CN101082934A - Three-dimensional visual method of very-large-scale space data in network surroundings - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a three-dimensional visualizing method of hyperlarge scale of spatial data under network environment, which comprises the following steps: 1. realizing rapid acquisition of spatial data in the distributed isomerization environment through data allocating model and data conversion model; 2. adopting ellipsoidal four-tine tree and progressive tree technique to realize high-effective index of spatial data; 3. integrating composite technique with high-effective compression and release, dynamic flow media technique, external progressive transmitting algorism to satisfy the need of real-time transportation of large amount of spatial data; 4. making the spatial information form a series of layer again to be simplified into two video relative geometric buffer; displaying dynamic multi-distinguishability in the GPU.
Description
One, technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of three-dimensional visualization method of very-large-scale space data in network surroundings, belong to the Spatial Information Technology field.
Two, background technology
In recent years, because the continuous development of sensor technology and data acquisition technology, on a large scale, the cheapness of high resolution image and digital elevation model obtains and become possibility, the data volume of spatial data increased by geometric progression.Simultaneously, how people also obtain in the city three-dimensional model such as geometry entities such as artificial targets in research, and along with the continuous increase of geometric object quantity and improving constantly of geometric expression precision, the data volume that is used to describe geometric object also becomes more and more.Add Geographic Information System (GIS) data of obtaining from other method (as measuring method), the data total amount of a system often reaches the hundreds of megabyte even terabyte (TB) order of magnitude, may be distributed in the isomerous environment, and the form of these data also is not quite similar.Thereby make the calculator memory of transmission and visual these spatial datas needs and resource head and shoulders above the ability to bear of present computer equipment.At present, along with the development of network technology, three-dimensional visualization technique, virtual reality technology and weeding out the old and bring forth the new of computer software and hardware, how under the prerequisite that guarantees the scene sense of reality, that realizes the multi-source mass data fast visually becomes current spatial information area research focus.
Three, summary of the invention
The three-dimensional visualization method that the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of very-large-scale space data in network surroundings, it has solved the extensive inconsistent problem of multi-source Data Format under the network environment.By means of modeling of the present invention, progressive transmission with play up technology, realized the quick visualization of multi-source massive spatial data.Have: (1) in distributed environment, the sharing and interoperability of implementation space data; (2) low configuration: on portable terminal (as personal digital assistant PDA), just can finish adaptive visualization.
In distributed heterogeneous environment, the present invention waits the three-dimensional visualization of realizing extensive spatial data by obtain model, Spatial Data Index Technology, technology for self-adaptively transmitting and the adaptive visualization technology of spatial data, and its technical scheme is as follows:
The three-dimensional visualization method of a kind of very-large-scale space data in network surroundings of the present invention, its method step is as follows:
(1) in the distributed heterogeneous environment space data obtain model
Propose following two kinds of models and realize obtaining fast of space data in the distributed heterogeneous environment:
Data-switching model:, solve multi-source Data Format problem of inconsistency with this by designing and setting up three-dimensional marking data model 3DGML.This 3DGML has increased third dimension descriptor on the geographical identifiable language of tradition basis, i.e. elevation.And have a time variable to describe time dependent geography information.The spatial data of this patent all is that the form with 3DGML is transferred to client under network environment.
(2) Spatial Data Index Technology efficiently
Efficient index with ellipsoid quaternary tree and progressive tree (P-Tree) technical tie-up implementation space data.The present invention proposes to optimize the quick retrieval that the ellipsoid quaternary tree is realized extensive geographical data.Specifically be, earth surface be divided into the adjacent congruence in some left and right sides along the longitude and latitude graticule mesh, neighbouring similar quadrilateral, each node representative of quaternary tree be take quadrilateral earth curvature, homalographic into account.
Ellipsoid quaternary tree each node described determine under the certain resolution, etc. the quad patch of the length of side (is unit with m).
Along with viewpoint and sight line constantly shift near the city, entities such as three-dimensional building can appear in scene.The spatial index of the present invention's design guarantees that the entity that close viewpoint or user are most interested in should transmit earlier, and less important target is then transmitted and played up.In the case, propose the space index structure of a kind of P-tree, it has increased an element g (e) and has stored geospatial information on traditional R tree basis.If the node n on the L level is an inner node, g (e) is illustrated in all entity setses in this branch.Return be integrated into the bounding box precision and be higher than threshold value the time, just merge the inside node of P-tree, otherwise following one deck of traversal P-tree.P-tree links to each other by certain threshold value with the ellipsoid quaternary tree and realizes the index of multiresolution landform and 3-D geometric model.
