CN101221704A - Electric language learning policy - Google Patents
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Abstract
A language learning system and a method organizes a language course into a facing strategy. The strategy comprises two major categories, namely a metacognition strategy and a cognition strategy. The metacognition strategy is a strategy about the consciousness and adjustment of self cognition status and process carried out by an individual, and the cognition strategy is a strategy based on cognition rules disclosed by cognitive psychology during language learning. The core of the electronic language learning strategy is the general integration of cognitive psychology, information technology and artificial intelligence. The problem which the electronic language learning strategy is to solve is to provide a feasible solution for each difficult link of language learning integrally and systematically and to break through the prior language learning system mode.
Description
Technical field
Relate generally to of the present invention is the field that means learn a language with the electronic technology, i.e. relate generally to electric language learning relates to the method and system of electric language learning policy particularly.
Background technology
Adopt electronic technology to carry out the learning system of dictionary and language, on market, existed a lot of years.Especially eighties of last century fifties, along with the rise of artificial intelligence, natural language understanding is as one of them core topic, in decades research in the world wide, and correlation technique has had significant progress.As far back as the 1975's, Minsky proposes Frame Theory, think that human brain stored a large amount of typical scenes, when people face new sight, select an ABC structure that is called framework in just from memory, selecting, the empty frame of the knowledge that this framework is remembered before being is remembered in human brain the cognition of new sight and form, and this is that the computing machine about episodic memory is realized in early days in the cognitive psychology.
In recent years, along with the fast development of computer technology and improving constantly of computer chip integrated level, the instrument that moves langue leaning system with Special Equipments such as single-chip microcomputer or palm PCs is more and more, and instrument is also constantly updating.
Yet, no matter be the langue leaning system of using on computers at present, or the dictionary that on Special Equipment, moves and the system of language learning, design philosophy that it is basic and structure, main still with block letter in the reality or multimedia language learning material, changed a kind of storage and ways of presentation, used these teaching materials with the method for electronics.The existence of this pattern, though improved the study of block letter teaching material, but learner's learning efficiency is very low still, and the outstanding problem in the learning process such as the memory of word, spoken language, writing and notice such as concentrate at root problem, the still good approach definitely of neither one.Most cases is that the learner can't understand the problem place of study, also can't not find one to be fit to method of oneself and correct approach.
In recent years, along with cognitive psychology test cognitive psychology, cognitive science, cognitive neuropsychology several aspect more and more deep research, also more and more clearer to the human cognitive system and the cognitive process of language learning.Yet all processes of cognitive system all are related each other and influence with structure.For example, the learner reads the professional article of non-mother tongue, this moment, his cognitive state was the process that is in study, but other cognitive process is also being carried out synchronously simultaneously, as the perceptual process when understanding knowledge in the article and attention process, the language skill that must grasp for the purpose that reaches results of learning and the knowledge long-term memory problem that characterizes and pay close attention to or the like process and structure for the purpose that goes up for one's examination, all be interrelated and influence, and make as a whole and system the learner is influenced.Language learning policy also puts forward on this basis.
The habit that early philologizes strategy is the research to the second language learning strategy, and the start time is the mid-1970s in a century, and that rate is introduced into this field is the people such as Rubin, Canadian Natiman, Frohlich and Todesco of the U.S.." the tactful Andrew D.Co hen of study and utilization second language ".Yet the strategy of language learning except being applicable to second language study, is equally applicable to the study of other Languages.Speak by the book, the language learning policy of indication is based on the application of the rule that learns a language of human cognitive science here.The study of language comprises study and the study of second language and the multilingual study of first language.
According to the theory of information processing, the language acknowledging strategy mainly is divided into metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy and society/emotion strategy three major types (O ' Malley﹠amp; Chamot, 1990).Metacognitive strategy is individual to self cognitive state and the consciousness of process and the strategy of adjusting, cognitive strategy is the strategy of taking based on the cognitive law of cognitive psychology in the language learning process, and society/emotion strategy is that utilization society and emotional factor carry out positive impact to language learning and the strategy taked.
