CN101278900A - 一种含地贝卡星的缓释注射剂 - Google Patents
一种含地贝卡星的缓释注射剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101278900A CN101278900A CNA2008103015573A CN200810301557A CN101278900A CN 101278900 A CN101278900 A CN 101278900A CN A2008103015573 A CNA2008103015573 A CN A2008103015573A CN 200810301557 A CN200810301557 A CN 200810301557A CN 101278900 A CN101278900 A CN 101278900A
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Abstract
一种含地贝卡星的缓释注射剂由缓释微球和溶媒组成,缓释微球含缓释辅料和氨基糖苷类抗菌素,溶媒为含羧甲基纤维素钠等助悬剂的特殊溶媒,黏度为100cp-3000cp(20℃-30℃时);缓释辅料选自EVAc、聚苯丙生、PLA、PLGA、癸二酸共聚物、蛋白胶、明胶等;缓释微球也可制成缓释植入剂和软膏剂。缓释植入剂和缓释注射剂在菌灶局部放置或注射能将药物在局部缓慢释放5到30天以上,在有效获得和维持局部灶有效药物浓度的同时明显降低其全身毒性。对葡萄球菌属、链球菌属、消化链球菌属、痤疮丙酸杆菌、肠杆菌属、结核杆菌、淋球菌或脑膜炎球菌等引起的局部感染病灶如慢性骨髓炎、重症褥疮、顽固性皮肤溃疡、糖尿病足、股骨头坏死和各种脓肿等具有显著独特的治疗效果。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种含氨基糖苷类抗菌素的缓释注射剂及其应用,属于药物技术领域。具体而言,本发明提供一种含氨基糖苷类抗菌素的缓释注射剂和缓释植入剂。该缓释剂局部应用为主,可于细菌感染局部获得并维持有效药物浓度。
(二)背景技术
随着抗菌素的问世,细菌感染成了一种可治疗的疾病。然而由于治疗不规范,治疗时间较长,不少病人可能就忘了及时定量用药,因而常造成耐药性的产生。不少本该治愈的细菌感染反复发作成为慢性病灶。而耐药性病人或反复发作的慢性病灶的治疗一方面将使治疗时间拖长,另一方面就是导致多种强效氨基糖苷类抗菌素和其它抗生素的开发应用或联合应用,其结果是费用昂贵、新的耐药菌株不断被培植、有效剂量不断提高,从而形成恶性循环。因此,研究开发新的有效的治疗耐药菌株和慢性顽固性感染的制剂或方法已经成为急切解决的世界性课题。
目前,有不少新的抗菌药物,特别是氨基糖苷类抗菌素,已经显示出较好的疗效,然而对很多慢性病灶,特别是局部病灶而言,常规疗法给药很难获得有效杀菌浓度。加大剂量或长期服用药物又会有很多副作用。
(三)发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的不足,提供一种含氨基糖苷类抗菌素的缓释注射剂及其应用,具体而言,是一种缓释注射剂和缓释植入剂。
抗生素,包括氨基糖苷类抗菌素主要为口服制剂,不能于病灶部位获得有效药物浓度。即使一般的注射剂也不够理想。由于药量不足、单一用药、不规律服药等因素,不但不能达到有效的血液浓度,不足以彻底杀灭细菌,而且诱使耐药菌存活下来或促使细菌变异。单靠增加剂量又会受到全身毒性反应的限制。
本发明发现,将氨基糖苷类抗菌素制成缓释剂(主要为缓释注射剂和缓释植入剂)局部放置或注射不仅能够极大地提高局部的药物浓度、降低药物在循环系统中的浓度、降低药物对正常组织的毒性,还能够极大方便药物应用、减少疗程、缩短治疗时间、减少药物的并发症、降低病人的费用、减少单一药物用量、增强治疗效果、减少药物耐受。对耐药细菌特别是合并细菌感染局部病灶或慢性感染具有显著独特的治疗效果,有效的克服了全身用药的局限性。
以慢性脓肿为例,由于其周围炎性反应的屏障作用,经常规途径(口服或肌肉注射或点滴)应用的抗菌药物很难渗透至病灶内。脓内的药物浓度很低,起不到杀菌或抑菌作用,反而引起耐药菌产生。在超声波和/或CT等影像学技术帮助下经皮肤穿刺放置或注射缓释药物不仅可将药物较准确地注入病灶内,还可通过缓释机制将药物局限于灶内数天到数十天,从而直接有效杀灭灶内的细菌;此外,由于释放出的药物对灶周的侵蚀作用,可促使病灶的坏死物脱落排出;局部操作时也可借助于穿刺针或相应器具(如但不限于支气管镜、膀胱镜、腹腔镜、关节腔镜等)将局部灶清除。不仅如此,局部反复多次穿刺还可削弱灶壁的屏障作用。如此不仅有利于血液中的药物进入病灶,还有利于肉芽组织的增生以及局部灶的净化。同样的病例包括但不限于慢性骨髓炎、深部脓肿、腹腔脓肿、关节炎、胸腔脓肿等。
另外,现有的氨基糖苷类抗菌素种类繁多,并非所有的氨基糖苷类抗菌素均可制成缓释制剂,不同的氨基糖苷类抗菌素在作成缓释制剂时必须选择合适的缓释辅料。因此,本发明基于以上意外发现,并通过后续大量的研究从数百种抗菌药物中成功筛选出能够适用于缓释的有效抗菌成分-氨基糖苷类抗菌素,从数百种缓释辅料中成功筛选出能够适用于氨基糖苷类抗菌素缓释的缓释成分。最终机体内外释放测定而筛选出有效的组合。从而构成本发明的主要内容。
本发明药物缓释剂的一种形式是缓释注射剂,由缓释微球和溶媒组成。具体而言,该缓释注射剂由以下成分组成:
