CN100591827C - Carpet tile renewal process and products - Google Patents
Carpet tile renewal process and products Download PDFInfo
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- CN100591827C CN100591827C CN200610128990A CN200610128990A CN100591827C CN 100591827 C CN100591827 C CN 100591827C CN 200610128990 A CN200610128990 A CN 200610128990A CN 200610128990 A CN200610128990 A CN 200610128990A CN 100591827 C CN100591827 C CN 100591827C
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Abstract
Refurbishing or renewing cut or loop pile carpet products including carpet tiles by passing the product under a high pressure water or liquid dispensing head projecting a stream of water against the subject product at a pressure in the range of 100 - 2000 psig. Improvements to such methods include adding a polymer backing layer to the tile, pre-bulking the face yarns, and/or chemically treating the face yarns.
Description
The application is to be June 6 calendar year 2001, application number the dividing an application for the Chinese patent application of " carpet tile renewal process and product " that be 01811011.8 (PCT/US01/18301), denomination of invention the applying date.
Background of invention
The present invention relates generally to pile carpet, and the especially renovation of carpet square can be owing to now making dirty because of carpet surface fine hair with pile carpet and/or tangle (matting) causes the aesthetic property reduction that environment is had adverse effect so that prolong wear-out life.More particularly, the present invention relates to handle matte and/or apply the method and apparatus of one deck new material for the carpet square back side of renovation, thereby make the carpet back side form new the same outward appearance.
As the United States Patent (USP) 5,381,592 and 5 that is combined in this by reference, 457,845 is described, in the past, when since on the carpet people's walking and/or the placement of furniture make pile carpet dirty, take place in some zone that quality changes and/or when tangling, just must change pile carpet.Because the high carpet of new carpet valency is changed more expensive but also must be mated with existing environment.Change carpet in the commercial unit, especially carpet square is a spending, if can not change, will save money and be used for other purposes.
Above-mentioned United States Patent (USP) 5,381,592 and 5,457,845 provides the method and apparatus of renovation velvet carpet and loop pile carpet, thereby saves the expense of changing this rug with new carpet.
Especially these two pieces of patents are described the system of fine hair carpet tile renewal.The present invention is at pile carpet in general, clipping or loop pile carpet, but mainly be at carpet square, because they are used for commercial unit, wearing and tearing are more and can faster entanglement and dirty than premises carpet because the pedestrian walks in the above usually.The carpet square size normally 18 inches square, and its pile yarns, clipping or uncut pile yarn, as United States Patent (USP) 4,371, the pile yarns shown in 576 are by with reference to being incorporated into this.As shown in Figure 1, carpet square 10 is to handle on the conveyer belt 12 and 14 of two collaborative works, but obviously, an available in case of necessity continuous conveyor.
In brief, the device of Fig. 1 and 2 will describe at clipping carpet square 10.Carpet square 10 dirty and/or that tangle is placed on the conveyer belt 12, and begins to transmit below high pressure cleaning solution source or water source 16, liquid, and for example the pressure scope of water is 200-2000psig, preferably 300-1200psig.In an example, liquid be under the pressure of about 800psig from nozzle 18 ejection and be mapped on the carpet square.Can expect, replace disclosed nozzle 18, as long as hydraulic pressure remains in the prescribed limit with an elongated slot.Nozzle penetrates the dirt between highly pressurised liquid cleaning carpet square surface and each yarn, eliminates yarn crimp simultaneously and makes it upright voluntarily.Carpet square through vacuum hydroextractor 22, is got rid of moisture content from high-pressure water 16.In addition, also have a sewage collector 24 12 times, be used for reclaiming the water of water source 16 ejections at conveyer belt.
Because the water under high pressure that nozzle 18 penetrates can be eliminated curling of yarn 20, thus if yarn 20 has crimpness, if perhaps will not have curl or crimpness yarn seldom vertically or straighten then upright yam surface possibility out-of-flatness.Therefore, just be sent to shearing machine 26 again after carpet square is placed on the conveyer belt 14, the height of naps of yarn 20 is flattened through drier 28.In case of necessity can with carpet square 10 before being collected in pallet 32 by dyeing machine 30 chromatographys or give distinct color.Dyeing machine can be any suitable type, but preferably computer-controlled injecting type type, and such dyeing machine is disclosed in United States Patent (USP) 4,993, in 242, by with reference to being bonded on this.
More than illustrate at velvet carpet, but obviously said apparatus also can be used for cleaning the uncut pile carpet square and eliminates tangle (de-mat).A kind of method comprises the pile loop of cutting uncut pile product, and handles it as handling the clipping carpet square as mentioned above then.Other method is as mentioned above the uncut pile carpet square to be passed through under high-pressure water, rotates shearing machine 26 when by the downstream, upwards leaves conveyer belt 14, sees diagram.
For making each carpet square separate suitable distance, connect many long and narrow laths 34 on the conveyer belt 12 and/or 14.Because carpet tile 10 transmits under high-pressure water, when long and narrow lath 34 guide rod below by the time, separation guide rod (the chambered guidebar) 36 that is fixed on the conveyer belt both sides is directed to water source 16 lower positions with carpet square.When carpet square shearing machine 26 and dyeing machine 30 times by the time, this same structure can be applicable on the conveyer belt 14.When liquid was penetrated on carpet square, lath 34 and guide rod 36 also had the function that the fiber of edge of carpet is remained on erectility, thereby in other operation in downstream other yarn of itself and carpet square body handled.Can prevent that so the unlikely bending of edge fiber carpet square outward appearance too much and after cleaning is uneven.
Fig. 2 illustrates the total figure of high pressure water jets to the device 16 of carpet square, and its feature sees clearly Chu at Fig. 3 and 4.With pump 36 with hydraulic fluid, as water from suitable supply source through suitable conduit 38 and 40, by appropriate filters 44, be pumped into high service pipe 46, the high service pipe is again with the water feeder 16 of suitable dynamic pressure (as 200psig-2000psig).So fluid flows out from installing 16, is mapped on the carpet square 10 that is placed on the conveyer belt 12.
Referring to Fig. 3, can see that high-pressure water 16 is made up of three basic structures: high service (gallery) assembly 48 (can connect be connected with high service conduit 46) that catchments, box assembly 50 and fixation kit 52 crack.