In all learning strategies, metacognitive strategy is considered to be higher than other strategy, thereby is in a higher level, and metacognitive strategy has been controlled the use (O ' Malley﹠amp of cognitive strategy; Chamot, 1990).The notion of metacognitive strategy is to be proposed by John Flavell (1971,1976,1979).Metacognitive strategy is meant the individuality of learner as an active, use metacognitive knowledge that learning tasks are reasonably arranged, plan, monitor, regulated and estimate consciously, by continuous adjustment and perfect, make learning method of oneself and process reasonable more, efficient.Therefore, effectively learning process should also be simultaneously a process that the utilization metacognitive strategy is actively arranged, monitors, regulated learning process itself.
Metacognition generally comprises: 1. metacognitive knowledge, point out the cognitive attitude of knowing main body, cognitive strategy etc.; 2. metacognition is experienced, and is meant the cognitive activities process under cognitive strategy instructs, and has comprised experience of knowing and the experience of not knowing in the middle of this process; 3. metacognition monitoring is pointed out and is known main body in order to reach predetermined target, and self ongoing cognitive activities process as object of consciousness, is constantly carried out positive, conscious plan, supervision, inspection, evaluation, feedback, control and adjusting to it.
Metacognition monitoring structure metacognition monitoring generally comprises four parts: 1. make a plan.Point out and know that main body is that oneself formulates learning tasks, the cognitive strategy that utilization is relevant is in the hope of reaching cognitive purpose; 2. carry out monitoring.In the cognitive activities process, carry out evaluation in time according to certain evaluation criterion, the various situations when the feedback cognitive activities is carried out, the deficiency that exists in the discovery cognitive activities, and in time revise, adjust cognitive strategy in view of the above; 3. check result.According to the cognition plan, when cognitive activities closes to an end, how check results of learning, sum up gain and loss.Check result is the end of cognitive activities, is again the beginning of regulating learning strategy, taking the new round cognitive activities of its corresponding measures; 4. adopt remedial measures.
Cognitive strategy comprises repetition, utilizes body action, translation, sort out, record the note, deduce, reorganize, utilize visual image, utilize the sound presentation, utilize keyword, utilize concrete strategies such as context sight, expansion, migration, supposition.
Society/emotion strategy comprises writing, puts question to reach the purpose of clarification.
Current, to the angle of language learning, do still to lack very much in the system and method for study that method as a whole, system is applied to electonic speech from strategy.
Summary of the invention
One general aspect, set up a kind of system and method for current language learning strategy, the method that the electric language learning system is applied to a certain language system and learner as a kind of learning strategy.Described strategy is to make a general reference the measure that effectively learns a language and taked, the foundation of measure is based on the method for cognitive psychology, method is the application of the general cognitive law of the mankind, also be the technology that helps the cognitive law of learner's positive assurance itself, purpose is in order to improve results of learning and the form and the content that are easy to recall language.
The present invention can exert an influence to the study of advanced stage, mother tongue, study or other multilingual study of second language to crossing the threshold of language learning, described influence can run through listen, say, in the plurality of processes of reading and writing.
One of characteristics of the present invention are that electric language learning policy is done as a whole method, to learner's channeling conduct and help.For example, the learner not only will pay close attention to memory problems in the learning process, material structure problem etc., also will pay close attention to self notice concentration problem, psychological regulation problem simultaneously, each link of managing study from the whole angle of individuality.
Two of characteristics of the present invention are that electric language learning policy helps the learner as the method for a system.The design object of whole learning strategy has contained the listening of language substantially, has said, four processes of reading and writing.Each substrategy in the strategy is relative to each other, influences each other, has stronger systematicness.
Three of characteristics of the present invention are that electric language learning policy is supported learner's individual demand as the method for an opening.For example, the learner can oneself organize study material, oneself increases classification dictionary, self-defined word repetitive memory time etc.