(a)缓释微粒,由重量百分比如下的成分组成:
抗菌有效成分 1-70%
缓释辅料 30-99%
助悬剂 0.0-30%
以上为重量百分比
和
(b)溶媒,为普通溶媒或含助悬剂的特殊溶媒。
其中,
缓释辅料选自聚苯丙生、双脂肪酸与癸二酸共聚物(PFAD-SA)、聚(芥酸二聚体-癸二酸)[P(EAD-SA)]、聚(富马酸-癸二酸)[P(FA-SA)]、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVAc)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚乙醇酸和羟基乙酸的共聚物(PLGA)、羧甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素、木糖醇、低聚糖、软骨素、甲壳素、透明质酸、胶原蛋白、明胶、蛋白胶之一或其组合;助悬剂选自羧甲基纤维素钠、(碘)甘油、二甲硅油、丙二醇、卡波姆、甘露醇、山梨醇、表面活性物质、土温20、土温40和土温80之一或其组合。
本发明可用的氨基糖苷类抗生素选自阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、硫酸阿米卡星、阿司米星、硫酸阿司米星、巴龙霉素、硫酸巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B硫酸盐、双去氧卡那霉素B、硫酸卡那霉素、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、硫酸奈替米星、妥布霉素、硫酸妥布霉素、西索米星、硫酸西索米星、硫酸依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、硫酸庆大霉素、威替米星(1-N-乙基威大霉素)、强力霉素(Doxycycline)、强力霉素盐酸盐、妥布霉素、小诺米星、硫酸小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星(tylosin)、泰洛星酒石酸盐(Tylosin tartrate)、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明、潜霉素中的一种或其组合。
本发明可用的氨基糖苷类抗菌素还选自上述药物的盐或酯,如,但不限于,盐酸、硫酸、醋酸、乳酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、琉拍酸、磷酸、氮澳酸、亚磺酸、甲酸、甲苯磺酸、甲烷磺酸、峭酸、苯甲酸、柠檬酸、马来酸、氮碘酸、链烷酸、芴甲酯、新戊酯、酯盐等。盐趋向于更易溶于相应的游离碱形式的含水溶剂或其它质子溶剂中。无毒性药用碱加成盐包括诸如钠、钾、钙、胺等碱的盐。本领域熟练技术人员都知道许多无毒性的药学上可接受的加成盐。优选抗菌药物为:阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明、潜霉素。
上述抗菌药物在缓释剂中所占的比例因具体情况而定,可为1%-70%,以2%-50%为佳,5%-40%为最佳。
本发明抗菌缓释微球中的有效成分及缓释辅料的重量百分比优选如下:
抗菌有效成分 2-50%
缓释辅料 50-98%
助悬剂 0.0-30%
缓释辅料选自聚苯丙生、双脂肪酸与癸二酸共聚物(PFAD-SA)、聚(芥酸二聚体-癸二酸)、聚(富马酸-癸二酸)、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸和羟基乙酸的共聚物、羧甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素、木糖醇、低聚糖、软骨素、甲壳素、透明质酸、胶原蛋白、明胶和蛋白胶之一或其组合。
本发明缓释微球中缓释辅料及其重量百分比最优选如下:
(1)55-90%的PLA;
(2)50-90%的PLGA;
(3)50-85%的聚苯丙生;
(4)55-90%的双脂肪酸与癸二酸共聚物;
(5)55-90%的EVAc;或
(6)40-95%的羧甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素、木糖醇、低聚糖、软骨素、甲壳素、透明质酸、胶原蛋白、明胶或白蛋胶。
以上缓释微球与含羧甲基纤维素钠、(碘)甘油、二甲硅油、丙二醇、卡波姆、甘露醇、山梨醇、表面活性物质、土温20、土温40或土温80助悬剂的溶媒一起制成缓释注射剂。其中羧甲基纤维素钠在溶媒中的浓度可为0.1-5%,但以0.5-3%为优选,以1-2%为最优选。
聚乳酸的分子量峰值可为,但不限于,5000-100,000,但以20,000-60,000为优选,以5,000-30,000为最优选;聚乙醇酸的分子量可为,但不限于,5000-100,000,但以5,000-50,000为优选,以10,000-30,000为最优选;以上聚羟基酸可单选或多选。当单选时,以聚乳酸(PLA)或羟基羧酸和乙醇酸的共聚物(PLGA)为优选,共聚物的分子量可为,但不限于,5000-100,000,但以20,000-60,000为优选,以30,000-50,000为最优选;当多选时,以高分子多聚物或不同高分子多聚物组成的复合多聚物或共聚物为优选,以含不同分子量聚乳酸或癸二酸的复合多聚物或共聚物为最优选,如,但不限于,分子量为1000到30000的聚乳酸与分子量为20000到50000的聚乳酸混合、分子量为10000到30000的聚乳酸与分子量为30000到80000的PLGA混合、分子量为20000到30000的聚乳酸与癸二酸混合、分子量为30000到80000的PLGA与癸二酸混合。
