CN101298999A - 工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法 - Google Patents

工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法 Download PDF

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CN101298999A
CN101298999A CN200810105788.7A CN200810105788A CN101298999A CN 101298999 A CN101298999 A CN 101298999A CN 200810105788 A CN200810105788 A CN 200810105788A CN 101298999 A CN101298999 A CN 101298999A
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temperature
fiber grating
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李阔
周振安
叶晓平
刘爱春
王永根
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Beijing Jing'ao Optronics Sci & Tech Co Ltd
Institute of Crustal Dynamics of China Earthquake Administration
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
    • G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
    • G01K11/3206—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres at discrete locations in the fibre, e.g. using Bragg scattering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35306—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement
    • G01D5/35309—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement using multiple waves interferometer
    • G01D5/35316—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using an interferometer arrangement using multiple waves interferometer using a Bragg gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/02204—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using thermal effects, e.g. heating or cooling of a temperature sensitive mounting body

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Abstract

本发明提供的是一种工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法。该传感器采用双金属结构，通过调节光纤光栅的预松长度，调节传感器的开始工作的温度。该方法解决了高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器无法在高、低温下工作的难题，将在温度测量领域有广泛应用前景。

Description

工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法
一、技术领域
本发明涉及光纤传感器，尤其是双金属光纤光栅温度增敏传感器设计方法和制作工艺。
二、技术背景
光纤光栅具有许多其它传感器无法比拟的优点：全光测量，在监测现场无电气设备，不受电磁及核辐射干扰；零点无漂移，长期稳定；以反射光的中心波长表征被测量，不受光源功率波动、光纤微弯效应及耦合损耗等因素的影响；绝对量测量，系统安装及长期使用过程中无需定标；使用寿命长等等。
光纤光栅是利用光纤材料的光敏性，即外界入射光子和纤芯相互作用而引起后者折射率的永久性变化，用紫外激光直接写入法在单模光纤的纤芯内形成的空间相位光栅，其实质是在纤芯内形成一个窄带的滤光器或反射镜。光纤光栅属于反射型工作器件，当光源发出的连续宽带光通过传输光纤射入时，它与光栅发生耦合作用，光栅对该宽带光有选择地反射回相应的一个窄带光，并沿原传输光纤返回；其余宽带光则直接透射过去。反射回的窄带光的中心波长值(也叫Bragg波长)为：
λB＝2neffΛ
上式中，neff为FBG的有效反射系数，Λ为FBG的相邻两个栅隔之间的几何距离。当温度变化时，引起返回波长变化量相对温度变化量的灵敏度为：
ΔλB/ΔT＝[(1-Pe)ε+ζ]λB    (1)
其中，Pe为FBG的有效弹光常数；ε为单位温度变化下FBG的应变量；ζ为FBG的热光系数。
FBG固有的温度分辨率很低，约0.1℃/pm。这在很多应用领域都无法满足要求。因此，很多研究人员就提高其温度灵敏度做了很多工作。FBG温度传感器增敏的原理是利用FBG对温度和应变同时敏感的特性，通过合理的结构设计，把FBG和高热膨胀系数材料封装在一起。当被测温度变化时，通过高热膨胀系数材料的形变向FBG施加一个应变量，使得FBG的返回波长变化量加大。最初，研究人员通过将FBG直接粘贴在大膨胀系数材料上进行温度增敏。这种方法取得的增敏效果有限，受到材料的热膨胀系数制约。1999年3月，Jeahooh Hung等人在Applied Optics期刊上，提出了通过双金属实现温度增敏，效果明显。双金属温度增敏原理：温度变化时，把两种热膨胀系数不同的金属长度变化量的差转化成光栅长度的变化量，使得光纤光栅的返回中心波长的变化量增加，从而提高光纤光栅的温度灵敏度。
双金属的温度增敏方法的结构原理图如附图1所示。单位温度变化下光纤光栅的两个粘贴点间的距离d的变化量为：
Δd＝α1L-α2(L-d)
L为底座3上的两固定点间的长度，α1为3的热膨胀系数，α2为2的热膨胀系数。
当光纤光栅被拉伸后，它的应变变化即为两个粘贴点间的应变变化。因此有此时单位温度变化下光纤光栅的应变变化为：
ε＝[α1L-α2(L-d)]/d    (2)
