CN101101006A - Impeller as components of fan for cooling automobile driving device - Google Patents

Impeller as components of fan for cooling automobile driving device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101101006A
CN101101006A CNA2007101040307A CN200710104030A CN101101006A CN 101101006 A CN101101006 A CN 101101006A CN A2007101040307 A CNA2007101040307 A CN A2007101040307A CN 200710104030 A CN200710104030 A CN 200710104030A CN 101101006 A CN101101006 A CN 101101006A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
impeller
pedestal
fan
tubular portion
transmission shaft
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Granted
Application number
CNA2007101040307A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN101101006B (en
Inventor
托马斯·鲍尔
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Publication of CN101101006A publication Critical patent/CN101101006A/en
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Publication of CN101101006B publication Critical patent/CN101101006B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/26Rotors specially for elastic fluids
    • F04D29/32Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps
    • F04D29/325Rotors specially for elastic fluids for axial flow pumps for axial flow fans
    • F04D29/329Details of the hub
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/661Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/663Sound attenuation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to an impeller (1) which is one part of a fan for cooling vehicle drive device. The impeller (1) can rotate through a fan driver (10) with a transmission shaft (8), and is arranged with cup-shaped. The impeller comprises a base (3) mounting the impeller (1) in the transmission shaft (8), a tubular section (4) attached to the base (3), and at least two impeller laminas (2) connecting to the tubular section (4) and extending outside, at least an opening (5) is provided in the base (3) and makes possible pressure balance between an outer side of the base and an inner side of the base, where the inner side of the base faces a blower engine. Compared with the existing impeller, the impeller is characterized in that excellent acoustics performance, especially reducing yawp discharge.

