CN101098504A

CN101098504A - SMPP message process for SMS rubbish filtering

Info

Publication number: CN101098504A
Application number: CNA2006101719718A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 蔡亦钢; D·麦格里尔; S·K·辛; 杨洪钢; 张立春
Original assignee: Lucent Technologies Inc
Current assignee: Nokia of America Corp
Priority date: 2006-06-29
Filing date: 2006-06-29
Publication date: 2008-01-02
Also published as: CN104918240A

Abstract

The invention provides a waste filter method and a relative system, for filtering waste SMS SMPP message of SMSC from ESME, relative to wireless network, wherein a waste-proof message application program receives a SMPP SMS message from ESME, and filter waste before providing SMPP message to the wireless network, to transmit effective message to SMSC of network and throw out or hold the waste message.

Description

The SMPP Message Processing that is used for the SMS rubbish filtering

Technical field

The present invention includes the rubbish message in short message peer to peer, SMPP (SMPP) Short Message Service (SMS) message in the filtering wireless network, to adopt concrete reference to describe it in addition, though be understandable that, the present invention may be useful at other field with in using, and filters such as the SPAM of the SMPPSMS message of other types.

Background technology

Along with the progress such as the communication technology of internet and cordless communication network, the ability that people intercom mutually becomes closely and is quite general.Yet, these identical technological progresses make advertizer, hacker, or the like easily a large amount of uncalled message or rubbish message are sent to communication equipment.The Internet user is familiar with spam and other similar troubles unfortunately mostly.Except the terminal use for the communication system of this progress makes the difficulty, rubbish message also takies service provider's resource, and wherein spam or the like income of having influenced the ISP usually produces ability.In addition, rubbish message can provide credit card or other personal information to attempt to cheat unsuspecting user by luring the user into.Except the type of spam, in addition, the necessary treatment S MS rubbish of the owner of radio telecommunication network and commercial operator, wherein providing of this Short Message Service also provides another kind of approach for barbaric rubbish message sender so far so that propagate rubbish message.In the scope of aerogram, as the internet, at least in part owing to increased SS7 and IP network message communicating amount, rubbish message has been made the user experience that makes us anxiety and has been increased operating cost for the service supplier.The SMS service center (SMSCs or SMS-Cs) that previous rubbish filtering is attempted at network is concentrated sorting rubbish message, but such method may only partly successfully minimize whole Internet traffic.Therefore, the system and method for rubbish message need be provided for opposing, the discontented of the map network traffic and user can be alleviated by this system and method.

Summary of the invention

Below be the general introduction for the ease of one or more aspects of the invention that ABC provided of understanding it, wherein this general introduction is not the broad sense summary of invention, and neither attempts to discern some element of invention, does not attempt to describe scope of invention yet.On the contrary, the main purpose of general introduction is some notion of inventing with the form introduction of simplifying before the more detailed description that provides hereinafter.Various aspects of the present invention relate to the method and system that is used for filtering rubbish SMPP SMS message before they arrive mobile telecom network, so that relax the Internet traffic of relevant rubbish message and alleviate negative wireless client experience.

According to one or more aspects of the present invention, provide the method that is used to filter the rubbish SMS SMPP message between short message receiving and transmitting entity (ESME) externally and the SMS service center (SMSC) relevant with wireless network.This method comprises from ESME and receives SMPP SMS message and SMPP SMS message is provided to the anti-spam application program of moving at the webserver or other network componentses or element (ASA).Before SMPP SMS message is provided to network, ASA is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message with SMPP SMS message, wherein effectively (for example, non-rubbish message) SMPP SMS message is provided to the SMSC of wireless network, and the rubbish message that identifies or be dropped or be retained and be not sent to SMSC.ASA among embodiment can carry out the rubbish filtering in two stages, comprise that the service regeulations engine carries out a rule group and carry out the rubbish filtering of phase I so that SMPP SMS message is categorized as rubbish message, suspicious rubbish message or efficient message, and the rubbish filtering of carrying out second stage, such as the Bayesian analysis of suspicious rubbish message, so that this message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.

Another aspect of the present invention provides the system that is used to filter from the rubbish SMS SMPP message of ESME 32 to SMSC, comprise network element, such as with the relevant server of wireless network that receives the SMS SMPP message from ESME to SMSC, and the anti-spam application program of on network element, moving, this program is used for receiving SMPP message and before SMPP SMS message is provided to wireless network SMPP SMS message being categorized as rubbish message or efficient message from ESME.Operation anti-spam application program is provided to effective SMPP SMS message selectively the SMSC of wireless network and prevents rubbish SMPP SMS message is provided to wireless network.

Description of drawings

The following description and accompanying drawing have at length been set forth some illustrative equipment of the present invention, and this explanation and accompanying drawing are the indications of multiple exemplary manner that can carry out the principle of invention.When considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, according to following detailed description of the invention, various purposes of the present invention, advantage and novel characteristics will become apparent.The present invention is present in structure, layout and the combination of various system units and method step, sets forth more fully hereinafter whereby, and point out clearly in the claims, and in the accompanying drawings the intended purposes that is obtained is described, wherein:

Fig. 1 is the high-level schematic diagram that one or more aspects according to the present invention illustrate the exemplary telecommunication system of the system with the anti-spam application program filtering SMPP SMS rubbish message that adopts server Network Based;

Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the exemplary anti-spam application program in the system of key diagram 1 in further detail;

Fig. 3 is the anti-spam application program of SMPP SMS Message Agent is served as in explanation between the ESME of wireless network and SMSC a schematic diagram;

Fig. 4 A and 4B show the flow chart of the exemplary method that is used to filter rubbish SMS SMPP message according to a further aspect of the present invention;

Fig. 5 A has described the processing that is used to illustrate from the ESME of wireless network to the exemplary SMPP SMS message of SMSC, comprises that dialogue confirms and rubbish filtering, message flow chart;

Fig. 5 B shows the message flow chart of the processing of the SMPP SMS message from network SMS C to ESME;

Fig. 6 is the flow chart that two exemplary stage rubbish filterings of exemplary SMPP rubbish filtering system and method are used in explanation;

Fig. 7 A is the schematic diagram that explanation has the exemplary SMPP SMS message of data and textual portions;

Fig. 7 B is the schematic diagram of the SMPP SMS message of the exemplary cascade of explanation; And

Fig. 7 C is the schematic diagram of the SMPP SMS message of explanation segmentation cascade.