The large scene that from resolution is several kilometers has only several meters urban area to resolution, if it is too fast that scene changes, the landform manager is crossed over quaternary tree and the speed that navigates to correct position can lag behind the speed of user's conversion scene, this administrative mechanism allows quaternary tree can navigate to suitable locus fast obtaining important attribute information and geographical space Bounding Box, thereby determines which data and models show in current what comes into a driver's body.
(3) technology for self-adaptively transmitting of massive spatial data
Hybrid technologies such as integrated online efficient compression and release, dynamic flow medium technology, external memory progressive transmission algorithm, solution is under the existing network bandwidth and transfer rate, and when keeping data and model maximal accuracy, the requirement of satisfying magnanimity spatial data real-time Transmission.
In order to reduce the consumption of internal memory, the node that makes up three-dimensional scenic adopts the arithmetic coding compression, transmits thicker model in the visible child node earlier, and it is retained in the client internal memory progressive visual higher level scene.If traversal stops, just using than thickness ganglionic layer time model and play up.Wait to play up in the process of node in that traversal quad-tree structure search is current, will flow and be divided into two asynchronous threads with prefetching process and carry out.Essential data are placed in the buffer memory in mutual process, the buffer memory of retention data piece in each level of detail, and if block uses immediately, just is stored in the memory cache, otherwise, be placed in the disk buffering.
Before sending new request, client sends a message to server after the computation index in advance and obtains the model node that it is provided with storage in advance.When server received spatial data, client did that part is simple to be calculated, and sets up data model part copy.Server is set up subordinate figure, avoids the transmission of redundant data to avoid the transmission of unnecessary data; The shortcut calculation of client is revised the scene description of server end, the forming device figure, and this figure comprises progressive inlet, and they are according to continuous sequential storage data.If when client can not be stored whole level of detail model, client was just deleted current no data.If follow-up this part data of action need, it only simply sends a request to server.Like this, server is very easily handled a large amount of clients and is connected, because it does not need to write down the state of each tie point.
(4) the adaptive visualization technology of extensive spatial data
Traditional visualization technique can only be gone up at central processing unit (CPU) and realize, thereby speed is slower, and interactivity is bad.The present invention adopts the relevant multiresolution dynamic and visual technology based on graphic process unit (GPU) of viewpoint.This technology is reformulated series of layers with spatial information, and is reduced to two and looks relevant geometry buffer device.Utilize the programmability of GPU,, and then realize that in GPU the dynamic multiple resolution ratio of ultra-large geometry entity shows based on external memory and level of detail model algorithm.
The three-dimensional visualization method of a kind of very-large-scale space data in network surroundings of the present invention, its advantage and the effect that reaches thereof are: it is under distributed environment, magnanimity multi-source spatial information is visual in unified three-dimensional environment, can realize the requirement of multi-user concurrent visit.Be exactly specifically:
(1) by setting up the data-switching model and forming three-dimensional GML standard, solves the form problem of inconsistency of multi-source spatial data under the distributed heterogeneous environment with this;
(2) realized a magnanimity geometric model transmission plan parallel, that can expand, comprised Preprocessing Algorithm, differentiate more and look correlation model simplification etc.Client can be finished the surface of level of detail model (LOD) inquiry and the geometry entity of selectivity simplification in real time, and needn't receive and store whole LOD model.Satisfy the requirement of multi-user concurrent visit;
(3) in complex three-dimensional city scene shows, most algorithms do body space with a level enclosure body or image space is rejected checking, and calculate the potential collection of looking, and can produce the kick phenomenon at run duration like this.For fear of this phenomenon, research and integrated stop null method real-time visual scene with guarding based on the ultra-large data multiresolution of GPU visualization technique.
Four, description of drawings
The technical scheme realization flow figure of Fig. 1 three-dimensional visualization method of the present invention
Fig. 2 space index structure synoptic diagram of the present invention
Fig. 3 the present invention plays up schematic flow sheet with the streamline journey
Fig. 4 the present invention's server produces subordinate figure, avoids the transmission synoptic diagram of redundant data
Fig. 5 the present invention's shortcut calculation is revised the scene description of server end, the forming device figure, and this figure comprises progressive inlet, and they are according to continuous sequential storage schematic diagram data
The renewal synoptic diagram of Fig. 6 the present invention's data block
Fig. 7 the present invention's data block vertex index sequential schematic
Five, embodiment
Realize the method for visualizing that the present invention proposes by process flow diagram shown in Figure 1, its process steps is as follows:
(1) the more new model of space data in the distributed heterogeneous environment
(2) Spatial Data Index Technology efficiently
The present invention proposes to optimize the quick retrieval that the ellipsoid quaternary tree is realized extensive geographical data.Specifically be, earth surface be divided into the adjacent congruence in some left and right sides along the longitude and latitude graticule mesh, neighbouring similar quadrilateral, each node representative of quaternary tree be take quadrilateral earth curvature, homalographic into account.