Description

Impeller as the constituent element of the fan that is used for cooling automobile driving device
Technical field
The present invention relates to as being used for cooling automobile driving device, the impeller of the constituent element of the fan of internal-combustion engine particularly, this impeller can be rotated by the fan drives with transmission shaft, and impeller has cup-shaped basic shape, this impeller comprises: be used for impeller is fastened on pedestal on the transmission shaft, the tubular portion of abuts seat reaches at least two and is connected to described tubular portion and outward extending fan blade.
Background technique
Act as a fuel during the burning in the internal-combustion engine heat that the result discharged of heat release, chemical reversion, part is dissipated in cylinder head and the cylinder block via the wall that defines the firing chamber, and part is dissipated in the adjacent assembly and environment via blast air.For the heat load with assembly keeps within limits, the hot-fluid that at least a portion sucks must dissipate once more, maybe must come auxiliary heat to dissipate by addition thereto.Be dissipated to shortage of heat in the environment to produce effective cooling by the internal-combustion engine surface via radiation and transmission of heat, Given this, carry out the cooling of internal-combustion engine targetedly with forced convection usually.
In principle, there is the possibility of cooling off with the form configuration of air cooling or liquid cooling.In air cooling, provide fan ventilator to internal-combustion engine, by realizing heat dissipation by the air stream on internal-combustion engine surface under the guidance.
On the contrary, liquid cooling requires internal-combustion engine or cylinder head to be equipped with coolant jacket, that is, conduct coolant is arranged in the coolant channel in the cylinder head by cylinder head.At this, the cylinder head that stands high mechanical load and heat load at first reduces its intensity because of the introducing of coolant channel.Secondly, at first heat being conducted to cylinder head surface needn't be in air cooling dissipates.Heat is given freezing mixture in the internal transmission of cylinder head, and freezing mixture is mixed by water and additive usually.At this, transmit freezing mixture by the pump that is configured in the cooling circuit, thereby it is circulated in coolant jacket.The heat that will be transferred to freezing mixture in this way is guided out cylinder head inside, and removes heat once more in as the heat exchanger of cooling circuit constituent element from freezing mixture.At this, heat exchanger generally includes fan, i.e. fan ventilator, and its impeller can drive by fan drives, and promptly rotation is configured in impeller on the transmission shaft of fan drives for this reason.
Fan guarantees when static, promptly is in static or only in the low speed of a motor vehicle following time, also can provides sufficiently high MAF and other performances at automobile.Fan drives is the electric fan motor normally.
Theme of the present invention is the impeller of the fan of the above-mentioned type, is intended to this fan to be used in air cooling and the liquid cooling.
A problem of fan and impeller design is that specifically, transmission shaft and the impeller both who is driven are dynamic oscillatory systems.This impeller vibrates, i.e. excited target and vibrating particularly by driver, is said via the transmission shaft excitation exactly and vibrated.
At this, the transmission shaft time that is subjected to goes up the driving moment excitation that changes and vibrates with rotation mode, yet these moments at first will be ignored at this.Moreover, can observe, transmission shaft can cause the impeller swing of rotating with transmission shaft along deflection and other situations of the longitudinal axis.
Vibration not only is regarded as for assembly intensity and component wear very important.Also because of its cause-effect that internal combustion engine noise is produced, and be considered as day by day unfavorable.
At first, the noise emission of increase is more and more valued environmental problem, because it not only has adverse influence to quality of life, and especially to being exposed to the healthy unfavorable of people under the noise, Given this, announce a large amount of rules, wherein formulated the noise level limit that should keep.At this, most important rules are guilding principles of federal discharging protection method (BImSchG) and EU Committee.
Though the development that noise reduces concentrates on the motor as the main noise source of automobile when beginning, but the design engineer has to consider to cause all noise sources of global noise discharging simultaneously, so that continue to satisfy to the more and more stricter laws and regulations of admissible automobile noise discharging.
At this, the vibration of impeller and transmission shaft had both produced the noise as the result of solid-borne noise radiation, produced the noise that enters into the result of car body as solid-borne noise again.
Yet on the structural design of internal-combustion engine or fan, design engineer's focus is not only noise and is reduced.Make also that increasing trial influences the noise of discharging targetedly and to its modeling.In this context, also relate to sound design.This development is promoted by following discovery: the purchase decision of potential customer when buying automobile influenced by internal-combustion engine or automobile noise also on sizable degree.For example, the driver of sport car has a preference for automobile or the motor that its sound is emphasized the motion feature of automobile.
At this, in sound design, be affected as vibration and other factors of the reason of the sound that finally causes discharging.
Summary of the invention
At this background, target of the present invention provides the impeller according to the preamble of claim 1, compares with existing impeller, and this impeller has the acoustic characteristic of optimization, particularly the noise emission of Jiang Diing.
This target realizes that by the impeller that can be rotated by the fan drives with transmission shaft this impeller has cup-shaped basic shape, and this impeller comprises:
Be used for impeller is fastened on pedestal on the transmission shaft,
The tubular portion of abuts seat, and
At least two are connected to described tubular portion and outward extending fan blade,
And this impeller specialization is the following fact:
At least one hole is provided in pedestal, and this hole makes the isostasy between the inboard of the outside of pedestal and pedestal become possibility.
