CN101132236A - Method and device for optical fiber communication using conventional current mutual inductor and voltage mutual inductor - Google Patents
Method and device for optical fiber communication using conventional current mutual inductor and voltage mutual inductor Download PDFInfo
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- CN101132236A CN101132236A CNA2006101069137A CN200610106913A CN101132236A CN 101132236 A CN101132236 A CN 101132236A CN A2006101069137 A CNA2006101069137 A CN A2006101069137A CN 200610106913 A CN200610106913 A CN 200610106913A CN 101132236 A CN101132236 A CN 101132236A
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Abstract
This invention provides a method for utilizing traditional mutual-inductors to carry out fiber communication, which cuts in a test impedance Z at the output of a measurement and protection secondary winding of a traditional current mutual-inductor and cuts in a bleeder impedance for test, then sends the voltage signals tested by the two to their own signal process unit for process then to be transmitted to a fiber receiver by a fiber transmitter via fibers, then the signal process unit of the receiving end provides a simulation and digit interface. This invention also relates to a device composed of test impedance Z, bleeder impedance, a signal process unit, a fiber transmitter, communication fibers, a fiber receiver, a signal process unit of the receiving end and supply circuit, in which, the voltage outputs of Z and the bleeder impedance are connected with their own signal process unit, the output of which is connected with the fiber transmitter and transmitted to the fiber receiver by fiber, the output of which is connected with the signal process unit of the receiving end.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the power measurement field, relate to a kind of method and device that utilizes traditional current transformer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication.
Background technology
In traditional power measurement field, usually adopt electromagnetic potential transformer and current transformer to carry out voltage and current measurement, usually use the capacitive divided voltage instrument transformer for the voltage measurement more than the 220KV, this instrument transformer also disposes electromagnetic potential transformer behind capacitance partial pressure, therefore can think that also it is an electromagnetic type, low tension magnetic-type voltage, the current transformer cost is lower, but raising along with the grid power transmission electric pressure, the cost of electromagnetic transformer is also more and more higher, therefore, the photo-electricity mutual-inductor that the numerous and confused research of people is used at high pressure and extra-high voltage transmission, but photo-electricity mutual-inductor since price factor in, the low-voltage field is compared with traditional instrument transformer does not have advantage.The voltage measurement system of present existing transformer station all is to adopt traditional electromagnetic potential; current transformer; these instrument transformers use a large amount of power cables; change with maintenance relatively more difficult; electrical isolation performance between the high-low pressure is not fine; exist bigger pressure drop error at voltage transformer secondary side; can not satisfy the defectives such as needs of digital electric power metering and digital protective relay; if the voltage that these are traditional; current transformer is transformed; make these instrument transformers can carry out optical fiber communication; and guarantee its measuring accuracy and protection requirement; then can overcome above defective, thereby all advantages and cost with photo-electricity mutual-inductor are very low.
Therefore, in the measuring system of existing transformer station, change traditional electric current comprehensively, the method that voltage transformer carries out transformer station's digital improvement is worthless, it can cause insuperior with a kind of performance by force and the result that electric equipment that cost is higher replaces of the very low electric equipment of the cost that can normally move for a long time, and traditional current transformer and voltage transformer transformation are enabled to realize that optical fiber communication is a kind of relatively wiser selection, the invention provides a kind of device that utilizes traditional current transformer and voltage transformer to carry out the method for optical fiber communication and realize this method.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of device that utilizes traditional current transformer and voltage transformer to carry out the method for optical fiber communication and realize this method.