Referring now to Fig. 3 and 4,, the box assembly 50 of fluting is positioned in the water supply gallery 54 by fixation kit 52, therefore its square-section is communicated with notch 56 by the hole 50 of parallel spaced apart, therefore form upper and lower high pressure respectively and distribute reservoir, make liquid enter the high pressure that is split into by notch 58 and distribute reservoir from supply pipe 46.Therefore liquid enters the following high pressure distribution reservoir that is formed by notch 58 from feed path 60.Water enters the high pressure that is formed by notch 56 via feed path 60 and distributes reservoir, enters in the last high pressure distributor chamber 72 that is made of two elongated U-shaped members 63 and 65 by hole 70 then.So water flows to carpet square 10 through groove 18.Fixation kit 52 has jacking screw 78 and bolt 80 along its length, can make fixation kit 52 be fastened to the assembly 48 that catchments that supplies water.
As shown in Figure 4, high-pressure water 16 is connected to the assembly 48 that catchments that supplies water with bolt 82 and 84 respectively.Also have a series of bolts 86 that U-shaped member 65 and last U-shaped member 63 are linked.
The instrument of eliminating the little side's ground dirt and the surface of tangling is a nozzle 18.In this preferred embodiment, per inch has 40 nozzles, but quantity is variable.Be not that all groove is all parallel to each other, the nozzle between 63 1 horizontal edges of member and the longitudinal axis of member 63 are at angle.Respond well during 5 ° of the longitudinal axis of this angle deviating member 63.This angle can change on a large scale, and the best angle of deviation depends on used fabric variety.
According to the present invention, the matte yarn of the carpet square of using or other carpets can clean with bulk again with said method and device.In a conventional oven, after the oven dry, use applicator roll and coat skim modified acroleic acid coating, thereby form new appearance, the goods of band new coating and the renovation of the used carpet square back side at the carpet square back side of renovation.
Carpet square is then in drying in oven, to remove moisture and to make acrylate copolymer crosslinked.Just bonding with the original carpet back side when acrylic acid coatings is crosslinked, ability is with the carpet square common chemical plasticizer of PVC substrate.New substrate layer forms protective layer or barrier layer, can prevent the migration of plasticizer, thereby provides fabulous product performance for the carpet square of renovation.It is painted that carpet square can adopt textile dyeing or dyeing and printing process to carry out again, and can harmful effect not arranged to the carpet back side of renovation.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, two of application are gone up applicator roll and are coated with skim material (thick about 2.0mm) to the carpet square back side of cleaning.Spreader is through improving so that use soft trough of belt applicator roll (40 ° of Shore hardness) to reach the few effect of coating weight.Dissimilar according to carpet square, every square yard of coating that can be coated with the 0.50-1.0 ounce in the carpet square back side in renovation technology.
The crosslinked at low temperature agent makes backing or the coating can be dry and crosslinked at 175 ℉, thereby avoids following PVC backing material to damage because of overheated.
The combination of following patent by reference
The patent No. title date
5,381,592 17 days January nineteen ninety-five of carpet tile renewal process
5,457,845 17 days October nineteen ninety-five of carpet tile renewal equipment
4,808,191 printing and dyeing of textile materials technologies on February 28th, 1989
4,740,214 printing and dyeing of textile materials technologies on April 26th, 1988
Though it is a variety of that cleaning and renovation have the method and apparatus of the fiber article of pile to have, the present invention is particularly suitable for and United States Patent (USP) 5,381,592 and 5,457 above-mentioned, and method and apparatus uses together described in 845.These method and apparatus have proved and can remove the dirt of its matte yarn and/or eliminate entanglement by used effectively carpet square.The method and apparatus of other cleaning and renovation matte goods is applicable to special article, but impracticable usually for the renovation of the carpet square used, these article are flat (flat) article.Be applicable to other method or the device of carpet square, its used cleaning pressure is too low so that to be difficult to reach desirable yarn expanded again and remove the dirt of matte yarn and/or eliminate and tangle.
Though the method and apparatus of above patent for reference clean and renovation carpet square end face on achieve success, said method and device are improved by increasing a kind of method of cleaning carpet square and its back side of renovation effectively.Usually the carpet square back side of using is very dirty and often be covered with the old adhesive layer of one deck.These materials are difficult to usually by water-soluble, thereby are difficult to remove with conventional method.Still stay the carpet square back side after the former renovation of residual adhesive and the dirt that buries or flooring material is handled, thereby make the carpet square that renovated be difficult to lay again use.The user often has complaints to the outward appearance and the state at the back side, regards it as once visited place blanket.In the past, the carpet square of renewing was unacceptable to some user for this reason.
Kindred circumstances makes by renovation and handles carpet square and have any problem.This situation makes return of goods increased frequency, and production efficiency reduces, the processing cost height.In the worst case, because the situation special carpet square of using in the carpet back side can not renovate processing well.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of improved carpet tile renewal process, the matte yarn of used carpet square is coated with the new material of one deck in cleaning and expanded again back to the carpet square back side, thereby the used carpet square back side is upgraded.
According to prior art, the apparatus and method that do not have to clean or renovate the carpet square back side can provide.According to the renovation of the carpet square of the present invention back side following benefit is arranged.The distinctive attribute of coating that applies the chemically-resistant plasticizer is that PVC carpet product new and/or that renovated brings benefit and characteristic.The novel part that is coated in the material at the carpet square back side is that this material can be bonded on the various materials commonly used of the carpet square back side, is bonded to the back of PVC and polypropylene material.In addition, this material unique distinction is that also it has high anti-steam and resistance to water, and the binding agent of using when carpet square is installed is compatible.
Benefit:
1. attractive in appearance---all renovate with the two sides of the carpet square of crossing.Product is accepted by more users.
2. easy for installation--the backing layer of-renovation covers residual adhesive and dirt or other material imbedded, thus the installation again behind the carpet tile renewal that helps using.
3. with technology ratio, it is few to return goods, the treatment effeciency height in the past.
4. be coated in new or PVC carpet square common chemical plasticizer had good drag with the coating at the carpet square back side of crossing.New priming operation forms the barrier layer that prevents the migration of plasticizer, and the common problem of this PVC product makes needs quite high expense when carpet square is installed.
