CN101041449A - Method for extracting aluminium oxide from coal ash and producing cement by using waste slag - Google Patents

Method for extracting aluminium oxide from coal ash and producing cement by using waste slag Download PDF

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CN101041449A
CN101041449A CNA2007100174535A CN200710017453A CN101041449A CN 101041449 A CN101041449 A CN 101041449A CN A2007100174535 A CNA2007100174535 A CN A2007100174535A CN 200710017453 A CN200710017453 A CN 200710017453A CN 101041449 A CN101041449 A CN 101041449A
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coal
alumina
stove
cement
aluminum oxide
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CN100491254C (en
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赵鹏
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Changan University
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    • Y02P40/00Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
    • Y02P40/10Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding

Abstract

The invention discloses a method of extracting aluminum oxide from coal ash and preparing cement with waste slag, which comprises the following steps: adopting ''one stove two usage'' craft through coal dust stove of heat power plant; cooling and producing aluminum oxide clinker at the same time; abstracting aluminum oxide to get aluminum oxide product; using waste slag to prepare cement. This invention possesses characterize of reducing the energy consumption of aluminum oxide and cost of production.

Description

From flyash, extract aluminum oxide and utilize the method for producing cement from fag end
Technical field
The present invention relates to by extracting aluminium hydroxide or aluminum oxide field in the flyash, relating to and extract producing cement from fag end field behind the aluminum oxide in the flyash, relate to and reduce coal-powder boiler environmental pollution and total utilization of PCA field, the method that is specially adapted to from flyash, to extract aluminum oxide and utilizes producing cement from fag end.
Background technology
As everyone knows, in flyash, extract the value that aluminum oxide not only can increase utilization of fly ash, solve the flyash problem of environment pollution caused simultaneously, have very big magnetism for the comprehensive utilization of aluminous fly-ash.Aluminum oxide is extracted in the whole world in flyash had a lot of methods, one of wherein can industrialized method be lime sinter process, the lime sintering of scientist in Poland invention just is from the efflorescence method.And this outstanding problem of extracting the aluminum and coproducing cement method from flyash is that calcining temperature height, facility investment are big, directly causes alumina producing energy consumption height, product cost height.Because gallium has similar chemical property with aluminium, there are the problems referred to above too so in flyash, extract gallium.
Pulverized coal firing boiler is the equipment of widely used production heating power, and the high temperature and high pressure steam that it produces can be used for generating or is used as other power.Key equipment wherein is a pulverized coal firing boiler.Coal dust is the suspended state of high dispersing in nozzle sprays into burner hearth, after the high temperature gas flow of furnace combustion zone and 1300-1700 ℃ meets, sharply heat up and burn heat release; Coal dust firing heat release and the high temperature and high pressure steam that produces in the boiler can be directly used in promote turbine and other power, Thermal Equipment such as generating set.The flyash that forms behind the coal dust firing leaves burner hearth with flue gas flow, enter the ash-laden gas transfer passage, carry out indirect heat exchange with facilities such as steam supply, boiler water supply, air feeds therein, evenly and promptly cooling, enter electric precipitator then, flyash promptly is collected.In addition, sink, behind the shrend chilling, take out by dragveyer in a small amount of slag of burner hearth bottom.The flyash of collecting is transported in the heap ashpit of building specially with waterpower usually to be banked up, or stores in bank with air conveying; After a large amount of flyash is removed, still contain a small amount of flyash dust and relatively large waste gas and enter in the atmosphere.The operation of this pulverized coal firing boiler brings two more serious problems, and the one, a large amount of flyash of by-product will produce more serious pollution problem to soil and water source etc.The 2nd, sulfur in smoke and a spot of flyash also bring problem of environmental pollution to atmosphere.
The method of " stove is dual-purpose " has great potential for the pollution problem that solves coal-powder boiler, many researchs have been arranged, as patent: application number is 96111664.1, and patent name is: method, product, equipment and application that " stove is dual-purpose " goes out heat simultaneously and produce cement clinker.
