CN101051854A - Irregular medium protecting method for passive optical network - Google Patents
Irregular medium protecting method for passive optical network Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101051854A CN101051854A CNA2007101052465A CN200710105246A CN101051854A CN 101051854 A CN101051854 A CN 101051854A CN A2007101052465 A CNA2007101052465 A CN A2007101052465A CN 200710105246 A CN200710105246 A CN 200710105246A CN 101051854 A CN101051854 A CN 101051854A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- port
- vlan
- access equipment
- protected
- ustomer premises
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
- H04Q11/0067—Provisions for optical access or distribution networks, e.g. Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GE-PON), ATM-based Passive Optical Network (A-PON), PON-Ring
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
- H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
- H04L12/2858—Access network architectures
- H04L12/2861—Point-to-multipoint connection from the data network to the subscribers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
- H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
- H04L12/2869—Operational details of access network equipments
- H04L12/2878—Access multiplexer, e.g. DSLAM
- H04L12/2879—Access multiplexer, e.g. DSLAM characterised by the network type on the uplink side, i.e. towards the service provider network
- H04L12/2885—Arrangements interfacing with optical systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/46—Interconnection of networks
- H04L12/4641—Virtual LANs, VLANs, e.g. virtual private networks [VPN]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/22—Alternate routing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/28—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks using route fault recovery
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
- H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
- H04Q2011/0079—Operation or maintenance aspects
- H04Q2011/0081—Fault tolerance; Redundancy; Recovery; Reconfigurability
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
Abstract
The protection method includes steps (1) partitioning main line and spare line for a protected device at user end into same VLAN; (2) partitioning each protected port of device at office end into VLAN, where port of device at user end connected to the port at office end is located; (3) starting up MSTP protocol at device at office end and device at user end, and setting up number of port of main line smaller than number of port of spare line; (4) when fault occurs in main line, multiple spanning tree protocol removes shield for VLAN corresponding to ports on main line, rearranges operation to spare line from main line, and shields VLAN corresponding to ports on main line. Comparing with prior art, the invention does not need to define protocol in addition, and provides simple realizing method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the guard method of a kind of EPON (Passive Optical Network is hereinafter to be referred as PON), be meant a kind of irregular medium protecting method of EPON especially.
Background technology
PON is that multiple spot (Point To Multi Point is put in a kind of employing, abbreviation P2MP) the single fiber bi-directional Optical Access Network of structure, optical line terminal (Optical Line Terminal by local side, hereinafter to be referred as OLT), optical network unit (the Optical Network Unit of user side, hereinafter to be referred as ONU) or Optical Network Terminal (Optical Network Terminal, hereinafter to be referred as ONT) and Optical Distribution Network (Optical Distribution Network is hereinafter to be referred as ODN) composition.The canonical topology structure of PON is the tree type, and ODN provides transmission line between the ONU of the OLT of local side and user side.ONU and ONT are referred to as ONU in this article.
The protection reversing of PON is meant in order to improve the fail safe of network; usually the PON network all can be provided with one or several extension wire; extension wire can use PON; also can use number circuit (Digital Subscriber Line; hereinafter to be referred as DSL) or wireless network (hereinafter to be referred as wireless), when breaking down with circuit, the master use the extension wire communication to keep the fail safe of network.During the system operate as normal; the operating state and relevant warning information of control module on-line monitoring OLT PON module switched in protection; when protection is switched control module when receiving warning information such as line fault from OLT, Signal Degrade; judge whether to switch according to default mechanism; and trigger optical switch and realize switching, thereby the masterslave switchover of realization PON system backbone optical fiber.
The point-to-multipoint of PON is shared the diversity of medium characteristic and the technology of Access Network own, the protection problem of PON become complicated.Industry has multiple scheme for the protection of PON at present; be divided into medium protection and different medium protection two big classes; with the medium protection is that active and standby circuit all uses the PON network, and different medium protections are that main line uses the PON network, and extension wire uses DSL or wireless.It respectively has pluses and minuses:
(1) protect with medium: promptly G.984.x serial A, B, the C type of stipulating, wherein B and C are practical types, most of product is realized all realizing these two kinds, is specially:
The A type: the A type is protected as shown in Figure 1a, only protects trunk optical fiber, need not agreement, but protection is slow and can't carry out automatically.