The scope of supposing digital elevation model to be split (DEM) terrestrial coordinate is (λ
Min, φ
Min) and (λ
Max, φ
Max), the ranks number is M * N, and each tile has row * col grid points, and tile is q at the number of earth parallel circle direction so
λ=int (N/col) is q at the number of earth meridian circle direction
φ=int (M/row), therefore, difference of longitude Δ λ=(λ
Max-λ
Min)/q
λ, difference of latitude Δ φ=(φ
Max-φ
Min)/q
φIn order to support multi-level detail model, all nodes should all contain data, so, the index value key of ellipsoid quaternary tree, must satisfy:
Here, M, N are respectively line number and the columns of DEM; Row, col are respectively the line number and the columns of each tile; Int () represents the implication of round numbers; ∑ representative add and.
When creating the ellipsoid quaternary tree, need from known index value key, know the maximum coordinates (λ of current layer index data
2, φ
2) and min coordinates (λ
1, φ
1), utilize equation (1) and known parameters q
φ, q
λ, Δ λ, Δ φ obtains λ
1, φ
1, λ
2, φ
2Value:
Ellipsoid quaternary tree each node described determine under the certain resolution, etc. the quad patch of the length of side (is unit with m).
Along with viewpoint and sight line constantly shift near the city, entities such as three-dimensional building can appear in scene.The spatial index of the present invention's design guarantees that the entity that close viewpoint or user are most interested in should transmit earlier, and less important target is then transmitted and played up.In the case, propose the space index structure of a kind of P-tree, it has increased an element g (e) and has stored geospatial information on conventional balanced tree basis.If the node n on the L level is an inner node, g (e) is illustrated in all entity setses in this branch.Return be integrated into the bounding box precision and be higher than threshold value the time, just merge the inside node of P-tree, otherwise following one deck of traversal P-tree.P-tree and ellipsoid quaternary tree by certain threshold value link to each other (as Fig. 2) realize the index of multiresolution landform and 3-D geometric model.
The large scene that from resolution is several kilometers has only several meters urban area to resolution, if it is too fast that scene changes, the landform manager is crossed over quaternary tree and the speed that navigates to correct position can lag behind the speed of user's conversion scene, this administrative mechanism allows quaternary tree can navigate to suitable locus fast obtaining important attribute information and geographical space Bounding Box, thereby determines which data and models show in current what comes into a driver's body.
(3) technology for self-adaptively transmitting of massive spatial data
In order to reduce the consumption of internal memory, the node that makes up three-dimensional scenic adopts the arithmetic coding compression, transmits thicker model in the visible child node earlier, and it is retained in the client internal memory progressive visual higher level scene.If traversal stops, just using than thickness ganglionic layer time model and play up.Wait to play up in the process of node in that traversal quad-tree structure search is current, will flow and be divided into two asynchronous threads with prefetching process and carry out (as shown in Figure 3).Essential data are placed in the buffer memory in mutual process, the buffer memory of retention data piece in each level of detail, and if block uses immediately, just is stored in the memory cache, otherwise, be placed in the disk buffering.
Before sending new request, client sends a message to server in advance after the computation index and obtains the model node that it does not have storage in advance.When server received spatial data, client did that part is simple to be calculated, and sets up data model part copy.Server is set up subordinate figure, avoids the transmission (as shown in Figure 4) of redundant data to avoid the transmission of unnecessary data; The shortcut calculation of client is revised the scene description of server end, the forming device figure, and this figure comprises progressive inlet, and they are according to continuous sequential storage data (as Fig. 5).If when client can not be stored whole level of detail model, client was just deleted current no data.If follow-up this part data of action need, it only simply sends a request to server.Like this, server is very easily handled a large amount of clients and is connected, because it does not need to write down the state of each tie point.
(4) the adaptive visualization technology of extensive spatial data
In order to improve the utilization ratio of data, use the mode of ring-type array and modular arithmetic to store each layer data presented piece, along with moving of viewpoint, each new region (as Fig. 6) of only upgrading " L " shape, owing to use the ring-type array and modular arithmetic is stored and visit data, this makes the position of storing in array for each fixed vertices remain unchanged, and new " L " shape area data just in time is kept on " L " graphic data position old in the array.