Test shows, the pedestal excited target of existing impeller and vibrating, and serve as similar micropkonic awl basin in this course, this can produce a large amount of noise emissions.
In impeller according to the present invention, we can say that acoustic short circuit can be caused at least one hole of making in the impeller pedestal.In the pedestal that vibrates in excited target, the outside and the isostasy of seat surface between the inboard of fan drives of pedestal guaranteed in described at least one hole.This causes the excitation of adjacent air molecule to reduce, thereby the solid-borne noise radiation reduces.
As a result, realized the present invention based on target, promptly provide acoustic characteristic, particularly the impeller of the noise emission of Jiang Diing with optimization.
Fig. 1 illustrates by example, promptly concerning concrete impeller, and the relation of the sound pressure level db that measures (A) and the rotation speed n of fan drives or transmission shaft.At this; is that the noise emission of unit is compared with embodiment's's (curve B) of the described impeller of revising according to the present invention noise emission with existing impeller (curve A) with Pascal [Pa]; amended embodiment's specialization is the following fact: according to the present invention; made a plurality of holes in pedestal, the outside of pedestal and the isostasy between the inboard are guaranteed in these holes.
Can be clear that the impeller of configuration makes resonance reduce according to the present invention, this resonance can be in existing impeller (curve A) to be about n=1600 rev/min output shaft rotating speed generation.
Such impeller embodiment is favourable, and a plurality of holes in the base region that preferably is evenly distributed on fan wherein are provided.The pedestal of fan preferably is connected to transmission shaft by screw in the center usually.Because because its principle and can not vibrating, and introduced by rotating driveshaft in this position simultaneously by driving force in the zone of link position for pedestal, so in order to make the impeller rotation, the hole is arranged in link position enough spacing places to be arranged be favourable.
At least one hole can have any required shape, because this function does not rely on the specific design at least one hole, still depends on the realization of opening in principle, and air can flow to the inboard of pedestal by these openings from the outside of pedestal, or opposite.
More favourable impeller embodiment according to dependent claims will be described below.
Such impeller embodiment is favourable, and at least one strengthening rib wherein is provided on pedestal; This at least one strengthening rib preferably is arranged on the inboard of pedestal.This at least one strengthening rib has increased the intensity of impeller in base region, and only uses a spot of material.The additional materials that is used to form at least one strengthening rib brings acceptable weight to increase in impeller at this.Should consider that at this design engineer is to keep the quality of impeller as far as possible little in the design and the target during the configuration of impeller in principle, when particularly impeller is moving assembly.
Such impeller embodiment is favourable, and wherein at least one hole and at least one strengthening rib are spaced apart.Hole or opening should not be provided at pedestal and provide in the zone of strengthening rib for the intensity that increases pedestal.This also can weaken the effect that realizes with strengthening rib, i.e. assembly intensity of Zeng Jiaing in disadvantageous mode.
Therefore as can be known, the isolated such an embodiment of its mesopore and strengthening rib is favourable.
In such embodiments, the rib that wherein provides on pedestal extends outwardly into the edge of pedestal basically from the center of pedestal, or in such embodiments, wherein strengthening rib radially extends basically, if these holes are arranged between the rib and have the direction that is similar to rib, then this will be favourable.At this, such embodiment is favourable, wherein disposes each hole in the mode that is similar to groove.
Such impeller embodiment is favourable, wherein provides and the isolated lid in the outside of pedestal.This lid protection fan drives makes it avoid corrosion and mechanics influence or infringement, for example bump of stone.Fan drives is preferably the electric fan motor, is configured in fan base on the inboard in the outside at this.
According to the embodiment of current argumentation, lid is spaced apart with the outside of pedestal, makes at least one the Kong Buhui tegmentum that provides in pedestal seal, and required isostasy can not hinder or inhibition by tegmentum between the outside of pedestal and the inboard.
At this, such impeller embodiment is favourable, wherein provides damping material between the outside of pedestal and lid spaced away.As a result, when vibrating, pedestal produces and the air stream of guaranteeing the outside of pedestal and the isostasy between the inboard can slow down and therefore is obstructed.Yet damping material guarantees that also even if be used at least one hole that enough air of isostasy have at first passed to be provided at pedestal, the water of splash can not pass described hole yet.The water of splash may damage the electric drive that for example is configured in the pedestal inboard.
Such impeller embodiment is favourable, and wherein tubular portion has at least one reinforcing element.This tubular portion preferably has rotation balanced configuration, particularly cylindrical configuration with respect to the longitudinal axis of impeller, and gives cup-shaped basic shape with pedestal for the core of impeller or impeller.At this, tubular portion is used to hold at least two outward extending fan blade, and at the side opening back to pedestal, this allows under the situation of assembling fan impeller to be shifted onto on the transmission shaft.At this, fan drives is parked in final rigging position at least in part in tubular portion, thereby tubular portion also serves as the shell of driver.
Test shows, tubular portion is out of shape during fan operation.At this, the change of shape appears in the tubular portion of rotation on its cross section.For example change over ellipse or approaching oval shape for columniform cross section.The change of cross section is obvious especially at the opening end of tubular portion, and reduces along the direction of impeller pedestal.
This alteration of form causes the adjustment of at least two fan blade, and fan blade tilts forward or backward with respect to the longitudinal axis of impeller or with respect to transmission shaft; This adjustment is the function of the relevant position of individual blade.