5. coating has high resistance to steam and water, thereby can be painted to the carpet square that renovated with traditional fabric dyeing method.
6. coating is compatible with installation binding agent commonly used.
7. coating can bond known commercial carpet square primer all, comprises polypropylene and PVC bottom.
8. to contain volatile organic compounds few for coating, therefore satisfies or surpass the industrial standard of indoor air quality when carpeting.
Other acrylate copolymer and crosslinking agent also can provide similar or identical effect.Some polyurethane material is applicable to the bottom surface renewal of the carpet square of using, but its price is more expensive than modified acrylic polymer usually.
Other coating apparatus also can be used to coating composition, comprises rod-type or fluting applicator roll, both can be used as the separate unit coating machine, also can be used as multistage coating machine.
The thickness of carpet square CB coating can be different with weight.
Below be a preferred embodiment of the inventive method:
The bottom renovation technology
Processing step adopts equipment
1. the washing of carpet square/expanded again washer equipment for washing equipment
2. the dry #1 baking oven 1# of the factory baking oven of carpet square
3. the carpet square back side is coated with bottom #1 and goes up upward applicator roll of applicator roll 1#
4. the carpet square back side is coated with top layer # 2 and goes up upward applicator roll of applicator roll 2#
5. the drying of polymer and the crosslinked # 2 baking oven 2# of class baking oven
6. the 1# cooling zone, cooling #1 cooling zone at the carpet square back side
7. the dyeing dyeing machine of carpet square
The variation and the adoptable method of expection
1. the carpet square backing can and renovate before the expanding treatment in washing again.
Primer can carpet square washing and expanded again before, or as mentioned above washing and again after the expanding treatment with coating of separate unit coating machine and drying.
3. the curing of bottom polymer or crosslinked also available additive method comprise ultraviolet, infrared or microwave device.
Brief Description Of Drawings
Fig. 1 is total schematic diagram of carpet tile renewal device.
Fig. 2 is the enlarged drawing of the carpet square washing part of system shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 3 is the used carpet square jettison gear of the device of a Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 perspective view.
Fig. 4 is a profile, and the jettison gear that illustrates among Fig. 3 can wash on the carpet square position.
Fig. 5 is the top view of cutting open along the 5-5 line of Fig. 2.
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram of carpet square bottom renovation technology.
Fig. 7 is a carpet square bottom refreshing apparatus.
Fig. 8 is the vast scale view of coating composition device.
Fig. 9 illustrates apparatus for coating.
Figure 10 illustrates the applicator roll of machine fluting.
Figure 11 and 12 represent respectively coating improve viscosity and apply undue problem.
Figure 13 is the schematic diagram of fine hair extruding problem.
Figure 14 illustrates coating apparatus for coating of the present invention.
Figure 15 illustrates carpet square.
Figure 16 is the schematic diagram that comprises the expanded and chemically treated renovation technology of steam according to another embodiment,
Fig. 6 and 16 is process charts.
Fig. 7-9 and 11-15 are side views.
Figure 10 is a front view.
Equipment---bottom surface renovation technology
The carpet square bottom surface is more turned over process schematic representation and is shown in Fig. 6, and its equipment is shown in Fig. 7.Through washing with again after the expanding treatment, carpet square is placed on the belt conveyor 1, and the matte yarn down.Carpet square is transferred by first spreader 2, therefore coats the skim modified acroleic acid at the carpet square back side.Then carry this carpet square by second spreader 3, on first coating, add and be coated with layer of material.Send this carpet square to baking oven 4 then, coating is dried therein, makes the crosslinked and permanent adhesive of polymeric acrylic acid to old bottom.
Fig. 8 illustrates coating spreader vast scale view.In the preferred embodiment of this device, below two applicator rolls 2 and 3 that roll in the same way, transmit carpet square with ordinary straps conveyer 1.Mechanically-operated controller makes it contact the back side of carpet square with the height that can accurately regulate applicator roll 6.Applicator roll 6 and fixedly transfer roller between spacing adjustable, its minimum separation makes carpet square pass this gap and can not push pile yarns, keeps simultaneously contacting with applicator roll.Fig. 9 illustrates this structure.
As shown in Figure 9, metering roll 7 is accurately controlled the inventory that passes to applicator roll 6, therefore provides exact method to be coated onto the coating content at the carpet square back side with control.New material constantly is fed in the storage tank that forms between applicator roll 6 and the metering roll 7.
Each applicator roll 6 is coated onto the carpet square back side with skim coating, and coating layer thickness is about 0.5mm-2.5mm, preferably 1.0mm-1.5mm.In this preferable configuration, it is soft ethylene-propylene-diene series terpolymer (EPDM) or same type of material of 30 that each applicator roll 6 lid layer is lost Lip river A (Duro-A) hardness, in order to avoid with the carpet square pile yarns extruding of renovation or crooked.
As shown in figure 10, usually on applicator roll with the density grooving of per inch 32 circles, this is that to reach desirable coat weight necessary.The actual number of turns of applicator roll fluting and structure and Shore hardness thereof are with the viscosity of coating and the other factors relevant with the coating release property and different.Metering roll 7 and the transfer roller of fixing or gap roller 8 be the roller of steel, surface grinding and chromium plating polishing normally, to increase the service life.
The traditional drum blower fan that protective cover is housed is used for the drying of coating and crosslinked.In the preferred embodiment of this technology, the carpet square back side makes the coating material bottom cement and make modified acroleic acid crosslinked 175 ℉ heating 90 seconds.
With regard to prior art, in refurbishment process, do not deal with or upgrade with the back side of the carpet square of crossing.Although commercial have multiple coating cloth rewinder roll to can be used for coating is coated onto on the textile material, it is special that the coating at the single carpet square back side requires, unique, therefore commercial coating apparatus and method are not developed so far as yet for this purpose.
The said equipment of the present invention is coated with new surface practical suitable means is provided for renovating the back side, little side ground, and following benefit and advantage are arranged:
1. this device is coated new surface coating for the carpet square back side and can not stain the matte yarn equipment is provided, and not so can make the carpet square inadequacy of renovation.This method is mainly based on the high high viscosity acrylic coating of coated with multiple layer solids content, in order to avoid coating is moved to pile yarns.The application of print roll coating device provides suitable means that the skim material is coated onto the carpet square back side in the same way.Use tandem a plurality of roller spreader to pile up coating and don't pollute pile yarns means are provided for order.