The present invention adopts following technical scheme: a kind of method of utilizing traditional electromagnetic current transducer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication; be to insert detection impedance Z=R+jX with secondary winding and protection with the output (its output is generally 1A or 5A) of secondary winding in the metering of current transformer (wherein R is a resistive component; X is an inductive component); metering at electromagnetic potential transformer or capacitance type potential transformer detects with dividing potential drop impedance (Z1 with secondary winding and output (its output voltage is generally 100V or the 100V/ √ 3) access of protection with secondary winding; Z2); the voltage signal of current transformer detection impedance detection and the pressure-dividing output voltage signal of voltage transformer dividing potential drop impedance are sent into signal processing unit separately respectively; the output of signal processing unit connects fiber optic transmitter; the output of fiber optic transmitter is sent to fiber optic receiver through optical fiber; the output of fiber optic receiver connects the receiving end signal processing unit; by receiving end signal processing unit output analog signal and digital signal; the transmitting terminal signal processing unit of current transformer and the main electricity of fiber optic transmitter are taken from the secondary winding that detects impedance that do not connect of traditional current transformer; the signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of voltage transformer and the main electricity of fiber optic transmitter are taken from not inserting of traditional voltage transformer and are detected the secondary winding of using the dividing potential drop impedance; the voltage transformer that has only two secondary winding for secondary; metering is taken from winding separately with protection with the main electricity of signal processing unit that winding connects and fiber optic transmitter; the transmitting terminal signal processing unit of voltage and current transformer and fiber optic transmitter utilize station that transformer station sends with DC power supply (220V or 110V) through the AC power that obtains after the inversion as its stand-by power supply; or directly utilize the station to use DC power supply as its stand-by power supply; the secondary winding short circuit that the end of traditional current transformer is utilized, the unemployed secondary winding open circuit of voltage transformer.
The mode that transmits signal by optical fiber can adopt each road signal all the optical fiber by separately be sent to the multi-core fiber transfer mode of fiber optic receiver or multiple signals and be sent to the single-core fiber transfer mode of fiber optic receiver by single-core fiber after by photosynthetic (branch) road device, also can adopt the transfer mode of a few roads signal by the shared single-core fiber of optical combiner, receiving terminal need use demultiplexing equipment usually when multiple signals adopted single-core fiber to transmit.
The present invention realizes that the device of said method detects and the detection impedance Z (I) of protecting secondary winding by inserting current transformer; inserting voltage transformer detects and the detection of protecting secondary winding dividing potential drop impedance (II); signal processing unit (III); fiber optic transmitter (IV); telecommunication optical fiber (V); fiber optic receiver (VI); receiving end signal processing unit (VII); power circuit (VIII) is formed; the voltage output signal that detects impedance (I) with detect pressure-dividing output voltage signal with dividing potential drop impedance (II) and connect separately signal processing unit (III); the output of signal processing unit (III) connects fiber optic transmitter (IV); letter optical fiber (V) is connected in the output of fiber optic transmitter (IV); the output of telecommunication optical fiber (V) connects fiber optic receiver (VI); fiber optic receiver (VI) output connects receiving end signal processing unit (VII); signal processing unit (III) is provided by power circuit (VIII) with the power supply of fiber optic transmitter (IV), and power circuit (VIII) adopts the double loop power supply supply power mode.
The main electricity of signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of current transformer (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV) is taken from the secondary winding that detects impedance (I) that do not connect of current transformer; The signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of voltage transformer (III) detects the secondary winding of using dividing potential drop impedance (II) with the not access that the main electricity of fiber optic transmitter (IV) is taken from traditional voltage transformer; have only the voltage transformer of two secondary winding for secondary, metering is taken from winding separately with protection with the main electricity of signal processing unit that winding connects (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV).
Another road power supply utilizes the station of transformer station to pass through the AC power that obtains after the inversion with DC power supply (220V or 110V), or directly utilizes the station to serve as with DC power supply.
Transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) comprises A/D conversion, CPU module, and the CPU module is used for signal is carried out various processing and conversion, and its output signal connects fiber optic transmitter (IV).Transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) can be done together with fiber optic transmitter (IV).
The multi-core fiber that telecommunication optical fiber (V) can adopt signal to transmit one to one also can adopt the single-core fiber through the many-one transmission of photosynthetic (branch) road device.
