CN1011428B - Improved glass fibre concrete panels - Google Patents

Improved glass fibre concrete panels

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Publication number
CN1011428B
CN1011428B CN 86100604 CN86100604A CN1011428B CN 1011428 B CN1011428 B CN 1011428B CN 86100604 CN86100604 CN 86100604 CN 86100604 A CN86100604 A CN 86100604A CN 1011428 B CN1011428 B CN 1011428B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
glass fibre
layer
concrete panels
glass
fibre concrete
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Expired
Application number
CN 86100604
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Chinese (zh)
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CN86100604A (en
Inventor
林祥孝
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Individual
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Individual
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CN 86100604 priority Critical patent/CN1011428B/en
Priority to GB8631053A priority patent/GB2187446B/en
Publication of CN86100604A publication Critical patent/CN86100604A/en
Publication of CN1011428B publication Critical patent/CN1011428B/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/044Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres of concrete
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/06Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres reinforced
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • E04C2/284Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
    • E04C2/288Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and concrete, stone or stone-like material
    • E04C2/2885Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and concrete, stone or stone-like material with the insulating material being completely surrounded by, or embedded in, a stone-like material, e.g. the insulating material being discontinuous
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/07Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a concrete slab strengthened by glass fibers. The differences of the present invention from a cement slab strengthened by ordinary glass fibers are that the glass fibers of the present invention are not chopped, but a whole glass fiber continuously extends to the other end from one end of the slab. Glass fiber bars in different directions are interwoven into a glass fiber layer which is spaced into a multilayer structure with a concrete layer or a cement mortar layer. Directions and numbers of fiber bundles in each fiber layer and distances among bundles are designed according to the shape of the slab and loading conditions during work. Compared with a precast concrete piece, the present invention has the advantages of light weight, no rust generation, incombustibility and various form designs.

