CN101006666A - Polarization-maintaining fiber-optic transmission system - Google Patents
Polarization-maintaining fiber-optic transmission system Download PDFInfo
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- CN101006666A CN101006666A CN 200580027840 CN200580027840A CN101006666A CN 101006666 A CN101006666 A CN 101006666A CN 200580027840 CN200580027840 CN 200580027840 CN 200580027840 A CN200580027840 A CN 200580027840A CN 101006666 A CN101006666 A CN 101006666A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/2569—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion due to polarisation mode dispersion [PMD]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/024—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with polarisation maintaining properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
- G02B6/2706—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means as bulk elements, i.e. free space arrangements external to a light guide, e.g. polarising beam splitters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
- G02B6/2726—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means in or on light guides, e.g. polarisation means assembled in a light guide
- G02B6/274—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means in or on light guides, e.g. polarisation means assembled in a light guide based on light guide birefringence, e.g. due to coupling between light guides
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
- G02B6/2753—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means characterised by their function or use, i.e. of the complete device
- G02B6/2766—Manipulating the plane of polarisation from one input polarisation to another output polarisation, e.g. polarisation rotators, linear to circular polarisation converters
Abstract
The invention concerns a polarization-maintaining fiber-optic transmission system. The invention concerns a fiber-optic transmission system comprising at least one polarization maintaining fiber coupling an input device to an output device. The fiber comprises at least a first (F1) and a second (F2) polarization maintaining fiber section having each a slow propagation axis and a fast propagation axis. One end of the first fiber section is coupled to one end of the second fiber section such that the slow propagation axis of the first fiber section coincides with the fast propagation axis of the second fiber section and inversely. The invention is applicable in particular to lasers.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of optical transmission system by polarization maintaining optical fibre.This system will be applied to use the transmission technology of the light signal of one or more polarization maintaining optical fibres.These signals can be the laser pulses in the power laser diode, or transmit the signal of data in telecommunication (or telecommunications) system.
Background technology
Polarization maintaining optical fibre, represented as their name, when allowing the signal transmission, preserve its polarization.Their characteristic is to exist two axles that are called " slowly " and " soon ".Fibre-optic connector produces the stress (contraintes) on the polarization maintaining optical fibre, and this stress has changed the polarization state of signal slightly.Produced distorted signals with the different relevant this changes of speed between the polarization state in the polarization maintaining optical fibre.These distortions, major part are disadvantageous and at random, are known under the FM-AM conversion that relates to power laser diode.
By fibre-optic field of data transmission, as in telecommunication, owing to the cost reason is seldom used polarization maintaining optical fibre, so also do not cause problem up to now.Yet these optical fiber might make fibre-optic capabilities double.This is not impossible in the future, and this solution may be used for very short distance information flow-rate (or bit rate) is required high link (for example local network).
In the power laser diode field, in order to overcome these distortions, proposed different solutions, but these scheme neither ones are satisfied fully.They relate in particular to:
-replace polarization maintaining optical fibre with polarization fiber;
-replace polarization maintaining optical fibre with traditional fiber;
-replace polarization maintaining optical fibre with the propagation in the free space;
-add the polarizer of regular allocation along transmission circuit.
These different solutions have many defectives.Between section, add polarizer and can not eliminate this phenomenon (distortion) fully, but realized its minimizing aspect complexity cost and expense increase.
All other solution has eliminated fully because the FM-AM conversion that the propagation of polarization signal causes in the optical fiber.But:
-polarization fiber is very difficult to connect, and is highstrung for microbend.Therefore, they must encapsulate in very special mode.
-traditional fiber can not be controlled polarization.This just needs Polarization Controller.This solution is very difficult to realize, especially works as a plurality of controllers and needs series connection (cascad é s dans lacha
Ne) time.In addition, these controllers are very expensive, produced some supplementary losses, and not necessarily reliable.
-propagation requires advantages of excellent stability in free space, and the point-device aligning of different optical equipment.
Summary of the invention
The present invention relates to a kind of system that can solve these difficult problems.
Therefore, the present invention relates to a kind of optical fiber transmission system of polarization signal, it comprises at least a system that has polarization maintaining optical fibre that can the inhibit signal polarization.This fibre system comprises first section and second section of at least one polarization maintaining optical fibre, and each section all has slow propagation axis and fast propagation axis.An end of first fiber segment is connected to an end of second fiber segment, thereby make the slow propagation axis of first fiber segment consistent with the fast propagation axis of second fiber segment, on the contrary, make the fast propagation axis of first fiber segment consistent with the slow propagation axis of second fiber segment.Therefore, in such system, total (global) Differential Group Delay of one or more sections equates with total group delay of other section, makes total Differential Group Delay of described fibre system be substantially zero.