2. this device is coated for the carpet square back side is coated with and is not pushed or crooked matte yarn provides means, not so can make product appearance impaired or change, or cause carpet square to dye inhomogeneously in dyeing.Being applied as of this device and soft applicator roll accurately is coated with coating material with minimum contact pressure provides means, thereby this device is very suitable for carpet square and other pile textiles.
3. this device provides a kind of means by using the fluting applicator roll with the coating of realizing the coating capacity, and this has increased the amount by the applicator roll coating composition, therefore can evenly cover coating at the carpet square back side.
4. the application of common conveyer belt is convenient to prepare, and has also avoided transmitting the defective that occurs often at the carpet square that will apply before the drying on a plurality of transfer systems.
Variation in addition and adoptable scheme
Although above-mentioned benefit and advantage are arranged, there is following available apparatus structure can be fit to the renovation technology of bottom surface of the present invention according to the difference of coating property.
1. the spreader of arranging before and after separately spreader can be used to replace, and common conveyer or other carpet square conveyers (as cylinder) also can be used to transport carpet square and pass through spreader.
2. the spreader of various other models, as cutting steel rider (engraved steel roll), knife-over-roll roller or rod-type applicator roll, extruding or sprayer also can be used for coating is coated onto the carpet square back side.Spreader accurate quantity and model depend on the characteristic and the performance of the coating that is coated onto the carpet back side to a great extent.
3. apply the dry and/or crosslinked also available additive method of back carpet square, comprise the indirect method, as infrared or steam plate.
4. according to the amount of the coating that is coated in the back side and the characteristic of coating, can be useful different be coated with the roller hardness factor and grooved pattern obtains higher or lower coating weight.
Fig. 6 illustrates the total schematic flow diagram that cleans with back side coating processes.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, use the spreader of rolling in the same way of a series of suitable coating carpet squares and coat skim or multilayer in succession, preferably the polymer of several thin layers, the preferably back side of modified acrylic polymer and carpet square.The prescription of this acrylic coating can have sufficiently high viscosity (3,000-6,000 centipoise) to avoid that the coating contact takes place or to move to the matte yarn and the problem of generation substandard products.Although the viscosity measurement value depends on the rheological characteristic of material, when viscosity higher (＞6000 centipoise), the prescription of these coating can not form the other materials that homogeneous film covers residual adhesive and finds usually at the carpet square back side.
Second problem relevant with carpet square coating material that the back side is coated with or coating is that carpet square edge accumulates quantity and the coating layer thickness restricted effect of too much coating to new coating.This problem is commonly referred to " being coated with too ", and it can make carpet square back side injustice, because carpet square installation requirement plane or smooth, so this problem causes producing substandard products once more.Can not accumulate the back side of coating content after cleaning that too much coating can be coated with the coating of independent spreader at the carpet square edge and can not produce enough uniform coatings or the coating that covers old adhesive.
Figure 11 and 12 illustrates above-mentioned problem and technical barrier respectively.Have found that the problem (Figure 11) that solves coating contact matte yarn with tackifying can increase the weight of the problem of " being coated with too ".Equally, reduce viscosity and already alleviate the problem (Figure 12) of " being coated with too ", also can increase the weight of coating contact matte yarn problem.
Will be appreciated that relevant other problem and the factor of carpet square trimming that the purpose of technology more also solves and used with benefit turned in bottom surface of the present invention.
The problems referred to above one after the other are coated with one or more layers by using a series of spreaders that roll in the same way, and best two thin layer coating (about 1.0mm-1.5mm) are overcome to the carpet square back side.Though can between each application step, make the coating drying, but in the preferred embodiment of bottom surface renovation technology, drying became unnecessaryly in the middle of the water material of using prescription and have sufficiently high solids content (about 45%-55%) made, and this has obvious benefit to reducing cost with energy-conservation.
Other benefit and advantage are not obvious but important.As shown in figure 13, the practice that in the past coating is coated onto the carpet square back side often makes the matte distortion or damages, so that needs extra processing step to efforts be made so that the matte yarn is expanded again and eliminate the distortion of pile.
As shown in figure 14, the preferred embodiments of the present invention have solved this problem by the soft application that is coated with roller and transmits the ordinary straps conveyer of carpet square under applicator roll.This kind structure greatly reduces the power that imposes on the matte yarn, thereby eliminates the extruding or the distortion of matte yarn effectively.
This structure also has second advantage in the time of on coating being coated onto with the carpet of crossing.As previously mentioned, it is normal and common that the carpet square back side of using after cleaning also has the residual adhesive layer.These adhesion layers adhere often particle and other fifth wheels of dirt, local floor file, these things can cause cavity and holiday when with conventional method and roller coating composition.But have found that, when coating which floor shallow layer with soft applicator roll coating just can and form the sealant of most of fifth wheel with the fifth wheel sealing.Therefore the well-known problem of having eliminated the processing of renovation carpet square product and having produced when installing.
Using one in front and one in back in the preferred embodiment that handle this bottom surface, two spreaders are coated with coating separately.The baking oven of loading onto protective cover is used for drying and is coating material solidified.
An existing shortcoming with the carpet tile renewal operation of crossing is not have effective ways or device will use the carpet square back side to upgrade or renovation.One object of the present invention is exactly that the method and apparatus that upgrades the renovation carpet square back side will be provided.
Benefit of this technology and advantage:
1. raising aesthetic property, the two sides of upgrading with the carpet square of crossing can be accepted finished product by the user, and not so they can be untreated and refused because of the carpet square back side.
2. the bottom surface of upgrading covers residual adhesive and imbeds material, and these materials make original product be difficult to normally reinstall, and can impair the carpet appearance uniformity in case be contained in user's place.
3. the renovation at the carpet square back side of renewing makes the renewing of carpet square with practical value, not so can be scrapped because of carpet square bottom surface situation difference.So the result who does like this returns goods less, the qualification rate height, has reduced the renewing cost.
4. as previously mentioned, this method and device make the carpet square back side that coating be arranged and do not have the accumulation that edge of carpet is coated, otherwise owing to coating contact carpet square matte yarn is returned goods.