When translational speed is too fast, all operations that need upgrade level will become more time-consuming, in order to improve render speed, we take the more new sequences from thick to essence, when the vertex update quantity of certain one deck surpasses n * n, this layer (with and all detailed levels of comprising) temporarily stop to upgrade and drawing, when the translational speed of viewpoint is slack-off, opens again again and upgrade and show state.When this visual effect is exactly fast moving, lose the drafting details of landform, also meet people's visual custom.
When drawing,, take to carry out from precise and penetrating thick order according to the importance of data block vision.The most important data block of vision, priority is the highest, draws at first, and level of detail is also the highest.According to the size of data block visual importance, draw the data in the whole what comes into a driver's body successively.
The calculating false code of data block visual importance:
| Visual data set of blocks for each tile t in Θ do dist in Θ=what comes into a driver's body tThe center of=data block to viewpoint apart from max dist=max (dist t Max_dist) dist that in sum_dist, adds up t height tThe height of=data block the height that in sum_height, adds up tEnd for for each tile t in Θ do uses equation (3) to calculate imp t end for |
Imp
tComputing formula:
Concerning data block t, dist
tBe the distance of the center of data block to viewpoint.Height
tIt is the height of data block t bounding box.Max_dist is dist in all visual data pieces
tMaximal value; Sum_dist and sum_height are respectively dist
tAnd height
tAdd up and; Power α, β satisfies alpha+beta=1, for the distance and the height of compromise data block, gets α=β=0.5 usually.The vision importance value imp of all visual data pieces
tCarry out normalization, like this ∑
tImp
t=1.
For vertex cache and the indexed cache that utilizes graphic hardware, must make up triangle strip.Because each boy's piece all is a rectangle in this algorithm, so it is the same to make up the mode of triangle strip.This patent takes as shown in Figure 7 summit to specify summit in the rectangular block in proper order, has only the summit of line feed place to specify like this 3 times, and has only specified twice on all the other most of summits.
Current each frame data upgrade and the foundation of variation back vertex index array all needs CPU to recomputate, because rectangle generates the function call process unanimity of triangle strip, on new graphic hardware, utilize vertex texture, and then the calculating of index is finished by GPU efficiently fully.For each rectangular block calculates the triangle strip array of indexes in real time, and the buffering of the summit by the figure video card and index cushion and improve render speed.Compared in the level algorithm each summit of traversal, it is much smaller that CPU recomputates the expense of index.
Checking:
Under network environment, said method is verified.Server configures is a P4 2.8GHz processor, 1G﹠amp; The video card of NVIDIAFX3400, operating environment are IIS/Windows XP.Use 3 computing machines to serve as client: one is Pentium 1.73GHZ processor, 512MB internal memory, the notebook computer of 64M ATI card (being referred to as PC-I).The secondth, desk-top computer, P4 512M internal memory, GeForce2 video card (being referred to as PC-II).The 3rd is P4 1G internal memory, GeForce3 video card desk-top computer (being referred to as PC-III).
Use the global terrain data of JGP95E 5 ' of U.S. Defense Mapping Agency; The GTOP030 data of USGS; 1: 25 perfectly sound ball terrain data; 1: 1 ten thousand Jingjiang dem data, global image are 21600 * 21600 " blue marble "; The national TM image of 30m; And 3 d model library such as building has carried out experimental study.
Based on The Component Object Model (COM), with VC++ and OpenGL language development operate in distributed three-dimension visible sysem on the network.System is made of three modules: first is based on the client modules of HTTP(Hypertext Transport Protocol), is responsible for data download from the server; Second is scene management device module, is responsible for loading data in data storage, and produces the three-dimensional scenic of multiresolution; The 3rd is the three dimensional analysis module, is used for the geographical space analysis, such as Shortest Path Analysis, and intervisibility analysis, hydrological analysis etc.
Describe the metadata document of landform and three-dimensional model (for example data routing, scope, engineer's scale and configuration), at first send to client by file transfer protocol (FTP) (for example http protocol), system just can utilize these data of these information managements in the file.
Tabulate down and 1 to have listed the statistical information of graphic data and three-dimensional model visually.For the contextual data (data volume＞80 megabyte) of each frame, as can be seen data be loaded into client from server end time less than 4 seconds, and can handle a plurality of user concurrent access in real time.