Preferably, system of the present invention comprises first and second fiber segment, and two fiber segment have equal Differential Group Delay.
Advantageously, two fiber segment are made in a kind of optical fiber.
It also is very important that two fiber segment are set to have identical length.
A plurality of paired sections also can be set.
Especially, a plurality of fiber segment that are connected in series can be set, each section is connected with series connection with adjacent section, make that the slow propagation axis of each fiber segment is consistent with the fast propagation axis of adjacent fiber section, the Differential Group Delay of the centre portion of each continuous section is a determined value, simultaneously, the Differential Group Delay of first section of each continuous section and last section is half of this determined value.
In fact, this can realize by following the setting: each centre portion has definite length, and each first section and last section have and equal this and determine half equivalent length of length.
About the connection of fiber segment,,, the end of first fiber segment is connected to the end of second fiber segment by engagement end according to an embodiment.
A distortion according to embodiment by hookup, is connected to the end of first fiber segment end of second fiber segment.
According to a kind of embodiment that is specially adapted to telecommunication, system of the present invention comprises input unit, output device and the polarization rotator relevant with input unit or output device, the feasible angle that the polarization that sends to the signal of described fibre system might be rotated one of this system, this angle is corresponding to the polarization rotation summation that is caused by fibre system and opposite with directions of these rotation summations.
Description of drawings
In the following description and drawings, various objectives of the present invention and characteristic will be more apparent, wherein:
-Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 a are the charts that the consequence of the light signal experience polarization rotation of transmitting in polarization maintaining optical fibre is described,
-Fig. 2 b schematically illustrates an example of the embodiment of system of the present invention,
-Fig. 2 c show according to Fig. 1 in system among Fig. 2 b of identical diagramatic mode,
-Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a kind of distortion according to the embodiment of system of the present invention,
-Fig. 4 a and 4b schematically illustrate the example of system applies of the present invention in the transmission system of long-range communication signal, and
-Fig. 5 a and 5b show the distortion according to the embodiment of optical fiber transmission system of the present invention.
Embodiment
Polarization maintaining optical fibre, represented as their name, can keep (enpr é servant) its polarization simultaneously by transmission signals, the polarization state that needs only incoming signal is along one of the axle certainly of (suivant) two so-called polarization maintaining optical fibres or main shaft.These two axles are called " slowly " and " soon " axle, and the difference of the time of advent is called Differential Group Delay (DGD).
Any stress (contrainte) that puts on the polarization maintaining optical fibre has changed the polarization state of the light signal that transmits on these optical fiber.Especially fibre-optic connector has produced stress on these polarization maintaining optical fibres.
Because the speed difference between two light polarization axles of polarization maintaining optical fibre, optical frequency is depended in this change.Therefore, when especially being equipped with the optical fiber output of connector from the polarization maintaining optical fibre that stands stress, the spectrum component of signal (composantes spectrales) no longer has identical polarization state.
When having prepared polarizer, light signal is through polarizer, and the spectrum component of signal is not all to be transmitted similarly.The differential attenuation of this spectrum component has produced distorted signals.For power laser diode, under the FM-AM conversion, these distortions are known.
The spectral image of this phenomenon can be illustrated by Fig. 1.If signal S1v enters on one of axle of (est inject é) polarization maintaining optical fibre, its polarization state has slight angle to change behind input connector.Rotate very little (several years) but be enough to produce this phenomenon.Projection (projection) S2.v and the S2.h of signal on two axles propagates with friction speed.For example, can see in Fig. 1 that signal S3.v and S3.h a period of time Δ τ that staggers is called Differential Group Delay (DGD).
At output facet, because second connector, signal is rotated again.Polarized component S3.v has produced two component S4.vv and S4.vh.Polarized component S3.h has produced (or causing) signal S4.hh and S4.hv, and owing to the time between the signal of propagating along two polarization axles of optical fiber staggers, S4.hv is depicted as two parts in Fig. 1.
If only keep a kind of polarization state (for example passing polarizer), then between two above-mentioned projections such as S4.vv among Fig. 1 and S4.hv, it will be appreciated that interference.
For power laser diode,, when output, then show as intensity modulated (AM) when importing when signal is independent phase modulation (FM).In telecommunication, signal will distortion, and this distortion is with the scope of restriction system.
The invention provides solution for this problem.