Described learning strategy can be one-level strategy or secondary strategy.The one-level strategy comprises metacognitive strategy and cognitive strategy, the secondary strategy comprises the cognition custom assessment strategy of metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, the cognitive development strategy repaired, the word memory tactics of cognitive strategy, sentence memory tactics, recall strategy, re-recognize strategy, material structure strategy, spoken strategy, reading strategy, writing strategy, comprehension strategy.
Metacognitive strategy in the one-level strategy and cognitive strategy are mutually independently substantially.Metacognitive strategy is realized the management to learner's metacongruitive ability, start from before certain continuous cognitive activities, the learner can constantly understand, regulate the metacognition method of oneself in learning process, optimize the resource of own cognitive activities best, thereby to obtain best results of learning.The learner begins in cognitive process after neutralization the concrete utilization of cognitive psychology certain law to the management of cognitive strategy.
Metacognitive strategy influences with relevant each other with each secondary strategy in the cognitive strategy.For example, cognitive custom assessment strategy, cognitively repair strategy, the cognitive development strategy influences each other, word memory tactics, sentence memory tactics, to recall strategy, re-recognize strategy also be to influence each other, simultaneously also can cross influence.
Described language is meant the not cognation, the not cognate various language that are present at present on the earth in each country and the nationality.For example, Indo-European family of languages Germanic branc: comprise English, German, Dutch, each main language of the Scandinavian Peninsula; Latin linguistic subfamily: comprise French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian etc.; Slavic branch: Russian, Bulgarian, Polish are arranged, Serbian etc.; India's linguistic subfamily comprises Sanskrit, Hindi, Pali, Dravidian language (language of South India all belongs to this language and props up) etc.Linguistic subfamilies such as remote, the strong Dong in the Chinese of Han-Tibetan family and Tibetan, Miao Yao: comprise Chinese, Tibetan language, Burmese, Karen, strong language, Miao, precious jade language etc.
Embodiment
The electric language learning content structure
The structure of electric language learning system and method content is a principle with reusability, dirigibility, convenience and opening.
Below described be the content structure of different strategy.
Cognitive custom assessment strategy, according to the general kind metacognition characteristics of learning the language speaker, design one or more metacognition scales, represent the different value of different latitude in the scale with variable, with the multidimensional data structure storage of variables, the while is worth the kind metacognition characteristics of learning the language speaker as reference.After the learner filled in each variable in the scale, the numerical value of system-computed scale was also extrapolated learner's cognition custom type, was accustomed to and state to help the learner to understand own metacognition.For example, " attentively " is divided into 1,2,3,4,5 grade numerical value as a latitude variable in the scale, wherein 1 for very wholwe-hearted, 2 for wholwe-hearted, 3 for generally wholwe-hearted, 4 for compare attentively, 5 for very wholwe-hearted.When the learner is very wholwe-hearted, then its value is exactly 5.
Metacognition is repaiied and is developed multiple strategy, fills in the scale as a result that draws behind the metacognition scale according to the learner, compares with the metacognition reference value simultaneously, provides the reparation and the development strategy of metacognition.The reparation of metacognition and development strategy content, be the learner as a result the gap of scale and metacognition reference value and the description of reference value is described.The remediation management of metacognition that in view of the above can guidance learning person, and describe a kind of in the hope of reaching a level preferably.For example, scale middle school habit person's wholwe-hearted latitude is generally wholwe-hearted (value 3) as a result, then metacognition and development strategy content are: need to strengthen wholwe-hearted degree in the learning process, get rid of the disturbing factor that all are not wanted, in the hope of reaching more attentively or very wholwe-hearted degree.
The semantic analysis memory tactics, be rules such as classification, other attribute and summary etc. according to word are abstract, relevant vocabulary according to approximate degree, organizing together with the principle of relational database becomes a class and carries out lexical or textual analysis, comprise synonym, near anticipate speech or, form multi-functional classified dictionary with speech of certain tagsort etc.Typical method as " the multi-functional classification dictionary of Longman/English-Chinese bilingual Shen Wei of publisher of english version original author Tom McArthur/ is virtuous ".But semantic memory of the present invention not only is confined to the way of above-mentioned dictionary.For example: expression kindness and generous adjective: merciful, lenient, clement in the English; In the Chinese expression kind with generous adjective: kind, honest and kindhearted, mercy, kindheartedness etc.