Receiving end signal processing unit (VII) inside includes digital to analog converter, CPU module, the CPU module is used for the signal that fiber optic receiver (VI) transmits is carried out various processing and conversion, carry out numeral output then, digital to analog converter is used for numeral output is converted to simulation output.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1, the present invention's traditional electromagnetic transformer of not needing to change existing transformer station can be realized optical fiber communication, thereby for the digitlization that realizes transformer station provides precondition, present realization transformer station method for digitizing is that all instrument transformers in the transformer station are all dismantled, be replaced by photo-electricity mutual-inductor or electronic mutual inductor, this method can cause great waste.
2, method of the present invention also can be used in the digitized transformer station not realizing fully; the analog output channel of this method only need increase by a cover simulation driving interface unit (output line voltage is become 100V, and output current becomes 1A/5A) can realize interface with analog measurement device, measuring instrument, analog protection.Therefore, no matter whether transformer station carries out digital improvement, the method for utilizing traditional current transformer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication of this invention can be used.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the each several part annexation schematic diagram that utilizes the device that traditional current transformer carries out optical fiber communication of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the each several part annexation schematic diagram that utilizes the device that traditional voltage transformer carries out optical fiber communication of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the specific embodiment (employing multi-core fiber carry out the one to one transmission of signal) of method of the present invention at analog and digital (metering, protection) and the transformer substation system deposited;
Fig. 4 is the circuit diagram of a kind of specific implementation of power circuit of the present invention (utilize transformer station station with DC power supply through the AC power after the inversion during as stand-by power supply);
Fig. 5 is method of the present invention another specific embodiment (being transmitted by single-core fiber after by photosynthetic (branch) road device) at analog and digital (metering, protect) and the transformer substation system deposited;
Fig. 6 is the circuit diagram of a kind of specific implementation of power circuit of the present invention (when utilizing the transformer station station to use DC power supply as stand-by power supply)
Embodiment
The each several part annexation of utilizing the device that traditional current transformer carries out optical fiber communication of the present invention as shown in Figure 1; parallel high-accuracy measuring resistance (I) in the metering of current transformer and protection secondary winding; the voltage at resistance two ends is proportional to the primary current of instrument transformer; this voltage signal is admitted to transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III); in the transmitting terminal signal processing unit, carry out the A/D conversion; by the CPU module sampled signal is carried out various processing; be admitted to fiber optic transmitter (IV) with impulse form then; letter optical fiber (V) is connected in the output of fiber optic transmitter; at receiving terminal; fiber optic receiver (VI) is converted to the signal of telecommunication with the light signal that telecommunication optical fiber (V) transmits; its output is sent to receiving end signal processing unit (VII); the receiving end signal processing unit provides analog output signal and digital output signal; the power supply of transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV) is taken from another secondary winding (as measuring winding) of current transformer, needs short circuit for the no secondary winding of current transformer.Fiber optic transmitter (IV) can replace with the optical fiber transceiver module that has the optical fiber transmission-receiving function simultaneously with fiber optic receiver (VI), also can make a module to fiber optic transmitter (IV) and transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III).
As shown in Figure 2; in the metering of voltage transformer and protection secondary winding, insert and detect with high accuracy divider resistance (II); be proportional to the original edge voltage of voltage transformer by the voltage signal of divider resistance two ends taking-up; this voltage signal is admitted to transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III); in the transmitting terminal signal processing unit, carry out the A/D conversion; by the CPU module sampled signal is carried out various processing; send into fiber optic transmitter (IV) with impulse form then; letter optical fiber (V) is connected in the output of fiber optic transmitter; at receiving terminal; fiber optic receiver (VI) is converted to the signal of telecommunication with the light signal that telecommunication optical fiber (V) transmits; its output is sent to receiving end signal processing unit (VII); the receiving end signal processing unit provides analog output signal and digital output signal; the power supply of transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV) is taken from another secondary winding (as measuring winding) of voltage transformer; for the voltage transformer that has only two secondary winding, metering is taken from corresponding secondary winding with the protection transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) that winding connect respectively with the power supply of fiber optic transmitter (IV).It can be opened a way for the no secondary winding of voltage transformer.Fiber optic transmitter (IV) can replace with the fiber optical transceiver that has the optical fiber transmission-receiving function simultaneously with fiber optic receiver (VI), also can make a module to fiber optic transmitter (IV) and transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III).