Embodiment

With reference now to accompanying drawing,, demonstration wherein only is used to that the purpose of exemplary embodiments is described and is not used in the purpose of the theme that qualification applies for, Fig. 1 provides the view of a communication system 2, can or can realize various aspects of the present invention therein in conjunction with the embodiment of current description therein.Describe and a plurality of embodiment or the realization of explanation various aspects of the present invention below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, wherein identical from start to finish reference number be used in reference to components identical and wherein figure do not need to describe in proportion.

At first with reference to figure 1-3, the typical telecommunication system 2 of Fig. 1 comprises the different operating interference networks of different topology structure, comprise wireless SS7 network 10, wherein different MAP is exchanged and is operated so that adopt known mode that mobile radio communications is provided on the heterogeneous networks element of operatively interconnection.Typical wireless network 10 is that signaling system 7 (SS7) network and other MAP message in MAP (MAP) Short Message Service (SMS) is exchanged, shifts, perhaps opposite processed or use.For the present invention, network 10 allows the SMS message in radio telephone 16 and other exchanged between equipment, different system wherein of the present invention and method be suitable for so that the quantity of the rubbish SMS message that minimum user receives before these are delivered to network 10 and also reduce the Network Transmission total amount that is exclusively used in rubbish SMS message by the SMPP rubbish SMS message of filtering input.

In the diagram of the simplification of Fig. 1, single mobile switching center (MSC) 12 is operatively coupled to network 10 with relevant original location register (HLR) 14 with SMS service center (SMSC) 18, though be understandable that, system 2 can comprise MSC 12, HLR 14, SMSC 18 and the visitor location register VLR of any amount, and base station system, base station controller or the like and other network element (not shown) are used to carry out the mobile radio function.Wireless network 10 also by network 10 being provided and the INT SCCP gateway 22 of the message between the outer network 20 being operatively coupled to one or more to outer network 20, can obtain mobile communication at mobile phone or the equipment in network 10 16 and between to another mobile communication equipment 26 in the outer network 20 whereby.In this example, the communication of using in the SS7 network 10 meets MAP (MAP) agreement, and typically outer network 20 is similar to the SS7 network that uses MAP communication, though the present invention does not have strict requirement and uses the SS7 network of different aspect of the present invention can use the communication protocol of any appropriate and any type outer network is connected.

Network 10 among the embodiment of Fig. 1 further operatively is connected with Internet Protocol (IP) network or with other packet-based networks 30, be used to provide and the communicating by letter of one or more IP-based equipment, such as computer 32, wherein IP-based system 30 can comprise and packet switching IP network 30 and wireless network 10 being linked to each other so that the suitable IP gateway element (not shown) that calls is provided and comprises other services that the SMPP short message (SMS) between IP-based equipment 32 and the typical mobile device 16 is served and relevant other equipment with network 10.Especially, IP network 30 will be sent to the communication equipment relevant with wireless network 10 from the SMPP SMS message such as outside short message receiving and transmitting entity (ESME) resource of the computer 32 that is operatively coupled to IP network 30 or other ESME by SMSC 18, and also allow by SMSC 18 and IP network 30 SMPP SMS message to be sent to ESME 32 such as the equipment of radio telephone 16.Various

typical networks

10,20, with therefore 30 provide communicating to connect of various communication equipments and network element, allow various phones, mobile unit, computer, digital assistants or the like intercoms mutually and is used for sound and/or video between them, short message, and the exchange of other data or information or transmission, telecommunication system 2 wherein can comprise the wireless of any amount usually, wired, and/or packet switching network, wherein have only among Fig. 1 graphic a small amount of typical element to be used for illustrative purposes and can not make various SMS rubbish filtering feature of the present invention and the aspect unclear.

In addition, diagram system 2 comprises one or more webservers 40 or other network elements, move or carry out one or more anti-spam application programs (ASA) 42 thereon, anti-spam application program 42 wherein can reside on the network element 40 or can be by being assigned with a plurality of network elements that

network

10 and 30 operatively is connected.In addition, application program 42 can be any suitable combination of hardware, software, logic or the like, no matter is single or distributes, and can easily weigh various rubbish filterings of the present invention aspect with dynamic viewpoint according to the network service condition whereby.Can be used to dispose the one or more parameters relevant by user and/or service supplier by the computer that operatively is connected or the typical ASA 42 of the graphic embodiment of other equipment 48 programmatic access with server element 40 that is used for adjusting, programme, upgrading or the like or network 10 with rubbish filtering feature described herein.

As shown in Fig. 1-3; webserver element 40 and ASA 42 form the system that is used to filter rubbish SMPPSMS message, so that protection wireless network 10 prevents the extra communication relevant with rubbish and uses wireless network 10 to relax unwelcome client's experience as the user.Webserver element 40 is operatively coupled to SS7 network 10, so that before other exchange components that SMS message are sent to SMS service center (SMSC 18), MSC12 or SS7 network 10, be used for the SMS rubbish filtering from network 10 reception MAP Short Message Service (SMS) message and other MAP message by ASA 42.In such a way, the SS7 SMS message that ASA 42 clearly sends from the network 10 that connects therewith or element effectively is not rubbish from the SMS SMPP message that SMSC 18 is sent to IP network 30 whereby basically.

In a typical embodiment, application program 42 comprises two main

anti-spam parts

44 and 46, be designated anti-spam control assembly (ACC) 44 and anti-spam data component (ADC) 46 in this case, perhaps the both can or duplicate or illustration by repeated dispensing.And, equally as shown in Figure 3, ASA 42 serves as the agency and be used for transmitting SMS SMPP message between the SMSC 18 of ESEM 32 and wireless network 10, so that filtered all SMPP SMS message from ESME 32 to SMSC 18 basically before this SMPP message is sent to SMSC 18, the rubbish SMS that provides SMPP message to produce on any other resource of SMSC 18 at ESME 32 or by IP network 30 can be provided wireless network 30 whereby.In addition, because ASA 42 filtered SS7 MAP SMS rubbish message before they are sent to SMSC 18, so be filtered from any message of SMPPSMS as a result of SMSC 18 to ESME 32, ASA 42 is sent to ESME 32 to these simply and need not further filters whereby.In preferred enforcement, therefore ASA 42 handles the MAP and the SMPP message of input, so that adopt the application program filtering SMS rubbish of the form of configurable rule engine and Bayesian analysis by logic, wherein ASA 42 two types the SMS message that will be filtered is categorized as effective message or rubbish message, so that relax discontented to the junk short message that received of the extra traffic in the wireless network 10 and minimum user.