Description

Improved glass fibre concrete panels
The present invention relates to glass fibre concrete panels, particularly a kind of glass fiber is to reinforce in concrete slab continuously.And relate to glass fibre concrete panels with traditional reinforcement material such as reinforcing bar etc.
As far back as latter stage in the sixties, along with alkali resistant glass fiber is succeeded in developing, the glass fiber reinforcement cement board just becomes a kind of new material in building circle.In the seventies latter stage, also begin to be applied to reinforced cementitious plate through the E of special protection class glass fiber.The thickness of general glass fiber reinforcement cement board is about 10 millimeters to 13 millimeters, even can be as thin as 6.3 millimeters.Therefore, the very light weight of this class cement board.Compare with reinforced concrete precast member, its lightweight reduces freight, installs easily; As the non-main bearing member of building, more can reduce the load of building greatly.At present, the glass fiber reinforcement cement board is that the alkali resistance glass fiber is shredded, and sneaks into cement, fine sand and water again and rubs with the hands and evenly form the cement paste that contains glass fiber, utilizes pump that the cement paste that this is mixed with the chopping glass fiber is sprayed on the template.Through coating and compacting after, this chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board can the demoulding after a day, forms through about six to seven days maintenance again.Glass fiber in this class chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board accounts for 5 percent of gross weight; The intensity of the cement board of chopping glass fiber reinforcement mainly is the influence that is subjected to content of glass fiber, unless other experimental evidence support is arranged, in order to keep enough intensity, glass fiber will account for 4 percent of gross weight at least.The optimum length of glass fiber is 1.5 inches to 2 inches.When spraying, make glass fiber as far as possible irregularly be sprayed on the two-dimensional space of stencil plane, not so, finished product may have different characteristics at different directions.Because the intensity of chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board is lower than steel concrete all the time, so they mainly are to be applied on the stressed little member.Unfortunately, the market value of glass fiber exceeds more than ten times than reinforcing bar, and the also general concrete of the cement consumption in this kind cement board is high.Add amount of reinforcement one of the not enough percentage often in the general non-main stressed reinforced concrete member, make chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board cost relatively high.Therefore, under many circumstances, reinforced concrete precast member still comes economically than the chopping glass fibre concrete panels.So the chopping glass fibre concrete panels is not widely used yet.
The objective of the invention is to utilize glass fiber that concrete is done more effective reinforcing.Simultaneously, the concrete cost of glass fiber reinforcement is reduced to is enough to compete with prefabricated reinforced concrete spare.
Another object of the present invention is that glass fiber reinforcement concrete purposes is developed to variation.
The glass fibre concrete panels of the present invention place the most different with the current cement board that uses the chopping glass fiber to reinforce be, glass fiber of the present invention is many and traverses the monoblock concrete slab continuously and form glass layer.The position and the direction of glass fiber bar all design in advance, and they can be existed in place and the direction that concrete slab needs reinforcement, and concentrate concrete slab is reinforced.In addition, glass layer of the present invention then with layer of concrete apart from one another by becoming a sandwich construction.
The present invention but also has added metaling except that the consumption of a large amount of reduction cement, strengthened its intensity sheerly.The diameter of glass fiber is thin than reinforcing bar, so be not subjected to restriction at interval.The present invention is except the various advantages that kept the chopping glass fiber, and cost is lower.Characteristics of the present invention are that glass fiber just looks like that steel bar in reinforced concrete equally concentrates on the aspect that concrete slab need be reinforced, and the whole piece glass fiber extends to the other end along the direction that needs stretching resistance continuously by an end, makes all destroy concrete pulling force easily and all concentrates on one's body the glass fiber.The tensile strength of glass fiber is 3700 Newton/millimeter 2, be enough to and general reinforcement ratio U.S..Secondly, the proportion of glass fiber has only 1/3rd of reinforcing bar, has alleviated the weight of glass fibre concrete panels again.Add the noninflammability of glass fiber and rust quality etc., more many advantage so the present invention has than general prefabricated concrete elements.The present invention all can change in the scope aspect vpg connection and plate straight greatly.Its plate face can be an Any shape even in middle perforate, and the plate body more can be bending and arc.To glass fibre concrete panels miscellaneous or assembly, can be according to the result of its structure and load analysis, i.e. the distribution of all kinds of stress and size design the form of putting and the quantity of glass fiber.But, under the not extra high situation of general requirements, two-layer crisscross glass fiber bar is placed on respectively on the bottom and top layer under, enough.Glass fiber in the general chopping glass fibre concrete panels is random and is evenly distributed among the concrete, therefore, if in some direction and position, when concrete itself had been enough to resist the pulling force that may exist, pressure and shearing, the existence of expensive glass fiber obviously was a kind of waste.Generally speaking, the cement paste of two to three millimeters thick can be made enough protections to glass layer of the present invention as the top layer.Yet when the top layer of concrete slab was subjected to other suitable protection or is not attacked, whole top layer can be saved.For example, the outer embedding wall or the decorative exterior wall of building are owing to their inner surface will not attacked, so the top layer can be saved.Again for example, when product of the present invention during as indoor wall, the ornament of protective effect may be coated in two surfaces, thereby two-layer cement layer all can be saved.