把(2)式代入(1)，得到光纤光栅的温度灵敏度系数为：
ΔλB/ΔT＝{(1-Pe)[α1L-α2(L-d)]/d+ζ}λB  (3)
对于高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器，光纤光栅热光系数对传感器温度灵敏度的贡献远小于光纤光栅应变变化产生的贡献。传感器的测温量程约等于光纤光栅能承受的最大应变量与传感器灵敏度的商。因光纤光栅所能承受的应变有限，致使高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的量程有限。例如，当高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的灵敏度为1000pm/℃时，因为光纤光栅所能承受的最大应变量约为4000ustrain，对应的波长变化约为4800pm，所以此时光纤光栅温度传感器的量程约为4.8℃(4800pm÷1000pm/℃)。
如何使高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器能在高温和低温下工作，就显得尤为重要。
三、发明内容
为解决该问题，我们提出通过调节光纤光栅的预松长度，改变其开始被拉紧的温度，从而使传感器工作在不同的温度。
设制作传感器时的温度为Tr，要求传感器的起始工作温度为Ts。在传感器的环境温度由Tr变化到Ts的过程中，以增加为正，底座3的长度变化量为α1L(Ts-Tr)，长条2的长度变化量为α2(L-d)(Ts-Tr)。因此，光纤光栅的两个粘贴点之间的长度变化量应为：
Δd＝α1L(Ts-Tr)-α2(L-d)(Ts-Tr)
   ＝[α1L-α2(L-d)](Ts-Tr)
为了使光纤光栅在温度Ts才开始被拉紧，在温度Tr下制作传感器时，光纤光栅在其两粘贴点之间的长度应比两粘贴点之间的距离长Δd，即光纤光栅的预松长度为Δd。
Δd＞0时，传感器在温度Tr下，其光纤光栅为松弛状态。而且，在光纤光栅有一定的长度的情况下，其松弛量可以很大，Δd可以很大(当d＝40mm，Δd＞4mm)。Δd＜0时，传感器在温度Tr下，其光纤光栅为拉紧状态。由于光纤光栅所能承受的应变有限，当d＝40mm，Δd＜-0.2mm。为了使高灵敏度温度传感器的光纤光栅在温度Ts下不被拉断，应取Δd＞0。
为了使Δd＞0，同时传感器的温度灵敏度ΔλB/ΔT较高，当Ts＞Tr时(即传感器工作于高温)，制作传感器时应使α1＞＞α2；当Ts＜Tr时(即传感器工作于低温)，制作传感器时应使α1＜＜α2。
为了更好的控制光纤光栅的预松长度，我们设计了一款传感器，结构示意图如说明书附图图2和图3所示。通过调整长条2的位置，可以改变光纤光栅的两个粘贴点间的距离。先调整长条2的位置，配合使用波长解调仪，使光纤光栅刚好开始被拉紧，记下此时两粘贴点间的距离d。然后，再调整长条2的位置以缩短d，缩短的量即为预松长度Δd。通过改变Δd，就可以使传感器可以工作在不同的温度区间。
四、附图说明
附图1是双金属温度增敏原理图；附图2是本发明的结构示意图(正视图)；附图3是本发明的结构示意图(俯视图)。
其中，1为光纤光栅，4为固定点，5为条孔，6为固定螺钉，7为螺帽；当制作工作在高温的高灵敏度温度传感器时，2为小热膨胀系数材料，3为大热膨胀系数材料；当制作工作在低温的传感器时，2为大热膨胀系数材料，3为小热膨胀系数材料。
五、具体实施方案
下面结合举例对本发明做更详细的描述：
实例1：在20℃的环境下，制作起始工作温度为120℃的传感器。该传感起主要由以下部分组成：一根光纤光栅，大热膨胀系数铝(α＝22*10-6/K)底座，小热膨胀系数invar(α＝0.5*10-6/K)长条，其中invar长条上制作了一个长条孔，一个固定螺钉和一个螺母。根据图2和图3所示方式，先把铝底座和invar长条通过螺丝和螺母固定在一起。然后再用环氧树脂胶将光纤光栅的两端分别粘贴到铝底座和invar长条的端点。然后，就可以通过移动invar长条，确定d，并根据不同的Ts，选择不同的Δd了。
不妨设L＝500mm，d＝15mm。此时，光纤光栅的预松长度应为：
Δd＝[α2L-α1(L-d)](Ts-Tr)≈1.05mm
传感器的温度灵敏度为：
ΔλB/ΔT＝{(1-0.22)[22*500-0.5*(500-15)]/15+6.7}*1.55＝877pm/℃
ΔλB/ΔT＝{(1-0.22)[22*500-0.5*(500-15)]/15+6.7}*1.55＝877pm/℃
实例2：在20℃的环境下，制作起始工作温度为-80℃的传感器。该传感起主要由以下部分组成：一根光纤光栅，小热膨胀系数invar底座，大热膨胀系数铝长条，其中铝长条上制作了一个长条孔，一个固定螺钉和一个螺母。根据图2和图3所示方式，先把invar底座和铝长条通过螺丝和螺母固定在一起。然后再用环氧树脂胶将光纤光栅的两端分别粘贴到invar底座和铝长条的端点。然后，就可以通过移动铝长条，确定d，并根据不同的Ts，选择不同的Δd了。
不妨设L＝500mm，d＝15mm。此时，光纤光栅的预松长度应为：
Δd＝[α2L-α1(L-d)](Ts-Tr)≈1.04mm，
传感器的温度灵敏度为：
ΔλB/ΔT＝{(1-0.22)[22*500-0.5*(500-15)]/15+6.7}*1.55＝-829pm/℃

Claims (3)

1.一种工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法，其特征在于：对于以双金属方式制作高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器，为了改变其开始工作的温度，光纤光栅预松长度Δd＝[α1L-α2(L-d)](Ts-Tr)。
2.按照权利要求1所述的工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法，其特征在于：采用长条形孔对光纤光栅的预松长度Δd进行调节。
3.按照权利要求2所述的工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法，其特征在于：通过螺钉固定两种热膨胀系数不同的元件。
CN200810105788.7A 2008-05-05 2008-05-05 工作于高、低温的高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器的制作方法 Expired - Fee Related CN100554901C (zh)

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PCT/IB2009/051802 WO2009136339A1 (en) 2008-05-05 2009-05-04 A method to make high sensitive fiber bragg grating temperature sensors

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