formula:
In the formula: M is nitrous oxides concentration (mg/ml of unit); F is the gas flow that enters a chemiluminescent NOx analyzer (unit/ml/min); F (t) is through nitrous oxides concentration and time relation curve after the smoothing processing; T is Measuring Time (s of unit); V is reaction tube volume (unit/ml).The oxides of nitrogen total concentration value that data analysis module calculates according to measurement is analyzed the size of the qualification criterion value of contrast test measured value and initial input, and whether the stability of confirmed test sample is qualified.When measured value during greater than the qualification criterion value, the sample stability is defective, otherwise then stability is qualified; At last by system management module output test form.
Using method below by the example narration preferred embodiment of the present invention.
The first, open power supply of the present invention, explosive stability nitrous oxides concentration detection device begins preheating; Set test temperature by temperature control instrument 1, test temperature can be set according to different laboratory samples, 65.5 ℃ of wherein military nitrocottons, and 72 ℃ of nitrate esters, explosive are 75 ℃, double-base powder and triple base powder are 82 ℃.
The second, taking by weighing 1.3g test standard sample packs in the reaction tube 12.When carrying out the test paper check, also need test paper to be checked is placed on the hook of sealing nut 9 tops, and be coated with glycerine water solution.Owing to will observe the variable color of test paper, reaction tube 12 must adopt glass test tube in the test paper check, and reaction tube 12 can adopt glass tube in stability nitrous oxides is measured, and also can adopt stainless steel test tube or aluminum test tube.
Three, treat that test temperature is constant after, the cooperation by web member 11 and sealing nut 9 is fixed on reaction tube 12 in the gas circuit of gas circuit box 19.
Four, move down sleeve pipe 20 along support bar 21, reaction tube 12 is slowly put in the bottoming hole of heating furnace body 5 and heated, and make gas circuit box 19 location by the cooperation of clip 22 and screw 23, the zero-time of record heating simultaneously.
Five, arrive to set after heat time heating time by when test paper variable color (test paper verify as to be checked), unclamp screw 23, slowly lift gas circuit box 19, reaction tube 12 is taken out and makes gas circuit box 19 location from the bottoming hole of heating furnace body 5, open the ac passage of two three-way electromagnetic valves 8 and three-way solenoid valve 7, close three-way solenoid valve ab passage simultaneously, utilize carrier gas that the standard model in the reaction tube 12 is decomposed the oxides of nitrogen gas that produces and bring in the oxides of nitrogen detector 16.
Six, the data that collect when oxides of nitrogen detector 16 more stable and with initial baseline near the time, data acquisition finishes.Close the ac passage of two three-way electromagnetic valves 8 and three-way solenoid valve 7, open the ab passage of three-way solenoid valve 7 simultaneously, wait for test next time.
Seven, utilize data acquisition processing system that whether qualified the test figure that the oxides of nitrogen detector detects output gathered, store, shown trial curve, calculate the nitrous oxides concentration value of test specimen and provide sample conclusion.
Claims (2)
1. explosive stability nitrous oxides concentration detection device, comprise the gas collecting transmitting device that contains temperature control unit and gas collecting transmission unit, described temperature control unit comprises temperature control instrument [1] and the heating furnace body [5] of heating jacket [4], thermometric thermal resistance [2] and heat-insulation layer [3] is housed, heating furnace body [5] is provided with bottoming hole, thermometric thermal resistance [2] is connected with temperature control instrument [1] by lead with heating jacket [4], and temperature control instrument [1] can be controlled at heating furnace body [5] on the constant heating-up temperature; Described gas collecting transmission unit comprises reaction tube [12], sealing nut [9], air induction conduit [10], the outtake tube [17] of placing fiery explosive test sample or test paper, the top of described sealing nut [9] is provided with two pores and the hook [13] of test paper is installed, sealing nut [9] is connected with the port sealing of described reaction tube [12], it is characterized in that: the present invention also comprises oxides of nitrogen gas detector [16], data acquisition processing system; Described gas collecting transmission unit also comprises first solenoid valve and second solenoid valve [7 and 8], carrier gas bottle [25], flowmeter [15], described air induction conduit [10] one ends are connected with the gas outlet of described first solenoid valve [7] and the other end feeds the bottom of reaction tube [12] by a pore on the sealing nut [9], one end of described outtake tube [17] links to each other with the air intake opening of described second solenoid valve [8] and the other end feeds the port position of reaction tube [12] by another pore on the sealing nut [9], the air intake opening of first solenoid valve [7] communicates with carrier gas bottle [25], the gas outlet of second solenoid valve [8] communicates with the input end of described flowmeter [15], and the output terminal of flowmeter [15] links to each other with the air intake opening of described oxides of nitrogen gas detector [16]; When detecting test, the reaction tube [12] that fiery explosive test sample or test paper are housed is placed in the bottoming hole of heating furnace body [5] and takes out after the heating regular hour, by the control of described first, second solenoid valve [7,8] and described flowmeter [15], make decomposition gas and carrier gas in the reaction tube [12] enter into described oxides of nitrogen gas detector [16] again by certain flow velocity; Described data acquisition processing system [18] is for being equipped with capture card, the graphic presentation control, the computer system of data processing software bag, data processing software comprises pretreatment module, data acquisition module, data memory module, graphical module, the smoothing processing module, the concentration computing module, data analysis module, system management module, the function of pretreatment module is the various test parameterss by keyboard acceptance test personnel input, the function of data acquisition module is to gather battery of tests data in the described oxides of nitrogen gas detector by data collecting card, the function of data memory module is that the relevant information data that will collect stores in the predefined variable array, the function of graphical module is to convert the test figure that collects to nitrous oxides concentration and time relation curve f ' (x) by calling the graphic presentation control, and the function of smoothing processing module is that the spike of described curve f ' on (x) smoothly formed smooth curve f (x); The function of concentration computing module is to calculate the oxides of nitrogen total concentration value of described smooth curve f (x) according to following formula,
In the formula, M is a nitrous oxides concentration, and F is the gas flow that enters chemiluminescent NOx analyzer, and f (t) is that t is a Measuring Time through nitrous oxides concentration and time relation curve after the smoothing processing, and V is the reaction tube volume; Whether qualified data analysis module provide gunpowder test specimen stability conclusion according to qualified criterion value, and the function of system management module is user management and report output.
2. explosive stability nitrous oxides concentration detection device according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described gas collecting transmission unit also comprises a surge flask [14], described first solenoid valve [7] is a three-way solenoid valve, second solenoid valve [8] is two three-way electromagnetic valves, the gas outlet that first solenoid valve [7] links to each other with described air induction conduit [10] is first gas outlet, the gas outlet of second gas outlet of first solenoid valve [7] and second solenoid valve [8] all links to each other with the air intake opening of described surge flask [14], and the gas outlet of surge flask [14] then links to each other with the input end of described flowmeter [15].
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| CN102519833A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2012-06-27 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Complete immersion type online vacuum stability tester |
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| CN102520085A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2012-06-27 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Online vacuum stability test reactor |
| CN103792225A (en) * | 2012-10-29 | 2014-05-14 | 科蒂亚(新乡)生物技术有限公司 | Chemiluminescence analysis instrument |
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| CN102519833A (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2012-06-27 | 西安近代化学研究所 | Complete immersion type online vacuum stability tester |
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