The word repetition strategies, when the learner's learning word first time, system just writes down this time stamp, afterwards, system can by several hours, one day, the mode in a week, month initiatively shows or broadcast word, the prompting learner is memory repeatedly constantly, the intensified learning function.For example, January in 2007, the morning on the 1st, 9:00 learnt word redemption: when system can be 11:00 after 2 hours, morning on the 2nd January in 2007 during 9:00, the morning on the 8th January in 2007 during 9:00, the morning on the 1st February in 2007 show during 9:00 or play word, confirm to have reviewed up to the learner.
The word strategy that enforces one's memory, after the study of a word is finished, adopt select to fill a vacancy, methods such as stem allonge, residual speech completion, strengthen the method for vocabulary memorization.It is the word that vacancy will be remembered in sentence that provides or paragraph that selection is filled a vacancy, and provides one group of a plurality of word similar to the word that will fill a vacancy simultaneously, is selected to fill a vacancy by the learner.The stem allonge, be meant that the learner has learnt a series of words after, system provides three letters of word, allows testedly write all the other two or three letters troactively and constitute a significant word.Residual speech completion, be meant allow the learner learn a series of words after, a word that lacks that lacks some letters is filled out suitable letter and is become significant word.For example, stem allonge: lovel__ (loveless) fills into lovelace; Speech is residual fills a vacancy: cr__s__ (crasher) fills into crimson.
The word partition, be a complete word, divide into groups according to methods such as the word-building of word, root meanings, every group number of letters remains on about 7 letters or 7 letters once are one group principle, with the convenient method that long slightly or longer word are remembered.For example, word understand: can be split as under_stand.
The episodic memory strategy is that the special time at place during language learning memory activity, the particular event or the plot of locality store.These incidents or plot are referred to as scenario factors.System organizes the main typical scene element in the general daily sight commonly used according to character or other attribute classification, be stored in advance in the system, supplies with the learner and selects.For example, system has stored the sight in places such as library, coffee-house, park, university, office.The learner selects wherein suitable sight, as long as the concise and to the point characteristics of describing wherein just can represent real situation main contents.For example, the essential element of library's sight is: as several main key elements such as time, weather, library's title, position, library, books classification, floors.For example, the scenic elements of the episodic memory strategy of the word psychologic that studies English is: on January 1st, 2007, morning, fine day, temperature-1.4 ℃, Xidan, Beijing diagram mansion, Xidan, psychology bookshelf, Stall.
The background music memory tactics, in the language learning process, to be easy to generate music alpha wave, that be of value to memory,, store in advance according to certain classification as " the big accent fantasia of G ", " " music waterborne " " of prosperous Dare of Ba Luoke Bach in the epoch etc.The learner can be according to the hobby deflection of oneself, in learning process according to oneself hobby and custom, play back selectively, simultaneously policy system the timestamp of playing back music, the timestamp, machine system time etc. of the word of learning or other content note.And in memory and review process, play same music again, to enforce one's memory.For example, 8: 33: 42 on the 1st January in 2007, learning word comfortable, " " music waterborne " " of prosperous Dare play and located at the 1st minute and 30 seconds.When recalling or review word comfortable, " " music waterborne " " of prosperous Dare play from the 1st minute and 30 seconds simultaneously.
The cued recall strategy is that system has stored the clue in the process of other Languages contents such as learning word or sentence, when recalling these contents of learn, and the content that system provides different clue help learner memories to be learnt.The cued recall strategy comprises that time cue, spatial cues, value clue, description state clue, representation function clue, reason/triggering clue, generic member clue and clue of equal value etc. are multiple.
According to time cue: the clue of relevant word or sentence duration or frequency, or the clue of relevant word time of origin.