Fig. 2 a shows polarization maintaining optical fibre F, and wherein optical coupler C1 makes the light signal V of polarization inject (injecter).The polarization of optical fiber F is represented with PV and PH in Fig. 2 a.The signal V that enters optical fiber by coupler is the object of slight polarization rotation, and therefore, signal Vr is transmitted in optical fiber.This signal Vr can resolve into along two component V1 of two polarization directions of optical fiber and H1.Component H1 is than component V1 faster propagation in optical fiber, and component H ' 1 (towards coupler C2) arrives the output of optical fiber than component V ' Δ τ 1 pre-set time.
According to the present invention, (pr é voit) is set forms optical fiber with two the section F1 and the F2 (Fig. 2 b) of polarization maintaining optical fibre.According to an advantageous embodiments of the specific embodiment of the present invention, two sections are designed to have identical length.Compare with Fig. 2 a, they each all be equivalent to half of optical fiber F length.In addition, the terminal E1 and the E2 of these two fiber segment are joined together, make the slow propagation axis PV1 of section F1 and fast propagation axis PH1 respectively with fast propagation axis PH2 and the slow propagation axis PV2 consistent (or corresponding) of section F2.
As previous, the signal V that enters fiber segment F1 produces two component V1 and the H1 that propagates with friction speed.Component H2 propagates and arrived another end of section F1 before the component V2 that propagates along slow axis along fast axle.The length that fiber segment F1 and F2 have been set equals half of optical fiber F length, and component H2 arrives the end of section F1 than component V2 Δ pre-set time τ/2.
The propagation axis PV1 of fiber segment F1 and PH1 are connected to propagation axis PH2 and the PV2 of section F2 respectively, can think, exist with the form of component H3 in section F2 corresponding to the signal of the component V2 in the section F1.Similarly, component H2 exists with the form of component V3.Now, component H3 propagates along fast axle, and component V3 propagates along slow axis.The result is that component H3 will remedy its original Δ τ with respect to component V3/2 to postpone.Therefore, two component H4 and V4 arrive the output of fiber segment F2 simultaneously.Obviously two fiber segment F1 of this supposition have identical characteristic with F2.
Fig. 2 C shows the system of Fig. 2 b with manifestation mode identical among Fig. 1.As can be seen, at the output facet of fiber segment F2, component H4 and V4 are homophase (en phase).If, providing a connector at the output of section F2, signal will become the object of slight polarization rotation again.Component H4 produces component H5 and V6, and component V4 produces component V5 and H6.After passing through polarizer (polariseur), the component H5 and the H6 of acquisition are homophases.
Under these conditions, according to the present invention, in a transmission system that has a polarization maintaining optical fibre, as previously mentioned, between two connectors or between two fiber stress zones (zone decontrainte), or between a stress area and connector, the connection by the optical fiber that forms with at least two sections is set.
According to the embodiment of a simplification, also might stipulate to select arbitrarily the orientation of section.If the quantity of section is many, FM-AM changes minimizing.For example, Fig. 3 shows the embodiment of an embodiment, and wherein fiber segment TF1 is connected with TF2, and consistent (the en co with PV2 of slow axis PV1 in two sections wherein
Ncidence) and soon axle PH1 is consistent with PH2.Fiber segment TF3 is connected to section T F2, and its fast axle PH3 is consistent with the slow axis PV2 of section T F2, and its slow axis PV3 is consistent with the fast axle PH2 of section T F2.Fiber segment TF4 is directed in the mode identical with TF2 with section T F1, and is connected to section T F3, and wherein the slow axis PV4 of section T F4 is consistent with the fast axle PH3 of section T F3, and its fast axle PH4 is consistent with the slow axis PV3 of section T F3.As can seeing in Fig. 3, fiber segment can have different length and can irregular alignment.Be that at all in a definite transmission system, total differential delay of one or more sections (along the propagation difference of slow axis and fast axle) is compensated by the differential delay (temps diff é rentiel) of other section.Therefore, in system shown in Figure 3, whole differential delays of section T F1, TF2 and TF4 are compensated by the differential delay of section T F3.
However, one real alternately be preferred.The analytical model of exploitation confirms for this reason, and in fact, at the differential delay (DGD) of each section afterwards, the DGD of section is most important continuously.Digital simulation has also confirmed these predictions.
Differential delay by other section is effective more to the compensation of the differential delay (Δ τ) of a section, and differential delay just approaches to equate more.Therefore, section preferably has approximate length.
At last, in order to eliminate the polarization of compensation rotation mutually between two sections, one of the present invention preferred embodiment comprises joint (souder) section, and still, by connector fiber segment being connected also is possible embodiment.
In practice, based on the fibre system of having assembled,, they are reconnected just passable with 90 ° then as long as polarization maintaining optical fibre is accurately cut into fiber segment at their center.This operation is easy to implement.
