CN101169033A - Oil extracting system and oil extraction monitoring system - Google Patents
Oil extracting system and oil extraction monitoring system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101169033A CN101169033A CNA2006101674153A CN200610167415A CN101169033A CN 101169033 A CN101169033 A CN 101169033A CN A2006101674153 A CNA2006101674153 A CN A2006101674153A CN 200610167415 A CN200610167415 A CN 200610167415A CN 101169033 A CN101169033 A CN 101169033A
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- Prior art keywords
- aforementioned
- pump
- oil
- converter
- radio communication
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M thiamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.[Cl-].CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/008—Monitoring of down-hole pump systems, e.g. for the detection of "pumped-off" conditions
- E21B47/009—Monitoring of walking-beam pump systems
Landscapes
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Extraction Or Liquid Replacement (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides an oil extracting system, which is enabled to extract oil efficiently by utilizing a pump-off signal in secondary and tertiary extractions, and an oil extraction monitoring system. The oil extracting system comprises a sucker rod pump disposed in an oil well for sucking crude oil, a signal detecting unit for detecting an pump-off signal of the sucker rod pump, and a press-in pump disposed in a press-in well for pressing in a fluid to be used for the secondary extraction or the tertiary extraction. The press-in pump is run on the basis of the pump-off signal detected by the signal detecting unit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to be used to force to reclaim the oil extraction system of oil and the oil extraction monitoring system of monitoring oil extraction system.
Background technology
When gathering oil, at first only depend on the production of natural oil extraction energy, do not follow (once the gathering) such as productions of the artificial oil recovery (gas-lift production, pump oil recovery etc.) of aftermentioned EOR from underground oil field.
Its production of once gathering go down after, by to oil reservoir inject (water drive oil process, gas injection methods) such as water, natural gases give artificial oil extraction energy, with the increase (secondary recovery) of seeking recovery ratio thereafter.
In addition, after the secondary recovery, remain in the oil that underground crude oil contains layer, adopt artificial enhancement to reclaim the method for (Enhanced Oil Recovery) usually in order to gather.Promoting absorption method is to obtain the percentage recovery that higher displacement efficiency is a purpose than common water drive oil process, gas injection method etc.Promote the method use adding surfactant in the oil of water and oil, heavy oil etc. that reclaims and make micro emulsion, be injected into the oil-containing solvent flooded method that underground crude oil contains layer and reclaims crude oil, reach at injection water and add polyacrylamide, many alkyl acrylates, water-soluble polymers such as poly-alkylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile and xanthane rubber, improve the viscosity of water, to improve the polymer flooding oil process (for example, with reference to patent documentation 1) of petroleum collection rate.In addition, also utilize the microbial flooding oil process that uses microorganism.The microbial flooding oil process is to use the microorganism of the metabolin of producing polymer, surfactant, carbonic acid gas, methane gas and acid etc., expectation has the method (for example, with reference to patent documentation 2) of the same function with above-mentioned EOR technology in underground crude oil contains layer.
So, existing oil production method utilization is taked method to seek efficiently oil to take.
Be used to gather the pump use insert pump 300 as shown in Figure 3 of oil.Insert pump 300 connects plunger (not shown) for the top at pump rod 301 and falls in the well casing, pump rod moves up and down by ground equipment, and this motion passes to plunger to recover the oil, because of its simplicity, be used in onshore oil field (for example, with reference to patent documentation 3) the most widely.
Insert pump can be found time by generating pump, as its control method, has and detect the known technology (for example, with reference to patent documentation 4) that pump depletion takes place and controls under rated condition.
[patent documentation 1] spy of Japan opens flat 11-236556 communique (2-5 page or leaf)
The special fair 6-13699 communique (2-9 page or leaf) of [patent documentation 2] Japan
No. 3184229 communique of [patent documentation 3] Japan's patent (the 9-17 page or leaf, Fig. 7)
[patent documentation 4] WO00/66892 communique (9-17 page or leaf)
Summary of the invention
Use taking method, on what opportunity being suitable for and just can obtaining this problem of the highest production schedule of comprehensive economy and inquired into by people in recent years of which principle during oil field development.But, also can not get clear and definite answer sometimes, might not obtain the best production schedule.
The present invention carries out for overcoming the above problems, purpose provide a kind of at secondary, gather for three times in oil extraction system and oil extraction monitoring system by utilizing the pump depletion signal efficiently to recover the oil.
In order to address the above problem, the present invention is following formation.