Type B: Type B is protected shown in Fig. 1 b, need not agreement equally, but alternate channel is in cold standby, thereby protects slow.
The C type: the C type is protected shown in Fig. 1 c; its protection agreement is stipulated in G983.5; protective ratio is very fast; and can support various protection mode of operations; as 1+1/1:1 and load sharing isotype; its shortcoming is that whole ODN net is double, and bigger in practice of construction and network planning kind difficulty, cost is also than higher.
(2) xenogenesis medium protection: because the access technology of access aspect has a lot, as PON, DSL and wireless.Xenogenesis medium protection is meant introduces the protection as extension wire of different mediums or different technologies.Fig. 2～5 are four kinds of typical xenogenesis medium protected mode network configuration modes.
The a type: shown in Fig. 2 a, be OLT integrated PON and DSL, between PON and copper cash DSL, carry out service protection, DSL provides the protection passage for PON, protection is switched between ONU and OLT and is realized;
The b type: shown in Fig. 2 b, be OLT integrated PON and BS, protect PON and wireless, radio channel provides the protection passage to PON, protection is carried out between ONU and OLT;
C type: be that OLT separates the protection configuration with BS shown in Fig. 2 c, OLT and BS are systems independently, these two system physical positions can be arbitrarily, their SNI (ServicesNode Interface, hereinafter to be referred as SNI) be connected to simultaneously on the three-tier switch on upper strata, protection is carried out on ONU and three-tier switch;
D type: shown in Fig. 2 d; be OLT and digital subscriber circuit modulator-demodulator (DigitalSubscriber Line Modem; hereinafter to be referred as DSLM) separate and protect configuration; OLT and DSLM are each systems independently; these two system physical positions can be arbitrarily; their SNI interface is connected on the three-tier switch of upper strata simultaneously, and protection is carried out on ONU and three-tier switch.
In existing several xenogenesis medium protections; at protection type a and b; the PON interface has had special privately owned escape way (Private Secure Tunnel; hereinafter to be referred as PST) transmit to protect and switch control messages; if PST message is used at PON; just need also develop similarly protection in DSL and wireless passage and switch control messages, this will relate to the change to existing DSL and wireless standard.And for protection type c and d; because the main circuit PON and extension wire DSL or wireless equipment of using is independently of one another; simultaneously all be connected to upper layer network, so just need between upper layer network equipment (being three-tier switch among the figure) and ONU, set up to transmit to protect and switch the passage of control messages by the SNI interface.Because the last connecting port of OLT and DSL or wireless equipment all is Ethernet usually; therefore relating to will increase protection simultaneously at wireless network and ethernet network and switch the control messages passage, how also to relate to how the PST message of PON is converted to protection switching messages in the ethernet channel.Therefore, adopt in the band protection to switch control messages in the prior art and realize that the protection of xenogenesis medium is very complicated, need expand and change existing standard.
Summary of the invention
At defective that exists in the prior art and deficiency; the objective of the invention is to propose a kind of irregular medium protecting method of EPON; to overcome the realization complexity that exists in the existing irregular medium protecting method, problem and the defective that needs define standard agreement in addition, provide a kind of advantages of simplicity and high efficiency to realize the method for PON network service protection.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention proposes a kind of irregular medium protecting method of EPON, comprising:
Step 3, enable Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol is hereinafter to be referred as MSTP), and set the port numbers of main port numbers with circuit less than extension wire at local side apparatus and ustomer premises access equipment Ethernet core;
Step 4, when main when use line failure, MSTP deshields the VLAN of extension wire port correspondence, and with business from main with line switching to extension wire, and the VLAN that will lead with the line port correspondence shields.