Fig. 5 a and 5b show the distortion of the embodiment of transmission system, wherein have three or more sections, and the length that is positioned at a section in centre position is the length d 0 that is applied in stress, and it is in outside the scope of the present invention.According to the present invention, the length that centre portion is set equals d0 then, and the length that end segments is set is d0/2, i.e. half of this length.
An exemplary system that comprises the fiber segment of odd number, for example 7 the section T F1 to TF7 of showing of Fig. 5 a.Each all has definite Differential Group Delay centre portion TF2 and TF6.End segments TF1 and TF7 are configured similarly, and each all has half the Differential Group Delay of Differential Group Delay of centre portion TF2 to TF6.
For practical purpose, if these sections are made by the optical fiber of same type (or character), or even make by identical optical fiber, then the system among Fig. 5 is made with the centre portion TF2 to TF6 that determines length d 0, and end segments TF1 and TF7 with half length d 1=d0/2.
The Differential Group Delay of fiber segment TF2 for example compensates by the Differential Group Delay of section T F3.The Differential Group Delay of fiber segment TF4 is compensated by the group delay of section T F5, and the differential delay sum of the Differential Group Delay of section T F6 by section T F1 and TF7 compensated.
Therefore, should be noted that total Differential Group Delay of section T F2, TF4 and TF6 is compensated by total Differential Group Delay of section T F1, TF3, TF5 and TF7.Provided the transmission system of total Differential Group Delay that can bucking-out system thus effectively.
Fig. 5 b shows the system that comprises the even number fiber segment, for example 6 section T F1 to TF6.
In the example as Fig. 5 a, centre portion TF2 to TF5, each all has definite Differential Group Delay.End segments TF1 and TF6 are configured similarly, and each has the group delay for half of the group delay of centre portion TF2 to TF5.For example, fiber segment TF2 to TF5 has length d 0, and section T F1 and TF6 have length d 1=d0/2.
The sum of the Differential Group Delay of fiber segment TF2 and TF4 compensates by the sum of the Differential Group Delay of section T F3 and TF5.The Differential Group Delay of fiber segment TF1 compensates by the Differential Group Delay of section T F6.The transmission system that therefore, can also have the total Differential Group Delay that to offset transmission system.
Therefore, no matter the quantity of section is even number or odd number, if end segments has equal Differential Group Delay, and if each end segments all have half transmission time of the Differential Group Delay that equals centre portion, then the present invention can obtain to keep the transmission system of polarization.
Yet, when the quantity of section was odd number, this distortion of the present invention was even more important, because (following situation) often occur, it is favourable having identical polarization in transmission system, and this polarization is propagated along identical transmission axle (slow axis and fast axle) with output at input.
Therefore, can see that the present invention mainly is to be inverted the axle of (inverser) polarization maintaining optical fibre, with the speed difference of the polarized component of compensating signal.These inversions can be arbitrarily, but the alternately section of equal length also can be set.
Under the situation of the section that equal length is set, the section of half length can be set at two ends of system advantageously.According to this system type, can force some restrictions (contrainte), as the total length of fibre system, the perhaps quantity of section.Therefore, analytical model or digital simulation can be determined the quantity and the length thereof of fiber segment.
Further advantageously, section is combined in couples under the situation that does not have stress (contrainte), and is not connected by connector.
Should be noted that these inversions of the axle of fiber segment are not intended to carry out filtering (filtrage), perhaps make transducer or optical system be independent of the polarization state of incoming signal.On the contrary, according to the present invention, purpose is these technology are applied in the conveying of polarization signal, keeps its polarization and eliminates distortion simultaneously.
This is not conspicuous for the person of ordinary skill of the art, because the transmission of polarization signal only requires to keep polarization, and does not need to consider " leakage " of on normal axis (because rotation of connector).
In other words, the objective of the invention is to keep polarization and be not to make physical process be independent of the polarization state of signal.This is not conspicuous in reasoning, and promptly the axle of optical fiber can just be useful for transmission signals alternately.
Simulation shows that in system according to the present invention, the FM-AM conversion almost is eliminated, and polarization state is kept with the same in polarization fiber.But, being different from polarization fiber, the connection between the polarization maintaining optical fibre is easy, and approaches zero by the sensitivity of microbend loss.At last, this solution is cheaply.
The present invention is specially adapted to all Optical Fiber Transmission of signal, and wherein desired is to keep the polarization state of signal.The present invention is directly applied for power laser diode, but also is applicable to field of telecommunications.