Second purpose of the present invention provides product and the performance-relevant attribute of its back side plasticizer of anti-PVC.The drawbacks common of the carpet square of PVC substrate is that the chemical plasticizing agent meeting of using when making bottom moves to come out and interact with adhesive and some pavement through certain hour and installation from primer.Before being installed, new PVC carpet needs to do time-consuming expensive floor preparation work.The carpet square back side is coated with new bottom makes it to these chemical plasticizing agent high resistance be arranged, thereby avoids these extra charges.
Additional benefit and advantage:
1. new substrate layer forms the separation layer of chemically-resistant plasticizer, thereby need not do expensive floor preparation before reinstalling the PVC carpet square that renovated.
2. new anti-to heavens steam of substrate layer and water, thereby can the carpet square of renovation be dyeed with tradition and decoration method.
3. it is compatible that new substrate layer and carpet square are installed the adhesive of usefulness.
4. the content of volatile organic compound (VOC) of new substrate layer is low, meets the indoor air quality industrial standard.
5. new substrate layer can be bonding with the carpet square substrate used on all known commercial, comprises polypropylene and PVC.
Variation in addition or available scheme
1. the back side can be renovated before the renewing technology in carpet square front.
2. acrylate copolymer can solidify or crosslinked with other method, comprises ultraviolet, infrared, steam plate or microwave device.
3. acrylate copolymer can be coated with an independent spreader, or the centre between each road painting process is drying coated.
4. acrylic coating can comprise rod-type, engraved roll (engraved roll) spreader and knife-over-roll roller coat bu4 machine with other spreader that is fit to coating, their uses of can using separately or connect.
5. other acrylate copolymer and crosslinking agent also can have similar or identical result, and some polyurethane copolymer is suitable for the renovation to the carpet square substrate of using.
6. along with the difference of structure, coating machine model and the coating of carpet square, the coating that can be coated with different-thickness and weight at the carpet square back side has similar result.
Describe chemical composition and the performance thereof that is coated with acrylic coating overleaf below in detail.Provide a description the data of test method and result of calculation, because it is relevant with the product attribute on renovation surface.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used plastics, is commonly used for the backing material of carpet square product.Usually the soft pvc as the carpet square substrate is to make with all kinds in the certain limit and the plasticizer of quantity.Plasticizer can soften hard generally speaking PVC, therefore provides to make the required flexibility of carpet square product.But seldom may be dissolved among the PVC as the chemical substance of plasticizer, As time goes on have from the host material migration or be shed to tendency the environment.An important result is; free plasticizer can with auxiliary flooring material chemically reactive, as the flooring adhesive of usefulness is installed, after carpet square is installed, harmful effect is arranged; from decorating viewpoint, plasticizer can absorb usually coloring agent and and coloring matter transfer to carpet surface together.Coloring agent is observable and is difficult for removing or washing off that the carpet square of PVC substrate just needs to change with regard to this point.
When the carpet square of PVC substrate was arranged on the adhesive of being used always on VAT/VCT hard-burned brick surface, migration of plasticizer problem was especially serious.Chemical reaction between free plasticizer and the VAT/VCT adhesive can make the PVC carpet square be cemented on the existing following floor.Do time-consuming expensive work for fear of may when changing carpet, removing the carpet of old PVC liner, before the carpet square of arranging new PVC substrate, will remove the bonding ground preparation of carrying out of old floor file.
An object of the present invention is to be coated onto carpet square new or renewing the back side as the chemical modification acrylic acid of coating, protect the back side to avoid plasticizer and additive migration as thin top layer.Because many carpet square bottoms mainly are made up of the PVC compound of plasticising, so the protective layer that another purpose provides plasticizer-resistant prevents that plasticizer or additive chemistry material from leaking into auxiliary the carpet thing or the binding of carpeting of connection from PVC carpet square main body.Another purpose provides the carpet square product with protective layer, is unfavorable for environment or unsafe material because the PVC plasticizer can be regarded as.
The crosslinked result of modified coating of the present invention is, when the substrate of carpet square and liquid (the normally adhesive of floor file) when contacting, this liquid normal condition can extract plasticizer and/or additive, prevents that basically plasticizer and additive from leaking out from the matrix of plasticising.Concrete grammar and device describe in detail in the above.
---aforesaid modified acroleic acid polymerizable compound---will expect to describe in detail below to be coated in the coating material at the carpet square back side.
Accelerated aging test
Following test is used to evaluate the anti-migration of plasticizer performance of this coating.Usually being called accelerated aging test, is the method for tolerance ageing process to the carpet square influence of PVC substrate.
1. the carpet square of the PVC substrate of Tu Fuing is cut into 9 " * 9 " square.Two square carpets are leaned against privately place as test specimen.Again two square carpets are back to front placed as second group of test specimen.Put 1 kilogram weight on every group of test specimen.
2. every group of test specimen is placed in traditional lab oven at, and temperature 120 ℉ are incubated 21 days.
3. the bonding situation between each layer that takes out test specimen and cause to dyeing sign, chemical reaction or because of the migration of plasticizer from stove is identified.
Anti-decatize
The atmospheric steam case that carpet square after the coating is put into 212 ℉ (saturated) is incubated 8 minutes.Check bottom whether with coating layering.ATCC with standard does wet friction resistant firmness the test further performance and the durability of assessment new coating.
Exemplary backing renovation technology
This technology and step are applicable to the renovation at the secant and the cluster uncut pile carpet square back side.Substrate originally can be made of PVC or polypropylene.The carpet square product can be virtually any size or structure, but generally is 18 " * 18 " or 36 " * 36 " square.
1. carpet square is contained on the conveyer belt faceup.According to product structure and varying in weight, under 400-800psi, wash (expanded again) and be sent to vacuum hydroextractor with the carpet square of mistake.
2. water dewaters by 3 independent vacuum slots---and residual moisture is 43%, and expanded again carpet is sent to baking oven.
3. expanded again carpet square is dried moisture and is about 8% and be cooled to environment temperature.Dry carpet square faces down pile yarns through overturning or translating on conveyer belt.Expanded again carpet square is sent to applicator roll.
4. the skim modified acroleic acid coating of thick about 1.0mm is coated at the expanded again carpet square back side.Expanded again/as to be coated with the back carpet square to be sent on second the rolling spreader immediately and to coat second layer coating at the carpet square back side, paint thickness is increased to 2.00mm, the about 1.0-1.5 ounce of every square yard weight (OZ).