In order to offset above-mentioned alteration of form, the element that provides at least one to be used to strengthen tubular portion is favourable.Specifically, such embodiment is favourable, and wherein at least one reinforcing element comprises ring, and its shape is corresponding to the initial cross sectional of tubular portion, and this part is reinforced or supported to described ring.
Because alteration of form is obvious especially in the opening side of tubular portion, so such impeller embodiment is favourable, wherein with the as close as possible opening side of at least one reinforcing element, i.e. the opening end of tubular portion configuration.
Because impeller is a moving assembly, so at least during fan operation, it is favourable making at least one reinforcing element with lightweight material basically.
Description of drawings
Hereinafter, will use a embodiment to describe the present invention in more detail according to the impeller of Fig. 1 to Fig. 5, in the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 illustrates the relation (curve A) of the sound pressure level of existing impeller and fan drives rotating speed and the sound pressure level of the impeller revised according to the present invention and the relation (curve B) of fan drives rotating speed,
Fig. 2 illustrates first embodiment of impeller with figure in front view,
Fig. 3 illustrates the embodiment of impeller shown in Figure 2 with figure in rear view,
Fig. 4 illustrates the semi-section of impeller along the longitudinal axis of impeller with figure, comprising lid, and
Fig. 5 is in the embodiment of impeller shown in Figure 2 shown in the front view, comprising lid.
Symbol description
1 impeller
2 impeller blades, fan blade
3 pedestals
4 tubular portions
5 holes
The outside of 6 pedestals
The inboard of 7 pedestals
8 transmission shafts
9 lids
10 fan drives
11 strengthening rib
12 damping materials
13 foams
14 reinforcing elements
15 rings
16 screws
17 outer shrouds
18 longitudinal axis
The n rotation speed of the fan
Embodiment
Fig. 1 has been described in more detail in the front in the context that impeller according to the present invention is described, its purpose is clearly to show and is better than existing impeller part.
Fig. 2 promptly illustrates first embodiment of impeller 1 at front view with figure in the view in the outside 6 of pedestal 3.16 holes 5 are provided in pedestal 3 altogether, and these holes make the outside 6 of pedestal 3 and pedestal 3 become possibility towards the isostasy between the inboard of fan drives 10.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, can see at least that by hole 5 electric motor of part is used as fan drives 10 as shown in the figure.
Hole 5 is evenly distributed in the pedestal 3 of impeller 1, and correspondingly evenly spaced apart each other.Hole 5 disposes in the mode that is similar to groove, and extends outwardly into susceptor edges from the pedestal center, promptly is essentially radially.Design that hole 5 is such and location be corresponding in the inboard 7 of pedestal 3, i.e. strengthening rib 11 (see figure 3)s that provide on the side of fan drives 10 of pedestal 3.At this, extend between strengthening rib 11 in hole 5.
In addition, as shown in Figure 2, impeller 1 is connected to the transmission shaft 8 at pedestal 3 centers, and the connection in this example is by screw 16 configurations.The longitudinal axis 18 of impeller 1 overlaps with transmission shaft 8.Hole 5 is fully spaced apart with link position, and this is to take into account in link position place introducing driving force and pedestal 3 can Given this, require the isostasy of this position in the situation of link position place vibration owing to its principle.
Tubular portion 4 gives cup-shaped basic shape with pedestal 3 for the core of impeller 1, and abuts seat 3.In the front view of selecting in Fig. 2, the cylindrical circumferential surface of tubular portion 4 is promptly extended on the direction of the longitudinal axis 18 almost perpendicular to the drawing plane.At this, tubular portion 4 surrounds fan drives 10 in the mode that is similar to shell.
Tubular portion 4 is used to hold eight outward extending impeller blades 2.
Fig. 3 is at rear view, i.e. the embodiment of impeller 1 shown in Figure 2 shown in the view of the inboard 7 of pedestal 3.The impeller blade 2 that is connected to tubular portion 4 is connected to each other by outer shroud 17 in its outer end, and this ring is used to strengthen impeller 1.
In order to offset the alteration of form of tubular portion 4 when impeller 1 rotation, provide reinforcing element 14 at the opening end of tubular portion 4, its form is a stiffening ring 15.This ring 15 is favourable in the configuration of the opening end of tubular portion 4, because the alteration of form that occurs in during the fan operation is obvious especially in this position.Ring 15 is made by lightweight material.
Can be clear that the strengthening rib 11 on the inboard 7 that is arranged in pedestal 3, strengthening rib extends outwardly into susceptor edges from the pedestal center as hole 5, promptly be essentially radially.Provide the thickened portion of pedestal 3 so that pedestal 3 is further strengthened at the bore region that is used for holding transmission shaft.
Fig. 4 illustrates the semi-section of impeller 1 along impeller 1 longitudinal axis 18 with figure, comprises and covers 9, and this section is positioned between two impeller blades, thereby these blades are invisible in Fig. 4.
Lid 9 is spaced apart with the outside 6 of pedestal 3.With the tubular portion 4 that serves as shell and other functions, the fan drives (not shown) that lid 9 is protected on the inboard 7 that is configured in pedestal 3 makes it avoid corrosion and mechanics influence.In the embodiment shown in fig. 4, lid 9 tightens together by screw 16 and pedestal 3 on transmission shaft 8.
Provide damping material 12 between the outside 6 of pedestal 3 and lid 9 spaced away, foam 13 serves as damping material 12.The air stream that foam 13 produces when making pedestal 3 vibrations is obstructed, and guarantees the outside 6 of pedestal 3 and the isostasy between the inboard 7.In addition, the entering of water that has also stoped splash.Yet, provide damping material 12 not necessarily at pedestal 3 with between covering 9.Damping material is not necessarily related with noise damping.
Fig. 5 illustrates the embodiment's of impeller 1 shown in Figure 2 front view, comprises being in the lid 9 of assembling condition.Identical label is used for identical assembly, therefore can be with reference to the explanation of making in conjunction with Fig. 2.