In telecommunication system, the signal that transmits polarizations with two orthogonal polarization orientation is significant for transmission capacity is doubled.Yet, since may reside in the optical fiber stress and because the rotation of the caused polarization of jockey, has danger with the part signal of a direction polarization with the other direction polarization, therefore has the danger of disturbing such signal, this signal is propagated simultaneously with very approaching wavelength, and along this other direction polarization.
In order to overcome this shortcoming, shown in Fig. 4 a and Fig. 4 b, the rotor R O of Polarization Controller or polarization direction is set, and its effect is to make angle of the polarization of the signal of transmission rotation, polarization rotation (angle) summation that this angle will experience in transmission system corresponding to these signals.The rotation that is caused by rotor R O will make opposite with the total direction of rotation that causes in transmission system.
In Fig. 4 a, polarization rotor RO is placed on the output of system, and links together with for example coupler (or connector) C2.In Fig. 4 b, polarization rotor RO is placed on the input of system.
Claims (10)
1. the optical fiber transmission system of a polarization signal, comprise the polarization maintaining optical fibre system that can keep signal polarization, described system is characterised in that, described fibre system comprises first section and second section of polarization maintaining optical fibre at least, each section all has slow propagation axis and fast propagation axis, one end of described first fiber segment is connected to an end of described second fiber segment, make that the slow propagation axis of described first fiber segment is consistent with the fast propagation axis of described second fiber segment, and make the fast propagation axis of described first fiber segment consistent on the contrary with the slow propagation axis of described second fiber segment, total Differential Group Delay of one or more sections equals total group delay of other section, makes total Differential Group Delay of described fibre system be substantially zero.
2. transmission system according to claim 1 comprises first fiber segment and second fiber segment, and described two fiber segment have equal Differential Group Delay.
3. transmission system according to claim 2, wherein, described two fiber segment are made in identical optical fiber.
4. transmission system according to claim 2, wherein, described two fiber segment have identical length.
5. transmission system according to claim 2 comprises a plurality of paired sections.
6. transmission system according to claim 1, comprise a plurality of fiber segment (TF1 to TF7) that are connected in series, each section and adjacent segments are to be connected in series, make that the slow propagation axis of described each fiber segment is consistent with the fast propagation axis of described adjacent fiber section, the centre portion (TF2 to TF6) of described continuous section all has the Differential Group Delay that equals determined value, and simultaneously first section of described continuous section and last section (TF1 and TF7) all have half the Differential Group Delay that equals described determined value.
7. transmission system according to claim 6, wherein, described centre portion all has definite length (d0), and described first section and last section all have half the length (d1=d0/2) that equals described definite length.
8. according to each described transmission system in the claim 1 to 7, wherein, by engaging the end that these ends are connected to the end of first fiber segment second fiber segment.
9. according to each described transmission system in the claim 1 to 8, wherein, the end of first fiber segment is connected to the end of described second fiber segment by jockey.
10. according to each described transmission system in the claim 1 to 9, wherein, described fibre system comprises input unit (C1) and output device (C2), and described transmission system comprises polarization rotor (RO), described rotor is connected with described input unit or described output device, and can make angle of polarization rotation of the signal that transfers to described fibre system, this angle is rotated summation corresponding to the polarization that is produced by described fibre system, and opposite with these rotation summation directions.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0451854 | 2004-08-16 | ||
| FR0451854A FR2874272B1 (en) | 2004-08-16 | 2004-08-16 | FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM WITH POLARIZATION RETENTION |
| FR0452395 | 2004-10-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101006666A true CN101006666A (en) | 2007-07-25 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200580027840 Pending CN101006666A (en) | 2004-08-16 | 2005-08-10 | Polarization-maintaining fiber-optic transmission system |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101006666A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2874272B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103106725A (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2013-05-15 | 西安交通大学 | Quantum lottery ticket machine |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1926188A1 (en) * | 2006-11-27 | 2008-05-28 | JDS Uniphase Corporation | Power stabilization of laser harmonic frequency conversion |
| CN102523045B (en) * | 2011-12-31 | 2015-08-12 | 中国电子科技集团公司第四十一研究所 | All-fiber coupled mode polarization mode dispersion system and method |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2153176B (en) * | 1984-01-14 | 1987-04-08 | Plessey Co Plc | Improvements relating to optical fibre communication systems |
-
2004
- 2004-08-16 FR FR0451854A patent/FR2874272B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2005-08-10 CN CN 200580027840 patent/CN101006666A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103106725A (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2013-05-15 | 西安交通大学 | Quantum lottery ticket machine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2874272A1 (en) | 2006-02-17 |
| FR2874272B1 (en) | 2007-04-06 |
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