One stove is dual-purpose, forms cement clinker and must solve three subject matters in coal-powder boiler: the first, how to make the chemical constitution of the product that pulverized coal firing boiler discharges reach the chemical constitution of expection cement clinker; The second, how to make the chemical ingredients generation mineralising reaction in the flyash, a large amount of generations have the mineral composition of good hydraulically active; When three, how to guarantee the mineralising reaction takes place between coal ash matter, liberated heat when not absorbing coal dust firing to keep burner hearth high temperature, guarantees that boiler goes out heat energy power and do not reduce.
Obviously, address the above problem, list can reach technically.In actual applications, guarantee that boiler goes out heat energy power and do not reduce not very difficulty.But, because the singularity of cement applications, people are strict to the fluctuation of chemistry of cement composition and mineral composition content, so the manufacture of cement quality control requirement is also very strict, two diverse departments of electrical production and manufacture of cement will combine not a duck soup.Therefore aforesaid method Industry Promotion under existing productivity situation is unsatisfactory.
Just the opposite, the lime sinter process of extracting aluminum oxide from flyash is the technical requirements cement clinker height that is far to the alumina clinker incinerating, and major cause is that cement clinker at first will generate Dicalcium Phosphate (Feed Grade), generates tricalcium silicate then under higher temperature.And to generate tricalcium silicate, this implements difficulty in coal-powder boiler.Moreover, also to guarantee to keep between cement clinker mesosilicic acid dicalcium, tricalcium silicate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite and the tricalcium aluminate crystal mineral certain proportionlity, just can reach the stable requirement of cement quality, this requirement will implement extremely difficult really in coal-powder boiler.And alumina clinker is as long as generation C 12 A 7 and Dicalcium Phosphate (Feed Grade) are just passable.It is also just passable that the quality control of alumina clinker is primarily aimed at C 12 A 7 content, produces alumina clinker with coal-powder boiler and obviously control easier than cement clinker.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention is extracted big, the problems such as energy consumption is high, cost height of investment that aluminum and coproducing cement exists at traditional lime sinter process flyash, seek and reduce the approach that extracts aluminum oxide investment and production energy consumption in the flyash, invented and from flyash, extracted method of alumina.
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of method of utilizing producing cement from fag end.
Solve wayward, the difficult problem of producing cement of high index of cement quality that dual-purpose production heating power of coal-powder boiler one stove and cement exist.
Another object of the present invention is to extract aluminum oxide and utilize in the process of producing cement from fag end from flyash, also solving coal-powder boiler simultaneously and cause environmental pollution problems easily.
The technical scheme of technical solution problem of the present invention comprises:
Alumina clinker is to adopt the dual-purpose method of a stove to obtain, one stove is meant the coal dust thermal boiler, the dual-purpose pulverized coal firing boiler that is meant is produced heating power and alumina clinker simultaneously, the coal dust high temperature and high pressure steam that produces that burns in boiler flows to the heating power user, its outstanding progress is according to coal powder fraction content and chemical ingredients situation, in coal, allocate calcium oxide raw material and mineralizer into, make the chemical constitution (mol ratio) of the alumina clinker that obtains after the coal blending mixture burns be: CaO/Al 2O 3=0.9-1.1, CaO/SiO 2=1.6-2.2; The consumption of mineralizer is the 0-2% (weight percent) of calcium oxide raw material, with the abundant mixing of this coal blending mixture and levigate, its powder size should be less than 100 μ m, this coal blending mix powder is sprayed in the burner hearth of pulverized coal firing boiler, fully burnt in its high-temperature zone at 1300-1700 ℃, between grey matter chemical reaction takes place simultaneously, obtain alumina clinker, alumina clinker obtains aluminium hydroxide through levigate, leaching, desiliconization, carbonization and other processes, aluminium hydroxide obtains aluminum oxide through calcining, and the waste residue behind the extraction aluminum oxide is used for Cement Production.
Its concrete grammar is undertaken by following step:
(1) preparation of the calcining of Wingdale and coal blending mixture
The Wingdale in Wingdale stockyard is sintered into lime through limestone kiln, and block lime enters lime silo through fragmentation, and the waste gas that limestone kiln produces is used for carbonization, and rubble ash and the broken broken coal of process are CaO/Al according to the final composition of alumina clinker (mol ratio) 2O 3=0.9-1.1, CaO/SiO 2=1.6-2.2 is metered in the coal mill respectively.