Claims (10)

1. a conduct is used for cooling automobile driving device, the impeller of the constituent element of the fan of internal-combustion engine (1) particularly, impeller (1) can be rotated by the fan drives (10) with transmission shaft (8), and impeller (1) has cup-shaped basic shape, and this impeller comprises:
Be used for impeller (1) is fastened on pedestal (3) on the transmission shaft (8),
The tubular portion (4) of abuts seat (3), and
At least two are connected to described tubular portion (4) and outward extending impeller blade (2).
Wherein, provide at least one hole (5) in pedestal (3), hole (5) make the outside (6) of pedestal (3) and pedestal (3) become possibility towards the isostasy between the inboard (7) of fan drives (10).
2. impeller as claimed in claim 1 (1) is characterized in that, described pedestal (3) has at least one strengthening rib (11).
3. impeller as claimed in claim 2 (1) is characterized in that, described at least one strengthening rib (11) is arranged on the inboard (7) of pedestal (3).
4. as claim 2 or 3 described impellers (1), it is characterized in that described at least one hole (5) is spaced apart with described at least one strengthening rib (11).
5. as one of above-mentioned claim 1 to 4 described impeller (1), it is characterized in that, the isolated lid in the outside (6) (9) with pedestal (3) is provided.
6. impeller as claimed in claim 5 (1) is characterized in that, provides damping material (12) between the outside (6) of pedestal (3) and lid (9).
7. impeller as claimed in claim 6 (1) is characterized in that, described damping material (12) is foam (13).
8. as one of above-mentioned claim 1 to 7 described impeller (1), it is characterized in that, at least one reinforcing element (14) is provided on tubular portion (4).
9. impeller as claimed in claim 8 (1) is characterized in that, described at least one reinforcing element (14) comprises and is configured in the ring (15) of tubular portion (4) on the opening side of pedestal (3).
10. impeller (1) as claimed in claim 8 or 9 is characterized in that described at least one reinforcing element (14) is made by lightweight material basically.
CN2007101040307A 2006-05-17 2007-05-16 Impeller as components of fan for cooling automobile driving device Expired - Fee Related CN101101006B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200610023417 DE102006023417A1 (en) 2006-05-17 2006-05-17 Blower wheel for cooling e.g. internal combustion engine, has blades connected with tubular section, and opening provided in base and makes possible pressure balance between outer side and inner side of base
DE102006023417.0 2006-05-17