在各种高分子聚合物中,以聚乳酸、癸二酸、含聚乳酸或葵二酸的高分子多聚物的混合物或共聚物为首选,混合物和共聚物可选自,但不限于,PLA、PLGA、乙醇酸和羟基羧酸的混合物、葵二酸与芳香聚酐或脂肪族聚酐的混合物或共聚物。乙醇酸和羟基羧酸的共混比例是10/90-90/10(重量),最好是25/75-75/25(重量)。共混的方法是任意的。乙醇酸和羟基羧酸共聚时的含量分别为重量百分比10-90%和90-10%。芳香聚酐的代表物是聚苯丙生[聚(1,3-二(对羧基苯氧基)丙烷-癸二酸)(p(CPP-SA))、双脂肪酸-癸二酸共聚物(PFAD-SA)]、聚(芥酸二聚体-癸二酸)[P(EAD-SA)]和聚(富马酸-癸二酸)[P(FA-SA)]等。对羧苯氧基丙烷(p-CPP)与癸二酸共聚时的含量分别为重量百分比10-60%和20-90%,共混重量比是10-40∶50-90,最好是重量比15-30∶65-85。
除上述辅料外,还可选用其他物质见美国专利(专利号4757128;4857311;4888176;4789724)及《药用辅料大全》(第123页,四川科学技术出版社1993年出版,罗明生和高天惠主编)中已有详细描述。另外,中国专利(申请号96115937.5;91109723.6;9710703.3;01803562.0)及美国发明专利(专利号5,651,986)也列举了某些药用辅料,包括充填剂、增溶剂、吸收促进剂、成膜剂、胶凝剂、制(或致)孔剂、赋型剂或阻滞剂等。
为调节药物释放速度或改变本发明的其它特性,可以改变聚合物的单体成分或分子量、添加或调节药用辅料的组成及配比,添加水溶性低分子化合物,如,但不限于,各种糖或盐等。其中糖可为,但不限于,木糖醇、低聚糖、(硫酸)软骨素及甲壳素等,其中盐可为,但不限于,钾盐和钠盐等。
缓释注射剂中,药物缓释系统可制成微球、亚微球、微乳、纳米球、颗粒或球形小丸,然后与注射溶媒混合后制成注射剂使用。在各种缓释注射剂中以混悬型缓释注射剂为优选,混悬型缓释注射剂是将含抗菌成分的药物缓释系统悬浮于注射液中所得的制剂,所用的辅料为上述缓释辅料中的一种或其组合,所用溶媒为普通溶媒或含助悬剂的特殊溶媒。普通溶媒为,但不限于,蒸馏水、注射用水、生理冲液、无水乙醇或各种盐配制的缓冲液。助悬剂的目的在于有效悬浮含药微球,从而利于注射之用。
助悬剂选自羧甲基纤维素钠、(碘)甘油、二甲硅油、丙二醇、卡波姆、甘露醇、山梨醇、表面活性物质、土温20、土温40和土温80之一或其组合。
助悬剂在普通溶媒中的含量因其的特性而定,可为0.1-30%因具体情况而定。优选助悬剂的组成为:
A)0.5-5%羧甲基纤维素钠+0.1-0.5%土温80;或
B)5-20%甘露醇+0.1-0.5%土温80;或。
C)0.5-5%羧甲基纤维素钠+5-20%山梨醇+0.1-0.5%土温80。
缓释注射剂的制备方法是任意的,可用若干种方法制备:如,但不限于,混合法、熔融法、溶解法、喷雾干燥法制备微球、溶解法结合冷冻(干燥)粉碎法制成微粉、脂质体包药法及乳化法等。其中以溶解法(即溶剂挥发法)、干燥法、喷雾干燥法和乳化法为优选。微球则可用于制备上述各种缓释注射剂,其方法是任意的。所用微球的粒径范围可在5-400um之间,以10-300um之间为优选,以20-200um之间为最优选。
微球还可用于制备其他缓释注射剂,如凝胶注射剂、凝胶缓释注射剂、嵌段共聚物胶束注射剂。其中,嵌段共聚物胶束由疏水-亲水嵌段共聚物在水溶液中形成,具有球形内核-外壳结构,疏水嵌段形成内核,亲水嵌段形成外壳。载药胶束注射进入体内达到控制药物释放或靶向治疗的目的。所用药物载体为上述任意一种或其组合。其中优选分子量为1000-15000的聚乙二醇(PEG)作为胶束共聚物的亲水嵌段,优选生物降解聚合物(如PLA、聚丙交酯、聚己内酯及其共聚物(分子量1500-25000))作为胶束共聚物的疏水嵌段。嵌段共聚物胶束的粒径范围可在10-300um之间,以20-200um之间的为优选。凝胶注射剂系将生物降解聚合物(如PLA、PLGA或DL-LA和ε-己内酯共聚物)溶于某些两亲性溶媒,再加入药物与之混溶(或混悬)后形成流动性较好的凝胶,可经局部注射。一旦注入,两亲性溶媒很快扩散至体液,而体液中的水分则渗入凝胶,使聚合物固化,缓慢释放药物。制成凝胶注射剂的方法是任意的。
本发明发现影响药物和/或缓释微球悬浮和/或注射的关键因素是溶媒的黏度,黏度越大,悬浮效果越好,可注射性越强。这种意外发现构成了本发明的主要指数特征之一。溶媒的黏度取决于助悬剂的黏度,助悬剂的黏度为100cp-3000cp(20℃-30℃时),优选1000cp-3000cp(20℃-30℃时),最优选1500cp-3000cp(20℃-30℃时)。按照此条件所制得的溶媒的黏度为10cp-650cp(20℃-30℃时),优选20cp-650cp(20℃-30℃时),最优选60cp-650cp(20℃-30℃时)。