It is same that in graphic embodiment, server 40 has been provided all the MAP message in the network 10 and will have determined whether at first that each message is SMS message with reference to figure 4B, if not, forward this information to desired destination.For SMS message; application program 42 will determine whether that MAP SMS message is rubbish message; if then avoid it is sent to SMSC 18, thereby reduce the sum of the relevant rubbish traffic in the network 10 and the injury that the protection user avoids being subjected to receiving this SMS rubbish.ASA 42 uses normal SMS to handle scrutiny and is considered to is that the MAP SMS message of non-rubbish (effectively) is sent to desired destination, for example, and by SMSC 18, MSC 12 or other network elements.Therefore, ASA 42 receives MAP SMS message and these is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message, and after this, selectively effective MAP SMS message is provided to SMSC 18, and avoids rubbish MAP SMS message is provided to SMSC in order to be sent to corresponding target ground.In addition, in typical embodiment, the message that is considered to rubbish (application program of filtering according to the anti-spam among the ASA 42) is by piecemeal and can be dropped or keep (storage) and be used for by computer 48 or other devices and further by operator intervention.Therefore, ASA 42 can not be sent to SMSC18 with any rubbish SMS message, any this SMPP SMS message that is sent to ESME 32 by SMSC 18 is considered to effectively (non-rubbish) whereby, even serve as the agency between ESME 32 and the SMSC 18, ASA 42 is sent to these SMS SMPP message ESME 32 and does not need rubbish filtering to handle from SMSC 18 simply.Fig. 4 B has illustrated ASA 42 about receive the operation 150 of SMPP SMS message from the SMSC 18 of wireless network 10, and this message is transported to ESME 32.Receive these message and at 154 ASA 42 that are sent to the webserver 40 152.156, ASA 42 transmits the message to ESME then and does not carry out rubbish filtering.

With reference now to Fig. 1-4A,, typical A SA 42 carries out from the rubbish filtering in two stages of the SMPP SMS message of ESME 32 receptions.As shown in Fig. 1-3, in one embodiment, ASA 42 is implemented as a plurality of parts on the webserver 40, comprise that analysis component 44b by the phase I carries out the rubbish filtering of phase I so that will be categorized as rubbish message, suspicious rubbish message or the first anti-spam control assembly (ACC) 44 of efficient message from the SMPP SMS message of ESME, and the parts 44a that serves as the agency of one or more network SMS service centers (SMSC) 18.Typical A SA 42 is also included within the rubbish filtering of execution second stage on the suspicious rubbish message so that these message are categorized as the second anti-spam data component (ADC) 46 of rubbish message or efficient message.In addition, in graphic example, storage along with the data of the rubbish analysis component 46d that is used to provide user data 46c and second stage, one or more groups regular 46a and message database 46b that ADC 46 usefulness are provided come the implementation rule engine, and this message database is used for the SMPP message that buffer memory is filtered and is used to keep the rubbish message of identification or suspicious rubbish message.

ASA 42 supports the rubbish filtering of the SMPP SMS message in the IP network 30 and plays the effect of the acting server of SMSC 18.ASA receives from the message of ESME 32 inputs, carries out the rubbish filtering of SMS message and non-rubbish message is sent to SMSC 18.In addition, will be sent to ESME 32 from any message of SMSC 18 inputs.If the SMS SMPP message from ESME 32 is identified as suspicious rubbish message or rubbish message, then take configurable one group of behavior so that further handle this message by ASA 42, if such as not requiring configurable behavior, then use the procotol identical to be sent to its destination, perhaps keep suspicious rubbish message and be used for further analysis with input message.Analysis afterwards is relevant especially with the SMPP SMS message that transmits text, such as SMPP submit_sm message.In analytic process afterwards, contrast this message of signature analysis of known rubbish message so that determine whether this message is rubbish message.If this message analyzed as being SPAM, do not transmit this message and put it in the known tool of SPAM message.Yet,, use the SMPP agreement to forward this information to SMSC 18 so that SMSC 18 can the initiation message terminator if this message is not rubbish.

In preferred an enforcement, phase I rubbish analysis component 44b uses the regulation engine of process user or service supplier's configurable rule group 46a that rubbish filtering is provided, so that the SMPP SMS message that is received is identified as rubbish message, efficient message or suspicious rubbish message, and second stage rubbish analysis component 46d carries out bayesian filtering, so that suspicious rubbish message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.In addition, typical A SA 42 preferentially operates so that handle, can configurable warning handle and/or can configurable pattern matching by the configurable acknowledgement that parts 46d selectively carries out relevant suspicious rubbish message in the second rubbish analysis phase, wherein can dispose this operation so that the service of customization SMS rubbish filtering by user or service supplier.For example, user or service supplier can allow the user to define the pattern of the suspicious text string that is used to filter in second stage parts 46d, and allow the suspicious rubbish message of configuration be how to confirm and can configurable warning behavior.In addition, filter the processing of the suspicious rubbish message of determining logic in order to customize relevant other, can further dispose the analysis component 46d of second stage by user or service supplier, such as whether relaying, piecemeal, abandoning, perhaps opposite storage or keep suspicious rubbish message in ASA 42.

ACC 44 provides network connectivty and the inspection of treatment S MS rubbish for SMPP SMS message 500, wherein ADC 46 provides the storage and the analysis of suspicious rubbish SMPP message, and SPAM check rules/criteria/threshold value operator interface, SMS transfer capability (by ACC 44), distribute, and among the ACC 44 dynamic data synchronously.Can adopt multiple mode on one or more webservers or entity 40, to use these

attendant application groupings

44,46, comprise but be not defined as at the single node embodiment that uses ASA 42 on the single server 40 and on the same node point of low end structure, use ACC 44 and ADC 46, the data that the ADC 46 that duplicates between the coupling of using ASA 42 on a pair of network node or the entity is to the ACC44 on structure and two nodes and ADC 46 and two nodes a centering keeps are used to provide high efficiency low end structure, and/or in order to provide high power capacity and reliability to adopt the distributed architecture of the ASA 42 of distribution mode use, wherein in an example, can the coupling of network node on use ADC 46 and can on the node of N+K structure, use ACC 44.