Spatial cues: the clue of general or specific position of relevant word or sentence or residing possible position.
Be worth clue: relevant word or sentence serviceability or profitable value.
The clue of description state: the clue of relevant word or sentence feature sizes, shape, color, smell, sensation etc.
The clue of representation function: relevant word or sentence has the possibility purpose, the action clue that may carry out, potential clues such as use.
Reason/triggering clue: the relevant possible cause or the clue of trigger condition.
Generic member clue: relevant word or sentence belong to the clue of certain class or a few classes.
Clue of equal value: the clue of relevant word or S meaning or opposite meaning.
Sight is recalled strategy, is the scenic elements in the episodic memory that is stored in the system is extracted, and helps the learner to recall the content of study.This is the leaching process of episodic memory strategy.For example, morning, fine day, temperature-1.4 ℃, Xidan, Beijing diagram mansion, the Xidan, the psychology bookshelf, Stall is recalled and word: psychologic.
The material structure strategy according to the frequency and the density of the daily use of learner, contact language scope, is organized study material.For example, for the learner is the study of professional manager's second language, if learner's mother tongue is a Chinese, the language of learning is an English, so just select " management " of Chinese edition, select the English " management " of same version again, the material structure strategy be exactly main study understand english version " management " or with " management " contrast study of Chinese edition.
The syntactic structure strategy is set up a sentence structure resolver, and resolver has been stored context-free rule and restrictive condition in the concrete syntax.The effect of resolver both can have been determined the syntactic structure of the sentence that the learner will express, and can verify the whether reasonable on sentence structure of sentence that the learner will express again.The learner is finding out with multi-functional classification dictionary after the general idea that oneself will express is lexical or textual analysis, and reasonable sentence structure in the resolver is sought according to lexical or textual analysis by system, forms the basic statement of reasonable sentence structure+keyword, helps the learner to understand the linguistic data of reading with this.
Keyword strategy, a large amount of pattern of forgiving keyword that system stores concrete syntax in advance with certain data structure, each pattern all with multi-functional classification dictionary in one or more relevant lexical or textual analysis corresponding.At each keyword, provide one or more pattern match commonly used in advance.In the sentence that provides, system seeks the keyword with pattern match therein, and the central meaning of the keyword that searches out as this sentence.For example, keyword dream has 3 patterns: 1, (0 I dream 0); 2, (0 had dream 0); 3, (0 X dream), lexical or textual analysis is respectively " I have a dream ", " dream ", " so-and-so dream ".Wherein " 0 " expression can with sentence in zero match to any a plurality of speech, " X " represents my, his, pronoun or articles such as your, a.System searches out " my dream " and 3, (0Xdream) coupling at sentence " I can never remember my dream ", and then keyword is " my dream ", and lexical or textual analysis is " my dream ".
The outline strategy, according to application different in the general different field, extracting the common element of using, tissue forms the relevant outline or the theme of association area, and customizing the initial version of related subject in advance, system is according to theme or these initial versions of alternate manner classification and storage.The learner inquires about relevant theme, extracts the initial version of suitable or approximate related subject, writes on the basis of initial version then.For example, the writing of English business letter: in the outline strategy, inquire business letter, extract the initial version of business letter, fill in " Company Name ", " return address " in the business letter, " date ", " DearSir or Madam ", " Sincerely " ", your name ", " you jobtitle " part such as " " set form, the actual content part of writing business letter again.
Electric language learning policy
In the content aggregation and structure relevant with language system described above, various concrete strategies are meeting preliminary setting parameter and initial value generally, applies to concrete language as the strategy of giving tacit consent to.Equally, the learner also can cancel the strategy of part or all of acquiescence, perhaps revises the strategy of part or full class.
Above-described various strategy according to the difference of character, can be divided into five classes: metacognition class, memory class, spoken policy class, reading strategy class, writing strategy class.The strategy of each class is independent substantially, and right and wrong are directly related in system.In each specific strategy in every class strategy, be divided into being closely related according to relevant degree and be closely related two kinds with non-.Each specific strategy in metacognition class and the memory class is to be closely related, and each specific strategy in spoken policy class, reading strategy class and the writing strategy class is non-being closely related.