Except the above, more can glass fibre concrete panels of the present invention further be strengthened with other reinforcement materials.Because the general thickness of glass fibre concrete panels is all very little,, make plate when load, produce very big displacement because slenderness ratio is too big if when being used to make long plate.Though how the function to plate does not influence like this, it is uneasy but to produce psychology aspect the user.Therefore, in order to address this problem, the present invention just need further expand.One of them method is to add some other firmer reinforcement materials in the concrete of plate body, reinforces such as adding reinforcing bar in the concrete in plate.But because reinforcing bar suffers erosion and oxidation easily, 5 to 10 millimeters cement or concrete protection are not enough, so stainless steel is comparatively suitable.
It is that in the bottom of plate or wherein a side adds rib that another kind adds strong method, these ribs be by the coagulation mount the steel branch or similarly reinforcement material form.Make in this way and the length of glass fibre concrete panels and width can be expanded greatly and be not subjected to the thickness limits of plate.Certainly, all there is rib this reinforcement means both sides that can extend to the plate face.
Look at the preferred embodiment of the present invention when the rectangle glass fibre concrete panels together with accompanying drawing now, thereby the present invention is understood more with regard to let us.
Fig. 1 is the cross section of this glass fibre concrete panels.
Fig. 2 is the plan view of glass layer among Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 adds the cross section that steel are made the embodiment of another reinforcement material in glass fibre concrete panels.
Fig. 4 is the cross section that adds the embodiment of the rib that contains the steel branch in a side of glass fibre concrete panels.
Fig. 5 has shown chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement and the concrete mechanical property of glass fiber reinforcement of the present invention.
In first embodiment, concrete and glass fiber constitute as the five-layer structure among Fig. 1, comprising: two-layer cement top layer (1,5), layer glass fibrage (2,4) and one deck center layer of concrete (3).
When making, at first template is coated suitable release agent or formwork oil, can make finished surface smooth and make the demoulding easy like this.Then on template, coat or spray the cement sand bed (1) that a layer thickness is about three millimeters.This cement sand bed is mainly used to the cover glass fiber.When if special protection or processing need be carried out in the surface, can replace with other suitable material, for example epoxy mortar.As and then that the length of a branch of Shu Changdu and template and width is identical alkali resistant glass fiber such as Fig. 2 vertically and laterally put formation glass layer (2).Ten strands of alkali resistant glass fiber Shu Yousan or the more single of number of share of stock are formed, and the distance between each bundle is about 1 centimetre to 3 centimetres.The distance how many number of share of stocks of alkali resistant glass fiber bundle reaches between bundle and the bundle is then decided on the requirement to product intensity.If length is bigger when a lot of than width, can only reinforce with vertical glass fiber.And for example the length and the width of this rectangular slab of fruit are close, and there is support on finished product four limits, then vertically become 45 a small amount of glass fiber bundles of spending to get final product in the place at nearly angle with template.The glass fiber lay well after, just the cement mortar placing of strong concrete or high concentration on it, is become center layer of concrete (3).These concrete or high concentration cement mortar all have higher water and cement ratio, therefore quite high workability are arranged, and the placing process is just easier carries out.Concrete intensive or other admixture can use; The center layer of concrete is through just continuing to add glass layer (4) and top layer (5) as (2) and (1) after the ram-jolt.The appendage that desire embeds or other are used for installing and stationary device, can add when perfusion center layer of concrete (3), or be contained on the template after coating release agent.The surface on top layer (5) can be modified to level and smooth or be equipped with to decorate and use material.After processed, put again one day, then the demoulding and maintenance.After at least six days maintenance, the manufacturing of entire plate is just accused and is finished; According to the made glass fibre concrete panels of five-layer structure formula embodiment set forth above, the excursion of its length and width all can be 10 centimetres to 3 meters, and thickness then is 12 millimeters to 75 millimeters.Such manufacture method can make fiber consumption reduce to 0.2% in thicker glass fiber reinforcement cement board, reduces compared with general fiber consumption with the cement board that shreds glass fiber reinforcement to reach 20 times.Therefore greatly reduce the expenditure of manufactured materials.Another characteristic of the present invention is, concrete slab is thick more, and the ratio of fiber consumption is low more, and fixes with the ratio of the fiber consumption of the cement board of chopping glass fiber reinforcement, also may be because of the too thick content that needs to improve fiber of cement board.
Though manufacture process of the present invention is more complicated, the time that needs is long, but it can expensive concrete pump machine, and this has reduced cost again from another point of view.As a result, the price of glass fibre concrete panels of the present invention can reduce by more than 50 than the sort of of shredded fibre.
Show that from process of the test glass fibre concrete panels of the present invention has higher bending modulus than the cement board of chopping glass fiber reinforcement, and limit of proportionality exceeds one times than the cement board that shreds glass fiber reinforcement.From the experience gained, the concrete ultimate strength of glass fiber reinforcement can be along with the time slowly reduces, and reduces to this limit of proportionality but be not less than this limit of proportionality about 15 to 20 years.Therefore, general design concept all with limit of proportionality as parameter.Result of the test shows, making fiber content according to present embodiment is 1% concrete slab, though its ultimate strength (20 Newton/millimeter 2) to only reach fiber content be 3% chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board, but the limit of proportionality intensity according to the above-mentioned example of present embodiment manufacturing is 15 Newton/millimeter in design and when using 2Ratio is up to 14 Newton/millimeter of the chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board of 7% fiber content 2Limit of proportionality intensity also high.