ASA 42 carries out rubbish filtering in two stages, be called as for the first time there " rubbish inspection ", and be called as " rubbish analysis " for the second time.In the phase I, check the potential rubbish situation of SMPP SMS message according to the rubbish inspection of configuration among the ASA 42, can be in ASA 42 and execution analysis up hill and dale according to some data that disposes in information in the message and the application program.By parts 44b and 46d (Fig. 2 and 3), can be suspect message, rubbish message or efficient message according to these rubbish inspections with the SMPP message marking.If it is that effectively then ASA 42 forwards this information to desired destination by SMSC 18 that message is confirmed as.If message is identified as rubbish in the phase I, for example come from the phase I rubbish filtering condition of forbidden resource or other configurations, then ASA 42 keeps as the message of rubbish and does not need to carry out the analysis of the second stage of message content.In addition, for this message, can take configurable one group of behavior by ASA 42.If find that in first analysis phase this message is suspicious rubbish message, for example, capacity threshold has surpassed resource network, then carries out the second rubbish analysis so that determine this message and whether is rubbish message really.For this suspicious message, should take configurable one group of behavior by application program 42.

Typical A SA 42 service regeulations engines are carried out the rubbish of the phase I of each SMPP SMS and are checked rule, and the configurable rule group 46a in this message is performed, and wherein can create the rule group so that message is carried out a plurality of rules.In the rule group, specify the actuating logic of Different Rule.Each independent rule in the rule group can be written to regular group in itself or can comprise the function of the implementation in the invokes application 42.If the term of execution of the rule group, can use the data redaction rule of transmission fully, then in rule group itself, specify it.But if rule evaluation requires ASA 42 or some dynamic datas of keeping by application program 42 in the data of supplying, then should use the funcall of carrying out among the ASA 42 to implement this rule.The regulation engine of ASA 42 provides the ability of actuating logic for the enforcement of the rule group of each message, thereby can be each message arrangement rule group.ASA 42 provides the rule group of acquiescence for each message, and creates the ability of further rule group and the not modification of needs ASA according to specific customer demand.On the suspicious rubbish SMPP SMS message that is retained, carry out the rubbish analysis of second stage and can provide at the configurable response of suspicious message and without the filtration of second stage.ASA 42 can keep storage previous reception and known spam message that be identified as rubbish, and the content that wherein contrasts known spam SMS message is analyzed the content of new suspicious SMS message so that determine whether this suspicious message is rubbish message.If new information is identified as rubbish message at this point, in the memory block of known spam message, keep it.Yet if determine that in second stage new information is effective message, this message is sent to SMSC 18.

ASA 42 can use a kind of model to be used for the different classification of rubbish message and their feature, can draw their feature by the content of analyzing known spam message periodically.This periodically analytic process be also referred to as " training " of model.This is trained periodically and also helps to determine the off-order mode that may occur in the rubbish message.These patterns are used in the configurable modes matching filter of rubbish filtering to help to reduce the possibility of blocking efficient message during the phase I so that detect suspicious rubbish message, for example, if certain network based on threshold value is disturbed by resource network, then the use of pattern matching can help avoid the efficient message of obstruction from this network.Any new suspicious SMPP message from ESME 32 can compare so that determine it whether belong to any kind of rubbish message with model in ASA 42.If suspicious message is classified as rubbish message and is retained in its classification, if not, this message is sent to SMSC 18.ASA 42 also supports to be used to carry out the configurable data from the configurable rubbish filtering of the SMPP message of ESME 32, and can keep dynamic data according to the Internet traffic that uses during the rubbish filtering, regulation engine wherein can use this dynamic data.

The typical structured data of ASA 42 can comprise the threshold value, permission of Internet traffic/forbid network and desired some other global data of rubbish filtering.These data can be classified among of a plurality of typical classifications usually, (for example comprise based on network message threshold, each network that is used to be subordinated to this group receives the threshold value of heterogeneous networks group of the capacity of individual message, based on the cycle, such as hourly, every day or the like, and at any given interval for example, hourly, every day or the like in the threshold value of message by network) network.Another kind of configuration data is the pre-transmitter threshold value of message, such as the configured threshold from the message of the resource of appointment or one group of transmitter.An other class comprises forbids/allows/trustable network, wherein dispose these data in case identification be used to transmit SMS message permission, forbid or believable specified network.As a possible default value, if in this data class, do not dispose the network of appointment, then allow message from that network, wherein the message from this resource may (for example still be subjected to the other types rubbish filtering, based on the inspection of capacity, or the like) influence.As the network that is configured to credible type, ASA can be in advance to doing further rubbish filtering and therefore being categorized as efficient message from any message of these credible type networks.If network forbids that then the message from that network is marked as rubbish message.The classification configurations data can manually be disposed by the operator, and/or ASA 42 can be according to the state of certain automatic supervising the network in standard operation ground.

Another kind of configurable data comprise the local SS7 network 10 that is used to dispose permission the appointed area the message capacity threshold value in abutting connection with threshold value., this helps the detection at the ASA 42 of the message pulse that produces when a large amount of SMS information receivings is underway, and wherein the operator can be used to carry out the measurement of relevant this rubbish filtering technology setup time at interval.ASA 42 can allow/not allow the pattern matching inspection according to each network yet, and can allow the operator manually to allow/do not allow the pattern matching inspection of given network, thereby when need with before pattern matching inspection when contrast of costliness, the balance between the pattern matching that helps to activate.For example, ASA 42 can be according to the detection of suspicious or rubbish message and dynamically the activation pattern matching check.Therefore, if during designated period, there is not suspicious or rubbish message, the then ASA 42 pattern matching inspection of deexcitation specified network automatically.Equally, when in ASA 42 determines to carry out, having rubbish message, by during designated period, detecting suspicious/rubbish message, ASA 42 can the enable mode matching check so that from efficient message, filter out rubbish.As an example, when surpassing network based on the capacity of threshold value, the activation of pattern matching inspection will help to determine which is a rubbish and which is an efficient message, to such an extent as to needn't be subjected to the obstruction of rubbish from the efficient message of that network.