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN101101006A true CN101101006A (en) 2008-01-09
CN101101006B CN101101006B (en) 2012-06-27

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CN2007101040307A Expired - Fee Related CN101101006B (en) 2006-05-17 2007-05-16 Impeller as components of fan for cooling automobile driving device

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DE (1) DE102006023417A1 (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102345645A (en) * 2010-08-02 2012-02-08 建准电机工业股份有限公司 Fan base with pressure relief holes
CN103573717A (en) * 2012-07-24 2014-02-12 德昌电机(深圳)有限公司 Fan and impeller thereof
CN103620229A (en) * 2011-06-22 2014-03-05 博泽沃尔兹堡汽车零部件有限公司 Motor-vehicle fan wheel with reinforced shroud
CN104619993A (en) * 2012-03-22 2015-05-13 法雷奥热系统公司 Ventilation system
CN106687692A (en) * 2014-09-22 2017-05-17 马勒国际公司 Axial fan for conveying cooling air, in particular for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle
CN112096655A (en) * 2020-08-12 2020-12-18 东风博泽汽车系统有限公司 Heat dissipation hub structure and heat dissipation fan formed by same

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9157362B2 (en) 2012-05-23 2015-10-13 Denso International America, Inc. Pressure release slot for fan noise improvement
DE102016012801A1 (en) 2016-10-26 2018-04-26 Man Truck & Bus Ag axial fan

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102345645A (en) * 2010-08-02 2012-02-08 建准电机工业股份有限公司 Fan base with pressure relief holes
CN102345645B (en) * 2010-08-02 2014-12-31 建准电机工业股份有限公司 Fan base with pressure relief holes
CN103620229A (en) * 2011-06-22 2014-03-05 博泽沃尔兹堡汽车零部件有限公司 Motor-vehicle fan wheel with reinforced shroud
CN103620229B (en) * 2011-06-22 2016-08-17 博泽沃尔兹堡汽车零部件有限公司 There is the motor vehicles blast fan of the cover bar of strengthening
US9765794B2 (en) 2011-06-22 2017-09-19 Brose Fahrzeugteile Gmbh & Co. Kg, Wuerzburg Motor-vehicle fan wheel with reinforced shroud
CN104619993A (en) * 2012-03-22 2015-05-13 法雷奥热系统公司 Ventilation system
CN103573717A (en) * 2012-07-24 2014-02-12 德昌电机(深圳)有限公司 Fan and impeller thereof
CN106687692A (en) * 2014-09-22 2017-05-17 马勒国际公司 Axial fan for conveying cooling air, in particular for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle
US10508652B2 (en) 2014-09-22 2019-12-17 Mahle International Gmbh Axial fan for conveying cooling air, in particular for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle
CN112096655A (en) * 2020-08-12 2020-12-18 东风博泽汽车系统有限公司 Heat dissipation hub structure and heat dissipation fan formed by same

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Publication number Publication date
CN101101006B (en) 2012-06-27
DE102006023417A1 (en) 2007-11-22

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