Fig. 5 is that chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement and the concrete mechanical property of glass fiber reinforcement compare.One figure of relevant chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement extracts out from the design guidelines of the company of Britain's this series products of a production, and the concrete figure of glass fiber reinforcement is the result of the test of experiment goods of the present invention.From these two figure, we can know that the limit of proportionality of seeing chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement has only 30% of its rupture modulus, the concrete limit of proportionality of glass fiber reinforcement of the present invention then is 70% of a rupture modulus, has proved that significantly the present invention is more winning than the chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement of prior art.
Simultaneously, the central core of the glass fibre concrete panels in the test is with strong concrete and without cement mortar.Though this can make proportion 2050 kilograms/meter by chopping glass fiber reinforcement cement board 3Increase to 2350 kilograms/meter 3, do the internal stress that causes because of contraction when solid and the appearance in crack but be reduced in greatly because of cement factor is low.
Fig. 3 has shown another embodiment of the invention, and as shown in the figure, in this embodiment, a stainless steel branch (6) is placed within the center layer of concrete (3).When a thin and long glass fibre concrete panels is subjected to lateral load, owing to its slenderness ratio makes greatly to the very big displacement of its generation.Though plate does not structurally have any problem, but make on the human psychological who uses and think that it is firm inadequately.In order to address this problem, this embodiment of the present invention is to add steel branch, shaped steel or similar reinforcement material in the layer of concrete at center, here is the stainless steel branch.The quantity of steel branch, direction can depend on need and decide.The structure of plate body is the five-layer structure of first embodiment basically.The reason of selecting the stainless steel branch for use is that the ordinary steel branch generally needs 25 millimeters layer of concrete protect, otherwise the concrete surface layer that airborne moisture content and oxygen just can infiltrate approach, and with the generation oxidation of steel branch and get rusty, thereby causes that concrete surface layer breaks.Yet it is impossible generally having only 20 millimeters glass fibre concrete panels of the present invention for thickness.Though can make it that enough protection top layers be arranged from the steel branch is sneaked into the bigger glass fibre concrete panels of thickness, but lose a significant advantage of goods of the present invention, lightness.Yet, also be operable as the galvanized steel branch through the steel branch of special protection.Because the stainless steel branch generally all is ganoid,, can add special stick on its surface in order to strengthen the adhesion strength between it and the concrete.During fabrication, need only be at lay bottom glass layer (2) afterwards, the stainless steel branch that the surface is scribbled stick is put preposition, just but placing of concrete after fixing, other step 1 such as first embodiment ground carry out.
The experiment proved that this makes method can strengthen its rigidity greatly.Below be a concrete instance: a block length is 2.5 meters, and width is that 1.2 meters thickness then are the glass fibre concrete panels of 20 millimeters the first embodiment of the present invention, and its slenderness ratio is up to 430.If this piece plate is kept flat, at vertical two supports, singly be that its deadweight has made its displacement 22 millimeters of core generations, exceed twice than 7 millimeters of general restrictions (300 sixtieths of length).But as long as heart layer of concrete adds two vertically therein, diameter is that 5 millimeters stainless steel branch just can improve the rigidity of this plate greatly.
The another kind of method of strengthening glass fibre concrete panels of the present invention is the one side at plate, even the two sides adds the concrete or the cement mortar muscle of reinforcement materials such as comprising steel branch or shaped steel.The spacing of the direction of muscle and muscle and muscle then depends on needs and decides.Fig. 4 has shown such embodiment.As seen from the figure, the lengthways of rod 7 that comprises steel branch 6 is arranged at the bottom of glass fibre concrete panels, and its structure is similar to the floor with secondary beam.In this embodiment, the plate body remains the five-layer structure of first embodiment, because the spacing between rib is general bigger, the flat board of glass fiber between rib stretches to reinforce the flat board of this part.
During manufacturing, at first on template at the width and the identical groove of the degree of depth that need make with the place that rib is reinforced with rib.Utilizing sept with steel branch or shaped steel, is the stainless steel branch that scribbles cementing agent here, has held in groove.Afterwards, in groove placing of concrete or cement mortar to rib between cement mortar top layer, plate part bottom concordant, lay glass fiber bundle then, step thereafter is identical with first embodiment.
The rigidity of the glass fibre concrete panels of process reinforcement just strengthens greatly, and can further bear the load of outer room.Therefore, the purposes of the goods of this embodiment is just more extensive.Certainly the rib of this embodiment may further include some horizontal ribs, and especially the ratio when length and width is less than 1.5.
Purposes of the present invention comprises: exterior wall, flat board and the roof of decoration element, permanent template, temporary building and the aedicula of the outer embedding wall of building or decorative wall, indoor wall, parapet, boundary wall, sound-proof wall, building, or even floor tile, ceiling and outdoor furniture also can.In addition, if glass fibre concrete panels not dried fully solid before, promptly one section appropriate time behind the placing of concrete is done deflection significantly, more can produce the goods of channel shaped.Therefore, the present invention provides a kind of cheap and good-quality new material really to the building circle.