Configuration data also can comprise user or the operator pattern for pattern matching inspection configuration.In this case, ASA 42 remains on one group of configurable pattern will using during the rubbish filtering in the pattern matching filter, wherein can at first determine and/or the renewal mode list according to the training of rubbish analysis rule engine in the application program 42.These patterns that generate automatically are the marks in the training data group that takes place in rubbish message probably.In addition, except automatic those that determine of application program, operator or user also can dispose additional pattern, and preferentially upgrade the pattern of automatic generation after having carried out training for rubbish analysis rule engine at every turn.Configurable data also can comprise the rubbish filtering rule group relevant with message, in order to check whether message is suspicious rubbish message, can be the execution specified rule group of each message at first filtration stage whereby.In addition, ASA 42 allows for suspicious rubbish and rubbish SMS message is taked the configuration behavior, can define it according to the reason of type, PLMN and/or the suspicious/rubbish of each message.In a possible enforcement, ASA 42 allows such as following configuration behavior: do not consider suspicious decision and transmit the message to SMSC 18; Produce and report to the police; Use the SMS message analysis of second stage, analyze the content of message, this message transmits text and finally is classified as rubbish message during the phase I itself; For transmitting any message activation pattern matching filter of input afterwards of text; Customer in response is returned a successfully value with configurable return information; Disconnection is connected with configurable errored response; And disconnect to connect and need not confirm, though except the example of these appointments, have other behavior.

The configuration data of another kind of type comprises the network relevant with configuration data, and wherein ASA 42 allows the configuration of the data of the public network address such as ASA, address of forwarding SMSC or the like.ASA 42 also supports the configuration data of message request/response, can use these data during message on transmitting a response to message or involved network elements.This helps to guarantee that the network relevant with information in the response/request message is the network of customer requirement, to such an extent as to message is correctly sent to desired destination.These data can comprise the message response data of the configurable value of the parameter that comprises in the output response, for example, the indication of the state of called side address information, request, any cause, or the like, can define this data for each type of message, wherein the response that can require ASA42 to return is sent to called side, and forwards is used for supporting to relay or the transition ability to back end.

ASA 42 also can keep the traffic of dynamic data, so that the rubbish of assessment SMS message is checked rule, comprises appointed interval, for example, per hour, every day, every month or the like, during exercisable counter.Comprise each group of networks calculator of quantity of the message of the specified network group of received of expression from designated period in the example, can keep this counter respectively for each type of message; Be used for during designated period, providing each type of message counter of the quantity of specify message type by all networks; The adjacent count device of the sum of received message is provided for specified network prefixes, and for example, the quantity that sends user's message in the appointed area to is used in reference in the progress of appointed area that has been shown in mark whether have a large amount of rubbish messages; And each conveyer type counter that the message number of the appointment conveyer reception from designated period is provided.In addition, ASA 42 can be used for these counters that a plurality of rubbish are checked node synchronously.

ASA 42 is connected to SMSC 18 and serves as the acting server of SMSCs 18 in the wireless network 10 and provide the protocol layer support with being connected of SMSC 18 for ESME 32.The reflection that ACC 44a management ESME begins session, so that corresponding to the session of SMSC foundation with SMSC 18, wherein the existence of the ASA 42 between ESME 32 and the SMSC 18 is transparent for ESME 32 and SMSC 18 basically, and ESME 32 and SMSC 18 can use configuration easily to visit this ASA 42 for its assigned ip and port numbers.The processing logic of SMPP message and message flow depend on the type of message, such as be submitted to the message of SMSC 18 and the message that is sent to ESME 32 from SMSC 18 from ESME 32, wherein Xia Mian the explanation message that relates to SMPP SMS message submit to and hypothesis ESME 32 and ASA 42 between and the suitable SMPP connection session between ASA42 and the SMSC 18 activated fully, be used for the submission of SMSSMPP message.

Between ESME 32 and SMSC 18, use the SMPP agreement so that the SMS message of exchange correlation, and require before can exchanging SMS message, to set up the SMPP session.Except the message that transmits text, the SMPP agreement allows to need to support other message of the interface between ESME 32 and the SMSC 18.ASA 42 is as acting on behalf of the SMSC server operation, and it allows ESME 32 and SMSC 18 directly to exchange messages mutually, ASA 42 wherein be rendered as SMSC to ESME 32 and ESME to SMSC 18.In this, ASA 42 is configured to allow SMPP to be connected with ESME 32, ASA 42 is directly connected to SMSC 18 usually and ESME 32 is connected to ASA 42 rather than be directly connected to SMSC 18, and wherein real IP address and the SMPP port numbers from the SMSC 18 of ESME 32 is effective.Perhaps,, IP address and the port numbers of ASA 42 offered ESME 32, and ESME 32 uses interface and the agreement identical with ASA 42, as being directly connected to SMSC 18 for SMPP connects.In operation as acting server, ASA 42 with the ESME initiation message (for example, bind_transceiver, ' submit_sm ', or the like, SMPP PDU) be forwarded to SMSC 18 and will be forwarded to ESME 32 from the response of SMSC 18.In addition, ASA 42 receives SMSC 18 initialized message (for example, ' deliver_sm ' SMPP PDU) and these is forwarded to ESME 32 and also will be forwarded to SMSC 18 from the response of ESME 32.ESME 32 sets up the SMPP session with ASA42 in transmission or before receiving any SMS message, wherein in one embodiment, ASA 42 connect to support the SMPP agreement by TCP/IP, and ESME 32 opens that TCP/IP is connected with the plug-in type of ASA 42 and is the suitable attended operation of SMPP session execution simultaneously.The corresponding SMSC of ASA 42 identifications, on behalf of ESME 32, ASA 42 can set up and the corresponding SMPP session of SMSC.In case set up end-to-end SMPP session, just can between ESME32 and SMSC 18, exchange SMS message by ASA42.