注射剂的制备有多种方法,一种是将助悬剂为“0”的缓释微粒(A)直接混于特殊溶媒中,得到相应的缓释微粒注射剂;另一种是将助悬剂不为“0”的缓释微粒(A)混于特殊溶媒或普通溶媒中,得到相应的缓释微粒注射剂;再一种是将缓释微粒(A)混于普通溶媒中,然后加入助悬剂混匀,得到相应的缓释微粒注射剂。除外,还可先将缓释微粒(A)混于特殊溶媒中制得相应的混悬液,然后用真空干燥等办法去除混悬液中的水分,之后再用特殊溶媒或普通溶媒混悬,得到相应的缓释微粒注射剂。以上方法只是用于说明而非限制本发明。值得注意的是,悬浮药物或缓释微球(或微囊)在注射剂中的浓度因具体需要而定,可为,但不限于,10-400mg/ml,但以30-300mg/ml为优选,以50-200mg/ml最优选。注射剂的黏度为50cp-1000cp(20℃-30℃时),优选100cp-1000cp(20℃-30℃时),最优选200cp-650cp(20℃-30℃时)。此黏度适用于18-22号注射针头和特制的内径更大的(至3毫米)注射针头。
缓释微球还可用于制备缓释植入剂,所用的药用辅料可为上述药用辅料中的任何一种或多种物质,但以水溶性高分子聚合物为主选,在各种高分子聚合物中,以聚乳酸、葵二酸、含聚乳酸或葵二酸的高分子多聚物的混合物或共聚物为首选,混合物和共聚物可选自,但不限于,PLA、PLGA、PLA与PLGA的混合物、葵二酸与芳香聚酐或脂肪族聚酐的混合物或共聚物。聚乳酸(PLA)与聚乙醇酸的共混比例是10/90-90/10(重量),最好是25/75-75/25(重量)。共混的方法是任意的。乙醇酸和乳酸共聚时的含量分别为重量百分比10-90%和90-10%。芳香聚酐的代表物是对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP),对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)与葵二酸共聚时的含量分别为重量百分比10-60%和20-90%,共混重量比是10-40∶50-90,最好是重量比15-30∶65-85。
本发明缓释剂的又一种形式是缓释剂为缓释植入剂。抗菌植入剂的有效成分可均匀地包装于整个药用辅料中,也可包装于载体支持物中心或其表面;可通过直接扩散和/或经多聚物降解的方式将有效成分释放。
缓释植入剂的特点在于所用的缓释辅料除高分子聚合物外,还含有上述任意一种或多种其它辅料。添加的药用辅料统称为添加剂。添加剂可根据其功能分为充填剂、致孔剂、赋型剂、分散剂、等渗剂、保存剂、阻滞剂、增溶剂、吸收促进剂、成膜剂、胶凝剂等。
缓释植入剂的主要成份可制成多种剂型。如,但不限于,胶囊、缓释剂、植入剂、缓释剂植入剂等;呈多种形状,如,但不限于,颗粒剂、丸剂、片剂、散剂、球形、块状、针状、棒状、柱状及膜状。在各种剂型中,以体内缓慢释放植入剂为优选。体积大小取决于病灶的部位、大小等因素。可为0.1-5mm(粗)×1-10mm(长)的棒状,也可为片状等其它形状。
缓释植入剂的最佳剂型为生物相容性、可降解吸收的缓释剂植入,可因不同临床需要而制成各种形状及各种剂型。其主要成份的包装方法和步骤在美国专利中(US5651986)已有详细描述,包括若干种制备缓释制剂的方法:如,但不限于,(i)把载体支持物粉末与药物混合然后压制成植入剂,即所谓的混合法;(ii)把载体支持物熔化,与待包装的药物相混合,然后固体冷却,即所谓的熔融法;(iii)把载体支持物溶解于溶剂中,把待包装的药物溶解或分散于聚合物溶液中,然后蒸发溶剂,干燥,即所谓的溶解法;(iv)喷雾干燥法;及(v)冷冻干燥法等。
本发明缓释植入剂的有效成分及重量百分比优选如下:
抗菌有效成分 2-50%
缓释辅料 50-98%
助悬剂 0.0-30%
抗菌有效成在缓释植入剂中的重量百分比为1-50%,以2-50%为优选,5-40%为最优选。
本发明缓释植入剂中抗菌有效成分优选为:阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明、潜霉素。
本发明缓释植入剂中缓释辅料及其重量百分比最优选如下:
(1)55-90%的PLA;
(2)50-90%的PLGA;
(3)50-85%的聚苯丙生;
(4)55-90%的双脂肪酸与癸二酸共聚物;
(5)55-90%的EVAc;或
(6)40-95%的羧甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素、木糖醇、低聚糖、软骨素、甲壳素、透明质酸、胶原蛋白、明胶或白蛋白胶。
除此之外,所选的辅料还可为上述任意一种以上的组合。
本发明可以用于制备治疗人及动物的各种细菌感染的药物制剂,主要为缓释注射剂或缓释植入剂。所制备的药物制剂虽然可以用于治疗各种菌的感染,但优选的致病菌为革兰氏阳性细菌,如葡萄球菌类和链球菌类等;革兰氏阴性细菌,如奈瑟氏菌属类;细丝状细菌,包括防线菌类和链霉菌类;杆菌,包括杆状菌类、枸橼杆菌属、肠杆菌属、棒状杆菌类和梭菌类、埃希氏杆菌属类、志贺氏菌属类、耶尔森氏菌属类、沙门氏菌属类、克雷伯杆菌属类、水栖菌属类、嗜血杆菌类、巴斯德氏菌属类、假单胞菌属类、布普氏杆菌属类、植物肥大病菌属类、博代氏杆菌属类、和链杆菌属类;螺旋体类、弯曲杆菌属类、弧菌属类;和细胞内的细菌包括立克次氏体属类和衣原体属类。