As required, be that the mineralizer of the 0-2% (weight percent) of lime consumption also adds in lime and the coal dust ball mill and carries out ball milling with consumption, the fineness of the coal dust intermixture of acquisition is less than 100 μ m.
(2) preparation of the production of heating power and alumina clinker
Levigated coal blending mixture sprayed in the coal-powder boiler burn, temperature of combustion is 1300-1700 ℃, the grey pledge that obtains after the burning is the grog that contains C 12 A 7 and Dicalcium Phosphate (Feed Grade) crystal, is used to extract aluminum oxide, be called for short alumina clinker, owing to raw material adopts lime is not Wingdale, the solid state reaction that is taken place between calcium oxide and silicon oxide and the aluminum oxide all is thermopositive reaction, so spraying into of coal blending mixture do not influence the heating power output of coal-powder boiler.
(3) production of aluminum oxide
The alumina clinker that obtains is sent in the stripping ball mill, after ball milling stripping under 50-95 ℃ the temperature, carried out the solid-liquid initial gross separation, solid-liquid separation again after waste residue is washed.The liquid that obtains is the sodium metaaluminate leach liquor, is used to produce aluminum oxide.Solid slag is the silico-calcium slag, is used for producing preparation cement;
Sodium aluminate solution is added milk of lime carry out desiliconization, obtain the sodium metaaluminate seminal fluid, the silico-calcium during desiliconization is than being (20-200): 1;
The sodium metaaluminate seminal fluid is carried out carbonization, and carbonization temperature is 40-90 ℃, and the carbonization terminal point is pH=8-10, and aluminium hydroxide is separated out in carbonization, and through solid-liquid separation, liquid is used for yellow soda ash regeneration and recycles;
Aluminium hydroxide is aluminum oxide at 700-1200 ℃ temperature lower calcination.
(4) Cement Production
The silico-calcium slag is carried out necessary composition adjustment, add adjust raw material after, carry out ball milling and mix, reach the proportioning raw materials and uniformity coefficient of manufacture of cement after, send into cement kiln and carry out cement burning.The Wingdale saturation factor is 0.8-0.98, and the silicon rate is 1.7-2.7, and the aluminium rate is 1.0-1.9, and calcining temperature is 1300-1400 ℃.
Cement clinker carries out ball milling after adding blended material and gypsum again, makes the silicate cement that meets national standard.Cement production process described in the present invention can adopt dry method, semidrying or wet-process cement production technique, decides on practical situation.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
The calciner of fire coal being produced alumina extraction in the coal-powder boiler equipment of heating power and the lime sinter process flyash " unites two into one ", makes pulverized coal firing boiler not only produce heating power and produces alumina clinker simultaneously;
At first, this method has been simplified in the flyash high-temperature calcination technology and equipment in the lime sinter process of alumina extraction, has shortened the technical process of extracting aluminum oxide in the flyash, has reached and has reduced the purpose of extracting the aluminum oxide cost in the flyash;
Second, be used for producing cement again by extracting waste residue behind the aluminum oxide, like this, this method has just overcome " stove is dual-purpose " and has produced the wayward and difficult problem that obtains cement of high index of the cement quality that exists in heating power and the cement method, can obtain to satisfy the cement of the different labels of market demands;
The 3rd, because, in process of coal combustion, added lime, so just provide convenience for the sulfurous gas of fixedly coal combustion generation, in the purpose of the comprehensive utilization that realizes flyash, reduced the content of the sulfurous gas in the coal-powder boiler discharging waste gas, alleviated the pollution level of coal-powder boiler environment.
The 4th, because gallium has similar chemical property with aluminium, so technology of the present invention is suitable for extracting gallium equally in aluminous fly-ash.