5. expanded again/carpet square after being coated with is sent to baking oven, makes acrylate copolymer dry and crosslinked.Carpet square is sent to the cooling zone, makes near-bottom temperature be cooled to environment temperature.
According to the present invention, the carpet square of use of regeneration or renovation, 100% regenerate after being to use basically except the bottom that approaches.Technology of the present invention is effective to Milliken board carpet bottom surface, to PVC, non-PVC and there is the bottom surface of pad effective, can use with nylon 6 and nylon 6.6 tuftings or sticking based carpet, be environment-friendly products, and because the final back of textiles or carpet product fee of material 80% is to be constituted thereby had an economic benefit by original substrate nearly.In addition, method of the present invention is understood the consumer, and carpet, carpet square etc. can handled, regenerate, renovate in the future and utilize.In addition, the inventive method does not require with the carpet polishing (ground up) of crossing and re-uses, thereby minimizing is to the demand of electric energy.
As shown in figure 15, according to the present invention, carpet floor material new or renewing, carpet square etc. include basic unit's carpet, laying and the substrate layer of tufting or sticking suede.
On the other hand, pavement, carpet, carpet square etc. can comprise tufting (or sticking suede) basic unit's carpet, enhancement Layer, reach substrate layer.
Technology of the present invention is specially adapted to add one deck substrate layer or coating to produce PVC carpet square goods new or renovation on the PVC carpet square, this goods do not have the shortcoming of conventional P VC carpet square, meet environmental protection etc.
According to an example of the present invention, preferred coating is CTI-2779, chemical industry technology company by Detroit, state of Michigan city produces, and be a kind of yellow water based paint, good resistance caking capacity and anti-plasticizer are arranged, excellent in water resistance does not contain any volatile organic compounds, and under the low-pressure steam direct projection ability 6 minutes at least.
Technical data:
Adhesive: acrylic acid
Color: yellow
Total solid branch: 40-45%
Viscosity: 3000-5000 centipoise
Weight/gallon: 7.5-8.5 pound
PH value: 7.0-10.0
Freeze sensitiveness: do not freeze
This coating can be used coatings such as roller coat, no gas or pneumatic spraying equipment.And this material has the smell of comfortable, and evaporation rate is low, and good stability is safe in utilization.
Referring to Figure 16 and with reference to another embodiment of the present invention, washing and expanded again before, the matte yarn can be done the bulk distortion of steam, chemical treatment then is to obtain the making color of each piece carpet consistent with outward appearance, than high production yield with enlarge productivity ratio.The present invention is as described below also to comprise non-obvious, the novel application that has Patent right chemistry and colouring method.
From the following describes, know and find out, the present invention recognizes some shortcoming or the problem of prior art renovation carpet square and is solved, the present invention is to United States Patent (USP) 5,381,592 carpet tile renewal process and United States Patent (USP) 5,457,856 carpet tile renewal equipment have been done improvement, these two parts of patents are combined in this by reference hereby respectively at transferring Milliken Research Corporation on January 17 nineteen ninety-five and October 17 nineteen ninety-five.
Improved carpet square front renovate method
Make steam treatment with the carpet square of crossing, the front yarn carries out pre-bulk processing to clean and expanded yarn again before handling with above-mentioned method and apparatus.After the washing, bulk again yarn carries out chemical treatment with the water-soluble polymerizable organic compound of CATION and dries in baking oven, makes the moisture content unanimity.After the drying, the pile yarns on surface are done to prune to reach highly consistent, and square carpet tiles is made in carpet square edge trimming or pruning.Use new dye colour or the style of pattern design jet dyeing machine coating.Then carpet square is done steam treatment, washing and dry with conventional method.After, according to the back side of top explanation coating carpet square.
The device of the positive renovation of carpet square
In a preferred embodiment, pile yarns are made steam treatment in traditional fabric steamer.A kind of contactless coating machine (Millium
TM) be used for the aqueous solution of cation polyacrylamide copolymer is coated onto expanded matte yarn again.After coating the aqueous solution, carpet square is dried in traditional fabric baking oven before dyeing.
Use the jet injection dyeing machine, as by with reference to the United States Patent (USP) 3,969 that is combined in this, the sort of described in 779, will newly dye is coated onto on the pretreated carpet square.Carpet square is by traditional steamer after coating dyestuff, and dyestuff anchors on the pile yarns therein.After leaving steaming chamber, carpet square is delivered in the rinsing maching and to be removed superfluous chemical staining agent, dries with traditional pressure hot-blast stove again, then delivers to back side coated face and/or suitable delivery connects and receiving apparatus.
Though can in all sorts of ways and device clean and rebuild the product that pile fiber is arranged, preferable methods and device are shown in United States Patent (USP) 5,381, in 592 and 5,457,845.And carpet square can be by the washing and expanded again the reusing of pile veil line, thereby economize on the expense of new carpet replace old carpet.Proved already that this method and device were very effective to the entanglement of removing dirt and/or elimination pile veil line, thereby a kind of means of renovating the carpet square of using were provided.
In the past, the carpet square of renewing was not widely accepted as yet as commercial floor covering.It is that the carpet square handled through renovation is at color with still have notable difference in appearance that item has a shortcoming of renovation carpet square.The product of commercial approval, i.e. the color carpet square consistent with outward appearance, qualification rate is low.Different according to the service time of the carpet square of using before processing and situation, the approval product percent of pass is at 20-40%.Qualification rate is low to be disadvantageous and usually low to making existing reconditioning technology infeasible economically.
Usually suggestion overcomes difference on outward appearance and the color in the new dyeing of coating on the carpet square that renovate.Though the carpet square quality with the method renovation is good, qualification rate is high, cost is low, fabric dyeing method traditional or routine can not be obtained level dyeing and overcome this shortcoming.