最为优选的致病菌为葡萄球菌属的金黄色葡萄球菌和腐生葡萄球菌;链球菌属的酿脓链球菌、无乳链球菌和肺炎链球菌;消化链球菌;绿脓杆菌;肠杆菌属的大肠杆菌;炭疽芽袍杆菌、白喉棒杆菌、产气芙膜梭菌、肉毒梭菌、破伤风梭菌、淋病奈瑟氏球菌、脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、侵肺军团菌、大肠埃希氏菌、鼠疫耶尔森氏菌、流感嗜血杆菌、幽门螺杆菌、胚胎弯曲杆菌、霍乱弧菌、副溶血弧菌、苍白密螺旋体、衣氏放线菌、普氏立克次氏体、立氏立克次氏体、砂眼衣原体、鹦鹉热衣原体、流产布鲁氏菌、根癌土壤杆菌、卡他摩拉菌、痤疮丙酸杆菌、变形杆菌属(奇异变形杆菌、普通变形杆菌)、摩根氏杆菌属、普罗威登氏菌属、拟杆菌属、结核杆菌、引起的感染。敏感菌引起的感染,如,但不限于,毛囊炎、疖、痈、传染性脓疱疮、丹毒、蜂窝织炎、淋巴管(结)炎、化脓性甲沟炎、皮下脓肿、汗腺炎、感染性粉瘤、慢性脓皮症、腹腔内脓肿、胸腔内脓肿、阑尾炎、乳腺炎、乳腺脓肿、肛周脓肿、外伤或手术创伤等继发感染、咽喉炎、咽喉脓肿、急慢性支气管炎、扁桃体炎、扁桃体周围炎、扁桃体周围脓肿、支气管扩张(感染时)、慢性呼吸系统疾病继发感染、肺炎、肺化脓症、中耳炎、鼻窦炎、肾脓肿、脏器周围脓肿、肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、胆囊炎、肝脓肿、子宫附件炎、子宫内感染、前庭大腺炎、眼睑炎、麦粒肿、眼睑脓肿、泪囊炎、睑板腺炎、牙周炎、牙冠周炎、颌炎、关节炎、关节脓肿、骨髓炎、结核脓肿、化脓性脑膜炎。本发明的制剂可用于全身感染的治疗,但以治疗局部病灶为优选。常见的局部病灶还包括慢性疾病引起的或合并的慢性病变,如:但不限于,慢性骨髓炎、重症褥疮、顽固性皮肤溃疡、糖尿病足、股骨头坏死和老年前列腺类疾病等。
给药途径取决于多种因素。为在病变部位获得有效浓度,药物可经多种途径给予,例如口服的、直肠的、经粘膜的、经皮的、或肠内的给药;非肠道传递包括肌内的、皮下的、髓内的注射,以及鞘内的、直接心室内的、静脉内的、腹膜内的、鼻内的、眼内的注射、腔内(如腹腔、胸腔及椎管内)、病灶周或病灶内注射或放置、淋巴结内及骨髓内。但以病灶局部注射(缓释注射剂)或放置(缓释植入剂)为优选。可于手术时或手术前后注射或放置;可经纤支镜等器械介入治疗,如治疗肺脓肿;也可经皮穿刺病灶内给药介入治疗;还可关节腔内注射或放置;可与全身化疗同时或前后分开应用,但局部应用前后最好有数天的全身抗菌治疗。
药物剂量因药物组成不同而异,但一种药物总量可为常规途径日给药量的10%到200%不等。若病灶没有完全清除或改善,可考虑10到20天后再次放置或注射缓释剂。为防止病灶内菌播散,每次局部给药前后应适当配以全身给药。
本发明所制的缓释注射剂或缓释植入剂中还可加入其它药用成分,如,但不限于,激素、止疼药、抗凝药、止血药等。
缓释微球还可用于制备其它制剂,如,但不限于,片剂、丸剂、糖锭剂、胶囊、液体、凝胶、糖浆剂、泥浆剂、软膏剂、悬浮液等。
通过如下试验和实施例对本发明的技术方法作进一步的描述:
试验1、不同方式应用抗菌药物(威替米星)后的局部药物浓度比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将其分组后分别经下列不同方式接受等量威替米星(10毫克):组1,腹腔注射普通威替米星注射剂;组2,季肋部皮下注射普通威替米星注射剂;组3,季肋部皮下注射威替米星缓释注射剂;组4,季肋部皮下放置威替米星缓释植入剂。一周、两周、三周后分别测定局部给药处药物浓度。结果表明,经不同方式应用后的局部药物浓度差异显著,局部给药能够明显提高,并有效维持给药部位的有效药物浓度。其中以局部放置缓释植入剂和注射缓释注射剂的效果最好。然而,局部注射缓释注射剂操作最方便、容易。
试验2、不同方式应用抗菌药物后的体内抑菌作用比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将2×105个金黄色葡萄球菌注射于其股骨骨髓腔内,一周后按照试验1的分组(10只/组)给予等量妥布霉素治疗。随后检查局部红肿等炎症变化,三十天后处死动物并取局部骨髓检菌。结果表明,注射妥布霉素缓释注射剂和放置妥布霉素缓释植入剂组效果最好,局部红肿在治疗后第一周开始明显缩小,所有动物无死亡。在腹腔注射(i.p.)普通妥布霉素注射剂组,60%动物20天内死亡;在局部注射普通妥布霉素注射剂组,30%动物20天内死亡,但70%动物30天内死亡。比较抑菌效果表明,经不同方式应用后的作用差异显著,局部给药能够明显提高并有效维持所在部位的有效药物浓度,其中以局部放置缓释植入剂和注射缓释注射剂的效果最好。不过,注射缓释注射剂操作最方便、容易。不仅疗效好,毒副作用也小。
以上结果表明,妥布霉素经不同途径给药的抑菌作用不同,以局部应用的效果为好(P<0.01),其中局部注射妥布霉素缓释注射剂和局部放置缓释植入剂的效果更好。这一发现构成本发明的重要特征。以下的相关试验进一步证实了这一点。
试验3、药物的体内抗菌作用比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将2×105个金黄色葡萄球菌注射于其股骨骨髓腔内,一周后分组(10只/组)并给予含不同药物的缓释植入剂治疗。随后检查局部红肿等炎症变化,三十天后处死动物并取局部骨髓检菌。结果表明,与对照组和全身给药组相比,含威替米星的缓释植入剂均有较好的治疗效果(P<0.01)。