As shown in Figure 3; traditional current transformer according to method shown in Figure 1 of every phase all provides analog output signal and digital output signal corresponding to metering and the receiving end signal processing unit of protecting (VII) after transforming the optical fiber communication current transformer as; traditional voltage transformer according to method shown in Figure 2 of every phase also all provides analog output signal and digital output signal corresponding to metering and the receiving end signal processing unit of protecting (VII) after transforming the optical fiber communication voltage transformer as; with A; B; the C voltage in three phases; electric current metering and protection digital output signal (D out) and neutral point voltage; the merge cells (MU) of the digital output signal incoming digital signal of electric current is numerical protection by merge cells (MU) according to communication protocol; the numeral metering provides interface with measurement.If the protection of transformer station, metering, measurement do not realize digitlization fully; then need to utilize the analog output signal (A out) of receiving end signal processing unit (VII); with this signal send into amplify driving interface (amp driver) circuit after, provide 100V (corresponding to line voltage) or the output of 1A/5A (corresponding to electric current) high accuracy by amplification driving circuit (amp driver).
As shown in Figure 4, full-wave rectification is passed through in the electric current output that the voltage output of voltage transformer secondary winding or electric current are pressed the instrument transformer secondary winding again behind output transformer, connect the integrated stable voltage circuit that model is 78XX (IC1) and 79XX (IC2) behind the capacitor filtering, just be used for transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV) by integrated stable voltage circuit output, negative DC power supply, be sent to the low-pressure side of instrument transformer from transformer station through the alternating voltage of inversion with DC power supply by the station, pass through full-wave rectification again after this voltage process transformer isolation transformation, capacitor filtering is after diode meets integrated stable voltage circuit IC1, the input of IC2, when grid cut-off or power network current are crossed when low, direct voltage is low excessively on the electric capacity of PT or CT power supply, automatically switches to the stand-by power supply power supply this moment.
As shown in Figure 5; the electromagnetic current transducer of each phase can be sent to receiving terminal by transmitting terminal signal processing unit (VII) by single-core fiber corresponding to the signal that measures with protection by transmitting terminal signal processing unit (VII) with the signal of protection corresponding to metering after transforming the optical fiber communication current transformer as after the output of the optical fiber behind the fiber optic transmitter (IV) is by passive light mixer (4) after the output of the optical fiber behind the fiber optic transmitter (IV) transform the optical fiber communication voltage transformer as with each voltage transformer mutually; it is multiplexing that the light of each fiber optic transmitter employing different wave length carries out ripple; change wavelength optical signals into the signal of telecommunication at receiving terminal by using demultiplexing light-receiving array (5); these signals of telecommunication are admitted to corresponding receiving end signal processing unit (VII) respectively; provide analog output signal and digital output signal by the receiving end signal processing unit; with A; B; the C voltage in three phases; electric current metering and protection digital output signal (D out) and neutral point voltage; the merge cells (MU) of the digital output signal incoming digital signal of electric current is that numeral is protected expansion by merge cells (MU) according to communication protocol; the numeral metering provides interface with measurement.If the protection of transformer station, metering, measurement do not realize digitlization fully; then need to utilize the analog output signal (A out) of receiving end signal processing unit (VII); after this signal sent into amplification driving circuit (amp driver) circuit, provide 100V (corresponding to line voltage) or the output of 1A/5A (corresponding to electric current) high accuracy by amplification driving circuit (ampdriver).
As shown in Figure 6, full-wave rectification is passed through in the electric current output that the voltage output of voltage transformer (PT) secondary winding or electric current are pressed instrument transformer (CT) secondary winding again behind output transformer, connect the integrated stable voltage circuit that model is 78XX (IC1) and 79XX (IC2) behind the capacitor filtering, just be used for transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV) by integrated stable voltage circuit output, negative DC power supply, DC power supply from transformer station is sent to voltage, the low-pressure side of current transformer, pass through the DC-DC conversion after diode or relay contact switch meet integrated stable voltage circuit IC1 in the instrument transformer low-pressure side, the input of IC2, when grid cut-off or load are light, PT or CT provide on the electric capacity of power supply direct voltage low excessively, automatically switch to the stand-by power supply power supply this moment.
Claims (10)
1. method of utilizing electromagnetic current transducer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication; it is characterized in that; be metering secondary winding and the output access detection impedance Z of protection that is generally the electromagnetic current transducer of 1A or 5A in specified output with secondary winding; use the output of secondary winding to insert to detect in the metering of electromagnetic potential transformer or capacitance type potential transformer with secondary winding and protection and use the dividing potential drop impedance; the voltage signal of current transformer detection impedance detection and the pressure-dividing output voltage signal of voltage transformer dividing potential drop impedance are sent into signal processing unit separately respectively; the output of signal processing unit connects fiber optic transmitter; the output of fiber optic transmitter is sent to fiber optic receiver through optical fiber; the output of fiber optic receiver connects the receiving end signal processing unit; by receiving end signal processing unit output analog signal and digital signal; the signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of current transformer and the power supply of fiber optic transmitter are taken from the secondary winding that detects impedance Z that do not connect of current transformer; the unemployed secondary winding short circuit of current transformer; the signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of voltage transformer and the power supply of fiber optic transmitter are taken from not inserting of voltage transformer and are detected the secondary winding of using the dividing potential drop impedance; have only the voltage transformer of two secondary winding for secondary, metering is taken from winding separately with protection with the power supply of signal processing unit that winding connects and fiber optic transmitter.
2. the method for utilizing electromagnetic current transducer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the transmitting terminal signal processing unit and the fiber optic transmitter of voltage and current transformer need stand-by power supply, and this stand-by power supply is the AC power that obtains after utilizing the transformer station station with the inversion of DC power supply process or directly utilizes the station DC power supply.
3. the method for utilizing electromagnetic current transducer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the mode that transmits signal by optical fiber can adopt each road signal all the optical fiber by separately be sent to the multi-core fiber transfer mode of fiber optic receiver or multiple signals and be sent to the single-core fiber transfer mode of fiber optic receiver by single-core fiber after by optical combiner, also can adopt the transfer mode of a few roads signal by the shared single-core fiber of optical combiner.
4. the method for utilizing electromagnetic current transducer and voltage transformer to carry out optical fiber communication as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that it detects impedance Z or the dividing potential drop impedance can be expressed as R+jX, and wherein R is its resistive component, and X is its inductance induction reactance, and X can be zero.
5. device of realizing the described method of claim 1; it is characterized in that; this device detects and the detection impedance Z (I) of protecting secondary winding by inserting current transformer; inserting voltage transformer detects and the detection of protecting secondary winding dividing potential drop impedance (II); signal processing unit (III); fiber optic transmitter (IV); telecommunication optical fiber (V); fiber optic receiver (VI); receiving end signal processing unit (VII); power circuit (VIII) is formed; the voltage output signal that detects impedance (I) with detect pressure-dividing output voltage signal with dividing potential drop impedance (II) and connect separately signal processing unit (III); the output of signal processing unit (III) connects fiber optic transmitter (IV); letter optical fiber (V) is connected in the output of fiber optic transmitter (IV); the output of telecommunication optical fiber (V) connects fiber optic receiver (VI); fiber optic receiver (VI) output connects receiving end signal processing unit (VII), and signal processing unit (III) is provided by power circuit (VIII) with the power supply of fiber optic transmitter (IV).
6. device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, the power supply of signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of current transformer (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV) is taken from the secondary winding that detects impedance (I) that do not connect of current transformer; The signal processing unit of the transmitting terminal of voltage transformer (III) detects the secondary winding of using dividing potential drop impedance (II) with the not access that the power supply of fiber optic transmitter (IV) is taken from traditional voltage transformer; have only the voltage transformer of two secondary winding for secondary, metering is taken from winding separately with protection with the power supply of signal processing unit that winding connects (III) and fiber optic transmitter (IV).
7. as claim 5 or 6 described devices, it is characterized in that, the transmitting terminal signal processing unit of voltage and current transformer and fiber optic transmitter utilize that transformer station sends by the station with DC power supply through the AC power that obtains after the inversion or directly utilize the station with DC power supply as its power supply.
8. device as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that, transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) comprises A/D conversion, CPU module, the CPU module is used for signal is carried out various processing and conversion, its output signal connects fiber optic transmitter (IV), and transmitting terminal signal processing unit (III) can be done together with fiber optic transmitter (IV).
9. device as claimed in claim 5, it is characterized in that, receiving end signal processing unit (VII) inside includes digital to analog converter, CPU module, the CPU module is used for the signal that fiber optic receiver (VI) transmits is carried out various processing and conversion, carry out numeral output then, digital to analog converter is used for numeral output is converted to simulation output.
10. device as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, the multi-core fiber that telecommunication optical fiber (V) can adopt signal to transmit one to one also can adopt the multi-channel optical fibre many-one load mode through being transmitted by single-core fiber behind the optical combiner earlier.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2006101069137A CN101132236A (en) | 2006-08-21 | 2006-08-21 | Method and device for optical fiber communication using conventional current mutual inductor and voltage mutual inductor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2006101069137A CN101132236A (en) | 2006-08-21 | 2006-08-21 | Method and device for optical fiber communication using conventional current mutual inductor and voltage mutual inductor |
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| CN101132236A true CN101132236A (en) | 2008-02-27 |
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| CNA2006101069137A Pending CN101132236A (en) | 2006-08-21 | 2006-08-21 | Method and device for optical fiber communication using conventional current mutual inductor and voltage mutual inductor |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101761334B (en) * | 2009-12-29 | 2013-03-13 | 中国石油集团西部钻探工程有限公司测井公司 | Logging telemetry communication device |
| CN106226588A (en) * | 2016-07-05 | 2016-12-14 | 国家电网公司 | A kind of optical current acquisition method adapting to travelling wave ranging demand |
| CN108572279A (en) * | 2018-05-30 | 2018-09-25 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | A kind of electric distribution network overhead wire operation impedance synchronous measuring apparatus |
| CN110542789A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2019-12-06 | 国网重庆市电力公司电力科学研究院 | Optical fiber current sensor and acquisition device |
| CN113472086A (en) * | 2021-06-04 | 2021-10-01 | 中国电力科学研究院有限公司武汉分院 | Method and system for acquiring power data based on electromagnetic induction type wireless transmission mutual inductor |
-
2006
- 2006-08-21 CN CNA2006101069137A patent/CN101132236A/en active Pending
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101761334B (en) * | 2009-12-29 | 2013-03-13 | 中国石油集团西部钻探工程有限公司测井公司 | Logging telemetry communication device |
| CN106226588A (en) * | 2016-07-05 | 2016-12-14 | 国家电网公司 | A kind of optical current acquisition method adapting to travelling wave ranging demand |
| CN108572279A (en) * | 2018-05-30 | 2018-09-25 | 广东电网有限责任公司 | A kind of electric distribution network overhead wire operation impedance synchronous measuring apparatus |
| CN110542789A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2019-12-06 | 国网重庆市电力公司电力科学研究院 | Optical fiber current sensor and acquisition device |
| CN113472086A (en) * | 2021-06-04 | 2021-10-01 | 中国电力科学研究院有限公司武汉分院 | Method and system for acquiring power data based on electromagnetic induction type wireless transmission mutual inductor |
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Open date: 20080227 |