Claims (15)

1, a kind of glass fibre concrete panels, its glass layer (2,4) with layer of concrete or cement sand bed (1,3,5) apart from one another by becoming a sandwich construction, it is characterized in that glass fiber be whole piece continuously, think after a branch of bundle ground is arranged in by analysis on the place that need reinforce and the direction and formation fibrage (2,4).
2, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized by described sandwich construction is a five-layer structure, it is glass layer (2,4), layer of concrete (3) and top layer (1,5), its arrangement is a layer glass fibrage (2,4) be clipped between center layer of concrete (3) and the two-layer top layer (1,5).
3, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 2; it is characterized by when the surface of plate be subjected to other suitable protections need not be exposed to the tissue that may influence it or the medium of function in the time; in described this top layer (1,5) one or two can be removed.
4, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 1, the condition of loading when it is characterized by direction, quantity and the position of described glass fiber by the shape of plate, degree of crook and work is decided.
5, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 2 is characterized by the length of this glass fibre concrete panels and the excursion of width and all can be 10 centimetres to 3 meters.
6, as claim 2 or the described glass fibre concrete panels of claim 5, it is characterized by its thickness is 12 millimeters to 75 millimeters.
7, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 1, horizontal glass fiber bundle is staggered to form by vertically reaching to it is characterized by this glass layer (2,4).
8, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 7, it is characterized by when the length of plate bigger when a lot of than width, this glass layer (2,4) is only got final product by longitudinal fiber Shu Zucheng.
9, the spacing that it is characterized by glass fiber bundle as claim 7 or the described glass fibre concrete panels of claim 8 is 1 to 3 centimetre.
10, as claim 1, claim 2, the described glass fibre concrete panels of claim 7 or claim 8, it is characterized by in layer of concrete at least one direction, add steel branch, shaped steel or similarly reinforcement material plate is further reinforced.
11, as claim 1, claim 2, the described glass fibre concrete panels of claim 7 or claim 8, it is characterized by and at least one direction at least one side of plate, be added with the protruding concrete or the rib of cement mortar, comprise at least one steel branch, shaped steel or similar reinforcement material within the rib.
12, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 10, it is characterized by described steel branch, shaped steel or similar reinforcement material is to stretch apart from one another by ground between the vertical two ends of plate.
13, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 11 is characterized by described rib and only longitudinally stretches in a side of plate.
14, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 11 is characterized by described each bar rib and only comprises a steel branch, shaped steel or similar reinforcement material.
15, glass fibre concrete panels as claimed in claim 13 is characterized by described each bar rib and only comprises a steel branch, shaped steel or similar reinforcement material.
CN 86100604 1986-01-20 1986-01-20 Improved glass fibre concrete panels Expired CN1011428B (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 86100604 CN1011428B (en) 1986-01-20 1986-01-20 Improved glass fibre concrete panels
GB8631053A GB2187446B (en) 1986-01-20 1986-12-31 Concrete components

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN 86100604 CN1011428B (en) 1986-01-20 1986-01-20 Improved glass fibre concrete panels

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CN86100604A CN86100604A (en) 1987-08-05
CN1011428B true CN1011428B (en) 1991-01-30

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GB (1) GB2187446B (en)

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GB8631053D0 (en) 1987-02-04
CN86100604A (en) 1987-08-05
GB2187446B (en) 1989-12-13
GB2187446A (en) 1987-09-09

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