本次实验中所用的缓释辅料为聚苯丙生(对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)和葵二酸(SA)共聚物,p-CPP∶SA为30∶70)。测定抗菌素在体内残留结果表明:第1天释放15左右,第3天40%左右,第5天80-90%。
试验4、药物的体内抗菌作用比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将2×105个菌杆菌注射于其股骨骨髓腔内,一周后分组(10只/组)并给予含不同药物的缓释注射剂治疗。随后检查局部红肿等炎症变化,三十天后处死动物并取局部骨髓检菌。结果表明,与对照组和全身给药组相比,含阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素或威替米星的缓释注射剂均有较好的治疗效果(P<0.01)。其中,缓释辅料为聚苯丙生(对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)和葵二酸(SA)共聚物,p-CPP∶SA为20∶80)。结果说明聚苯丙生中对羧苯基丙烷和葵二酸的比例影响药物释放的速度。
同样的结果还见于强力霉素、妥布霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
试验5、不同分子量聚乳酸制成的头孢匹罗缓释植入剂的体内抗菌作用比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将2×105个金黄色葡萄球菌注射于其股骨骨髓腔内,一周后分组(10只/组)并给予含由不同分子量(MW)的聚乳酸(PLA)承载的等量小诺米星缓释植入剂治疗。随后检查局部红肿等炎症变化,三十天后处死动物并取局部骨髓检菌。结果表明,与全身给药组相比,细菌抑制率随聚乳酸分子量增加而提高,依次为68%(MW:5000)、76%(MW:15000)、84%(MW:25000)、90%(MW:40000)和94%(MW:60000),P值均小于0.01。
同样的结果还见于用聚乳酸为辅料制成的强力霉素、妥布霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素缓释剂。
试验6、不同分子量聚乳酸制成的羟氨苄抗菌素缓释植入剂的体内抗菌作用比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将2×105个金黄色葡萄球菌注射于其股骨骨髓腔内,一周后分组(10只/组)并给予含由不同分子量(MW)的聚乳酸(PLA,分子量峰值为20000)承载的等量异帕米星缓释植入剂治疗。随后检查局部红肿等炎症变化,三十天后处死动物并取局部骨髓检菌。结果表明,与全身给药组相比,细菌抑制率随聚乳酸分子量增加而提高,依次为68%(MW:5000)、76%(MW:15000)、84%(MW:25000)、90%(MW:40000)和94%(MW:60000),P值均小于0.01。
同样的结果还见于用聚乳酸为辅料制成的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素或威替米星的缓释剂。
试验7、不同分子量聚乳酸制成的替米考星缓释注射剂的体内抗菌作用比较
以大白鼠为试验对象,将2×105个金黄色葡萄球菌注射于其股骨骨髓腔内,一周后分组(10只/组)并给予含由不同分子量(MW)的聚乳酸(PLA)承载的等量替米考星缓释注射剂(黏度为600cp(20℃-30℃时))治疗。随后检查局部红肿等炎症变化,三十天后处死动物并取局部骨髓检菌。结果表明,与全身给药组相比,细菌抑制率为80-100%(P<0.01)。同样的效果还见于强力霉素、妥布霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素缓释注射剂。
特别注意的是,本发明的缓释剂,特别是缓释注射剂操作简单方便、重复性好。不仅疗效好,毒副作用小。
进一步的研究发现,最适宜的缓释辅料为聚苯丙生、双脂肪酸与癸二酸共聚物(PFAD-SA)、聚(芥酸二聚体-癸二酸)[P(EAD-SA)]、聚(富马酸-癸二酸)[P(FA-SA)]、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVAc)、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚乙醇酸和羟基乙酸的共聚物(PLGA)、羧甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素、木糖醇、低聚糖、软骨素、甲壳素、透明质酸、胶原蛋白、明胶、白蛋白胶之一或其组合;最适宜的助悬剂为甲基纤维素、羟甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、(碘)甘油、二甲硅油、丙二醇、卡波姆、甘露醇、山梨醇、表面活性物质、土温20、土温40、土温80之一或其组合。
总之,局部放置或局部注射单一抗菌药物缓释剂对菌生长均有明显的抑制作用,两种或两种以上药物的联合会明显增效,所表现出的治疗作用和增效作用均与其局部获得的有效药物浓度有关。现有的众多氨基糖苷类抗菌素中,并非所有的氨基糖苷类抗菌素均可制成缓释制剂,不同的氨基糖苷类抗菌素在作成缓释制剂时必须选择合适的缓释辅料。因此,本发明所述的缓释剂的有效成分为一种或以上药物的组合。含有以上有效成分的药物可制成缓释微球,进而制成缓释注射剂和植入剂,其中以与含助悬剂的特殊溶媒组合形成的(混悬)注射剂(包括凝胶注射剂)为优选。