The cleaning pressure height of the cleaning usefulness that second shortcoming is pile yarns causes the structure of many carpet squares that existing method can not be used for having in the market.Specifically, the habitual woven substrate of decorating with tufting of current carpet industry is exactly like this.When water under high pressure cleaning and expanded again these pile yarns, just have problems.High-pressure cleaning liquid often makes pile yarns from the carpet square displacement, or positive yarn is separated with the carpet square bottom.Go wrong at the edge of carpet place especially.High-pressure cleaning liquid often makes the carpet square damage of edges or permanent deformation takes place.Above situation makes the carpet square of renovation can not be used as commercial floor covering.In fact, in the equipment of pressure more than 800psig of this shortcoming from the cleaning fluid of directive carpet square, this has limited pile yarns weight and carpet square type that existing renovation technology is suitable for.
Another shortcoming of existing renovation technology derives from commercial carpet market requirement.With regard to this point, may cause health and public health problem with the carpet square of crossing.Prior art can not provide the carpet sterilization and handle the means of the carpet that microorganism or biomaterial are arranged.This is the common fault of the carpet square used.As preceding indication, prior art can not provide suitable method and apparatus to clean or upgrade the back side of the carpet square of using.This also is microorganism and/or biogenetic derivation, thereby also is a problem.
Other shortcoming of prior art and advantage of the present invention and benefit are from understanding the explanation down.
An object of the present invention is to provide a kind of improved method of renovating the carpet square of using.Improved specific purposes provide that a kind of method overcomes or are to address the prior art problem at least, promptly solve the color problem different with outward appearance behind each carpet tile renewal, thereby carpet is generally accepted for commercial the application as floor covering.In this respect, improved second purpose provides a kind of method and/or device, to sterilizing with the carpet square of crossing or doing chemical treatment with the elimination of micro-organisms or other biology.Improved other purpose provides a kind of method and apparatus is not suitable for prior art with renovation carpet square.Specifically, be pile yarns form tufting in the weaving substrate carpet square.Other improves and advantage can be from hereinafter finding out.
The alleviating or eliminate of carpet square color and difference in appearance
Advise that as preceding the practical approach that overcomes each piece renovation carpet square color and difference in appearance problem is to be coated with new color or style on the matte yarn.Textile material and textiles such as carpet square can be used various technologies, as yarn dyeing, transfer or screen printing, and jet dyeing machine increase gorgeous, stamp or colouring, respond well.Existing dyeing is although it is so got and is dyed merit, but the time can go wrong when the carpet square dyeing of attempting renovation.
A main cause of the problems referred to above is the carpet square absorbing dye solution equably of renovation.Problem has just occurred when dye solution is coated onto on the pile yarns of renovation.The dyestuff absorptivity difference of the carpet square of each piece renovation, and often different in the different piece of same carpet.As a result, on pile yarns, dye woolen knitwear pigment distribution inequality, so the matte yarn catches different appearance colors and tone, determine by the pigment absorptivity to a great extent.Moreover the carpet square of each piece renovation can have the difference of obvious color and outward appearance mutually.
Have now found that, carpet square washing and expanded again after, the quality difference of its pile yarns remains, above described dyestuff absorptivity be not both a reason, also be the reason that the carpet square of each piece renovation is caught different colours and outward appearance.Other factor that works relates to the chemical substance of staying after the chemical treatment in the carpet square.This chemical substance comprises the mixture that fluoropolymer disperses, or the dirt sealer as carpet protection thing that is coated with in original carpet square manufacturing technique, and various other chemical substances of using during the carpet cleaning maintenance in the operating period.
As T. Mc Bride and T. dagger-axe not thunder two people described in " textile material printing technology " literary composition, some the zwitterion compound that is coated on the textile material forms the insoluble top layer of water (original position) that centers on the dyestuff drop, contains other selected anion or compound in dye solution.An object of the present invention is to improve and penetrate dyeing machine and be coated with style color definition and avoid using the antimigration agent of being used by the textile dyeing restriction.
Have found that carpet square can make the renovation carpet square that uniform dyestuff absorptivity is arranged with cation polyacrylamide copolymer solution-dyed previous crops Chemical Pretreatment.The result is, when containing selected anionic dye solution and be coated on the expanded pile yarns again, solution is evenly absorbed.Therefore, dyestuff is distributed on the pile yarns, and carpet square dyes identical and identical appearance is arranged.It is believed that the described ionic interaction that belongs to common essence of Mc Bride and Ge Fulei is also useful to the control of absorptivity, so the purposes of unique novelty also is provided for its method, this is not reckon with at first.Specifically, situation comes to this when considering the carpet square of expanded pile yarns and renovation again.Similar ionic interaction is being controlled the absorptivity that is coated in again the dye solution on the expanded carpet, and therefore chemical substance provides unique and novel purposes for this reason.
Pre-expanded yarn is in the decatize processing of washing/before expanded again
Numerous fabric treating applying steam chamber or other steam units are regulated yarn and pile fiber, or other purposes relevant with fabric treating and product.As H. bridle and H. Gallager two people's United States Patent (USP) 4,301,577 about described in the tufting treatment process, a kind of purposes of steaming chamber be make crooked in processing procedure, pile yarns that tangle or that overwhelm are upright.According to a kind of method, carpet heats in steaming chamber and by mechanical beating, makes such as the such textile material of carpet surperficial owing to the defective of having eliminated pile yarns is improved.
Have now found that also same effect can be arranged through renovation with the carpet square of crossing.Thereby the pile yarns of carpet square can be heated in steaming chamber, subsequently to its inject high pressure cleaning fluid, make pile yarns produce a lift, the power that promptly is similar to mechanical beating and is produced.Also find, when this method is used with aforementioned many cleaning equipments, can under the cleaning pressure of the 100-400psig low, make pile yarns expanded again and removing dirt and/or eliminating winding more than prior art.Specifically, this method is useful to the renovation of the tufting carpet square that the little carpet square of pile weight and woven main substrate are used for synthetic tuff, (uses the prior art renovation technology and can not realize this function.)
The chemical treatment of cleaning fluid
As previously mentioned, can cause public health and hygienic problems in the commercial situations use again with the carpet square of crossing.Although there is aforesaid improvement to sterilize by steam treatment, existing technology is if then can obtain to improve with the composition of selected biocide/fungicide mixture as cleaning solution.Therefore, comprise in the cleaning fluid that these medicine components can reduce active microorganism or the biological agent quantity to new carpet square.In the preferred embodiment, the solution that contains penta 2 aldehyde (1.5 defend dialdehyde) and/or 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazole-3-ketone can join in the cleaning solution for this purpose.