The 5th, the present invention has realized the comprehensive utilization of the low-cost high added value of flyash.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 extracts aluminum oxide and utilizes the process flow sheet of the method for producing cement from fag end from flyash.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing the present invention is described in further detail:
Alumina clinker is to adopt the dual-purpose method of a stove to obtain, one stove is meant the coal dust thermal boiler, the dual-purpose pulverized coal firing boiler that is meant is produced heating power and alumina clinker simultaneously, the coal dust high temperature and high pressure steam that produces that burns in boiler flows to the heating power user, its outstanding progress is according to coal powder fraction content and chemical ingredients situation, in coal, allocate calcium oxide raw material and mineralizer into, make the chemical constitution (mol ratio) of the alumina clinker that obtains after the coal blending mixture burns be: CaO/Al 2O 3=0.9-1.1, CaO/SiO 2=1.6-2.2; The consumption of mineralizer is the 0-2% (weight percent) of calcium oxide raw material, with the abundant mixing of this coal blending mixture and levigate, its powder size should be less than 100 μ m, this coal blending mix powder is sprayed in the burner hearth of pulverized coal firing boiler, fully burnt in its high-temperature zone at 1300-1700 ℃, between grey matter chemical reaction takes place simultaneously, obtain alumina clinker, alumina clinker obtains aluminium hydroxide through levigate, leaching, desiliconization, carbonization and other processes, aluminium hydroxide obtains aluminum oxide through calcining, and the waste residue behind the extraction aluminum oxide is used for Cement Production.
At first can produce alumina content is CaO/Al greater than the coal dust of the aluminous fly-ash of 30% (weight percent) and the good calcium oxide (also can adopt the replacing carbide slag with lime that mainly contains calcium hydroxide) of calcining according to the final composition of alumina clinker (mol ratio) 2O 3=0.9-1.1, CaO/SiO 2Proportioning is carried out in the requirement of=1.6-2.2.
Secondly, the coal dust for preparing in proportion and lime added in the coal grinder carry out ball milling, the fineness requirement of the coal blending mixture of acquisition is less than 100 μ m.
The 3rd, with levigated coal blending mixture, spray into coal-powder boiler, carry out heating power production, the coal blending mixture powder burns under 1300-1700 ℃ temperature, and coal ash matter and calcium oxide react simultaneously, form the alumina clinker particle, gather dust through electricity the alumina clinker that generates is collected.
The 4th, qualified grog is carried out the leaching of lower concentration sodium carbonate solution.Leaching stripping working concentration is that the aqueous sodium carbonate of 4-12% is as the leaching dissolution fluid.Leaching stripping temperature is 50-95 ℃, and the leaching dissolution time is 15-45 minute, and solid-to-liquid ratio is 1: (5-40).After the leaching stripping finishes, carry out solid-liquid separation, obtain crude liquor of sodium aluminate and be the silico-calcium slag of main component with Dicalcium Phosphate (Feed Grade) and lime carbonate.
The 5th, according to (20-200): 1 calcium silicon ratio carries out desiliconization to be handled, and obtains sodium aluminate concentrate solution, carries out the carbonization disaggregating treatment then under 40-60 ℃ temperature, and it is pH=8-10 that carbon divides terminal point.Filter the back and obtain aluminium hydroxide, filtrate is used through handling reprocessing cycle.The used carbon dioxide of carbonization can obtain from limestone kiln.
The 6th, aluminium hydroxide is calcined, obtain metallurgical-grade aluminum oxide.Calcining temperature is 1100-1200 ℃, and calciner can adopt traditional aluminum oxide calciner, also can adopt fluidizing calcination equipment or advanced fluidized calcination equipment.
The 7th, the silico-calcium slag is carried out necessary composition adjustment, add adjust raw material (flyash or lime or iron powder) after, carry out ball milling and mix, reach the proportioning raw materials and uniformity coefficient of manufacture of cement after, send into cement kiln and carry out cement burning.The Wingdale saturation factor is 0.8-0.98, and the silicon rate is 1.7-2.7, and the aluminium rate is 1.0-1.9, and calcining temperature is 1300-1400 ℃.
Cement clinker can adopt wet method, semidrying or dry process to produce.
Process implementing gives an example 1:
Material chemical component: ash content is 8% (weight ratio) in the raw coal
Raw material SiO 2 Al 2O 3 Fe 2O 3 CaO
Raw coal flyash lime brown iron oxide 44.28 4.58 31.42 48.80 1.61 13.53 3.29 1.26 48.27 2.56 88.74 3.53
Processing compound: lime/coal dust=16/100 adds lime and carries out ball milling in the coal dust.Coal blending mixture granularity 200 mesh sieves tail over less than 5%.