The described invention of claim 1 is the oil extraction system that the signal detection device and being arranged at that has the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, detect the pump depletion signal of aforementioned insert pump injects the injection pump that is used for the injection fluid of gathering or gathering for the third time for the second time or microorganism of well; It is characterized by:, make aforementioned injection pump running according to the detected pump depletion signal of aforementioned signal detection device.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 2: aforementioned signal detection device is the converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 3: aforementioned signal detection device is the upper level controller of converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 4: the converter that aforementioned pump depletion signal is transferred to the power source that drives aforementioned injection pump.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 5: aforesaid fluid is water, gas or surfactant.
The described invention of claim 6 is the oil extraction system that the signal detection device and being arranged at that has the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, detect the pump depletion signal of aforementioned insert pump injects the injection pump that is used for the injection fluid of gathering or gathering for the third time for the second time or microorganism of well; It is characterized by: aforementioned signal detection device detects aforementioned pump depletion signal, according to the aforementioned detected pump depletion signal aforementioned injection pump that turns round.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 7: aforementioned signal detection device is the converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 8: aforementioned signal detection device is the upper level controller of converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 9: the converter that aforementioned pump depletion signal is transferred to the power source that drives aforementioned injection pump.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 10: aforesaid fluid is water, gas or surfactant.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 11: have the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, drive being far apart watch-dog, connecting aforementioned the 1st radio communication device of being far apart equipment, being used for carrying out the 2nd radio communication device of radio communication and being connected in the computer of aforementioned radio communication device of converter, the aforementioned converter of operation of aforementioned insert pump with aforementioned radio communication device.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 12: aforementioned instruction sends with specified period.
The described invention of claim 13 is being far apart watch-dog, connecting aforementioned the 1st radio communication device of being far apart equipment, being used for carrying out the 2nd radio communication device of radio communication with aforementioned radio communication device and being connected in the oil extraction monitoring system of the computer of aforementioned radio communication device of converter, the aforementioned converter of operation that has the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, drives aforementioned insert pump; It is characterized by: send the regulation instruction to aforementioned converter by aforementioned the 2nd radio communication device by aforementioned computer, the aforementioned watch-dog that is far apart receives aforementioned regulation instruction by aforementioned the 1st radio communication device, respond the aforementioned converter of aforementioned regulation instruction operation, the result of aforementioned operation is sent to aforementioned computer by the aforementioned the 1st and the 2nd radio communication device.
Being characterized as of the described invention of claim 14: aforementioned instruction sends with specified period.
According to the described invention of claim 1 to 10, because the insert pump that injects the pump of water, gas, surfactant (fluid) or microorganism at secondary, in gathering for three times and recover the oil can use the pump depletion detection signal of converter to carry out coordination operation, so can efficiently recover the oil.
According to the described invention of claim 11 to 14,, therefore can carry out crude oil production, maintenance management in the strange land owing to monitor with radio communication.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the pie graph of the oil extraction system of expression the present invention the 1st embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the pie graph of the oil extraction monitoring system of expression the present invention the 2nd embodiment.
Fig. 3 is the key diagram of existing insert pump.
Symbol description
1 underground crude oil contains layer (oil reservoir)
2 producing wells
3 inject well
10 insert pumps
11 motors
12 the 1st converters
20 injection pumps
21 motors
22 the 2nd converters
23 signal transmission device spares
51 communication interfaces
52 are far apart watch-dog
53 radio communication devices
60 central monitoring systems
61 computers
The specific embodiment
Followingly embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to figure.
Embodiment 1
Fig. 1 is the pie graph of oil extraction system of the present invention.Below, recovering the oil describes with the water drive oil process, so long as secondary, the situation of gathering for three times just can be suitable for displacement of reservoir oil method arbitrarily.
Among the figure, the 1st, underground crude oil contains layer (oil reservoir).The 2nd, the mine pit of the oil that is used to gather is a producing well.The 3rd, be used to inject the injection well of water.
The 10th, draw the insert pump of crude oil.The 11st, as the motor of insert pump 10 power sources.The 12nd, the 1st converter of CD-ROM drive motor 11.The 1st converter 12 can detect the pump depletion signal according to known technology.
The 20th, be used to inject the injection pump of water.The 21st, as the motor of injection pump 20 power sources.The 22nd, the 2nd converter of CD-ROM drive motor 21.The 23rd, be used for from the 1st converter 12 constituting by not shown sender, holding wire and receiver to the find time signal transmission device spare of signal of the 2nd converter 22 transmission pumps.