Wherein, described step 3 is specially:
Step 31, the Ethernet core of local side apparatus is enabled MSTP, the Ethernet core of ustomer premises access equipment is enabled MSTP;
Step 32, the main port numbers of using the port numbers of circuit less than extension wire of setting;
Step 33, MSTP are with the extension wire portmask.
Wherein, step 1 is specially:
Step 11, the port of each ustomer premises access equipment is divided into protected port and non-protected port;
Step 12, each ustomer premises access equipment is provided with, the protected port of a ustomer premises access equipment is divided into a VLAN;
Step 13, the not protected port of a ustomer premises access equipment is divided into another VLAN;
Wherein, protected business can take equal bandwidth on leading with circuit and extension wire.
Wherein, described method also comprises:
After step 5, ustomer premises access equipment receive business datum, judge whether this business datum is protected data,, otherwise send to the not VLAN at protected port place if then this business datum is sent to the VLAN at protected port place.
The present invention proposes a kind of irregular medium protecting method of EPON.Must redefine and to realize Ethernet protocol in the prior art.The present invention enables MSTP by application, has simplified flow process, has improved the efficient of PON protection.Be specially:
(1) the MSTP protocol application is on link layer, and is irrelevant with concrete technology, can be operated in DSL, PON, technology such as wireless, can be used for the protection between technology of the same race, can support the protection between the xenogenesis technology again;
(2) ONU is an object of protection: be that unit divides VLAN with ONU, object of protection is clear and definite;
(3) technology realizes simple: MSTP uses always and mature technique in the Ethernet, and general Ethernet switch is all supported this agreement, supports this agreement can additionally not introduce cost, and technology is very ripe;
(4) homeomorphism structure-irrelevant; It is irrelevant with concrete physical topological structure to enable MSTP, be suitable for GPON OLT and DSLAM or BS integrated-type topological structure and also be fit to GPON OLT and DSLAM or BS isolating construction, and GPON OLT can be placed on different physical locations with DSLAM or BS.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 a is existing type a structural representation with the medium protection;
Fig. 1 b is existing type b structural representation with the medium protection;
Fig. 1 c is existing type c structural representation with the medium protection;
Fig. 2 a is the type a structural representation of existing xenogenesis medium protection;
Fig. 2 b is the type b structural representation of existing xenogenesis medium protection;
Fig. 2 c is the type c structural representation of existing xenogenesis medium protection;
Fig. 2 d is the type d structural representation of existing xenogenesis medium protection;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation after the method for employing the present invention proposition is divided VLAN;
Fig. 4 adopts main structural representation when breaking with circuit after the method that the present invention proposes;
Fig. 5 is the structural representation that adopts local side apparatus in the method that the present invention proposes;
Fig. 6 is a preferred embodiment of the present invention flow chart.
Embodiment
The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.
Adopt the DSL circuit as extension wire in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, concrete steps comprise as shown in Figure 6:
(1) business configuration of OLT and ONU: dispose PON link and DSL link at first respectively, the PON link is that main to use circuit, DSL link be extension wire.
(2) protected port with each ONU is divided into a VLAN, and promptly VLAN-ONU1 as shown in Figure 3 is to VLAN-ONUn; Not shielded port with each ONU is divided into another VLAN simultaneously, and promptly VLAN1 as shown in Figure 3 is to VLANn.In order to guarantee to switch to the SLA (service-level agreement, SLA) of standby service channel, need protected business on PON and DSL link, can take equal bandwidth here from the working traffic passage.
(3) with each port of OLT, the port that is connected with its ONU side apparatus is divided among the same VLAN.
(4) equipment of ONU side can be according to critical field; judge whether this business is shielded business; the business that needs protection is forwarded to protection VLAN (being that VLAN-ONU1 is to VLAN-ONUn), then is forwarded in other VLAN (VLAN1 is to VLANn) for the business that does not need protection.In the OLT side, in order to reduce requirement to upper layer network VLAN number, should support VLAN translation function as schematically shown in Figure 5, promptly can be transformed into the same SVLAN (can pile up VLAN) of the same first line of a couplet from a plurality of VLAN of different port, and see off from the SNI interface, the packet of the band SVLAN that gets off from SNI can find the VLAN of original up direction, and the VLAN that SVLAN replaces to second line of a couplet port correspondence, sees off from corresponding second line of a couplet port.Wherein above-mentioned critical field can COS/grade of service (TOS/COS), DA-MAC, SA-MAC, SA-IP, DA-IP field.