The coal blending mixture is sprayed in the coal-powder boiler, and core temperature is 1550 ℃, through the electricity collection of gathering dust, obtains can be used as the chamotte powder coal ash that extracts aluminum oxide after the burning.
Alumina clinker is carried out twice leaching of 8% sodium carbonate solution ball milling, each 15 minutes, leach the back and carry out carbonization after than desiliconization according to 50: 1 calcium silicon, carbonization temperature is 60 ℃, carbonization terminal point pH=9, solid-liquid separation, recording leaching rate of alumina is 80%.The aluminum oxide that extracts meets the technological standard of metallurgical-grade aluminum oxide.
Extracting the grog of aluminum oxide and the chemical constitution of the silico-calcium slag that the extraction aluminum oxide forms afterwards sees the following form:
Title SiO 2 Al 2O 3 Fe 2O 3 CaO
Alumina clinker silico-calcium slag 17.81 20.71 17.34 3.47 1.94 2.26 60.01 69.78
The chemical constitution of cement ingredient and cement clinker such as following table:
Title Proportioning SiO 2 Al 2O 3 Fe 2O 3 CaO
The coal-fired coal ash cement grog of silico-calcium slag iron powder 93 4 3 100 19.26 1.26 1.33 21.85 3.23 0.54 1.46 5.43 2.10 1.93 0.10 4.13 64.90 0.14 0.08 65.12
Above batching gained KH=0.89 as a result, SM=2.29, IM=1.31 all meet the requirement of the long kiln calcine cement of wet method.The 28 days ultimate compression strength of cement of pressing the said ratio acquisition is greater than 52.5MPa, and anti-folding reaches the cement intensity grade No. 52.5 greater than 7MPa.Compare the back before producing alumina clinker, and the sulfur dioxide in flue gas that coal-powder boiler is discharged descends 40%.
Process implementing gives an example 2:
Material chemical component:
Raw material SiO 2 Al 2O 3 Fe 2O 3 CaO CaF 2
Raw coal flyash lime fluorite brown iron oxide 44.28 4.58 5.0 31.42 48.80 1.61 13.53 3.29 1.26 48.27 2.56 88.74 3.53 95.0
Processing compound: lime/coal dust=16/100, fluorite are 1% of lime consumption.To carry out ball milling in lime, fluorite and the raw coal adding coal mill, coal blending mixture granularity 200 mesh sieves of acquisition tail over less than 5%.
The coal blending mixture is sprayed in the coal-powder boiler, and core temperature is 1500 ℃, and through the electricity collection of gathering dust, the flyash of acquisition can be used as the extraction aluminum oxide, is called alumina clinker after the burning.
Alumina clinker is leached with 8% sodium carbonate solution ball milling at twice, each 15 minutes, leach the back and carry out carbonization after than desiliconization according to 40: 1 calcium silicon, carbonization temperature is 55 ℃, carbonization terminal point pH=10, solid-liquid separation, recording leaching rate of alumina is 75%.Extract the technological standard that the aluminum oxide that obtains meets metallurgical-grade aluminum oxide.
Extracting the grog of aluminum oxide and the chemical constitution of the silico-calcium slag that the extraction aluminum oxide forms afterwards sees the following form:
Title SiO 2 Al 2O 3 Fe 2O 3 CaO
Alumina clinker silico-calcium slag 17.81 20.47 17.31 4.33 1.93 2.22 59.89 68.82
The chemical constitution of cement ingredient and cement clinker:
Title Proportioning SiO 2 Al 2O 3 Fe 2O 3 CaO
Silico-calcium slag iron powder coal ash cement grog 94 3 3 100 19.24 0.94 1.33 21.51 4.07 0.40 1.46 5.93 2.09 1.44 0.10 3.63 64.69 0.10 0.08 64.87
Above batching gained KH=0.89 as a result, SM=2.25, IM=1.63 all meet the requirement of preheating predecomposition dry kiln calcining cement.The 28 days ultimate compression strength of cement of pressing the said ratio acquisition is greater than 52.5MPa, and anti-folding reaches the cement intensity grade No. 52.5 greater than 7MPa.Compare the back before producing alumina clinker, and the sulfur dioxide in flue gas that coal-powder boiler is discharged descends 39%.