The webserver 40 is handled from the TCP/IP plug-in type connection of ESME 32 and is opened with the corresponding TCP/IP plug-in type of SMSC18 and is connected.In case set up the plug-in type connection by ESME 32, server 40 can receive SMPP PDU and these are forwarded to ASA 42 from ESME 32.ASA starts corresponding behavior on SMSC18 or ESME 32.Particularly when from ESME 32 reception ' bind_transmitter ' or ' bind_transceiver ' PDU, whether ASA 42 checkings exist for ESME 32 configurable corresponding SMSC 18.In case confirm, ASA 42 starts the same PDU that is connected with SMSC 18 by opening the connection PDU that is connected with the TCP/IP plug-in type of SMSC 18 and transmits SMSC 18, so that set up the SMPP session.When SMSC 18 receives response, the webserver 40 is forwarded to ASA42 with it, and ASA 42 starts ' bind_transmitter_resp ' or ' bind_transceiver_resp ' of ESME 32 and sets up SMPP session end to end.Secondly, ESME can be connected to server 40 in the TCP/IP plug-in type of being set up with SMSC and sends different SMPP PDU.Server 40 directly responds some PDU (for example, ' enquire_link ') and remaining is forwarded to ASA 42 and is used for suitable processing.At any time, cancel if EAME or SMSC TCP/IP plug-in type connect, then server 40 notice ASA42 are so that ASA 42 can take suitable behavior (for example, closing corresponding ESME/SMSC SMPP session and removing Image Data).In some cases, server 40 can directly respond SMSC 18, such as " release " PDU, and can notify ASA 42 to take suitable behavior (for example, " release " is to PDU and the removing Image Data of SMSC 18).ASA 42 uses to distribute to from the SMPP session of ESME 32 and the SMPP session id that distributes to SMSC18 by server 40 and keeps the session between ESME32 and the SMSC 18 to video.Equally, when calling SMPP, for each SMPP agreement is distributed message_sepuence by ESME 32 or SMSC 18.For the PDU of the end-to-end transmission of needs, ASA42 keeps ESME and message_sequence between the SMSC SMPP PDU to video, and has contextual other ends of correct message_sepuence to such an extent as to can be sent to from the response of an end.In case SMPP PDU among the ASA42 (request and response) by end-to-end transmission then the reflection of this message sequence be eliminated.Yet, only just remove SMPP session map information afterwards having finished two SMPP sessions (from ESME 32 and to SMSC 18).When ASA 42 received the PDU that transmits SMS message (for example, ' submit_sm ') from ESME 32, ASA 42 can carry out rubbish filtering, if by operator's configuration, so that whether checking message is rubbish message or efficient message.According to this result, ASA 42 suitably handles this message.If this message is not rubbish message, ASA 42 arrives SMSC 18 by the SMPP session of setting up corresponding to ESME 32SMPP session with this forwards.The response (for example, ' submit_sm_resp ' PDU) that receives from SMSC 18 will be forwarded to ESME 32.If ESME 32 starts the bind_transceiver session, for SMSC 18, it may start the transmission of the SMS message of waiting for ESME 32, and wherein ASA 42 does not need to carry out the rubbish filtering of this message of being sent by SMSC 18.

With reference to figure 4A, as mentioned above, ASA 42 will simply be forwarded to ESME 32 from the SMS SMPP message of SMSC 18, be eliminated in network 10 as these.About the SMPP SMS message from ESME 32 to SMSC 18, Fig. 4 A provides that a kind of further aspect is used to filter the method 100 of rubbish SMS SMPP message according to the present invention.ASA 42 receives SMS message from ESME 32, and handles it so that determine if it is rubbish message.If this message is not rubbish message (efficient message), along with from SMSC 18 responses that collect and that be forwarded to ESME 32, this message is forwarded to SMSC 18.Yet if ASA 42 determines that this message is rubbish message, this message is not forwarded to SMSC18 and configuration response is provided to ESME 32, and this message never enters wireless network 10 whereby.In case in ASA 42, handled SMPP message so that filter out rubbish message or suspicious message, ASA 42 can be used to handle them with configurable logic, application such as certain preassigned that is used for definite one group of behavior can on this message, taking, (for example comprise the definite suspicious or rubbish SMPP SMS message that should handle, abandon, continue, analyze, or the like), how and whether to reply conveyer suspicious or rubbish SMPP SMS message; When in ASA 42, having detected suspicious or rubbish message whether and the warning that should generate what type; And whether activate the complex patterns matching logic automatically, be used for further improving the examination criteria of suspicious or rubbish SMS SMPP message.

Though the formal description of typical method 100 and a series of behavior of following employing or incident has been described among Fig. 4 A, has been understandable that the whole bag of tricks of the present invention is not subjected to the qualification of the declaration order of the behavior or incident, here unless clearly state.In this respect, unless below provide clearly, some behaviors or incident can take place simultaneously with different orders and/or with other behaviors or incident, these other behaviors or incident are different from those behaviors of order explanation here and description, and not every description of step all is required for implementation or method according to the present invention.For the SMPP SMS message screening that combines with wireless network service is provided, can carry out the method 100 and the additive method of the present invention's explanation with hardware, software or their combination, wherein can with the hardware of above-mentioned ASA 42 or other logical forms and/or software, with any single or multiple physical operation hardware or the software in the wireless network 10 that combines carry out these methods, wherein this invention is not restricted to concrete application and the enforcement that illustrates and describe here.

Fig. 4 A 102 in, receive the SMPP message and it be routed to the webserver 40 and analyze it 106 by ASA 42 from ESME 32 104.Can further confirm the SMPP message relevant so that look at whether be that they have disposed rubbish filtering 106, if further handle this message so that the test rubbish message 110 with SMS.Especially, use the process 110 in two stages to come treatment S MPP submit_sm message so that in ASA 42, check rubbish.Carry out the rubbish filtering of phase I so that the SMPP SMS message that is received is categorized as efficient message, rubbish message or suspicious rubbish message 112 114.Abandon or store the rubbish message (rubbish messages) that (for example, maintenance) identified 124, yet be provided to destination SMSC18 at 116 efficient messages (efficient messages) 114 114.Carry out the rubbish filtering of second stage so that suspicious message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message in 120 suspicious rubbish SMPP message (suspicious rubbish messages) 122 114.As mentioned above, by SMSC 18 efficient message (122 not) is provided to the destination 116, and abandons or store the rubbish message (being) that identifies 122 124.In one embodiment, comprise at the rubbish filtering of 120 second stage and carry out bayesian filtering so that suspicious rubbish message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.In the example of explanation, for the SMPP message that comprises data and text, on data and text, carry out the rubbish filtering of typical phase I 112, and at 120 rubbish filterings of on text, carrying out second stage.In addition, in this embodiment, the rubbish filtering of the second stage 120 can comprise selectively carries out one or more configurable acknowledgements processing, configurable warning processing and configurable pattern matching.In such a way, prevent to be sent to wireless network 10, thereby relax the discontented of client and minimize the traffic of undesirable SMS relative refuse in network 10 from the rubbish SMS that ESME 32 identifies.