(5) load MSTP, prevent the professional endless loop that forms: because OLT and ONU are exchanged for core with Ethernet, on ONU and OLT Ethernet exchcange core, start MSTP simultaneously, need be arranged to the port numbers of DSL port bigger than the port numbers of PON port.According to the MSTP agreement, if be thought of as the loop, then the wide mouth that port numbers is big with loop middle-end slogan shields like this, and the VLAN of DSL port correspondence will fall in conductively-closed (BLOCK), thereby guarantees that professional transmits on the PON link, and can not form circulation.
(6) when the master is broken down with circuit: during when the PON link occurs fault between PON ONU and OLT, multiple spanning tree deshields the VLAN of DSL port correspondence among the ONU of conductively-closed in the step (5), and the VLAN conductively-closed of PON port correspondence fallen, thereby business from the PON port switching to corresponding DSL interface.
As shown in Figure 4, suppose that the PON port of first ONU breaks down, the VLAN-ONU1 conductively-closed of PON port correspondence at this moment, switching services is gone up to the CopperNetwork between the DSL LT of ONU1 and is continued normal operation.
Claims (5)
1. the irregular medium protecting method of an EPON comprises:
Step 1, the port of each ustomer premises access equipment is marked off at least one VLAN, comprise the shielded main of this ustomer premises access equipment among this VLAN at least with line port and extension wire port;
Step 2, with each shielded port of local side apparatus, be divided among the VLAN at the ustomer premises access equipment port place that links to each other with this port;
Step 3, enable Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol, and set the port numbers of main port numbers with circuit less than extension wire at local side apparatus and ustomer premises access equipment Ethernet core;
Step 4, when main when use line failure, Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol deshields the VLAN of extension wire port correspondence, and with business from main with line switching to extension wire, and the VLAN that will lead with the line port correspondence shields.
2. the irregular medium protecting method of a kind of EPON according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step 3 is specially:
Step 31, the Ethernet core of local side apparatus is enabled Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol, the Ethernet core of ustomer premises access equipment is enabled Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol;
Step 32, the main port numbers of using the port numbers of circuit less than extension wire of setting;
Step 33, Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol are with the extension wire portmask.
3. the irregular medium protecting method of a kind of EPON according to claim 1 and 2 is characterized in that, step 1 is specially:
Step 11, the port of each ustomer premises access equipment is divided into protected port and non-protected port;
Step 12, each ustomer premises access equipment is provided with, the protected port of a ustomer premises access equipment is divided into a VLAN;
Step 13, the not protected port of a ustomer premises access equipment is divided into another VLAN;
4. the irregular medium protecting method of a kind of EPON according to claim 3 is characterized in that, protected business can take equal bandwidth on leading with circuit and extension wire.