Claims (10)

1. one kind is extracted method of alumina from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove, alumina clinker is to adopt the dual-purpose method of a stove to obtain, one stove is meant the coal dust thermal boiler, the dual-purpose pulverized coal firing boiler that is meant is produced heating power and alumina clinker simultaneously, the coal dust high temperature and high pressure steam that produces that burns in boiler flows to the heating power user, it is characterized in that according to coal powder fraction content and chemical ingredients situation, in coal, allocate calcium oxide raw material and mineralizer into, make the chemical constitution (mol ratio) of the alumina clinker that obtains after the coal blending mixture burns be: CaO/Al 2O 3=0.9-1.1, CaO/SiO 2=1.6-2.2; The consumption of mineralizer is the 0-2% (weight percent) of calcium oxide raw material, with the abundant mixing of this coal blending mixture and levigate, its powder size should be less than 100 μ m, this coal blending mix powder is sprayed in the burner hearth of pulverized coal firing boiler, fully burnt in its high-temperature zone at 1300-1700 ℃, between grey matter chemical reaction takes place simultaneously, obtain alumina clinker, alumina clinker obtains aluminium hydroxide through levigate, leaching, desiliconization, carbonization and other processes, aluminium hydroxide obtains aluminum oxide through calcining, and the waste residue behind the extraction aluminum oxide is used for Cement Production.
2. extract method of alumina according to claim 1 from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove, it is characterized in that, said heating power user comprises heat power plant, and said coal dust thermal boiler comprises coal-powder boiler or cyclone furnace.
3. from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove, extract method of alumina according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, the concurrent biochemical reaction of coal blending mix powder high-temp combustion in pulverized coal firing boiler, the temperature of burner hearth high-temperature zone is 1300-1700 ℃, coal dust firing and coal ash matter and add after the alumina clinker that generates behind the chemical reaction between the calcareous raw material leaves burner hearth are cooled to below 200 ℃ from 1200 ℃.
4. according to each extracts method of alumina among the claim 1-3 from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove, it is characterized in that the calcium oxide raw material is the unslaked lime that Wingdale obtains through calcining, or for being rich in the material of calcium oxide composition.
5. according to each extracts method of alumina among the claim 1-4 from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove, it is characterized in that said mineralizer is for reducing alumina clinker formation reaction temperature, the material that increases speed of response such as fluorite, AlF 3, Na 2SO 4, CaSO 4In choose one or more.
6. according to each extracts method of alumina among the claim 1-5 from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove,, it is characterized in that the alumina clinker that is generated contains C 12 A 7 and Dicalcium Phosphate (Feed Grade) crystal.
7. according to each extracts method of alumina among the claim 1-6 from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove,, it is characterized in that the alumina clinker that is generated is that 4-12% (weight percent) sodium carbonate solution leaches through over-richness under 50-95 ℃ of temperature; Silico-calcium is than carrying out desiliconization under the condition of 20-200, and the carbonic acid gas flue gas that is rich in of limestone calcination stove generation is used for carbonization, and carbonization temperature is 40-90 ℃, and the carbonization terminal point is pH=8-10, and the aluminium hydroxide of acquisition is aluminum oxide at 700-1200 ℃ temperature lower calcination.
8. according to each extracts method of alumina among the claim 1-7 from the dual-purpose flyash of a stove,, it is characterized in that this method also is fit to the extraction of gallium in the aluminous fly-ash.
9. a claim 1 is extracted the method for the producing cement from fag end behind the aluminum oxide from flyash, it is characterized in that, waste residue behind the extraction aluminum oxide is the silico-calcium slag, is used to produce silicate cement, and silicate cement production can be traditional method for production of cement such as wet method, semidrying or dry method.
10. from flyash, extract the method for the producing cement from fag end behind the aluminum oxide according to claim 9, it is characterized in that produce the batching of cement: the Wingdale saturation factor is 0.8-0.98, and the silicon rate is 1.7-2.7, the aluminium rate is 1.0-1.9, and calcining temperature is 1300-1400 ℃.
CNB2007100174535A 2007-02-26 2007-02-26 Method for extracting aluminium oxide and combined production for cement from coal ash thermal boiler Expired - Fee Related CN100491254C (en)

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