Under as above constituting, following explanation is carried out in the action of oil extraction system of the present invention.
When being continued to draw crude oil by insert pump 10, formation pressure descends gradually, and oil recovery efficiency reduces gradually.And, when formation pressure reduces, be absorbed in the state that easy generating pump is found time.
At this moment, after the 1st converter 12 detected the pump depletion signal, this signal was transferred to the 2nd converter 22 by signal transmission device spare 23.Promptly the 1st converter is the pump depletion signal detection device.After the 2nd converter 22 received this pump depletion signal, water (fluid) was injected in entry into service.
Therefore, because formation pressure is recovered, producing well is stably recovered the oil.
In addition, in the present embodiment,, also can detect, perhaps also can directly detect by the sensor that is arranged at insert pump by not shown upper level controller though detect pump depletion by the 1st converter.In addition, though the pump depletion signal of the 1st converter directly is transferred to the 2nd converter 22, so long as the running of the 2nd converter is got final product according to the pump depletion signal.Promptly detect pump depletion, and inject water in view of the above and get final product with any means.
In addition, detect pump depletion after, not necessarily get started the running of the 2nd converter, can entry into service after detecting stipulated number, also can be in the unit interval detect number of times and surpass setting the time entry into service.
As mentioned above, can use the pump depletion detection signal of converter to carry out coordination operation owing to inject fluid such as water, gas, surfactant or the pump of microorganism and the insert pump that recovers the oil at secondary, in gathering for three times, so can efficiently recover the oil.
Embodiment 2
Fig. 2 is the pie graph of the oil extraction monitoring system of expression the 2nd embodiment.In addition, because the part identical with the 1st embodiment given identical symbol, therefore omit its explanation.
Among the figure, the 51st, communication interface, it is to be used for being far apart the communication interface circuit plate of receiving and dispatching data between the watch-dog at the 1st converter 12 and aftermentioned.The 52nd, be far apart watch-dog, receive the instruction that central monitoring system sends, and according to command content operational transformation device.The 53rd, radio communication device is used for the transmitting/receiving wireless signal of telecommunication.
The 60th, central monitoring system is made of radio communication device 61, communication interface 62 and computer 63.
Under as above constituting, after computer 63 transmission regulation instructions, director data is transferred to by radio communication device 61,53 and is far apart watch-dog 52.
Be far apart watch-dog 52 according to its instruction operational transformation device, and the foldback result data is given computer 63.
For example, send it back the revolution sense order by computer 63 after, be far apart the information that watch-dog is read the winding number of converter management, foldback is given computer 63.
If send instruction periodically,, can realize motor supervision because can obtain result data periodically.
As mentioned above, the operating state of converter be can regularly confirm by computer 63, all oil production/passing in oil field, oil production/passing, working condition, maintenanceability (maintainability) and the availability (availability) etc. of each insert pump monitored, manage.
In addition, in the present embodiment, communication interface is arranged at the 1st converter inside, but also can be arranged at the outside.
So, owing to monitor, therefore can carry out crude oil production, maintenance management in the strange land with radio communication.
Claims (14)
1. oil extraction system, the signal detection device of the pump depletion signal that have the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, detects aforementioned insert pump and being arranged at inject the oil extraction system of the injection pump that is used for the injection fluid of gathering or gathering for the third time for the second time or microorganism of well;
It is characterized by:, make aforementioned injection pump running according to the detected pump depletion signal of aforementioned signal detection device.
2. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by: aforementioned signal detection device is the converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
3. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by: aforementioned signal detection device is the upper level controller of converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
4. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by: the converter that aforementioned pump depletion signal is transferred to the power source that drives aforementioned injection pump.
5. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 1 is characterized by: aforesaid fluid is water, gas or surfactant.
6. oil production method, the signal detection device of the pump depletion signal that have the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, detects aforementioned insert pump and being arranged at inject the oil extraction system of the injection pump that is used for the injection fluid of gathering or gathering for the third time for the second time or microorganism of well;
It is characterized by: aforementioned signal detection device detects aforementioned pump depletion signal,
According to the aforementioned detected pump depletion signal aforementioned injection pump that turns round.
7. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 6 is characterized by: aforementioned signal detection device is the converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
8. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 6 is characterized by: aforementioned signal detection device is the upper level controller of converter that drives the power source of aforementioned insert pump.
9. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 6 is characterized by: the converter that aforementioned pump depletion signal is transferred to the power source that drives aforementioned injection pump.