Above-mentioned improved benefit and advantage are as follows:
1. can successfully catch same color and outward appearance with the carpet that obtains of originally improving one's methods.Its carpet square is the commercial floor covering of approval.
2. the compared with prior art product percent of pass height of originally improving one's methods, product percent of pass is brought up to 75-95% from 20-40%.
3. the carpet preliminary treatment before the dyeing has improved the dyeing qualification rate, thereby existing method economy is further improved.
4. originally improve one's methods and be successfully used to renovate the carpet square structure that prior art can not be finished.
5. originally improving one's methods, carpet is identical aspect active bio/microorganism with newly for the renovation carpet square that provides.
6. the method that provides of this improvement can be renovated by lower pressure carpet square, thereby additional economy and properties of product are provided.
7. but the carpet of the method production square rim that provides of this improvement.
The expection variation or cough the scheme of selecting for use
1. the carpet square of using can washing and pre-expanded after immediately decatize handle and expanding treatment again, although this scheme is not preferred.
2. as for the Chemical Pretreatment before dyeing,, can be used for obtaining same effect at other cationic compounds described in the referenced patent.Equally, other chemical spreader also can be used to be coated with cationic compound, although use the contactless spreader that can spray mist and atomizing that optimum efficiency is arranged.
3. other dyeing or style print process also can be used for being coated with new dyeing and/or style, and jet dyeing machine has optimum efficiency although use as previously mentioned.
Carpet square average thickness (unit: inch)
Entire product Yarn tuft pile height
Percentage increase % before and after before and after the product
Bonding secant 0.2375 0.3250 0.1125 0.2000+77.8
Bunch shape uncut pile 0.2438 0.3000 0.1188 0.1750+47.5
In fact, this technology is effective at the carpet square of 0.2000-0.4250 inch to thickness, and this thickness comprises that commercial carpet square normal thickness scope is more than 95%.
In addition, the matte yarn can be done chemical treatment as bleaching agent with reductant or oxidant, and matte is brightened before pattern jet dyeing or printing.As said, the method and apparatus that has illustrated can be by making the carpet tile renewal of dirty entanglement with water under high pressure, thereby improve the carpet square operating period, eliminates and purchase the new pile carpet square and/or the extra charge of rug.Find out that easily the invention of Miao Shuing at this moment makes this method and device economize on the use of funds for the user.In addition, because the carpet tile renewal use, rather than throw away, so the present invention makes carpet and the minimizing of carpet square expense, these carpets finally must be digged pit again and be buried or do the waste product processing, and this helps protecting environment again.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention explains, and can make some within the scope of the present invention and revise, and therefore the present invention need be confined in the scope of claims.
Claims (13)
1. renovate method with the carpet square of crossing, it is characterized in that, before the matte yarn to carpet square washs and is expanded again, carpet square carries out the decatize expanding treatment earlier, carry out chemical treatment then, make the color of carpet square each piece carpet square after dyeing of renovation consistent with outward appearance, wherein said chemical treatment comprises coats-polymerizable organic compound that layer CATION can be water-soluble.
2. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, carpet square carries out the pre-expanding treatment of decatize processing and matte yarn earlier before chemical treatment.
3. the method for claim 1, it is characterized in that, pre-bulk and carpet square chemical treatment are dried in baking oven so that make moisture even, pruning the surface pile yarn makes it all even same height be arranged, be trimmed to the carpet square edge square, carry out the style jet dyeing so that apply new dyeing or style, the carpet square after the dyeing is carried out decatize handle, wash and oven dry.
4. method as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, before style jet dyeing, decatize processing, washing and the drying of carpet square or after, be coated in the step at the carpet square back side with thin polymeric coatings.
5. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, the matte yarn to carpet square before washing carries out decatize processing and pre-expanding treatment.
6. method as claimed in claim 5 is characterized in that, washs with the cleaning solution of 100-400psig.
7. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, is included in dyeing and before the matte yarn of carpet square is carried out chemical treatment.
8. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, comprises the matte yarn of handling carpet square with at least a biocide or bactericide.
9. the carpet square of a renovation, it is characterized in that, wash at the matte yarn, more expanded and dyeing before, to carpet square carry out expanded each the piece carpet square that is produced with chemical treatment of decatize in color with consistent in appearance, wherein said chemical treatment comprise coat-layer CATION can be water-soluble polymerizable organic compound.
10. the renovate method with the pile carpet product of crossing is characterized in that, comprises the steps:
The decatize of the matte yarn of pile carpet product is handled and is expanded in advance,
Matte yarn jet cleaning liquid liquid stream to the pile carpet goods washs the pile carpet goods, removing the dirt on it,
Smear polymerizable organic compound that CATION can be water-soluble the matte yarn of based carpet goods is carried out chemical treatment;
In baking oven,, make moisture even, and the surperficial yarn of shaving to be reaching same level height with pile carpet goods oven dry,
The finishing edge of carpet makes based carpet goods quadrate, carries out the style jet dyeing to the based carpet goods, so that apply new dyeing and style,
Subsequently dyeing based carpet goods being carried out decatize handles, washs and oven dry.
11. method as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, also is included in the pile carpet goods back side and applies the step of skim polymeric coatings at least.
12. method as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, described pile carpet product is a carpet square.
13. method as claimed in claim 10 is characterized in that, described pile carpet product is clipping or loop pile carpet product.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US21136200P | 2000-06-13 | 2000-06-13 | |
| US60/211,362 | 2000-06-13 | ||
| US09/874,859 | 2001-06-05 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB018110118A Division CN100374646C (en) | 2000-06-13 | 2001-06-06 | Carpet tile renewal process and products |
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| CN1912225A CN1912225A (en) | 2007-02-14 |
| CN100591827C true CN100591827C (en) | 2010-02-24 |
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| CN200610128990A Expired - Fee Related CN100591827C (en) | 2000-06-13 | 2001-06-06 | Carpet tile renewal process and products |
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| CN105169432A (en) * | 2015-07-31 | 2015-12-23 | 刘西叶 | Microwave sterilizing and drying equipment and method |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5457845A (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1995-10-17 | Milliken Research Corporation | Apparatus to refurbish carpet tiles |
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2001
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5457845A (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1995-10-17 | Milliken Research Corporation | Apparatus to refurbish carpet tiles |
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