Message flow Figure 200 that Fig. 5 A provides the typical SMPPSMS message 201 of explanation SMSC 18 of 10 from ESME 32 to wireless network to handle, this processing is included in 203 session authentication and rubbish filtering, and the message flow chart 300 of Fig. 5 B shows the processing that does not have the SMPP SMS message of filtration from network SMS C 18 to ESME 32.At between ESME 32 and SMSC 18 (with ASA 42 as the agency between them), connect session and ESME 32 of 200a submit_sm SMPP SMS message 201 is provided to the webserver 40.Then 202 servers 40 with the submit_sm of notice be provided to ASA 42 and ASA 42 checking SMSC sessions be activate and at 203 rubbish filterings of carrying out above-mentioned second stage.For in the 203 SMPP SMS message that are confirmed as non-rubbish, the submit_sm that will call on SMSC 18 at 204 ASA42 is provided to the webserver 40 and at 205 servers 40 submit_sm SMPP message is sent to SMSC 18.Then, use information suitable in the wireless network 10 and processing that SMPP SMS message is sent to desired destination at 206 SMSC 18.Then, at 207 SMSC 18 the submit_sm_resp response message is provided to server 40 and at 208 servers 40 the submit_sm_resp response of notifying is provided to ASA42 (serving as the agency).Then, whether be activation in 209 ASA42 checking ESME session, if, will be provided to server 40 at 210 submit_sm_resp that call from ESME, 211 corresponding submit_sm_resp is sent to ESME32 then.

With reference to the message flow among the figure 5B 300, as mentioned above, typical A SA 42 need be in the filtration of carrying out any rubbish from the SMS SMPP message of SMSC 18 to ESME 32 briefly.Among Fig. 5 B, be used in 300a and between ESME 32 and SMSC 18, have the SMSC 18 of the SMS SMPP message that is used for ESME 32 and set up session as agency's ASA 42 and at 300b.At 301SMSC 18 deliver_sm message is sent to the webserver 40,302 it will notify deliver_sm to be sent to ASA42.Then, in 303 ASA 42 checking ESME sessions for activating and being sent to server 40 at 304 deliver_sm that call on ESME.Then, at 305 servers 40 deliver_sm message is sent to ESME 32, it will react to server 40 in 306 deliver_sm_resp message.To notify deliver_sm_resp to be sent to ASA at 307 servers 40, be activation in 308 ASA checking SMSC session.Then, call deliver_sm_resp on the SMSC to server 40, and deliver_sm_resp is sent to SMSC 18 at 310 servers 40 at 309 ASA 42.

With reference now to Fig. 6,, the rubbish filtering of the typical second stage among simple process flow Figure 40 0 explanation ASA 42 receives SMPP SMS message since 402 by ASA 42.404, determine whether to exist the SMSC session.If there is no (is not 404), program 400 forwards 406 ESME with the response indication fault to.If session is (404 for being) activated, determine whether to have disposed type of message (for example, SMPP submit_sm) for rubbish filtering 410.If there be not (is not 410), program forward to 412 and ASA 42 submit_sm that will on SMSC, call (for example be provided to server 40, in the above 204 of Fig. 5 A) and handle from the submit_sm_resp of SMSC 18 (for example, 208 of Fig. 5 A) and carry out other normal handling so that program 400 is provided to SMS message as the SMSC 18 that acts on behalf of before finishing 490.Yet, if for rubbish filtering has disposed type of message (410 for being), then handle, and carry out the rubbish that is disposed 428 and check the rule group, and determine that 430 whether message are rubbish message, suspicious rubbish message or effective SMS at 426 rubbish filterings of carrying out the phase I.If discovery message is efficient message (are efficient messages 430), as mentioned above, program forwards 412 to and is used for by SMSC 18 effective SMS message being provided to appropriate purpose ground.For in 430 message (are rubbish messages 430) that are defined as rubbish, program 400 forwards 490 and do not transmit rubbish SMS to.For suspicious rubbish message (is suspicious rubbish message 430), rubbish inspection in the configurable second stage of 450 execution, here, in one embodiment, application program 42 can be configured to relay, piecemeal, abandon or use the bayesian filtering analysis further to analyze suspicious message.In case finished second stage 450, handle in the 460 any configurable affirmations that can carry out message, handle in 470 configurable warnings, and/or mate at 480 configurable modes, and if rubbish message, then before program 400, abandon or keep this message 490.

With reference now to Fig. 7 A-7C,, as shown in Figure 7A, ASA 42 is treatment S MPP message 500 operatively, and this message can comprise data division 500a and textual portions 500b arbitrarily.In addition, as shown in Fig. 7 B, system can support the SMPP SMS message 510 of cascade, and this message comprises a plurality of

SMS message

510 ₀₁, 510 ₀₂..., 510 _nIn an operator scheme, ASA 42 is configurable, so that with a plurality of SMS message 510 of

cascade message

510 ₀₁, 510 ₀₂..., 510 _nBe categorized as suspicious rubbish message, rubbish message or efficient message individually.In another possible embodiment, ASA 42 is configurable, so that with the message 510 of

cascade message

510 ₀₁, 510 ₀₂..., 510 _nJointly be categorized as suspicious rubbish message, rubbish message or efficient message.In an example, if find any

single message

510 ₀₁, 510 ₀₂..., 510 _nBe rubbish message, then whole cascade message 510 are classified as rubbish message.Fig. 7 C shows another kind of possible situation, and wherein ASA 42 can handle the cascade SMPP SMS message 520 of segmentation, wherein from network 10 with piece or

segmentation

520 ₀₁, 520 ₀₂..., 520 _mForm receive message 520.In this case, when not when SS7 network 10 receives one or more segmentation of cascade message 520 in time, thus message 520 be categorized as rubbish message handle this message of ASA 42 operations.In another configurable operator scheme, the rubbish filtering that ASA 42 carries out in the segmentation that is received, and for possible scope, according to the segmentation 520 that is received ₀₁, 520 ₀₂..., 520 _mOne of analysis segmentation cascade message 520 is categorized as suspicious rubbish message, rubbish message or efficient message.