10. oil extraction system as claimed in claim 6 is characterized by: aforesaid fluid is water, gas or surfactant.
11. an oil extraction monitoring system is characterized by:
Have the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well,
Drive aforementioned insert pump converter,
Operate aforementioned converter be far apart watch-dog,
Connect aforementioned the 1st radio communication device of being far apart equipment,
Be used for carrying out the 2nd radio communication device of radio communication and be connected in the computer of aforementioned radio communication device with aforementioned radio communication device.
12. oil extraction monitoring system as claimed in claim 11 is characterized by: aforementioned instruction sends with specified period.
13. an oil recovery method for supervising has the insert pump that draws crude oil that is arranged at producing well, drives being far apart watch-dog, connecting aforementioned the 1st radio communication device of being far apart equipment, being used for carrying out the 2nd radio communication device of radio communication with aforementioned radio communication device and being connected in the oil extraction monitoring system of the computer of aforementioned radio communication device of converter, the aforementioned converter of operation of aforementioned insert pump;
It is characterized by: send the regulation instruction to aforementioned converter by aforementioned computer by aforementioned the 2nd radio communication device,
The aforementioned watch-dog that is far apart receives aforementioned regulation instruction by aforementioned the 1st radio communication device,
Respond the aforementioned converter of aforementioned regulation instruction operation,
By the 1st and the 2nd radio communication device the result of aforementioned operation is sent to aforementioned computer.
14. oil recovery method for supervising as claimed in claim 13 is characterized by: aforementioned instruction sends with specified period.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006293169 | 2006-10-27 | ||
JP2006293169 | 2006-10-27 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101169033A true CN101169033A (en) | 2008-04-30 |
Family
ID=39324443
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNA2006101674153A Pending CN101169033A (en) | 2006-10-27 | 2006-12-15 | Oil extracting system and oil extraction monitoring system |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100051268A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPWO2008050645A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101169033A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2667535A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008050645A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2441143C1 (en) * | 2010-05-19 | 2012-01-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Нефтяная технологическая компания" НЕТЕК | Method of increasing oil reservoir recovery and device to this end |
US9284480B2 (en) | 2011-10-04 | 2016-03-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Polymer-enhanced surfactant flooding for permeable carbonates |
CA2912115C (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2017-02-21 | Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd. | Oil-submersible linear motor oil extraction system |
CN105629906A (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2016-06-01 | 上海工程技术大学 | Data monitoring system for deep-sea oil extraction device simulator |
CN112302593B (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2022-11-01 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Water polymer flooding injection allocation device and water polymer flooding integrated intelligent separate injection system |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA1173771A (en) * | 1980-05-21 | 1984-09-04 | Roger E. Cripps | Fluid displacement with heteropolysaccharide solutions, and the microbial production of heteropolysaccharides |
JPS63112592U (en) * | 1987-01-16 | 1988-07-20 | ||
US4854164A (en) * | 1988-05-09 | 1989-08-08 | N/Cor Inc. | Rod pump optimization system |
US5281100A (en) * | 1992-04-13 | 1994-01-25 | A.M.C. Technology, Inc. | Well pump control system |
JP3224702B2 (en) * | 1994-12-05 | 2001-11-05 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Oil extraction method from oil field |
US5823262A (en) * | 1996-04-10 | 1998-10-20 | Micro Motion, Inc. | Coriolis pump-off controller |
JPH11236556A (en) * | 1998-02-24 | 1999-08-31 | Hakuto Co Ltd | Injection fluid composition for forced petroleum recovery and petroleum recovery method |
JP4626057B2 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2011-02-02 | 株式会社安川電機 | Pump jack pump-off control method and apparatus |
US6857474B2 (en) * | 2001-10-02 | 2005-02-22 | Lufkin Industries, Inc. | Methods, apparatus and products useful in the operation of a sucker rod pump during the production of hydrocarbons |
-
2006
- 2006-12-15 CN CNA2006101674153A patent/CN101169033A/en active Pending
-
2007
- 2007-10-17 US US12/447,068 patent/US20100051268A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-10-17 CA CA002667535A patent/CA2667535A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-10-17 JP JP2008540950A patent/JPWO2008050645A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-10-17 WO PCT/JP2007/070224 patent/WO2008050645A1/en active Application Filing
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPWO2008050645A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
WO2008050645A1 (en) | 2008-05-02 |
US20100051268A1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
CA2667535A1 (en) | 2008-05-02 |
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Open date: 20080430 |