缓释注射剂或缓释植入剂还可通过以下实施方式得以进一步说明。上述实施例及以下实施例只是对本发明作进一步说明,并非对其内容和使用作任何限制。
(四)具体实施方式
实施例1.
将90、90和80mg聚苯丙生(对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)∶葵二酸(SA)为20∶80)共聚物分别放入(甲)、(乙)及(丙)三个容器中,然后每个中加100毫升二氯甲烷,溶解混匀后,分别加入10mg阿贝卡星、10mg阿米卡星、20mg阿司米星,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含10%阿贝卡星、10%阿米卡星及20%阿司米星注射用微球。然后将微球悬浮于含15%甘露醇的生理盐水中,制得相应的混悬型缓释注射剂。注射剂的黏度为350cp-550cp(20℃-30℃时)。该缓释注射剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为7-14天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为15-25天左右。
实施例2.
加工成缓释注射剂的方法步骤与实施例1相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分及其重量百分比为:2-50%的巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例3.
将70mg分子量峰值为10000的聚乳酸(PLGA,75∶25)分别放入(甲)、(乙)及(丙)三个容器中,然后每个中加100毫升二氯甲烷,溶解混匀后,分别向三个容器中加入30mg巴龙霉素、30mg地贝卡星、30mg核糖霉素,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含30%巴龙霉素、30%地贝卡星、30%核糖霉素的注射用微球。将干燥后的微球悬浮于含1.5%羧甲基纤维素钠的生理盐水中,制得相应的混悬型缓释注射剂。注射剂的黏度为500cp-650cp(20℃-30℃时)。该缓释注射剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为7-15天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为15-25天左右。
实施例4
加工成缓释注射剂的方法步骤与实施例3相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分及其重量百分比为:2-50%的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、核糖霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例5.
将70mg乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVAc)放入容器中,加入100毫升二氯甲烷溶解混匀后,加入20毫克卡那霉素和10毫克利维霉素,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含20%卡那霉素和10%利维霉素的注射用微球。然后将微球悬浮于含5-15%山梨醇的注射液中,制得相应的混悬型缓释注射剂。该缓释注射剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为5-12天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为14-22天左右。
实施例6.
加工成缓释注射剂的方法步骤与实施例5相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分为:2-50%的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、妥布霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例7.
将70mg聚苯丙生(对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)∶葵二酸(SA)为30∶70)共聚物放入容器中,加100毫升二氯甲烷,溶解混匀后,加入30mg替米考星或30mg奈替米星,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含30%替米考星或30%奈替米星的注射用微球。然后将微球悬浮于含1.5%羧甲基纤维素钠和0.5%吐温80的生理盐水中,制得相应的混悬型缓释注射剂。该缓释注射剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为5-10天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为10-20天左右。
实施例8.