Though according to one or more typical equipment or embodiment explanation with described the present invention, for those skilled in the art, by reading and understanding variation and the modification that this specification and accompanying drawing can be expected equivalence.Pay special attention to the various functions carried out by above-mentioned parts (assembly, equipment, system, circuit, or the like), the term (comprising with reference to " device ") that is used to describe these parts corresponding to the appointed function of carrying out described parts (for example is used for, that is a function equivalent) any parts, unless otherwise stated, even with disclosed structure be not structural equivalents, this structure is carried out the function of the exemplary apparatus of the present invention of explanation here.In addition, though only disclose the characteristic feature of invention according to one of a plurality of equipment, this feature can combine with one or more other features of other equipment, this equipment for any given or special application may be wish with favourable.Equally, for the term that uses in detailed specification and/or the claim " comprise ", the scope of " having " or their distortion, this term is used to comprise and is similar to the mode that term " comprises ".

Claims

1, a kind of method (100) is used for filtering the rubbish SMS SMPP message from outside short message receiving and transmitting entity (ESME 32) to the SMSC (18) relevant with wireless network (10), and this method comprises:

Receive (102) SMPP SMS message (500) from ESME;

Provide (104) to the anti-spam application program (42) that goes up operation at network element (40) SMPP SMS message;

Before SMPP SMS message is provided to SMSC, be rubbish message or efficient message with SMPP SMS message classification (110);

Provide (76) SMSC with effective SMPP SMS message to wireless network; And

Avoid (124) that rubbish SMPP SMS message is provided to wireless network.

2, according to the method for claim 1, classification SMPP SMS message wherein comprises: carry out the rubbish filtering of (112) phase I so that SMPP SMS message is categorized as rubbish message, suspicious rubbish message or efficient message, and carry out the rubbish filtering of (120) second stage so that this message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message on suspicious rubbish message.

3, according to the method for claim 2, the rubbish filtering of wherein carrying out the phase I comprises: storage SMPP SMS message in the message database (46b) relevant with the anti-spam application program, and assess one group of rule (46a) so that SMPP SMS message is categorized as suspicious rubbish message or efficient message; And the rubbish filtering of wherein carrying out second stage comprises carries out bayesian filtering so that suspicious rubbish message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.

4, according to the method for claim 2, wherein SMPP SMS message (500) comprises data (500a) and text (500b), wherein carries out the rubbish filtering of phase I on data and text, and wherein carries out the rubbish filtering of second stage on text.

5, according to the method for claim 2, the rubbish filtering of wherein carrying out second stage comprises that selectively carrying out configurable affirmation handles (460), configurable warning and handle (470) and configurable modes coupling (480) wherein one of at least.

6, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that SMPP SMS message comprises that at least one comprises the cascade message (510) of a plurality of SMS message.

7, according to the method for claim 6, wherein a plurality of SMS message of cascade message are categorized as rubbish message or efficient message individually.

8, according to the method for claim 6, wherein a plurality of SMS message of cascade message jointly are categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.

9, according to the method for claim 6, wherein at least some segmentations (510) of at least one cascade message are not received, and wherein the segmentation that is received of this at least one cascade message is classified as rubbish message.

10, according to the method for claim 6, wherein at least some segmentations (510) of at least one cascade message are not received, and wherein the segmentation that is received of this at least one cascade message is classified as rubbish message or efficient message.

11, a kind of method (100,150) is used to handle the SMPP SMS message between short message receiving and transmitting entity (ESME 32) externally and the SMSC (18) relevant with wireless network (10), and this method comprises:

SMPP SMS message (500) classification (110) that will be from ESME to SMSC selectively provides (76) to SMSC for rubbish message or efficient message and with efficient message; And

Provide (156) to ESME from SMSC all SMS SMPP message.

12, according to the method for claim 11, the SMPP SMS message of wherein classifying comprises: carry out the rubbish filtering of (112) phase I so that SMPP SMS message is categorized as rubbish message, suspicious rubbish message or efficient message, and carry out the rubbish filtering of (120) second stage so that this message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message on suspicious rubbish message.

13, according to the method for claim 12, the rubbish filtering of wherein carrying out the phase I comprises: storage SMPP SMS message in the message database (46b) relevant with the anti-spam application program, and assess one group of rule (46a) so that SMPP SMS message is categorized as suspicious rubbish message or efficient message; And the rubbish filtering of wherein carrying out second stage comprises carries out bayesian filtering so that suspicious rubbish message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.

14, a kind of system is used for filtering the rubbish SMS SMPP message from outside short message receiving and transmitting entity (ESME 32) to the SMSC (18) relevant with wireless network (10), and this system comprises:

Network element (40) operatively is coupled to wireless network so that the SMSSMPP message of reception from ESME to SMSC; And

The anti-spam application program of on network element, moving (42), be used to receive from the SMPP message of ESME and before SMPP SMS message is provided to wireless network SMPP SMS message be categorized as rubbish message or efficient message, this anti-spam application program is used for effective SMPP SMS message is provided to the SMSC of wireless network selectively and prevents rubbish SMPP SMS message is provided to wireless network.

15, according to the system of claim 14, wherein the anti-spam application program comprises:

First parts (44), the rubbish filtering of carrying out the phase I will be so that will be categorized as suspicious rubbish message, rubbish message or efficient message from the SMPP SMS message of ESME; And

Second parts (46) are carried out the rubbish filtering of second stage so that this message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message on suspicious rubbish message.

16, according to the system of claim 15, wherein the anti-spam application program further comprises the message database (46b) that is used to store SMPP SMS message, and by first parts SMPP SMS message is categorized as the employed one group of rule of suspicious rubbish message, rubbish message or efficient message (46a); And wherein second parts are carried out bayesian filtering so that suspicious rubbish message is categorized as rubbish message or efficient message.

17, according to the system of claim 14, wherein the anti-spam application program comprises the message database (46b) that is used to store SMPPSMS message.

18, according to the system of claim 14, wherein the anti-spam application program be used for carrying out selectively configurable affirmation is handled, configurable warning is handled and the configurable modes coupling wherein one of at least.

19, according to the system of claim 14, wherein SMPP SMS message comprises that at least one comprises the cascade message (510) of a plurality of SMS message.

20, according to the system of claim 14, wherein the anti-spam application program prevents to filter the SMPP SMS message from SMSC to ESME.