The electric language learning policy system
The present invention can be used as method, system architecture and computer software product and realizes.
The electric language learning policy system, can run on Windows, Unix (HP-UX, Solaris, AIX), Llnux (RedHat, Miracle) etc. in the operating system, also can run in Windows CE, embedded Llnux or other the embedded OS.
Finish the both available object-based programming language of computer code of the present invention operation, as Java, Smalltalk, C++ etc., also can be with the programming language of non-object, as the C language etc.
The electric language learning policy system can be used as independently system applies on equipment such as desk-top computer, portable computer, palm single-chip microcomputer, perhaps have can the operation system or any equipment of embedded OS on use.The electric language learning policy system also can be used as the system of B/S structure, moves on server, workstation, portable computer or any smart machine that can execute instruction and be connected in network.
The electric language learning policy system, the type of content and information exhibition can comprise text, form, diagram, figure, image, animation, audio frequency and video segment.
Claims (10)
1. one kind makes language learning based on the systems approach towards learning strategy, angle from language learning policy, systematically coordinate, solve interactive each cognitive process general in the language learning, described language is meant not cognation, the not cognate various language that are present at present on the earth in each country and the nationality, and described strategy comprises metacognitive strategy and cognitive strategy two big classifications.
Described method comprises:
Metacognitive strategy;
The vocabulary memorization strategy;
The sentence memory tactics;
Recall strategy;
The material structure strategy;
Spoken strategy;
Reading strategy;
Writing strategy;
2. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that metacognitive strategy comprises metacognition custom assessment strategy, metacognition reparation and the multiple strategy of development.
3. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the vocabulary memorization strategy comprises semantic analysis memory tactics, word repetitive memory strategy, word enforce one's memory strategy, word partition strategy, episodic memory strategy, background music memory tactics.
4. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the sentence memory tactics comprises syntactic structure strategy, keyword strategy.
5. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that recalling strategy comprises cued recall strategy, sight memory strategy.
6. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that spoken strategy comprises the comprehensive of keyword strategy and syntactic structure strategy.
7. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that reading strategy comprises the comprehensive of keyword strategy and syntactic structure strategy.。
8. according to the process of claim 1 wherein that writing strategy comprises the outline strategy.
9. according to the method for claim 3, wherein word enforce one's memory strategy comprise select to fill a vacancy, methods such as stem allonge, residual speech completion.
10. according to the method for claim 5, wherein the cued recall strategy comprises time cue, spatial cues, value clue, describes methods such as state clue, representation function clue, reason/triggering clue, generic member clue and clue of equal value.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107797975A (en) * | 2017-10-17 | 2018-03-13 | 云南财经大学 | A kind of non-language graphical symbol AC system |
| CN109035994A (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2018-12-18 | 郭派 | A kind of method and system constructing English word monoid |
| CN109064788A (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2018-12-21 | 董必胜 | It is a kind of can subliminal learning learning device |
| CN109726392A (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-05-07 | 井冈山大学 | A kind of intelligent language Cognitive Information Processing Based and method based on big data |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107797975A (en) * | 2017-10-17 | 2018-03-13 | 云南财经大学 | A kind of non-language graphical symbol AC system |
| CN107797975B (en) * | 2017-10-17 | 2020-03-17 | 云南财经大学 | Non-language graphic symbol communication system |
| CN109064788A (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2018-12-21 | 董必胜 | It is a kind of can subliminal learning learning device |
| CN109035994A (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2018-12-18 | 郭派 | A kind of method and system constructing English word monoid |
| CN109726392A (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2019-05-07 | 井冈山大学 | A kind of intelligent language Cognitive Information Processing Based and method based on big data |
| CN109726392B (en) * | 2018-12-13 | 2023-10-10 | 井冈山大学 | Intelligent language cognition information processing system and method based on big data |
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