Table 1
| Client | Raw data | Spatial index | Compression time | The what comes into a driver's type subtracts | Network Transmission | Decompressed data | Draw triangle | Render time | Draw the triangle number |
| I | 84,398kb | 214ms | 126ms | 2ms | 430ms | 52ms | 634ms | 1,458ms | 218,675 |
| II | 148,128kb | 356ms | 278ms | 2ms | 781ms | 102ms | 858ms | 2,377ms | 1,026,342 |
| III | 201,375kb | 425ms | 346ms | 3ms | 852ms | 219ms | 1,326ms | 3,171ms | 3,467,425 |
Claims (1)
1, a kind of three-dimensional visualization method of very-large-scale space data in network surroundings is characterized in that: its method step is as follows:
(1) in the distributed heterogeneous environment space data obtain model:
Propose following two kinds of models and realize obtaining fast of space data in the distributed heterogeneous environment:
(2) Spatial Data Index Technology efficiently:
Efficient index with ellipsoid quaternary tree and progressive tree technical tie-up implementation space data; Realize the quick retrieval of extensive geographical data to optimize the ellipsoid quaternary tree, specifically be, along the longitude and latitude graticule mesh earth surface is divided into similar quadrilateral adjacent congruence, neighbouring, what each node of quaternary tree was represented is to take quadrilateral earth curvature, homalographic into account;
Ellipsoid quaternary tree each node described determine under the certain resolution, etc. the quad patch of the length of side;
Along with viewpoint and sight line constantly shift near the city, entities such as three-dimensional building can appear in scene; The spatial index of design guarantees that the entity that close viewpoint or user are most interested in should transmit earlier, and less important target is then transmitted and played up; In the case, propose the space index structure of a kind of progressive tree, it has increased an element g (e) and has stored geospatial information on conventional balanced tree basis; If the node n on the L level is an inner node, g (e) is illustrated in all entity setses in this branch; Return be integrated into the bounding box precision and be higher than threshold value the time, just merge the inside node of progressive tree, otherwise travel through following one deck of progressive tree; Progressive tree links to each other by certain threshold value with the ellipsoid quaternary tree and realizes the index of multiresolution landform and 3-D geometric model; The large scene that from resolution is several kilometers has only several meters urban area to resolution, if it is too fast that scene changes, the landform manager is crossed over quaternary tree and the speed that navigates to correct position can lag behind the speed of user's conversion scene, this administrative mechanism allows quaternary tree can navigate to suitable locus fast obtaining important attribute information and geographical space Bounding Box, thereby determines which data and models show in current what comes into a driver's body;
(3) technology for self-adaptively transmitting of massive spatial data:
Hybrid technologies such as integrated online efficient compression and release, dynamic flow medium technology, external memory progressive transmission algorithm, solution is under the existing network bandwidth and transfer rate, and when keeping data and model maximal accuracy, the requirement of satisfying magnanimity spatial data real-time Transmission;
In order to reduce the consumption of internal memory, the node that makes up three-dimensional scenic adopts the arithmetic coding compression, transmits thicker model in the visible child node earlier, and it is retained in the client internal memory progressive visual higher level scene; If traversal stops, just using than thickness ganglionic layer time model and play up; Wait to play up in the process of node in that traversal quad-tree structure search is current, will flow and be divided into two asynchronous threads with prefetching process and carry out; Essential data are placed in the buffer memory in mutual process, the buffer memory of retention data piece in each level of detail, and if block uses immediately, just is stored in the memory cache, otherwise, be placed in the disk buffering;
Before sending new request, client sends a message to server in advance after the computation index and obtains the model node that it does not have storage in advance; When server received spatial data, client did that part is simple to be calculated, and sets up data model part copy; Server is set up subordinate figure, avoids the transmission of redundant data to avoid the transmission of unnecessary data; The shortcut calculation of client is revised the scene description of server end, the forming device figure, and this figure comprises progressive inlet, and they are according to continuous sequential storage data; If when client can not be stored whole level of detail model, client was just deleted current no data; If follow-up this part data of action need, it only simply sends a request to server;
(4) the adaptive visualization technology of extensive spatial data:
Adopt the relevant multiresolution dynamic and visual technology of viewpoint based on graphic process unit, spatial information is reformulated series of layers, and be reduced to two and look relevant geometry buffer device, utilize the programmability of GPU, based on external memory and level of detail model algorithm, and then realize that in GPU the dynamic multiple resolution ratio of ultra-large geometry entity shows.
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2007
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