加工成缓释注射剂的方法步骤与实施例7相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分为:2-50%的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例9
将70mg聚苯丙生(对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)∶葵二酸(SA)为20∶80)共聚物放入容器中,加100毫升二氯甲烷,溶解混匀后,加入15mg妥布霉素和15mg西索米星,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含15%妥布霉素和15%西索米星注射用微球。然后将微球悬浮于含1.5%羧甲基纤维素钠和15%山梨醇和0.2%吐温80的生理盐水中,制得相应的混悬型缓释注射剂。该缓释注射剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为7-15天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为20-30天左右。
实施例10
加工成缓释注射剂的方法步骤与实施例9相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分为:250%的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例11
将70mg聚苯丙生(对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)∶葵二酸(SA)为40∶60)共聚物放入容器中,加100毫升二氯甲烷,溶解混匀后,加入30mg依替米星,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含30%依替米星的注射用微球。然后将微球经压片法制得相应的缓释植入剂。该缓释植入剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为7-15天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为20-30天左右。
实施例12
加工成缓释植入剂的方法步骤与实施例11相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分为:10-30%的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例13
将85mg分子量峰值为15000的聚乳酸(PLGA,25∶75)放入容器中,加100毫升二氯甲烷,溶解混匀后,加入15mg威替米星,重新摇匀后用喷雾干燥法制备含15%威替米星的注射用微球。然后将微球经压片法制得相应的缓释植入剂。该缓释植入剂在体外生理盐水中的释药时间为10-15天,在小鼠皮下的释药时间为15-20天左右。
实施例14
加工成缓释植入剂的方法步骤与实施例11、13相同,但所不同的是所含抗菌有效成分及重量百分比为:20%的阿贝卡星、阿米卡星、阿司米星、巴龙霉素、地贝卡星、核糖霉素、卡那霉素、卡那霉素B、丁胺卡那霉素B、双去氧卡那霉素B、氨基羟丁基卡那霉素、利维霉素、替米考星、奈替米星、妥布霉素、西索米星、依替米星、青紫霉素A、庆大霉素、威替米星、强力霉素、小诺米星、异帕米星、异帕沙星、泰洛星、维京霉素、萨利霉素、黄霉素、泰洛霉素、太乐菌素、维吉尼霉素、黑杜霉素、西梭霉素、力达霉素、氟苯尼考、利福昔明或潜霉素。
实施例15
加工成缓释剂的方法步骤与实施例1-14相同,但所不同的是所用的缓释辅料为下列之一或其组合:
a)分子量峰值为5000-10000、10000-30000、30000-60000、60000-100000或100000-150000的聚乳酸(PLA);
b)分子量峰值为5000-10000、10000-30000、30000-60000、60000-100000或100000-150000的聚乙醇酸和羟基乙酸的共聚物(PLGA),其中,聚乙醇酸和羟基乙酸的比例为50-95∶50-50;
c)乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVAc);
d)10∶90、20∶80、30∶70、40∶60、50∶50或60∶40的对羧苯基丙烷(p-CPP)∶葵二酸(SA)共聚物(聚苯丙生);
e)双脂肪酸与癸二酸共聚物;
f)聚(芥酸二聚体-癸二酸)共聚物;
g)聚(富马酸-癸二酸)共聚物;
h)羧甲基纤维素钠、羟甲基纤维素、木糖醇、低聚糖、软骨素、甲壳素、钾盐、钠盐、透明质酸、胶原蛋白、明胶或白蛋白胶。
实施例16
加工成缓释注射剂的方法步骤与实施例1-10相同,但所不同的是所用的助悬剂分别为下列之一或其组合:
a)0.5-3.0%羧甲基纤维素(钠);
b)5-15%甘露醇;
c)5-15%山梨醇;
d)0.1-1.5%表面活性物质;
e)0.1-0.5%吐温20;
f)(碘)甘油、二甲硅油、丙二醇或卡波姆;
g)0.5-5%羧甲基纤维素钠+0.1-0.5%土温80;
h)5-20%甘露醇+0.1-0.5%土温80;或
i)0.5-5%羧甲基纤维素钠+5-20%山梨醇+0.1-0.5%土温80。
以上实施例仅用于说明,而并非局限本发明的应用。
本发明所公开和保护的内容见权利要求。
Claims (2)
1. 一种含氨基糖苷类抗菌素的缓释注射剂,其特征在于该缓释注射剂由以下成分组成:
(A)缓释微球,包括:
氨基糖苷类抗菌素
缓释辅料
和
(B)溶媒,为普通溶媒或含助悬剂的特殊溶媒;
其中,
所述的缓释注射剂为下列组合:
氨基糖苷类抗生素为30%地贝卡星,缓释辅料为分子量峰值为10000的聚乳酸,溶媒为含1.5%羧甲基纤维素钠的生理盐水;
以上均为重量百分比。
2. 根据权利要求1所述之缓释注射剂,其特征在于该缓释注射剂中的缓释微球用于制备缓释植入剂,用于有效获得和维持病灶局部有效药物浓度的同时降低药物的全身分布,用于治疗敏感细菌引起的人和动物的急慢性感染。
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