5. the irregular medium protecting method of a kind of EPON according to claim 4 is characterized in that, described method also comprises:
After step 5, ustomer premises access equipment receive business datum, judge whether this business datum is protected data,, otherwise send to the not VLAN at protected port place if then this business datum is sent to the VLAN at protected port place.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2007101052465A CN101051854B (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2007-05-24 | Irregular medium protecting method for passive optical network |
| PCT/CN2007/003968 WO2008141506A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2007-12-29 | A heterogeneous media protection method for a pon |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2007101052465A CN101051854B (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2007-05-24 | Irregular medium protecting method for passive optical network |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101051854A true CN101051854A (en) | 2007-10-10 |
| CN101051854B CN101051854B (en) | 2010-09-08 |
Family
ID=38783075
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2007101052465A Active CN101051854B (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2007-05-24 | Irregular medium protecting method for passive optical network |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101051854B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008141506A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101834687A (en) * | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-15 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method, system and device for switching main and spare light access networks |
| CN101557313B (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2012-09-26 | 烽火通信科技股份有限公司 | Method for protecting uplink plate card of carrier-grade broadband access equipment |
| EP2654244A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2013-10-23 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Digital subscriber line access multiplexer, optical network unit, optical line terminal and base station |
| US9185555B2 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2015-11-10 | Futurewei Technologies, Inc. | Method for authentication of a wireless backup system for an optical network unit |
| CN114978299A (en) * | 2021-02-24 | 2022-08-30 | 华为技术有限公司 | Communication method, device and system |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6976088B1 (en) * | 1997-12-24 | 2005-12-13 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Method and apparatus for rapidly reconfiguring bridged networks using a spanning tree algorithm |
-
2007
- 2007-05-24 CN CN2007101052465A patent/CN101051854B/en active Active
- 2007-12-29 WO PCT/CN2007/003968 patent/WO2008141506A1/en active Application Filing
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2654244A1 (en) * | 2007-05-31 | 2013-10-23 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Digital subscriber line access multiplexer, optical network unit, optical line terminal and base station |
| CN101834687A (en) * | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-15 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method, system and device for switching main and spare light access networks |
| CN101557313B (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2012-09-26 | 烽火通信科技股份有限公司 | Method for protecting uplink plate card of carrier-grade broadband access equipment |
| US9185555B2 (en) | 2010-04-22 | 2015-11-10 | Futurewei Technologies, Inc. | Method for authentication of a wireless backup system for an optical network unit |
| CN114978299A (en) * | 2021-02-24 | 2022-08-30 | 华为技术有限公司 | Communication method, device and system |
| WO2022179234A1 (en) * | 2021-02-24 | 2022-09-01 | 华为技术有限公司 | Communication method, apparatus and system |
| CN114978299B (en) * | 2021-02-24 | 2024-08-20 | 华为技术有限公司 | Communication method, device and system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101051854B (en) | 2010-09-08 |
| WO2008141506A1 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN1859811A (en) | Passive optical network system and its service protective method | |
| CN1921357A (en) | Full optical fibre protecting device and method | |
| EP2348691B1 (en) | Service transmission method and service transmission apparatus | |
| CN1277375C (en) | Switching method between permanent connection and exchage connection in optical network | |
| CN101621454B (en) | Passive optical network system, optical line terminal and optical network units | |
| EP3832914A1 (en) | Oam message transmission method, sending device, receiving device, and readable storage device | |
| CN1805321A (en) | Wavelength-division multiplexing-passive optical network | |
| CN1459160A (en) | Apparatus and method for optical communication protection | |
| CN1694418A (en) | Method for combining multi-section protection and mesh network recovery | |
| CN1848709A (en) | Passive optical network system for realizing protection switching and protection switching method | |
| CN1889405A (en) | Optical splitter and passive optical network loop system | |
| CN101051854A (en) | Irregular medium protecting method for passive optical network | |
| CN1512684A (en) | Method and device for elastic protection conversion in Ethernet passive optic network system | |
| CN111294669B (en) | OTN (optical transport network) network architecture and scheduling method | |
| CN1400781A (en) | Network unit with redundant exchange matrix | |
| CN1852071A (en) | Data-communication net work system of optical network and its realizing method | |
| WO2003003622A1 (en) | Virtual local area network protection switching | |
| CN1812360A (en) | Intelligent optical network business re-routing trigging method | |
| CN1283049C (en) | A passive optical looped network system and broken circuit protecting method | |
| CN100338886C (en) | Flashing method of non-service cut-off of light transmission of link network | |
| CN101345600B (en) | Method and system for implementing sub-wavelength passage sharing protection by electronic crossing mode | |
| CN100536369C (en) | Service protection device in optical communication network and method thereof | |
| CN100433670C (en) | Logic multisection environment protective method based on different priority grade | |
| CN101656743B (en) | Device for switching 63-path bridge service and kilomega Ethernet port in STM-1 | |
| CN1753323A (en) | Implementation method of protection exchanging in circular network |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |