CN100559654C - energy harvesting circuit and associated method thereof - Google Patents
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- CN100559654C CN100559654C CNB038238470A CN03823847A CN100559654C CN 100559654 C CN100559654 C CN 100559654C CN B038238470 A CNB038238470 A CN B038238470A CN 03823847 A CN03823847 A CN 03823847A CN 100559654 C CN100559654 C CN 100559654C
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of intrinsic tuned antenna with results at the energy of spatial emission, this intrinsic tuned antenna comprises by structure becomes the part that antenna provides regeneration feedback, so that intrinsic tuned antenna has one in fact greater than its effective area of physical area.This intrinsic tuned antenna comprises intrinsic distributed inductance, intrinsic distributed capacitance and these parts of intrinsic distributed resistance, and antenna is resonated under the energy excitation that is in a characteristic frequency that is received, and the feedback that makes antenna regeneration is provided.This circuit can be configured on the integrated circuit (IC) chip.The present invention also provides a kind of associated method.
Description
The cross-reference related application
The application requires to enjoy the U.S. Provisional Application No.60/403 that on August 15th, 2002 proposed, the rights and interests of 784 " energy harvesting circuit and associated methods thereof " (" ENERGYHARVESTING CIRCUITS AND ASSOCIATED METHODS ").
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind ofly have some and make antenna effective area in fact greater than its intrinsic tuned antenna (inherently tuned antenna) of circuit part of physical area for antenna provides regeneration feedback (regenerativefeedback), specifically, the invention provides and be fit to such as circuit that on integrated circuit (IC) chip or circuit small pieces, uses and associated method with the miniaturization form.
Background technology
For a long time, known energy such as the RF signal can emptyly more send to various types of reception antennas, is used for various uses.
Rudenberg is at " reception of electric wave in the radiotelegram " (" Der EmpfangElektricscher Wellen in der Drahtlosen Telegraphie ", Annalen derPhysik IV, 25,1908, pp.446-466) disclosed by nonideal accumulator and cooperate the regeneration that causes can obtain a antenna with 1/4 wavelength whip antenna with one greater than the effective area of its geometric area.He has disclosed and has used the line integral length of 1/4 wavelength whip antenna to obtain this effective area.He has illustrated that antenna and the in-field reciprocation that can be approximated to be plane wave make electric current flow into antenna by induction.Can produce a field near antenna by the electric current that regeneration strengthens, this and in-field reciprocation make the bending of incident field wire.Field wire bends to and makes energy flow into antenna from the big many areas of geometric area that of the wave surface of incident has from the bigger part of the endergonic effect of wave surface from the ratio antenna of wave surface.This can consult Fleming's " atom of action, electricity and light " (" On Atoms of Action, Electricity, and Light ", Philosophical Magazine 14, p.591 (1932)); Bahren " particle how can absorptance incide its and go up more light? " (" How Can aParticle Absorb More Than the Light Incident On It? ", Am.J.Phys.51, No.4, p.323 (1983)); And " light absorption of dipole " (" Light Absorption by a Dipole ", Sov.Phys.Usp.26, No.10, p.923 (1983)) that describe the people such as Paul of Rudeinberg principle in detail.The situation that these principles all run on atomic physics at simulation on antenna that can be modeled to tuning circuit or the mathematics.
Regeneration is considered to reduce the resistance of antenna circuit, thereby antenna current is increased, and therefore increases the reciprocation of antenna field, and the result absorbs energy from bigger effective in-field area.These are existing open, though physical phenomenon has been discussed, do not relate to how can reaching this effect.
United States Patent (USP) 5,296,866 have disclosed the situation that comprises the regeneration that the activity of the electron tube radio receiver that is connected the discrete Inductor-Capacitor tuning circuit that is connected with grid circuit with a vacuum triode with a long-wire antenna is relevant with relating to of nineteen twenties of utilizing.There are some to introduce the grid antenna circuit in the energy of anode circuit.This is similar to introduces antenna-grid circuit with a negative resistance.For example, antenna is the therefore source of the stability deficiency of vibration of circuit owing to wind-induced motion causes antenna impedance to change.So suggestion is added to regeneration on second amplifying stage of isolating with antenna circuit with a separator tube circuit.This has reduced parasitic signal, but has also reduced sensitivity significantly.This patent has also disclosed some and has improved work on the performance by introducing negative inductance composition or resistance to offset positive electrical characteristics.Yet, unimportant at the results energy to be transformed into galvanic situation stability with regard to what the present invention considered.
This patent has disclosed utilizes an independently situation of accumulator, increases antenna effective area with discrete inductor and discrete capacitor.
United States Patent (USP) 5,296, thus 866 also disclosed reducing antenna circuit impedance and utilized the situation of positive feedback with a kind of controlled way in reducing unsteadiness and obtaining than the big antenna effective area of the result of other configurations.Yet this patent need provide controlled positive feedback with discrete circuit.For smaller antenna, adding provides the discrete circuit element of regeneration to increase complexity and cost, therefore be not desirable solution, particularly for the very little flat plane antenna of on an integrated circuit (IC) chip such as the CMOS chip, realizing.
Current pay close attention to be utilize that the flat plane antenna exploitation form can be used for that various small-sized electronic products such as mobile phone, person paging machine, RFID use on the substrate such as electronic chip than miniature antenna.Ordinary circumstance can be referring to United States Patent (USP) 4,598, and 276,6,373,447 and 4,857,893.
United States Patent (USP) 4,598,276 have disclosed a kind of electronic article monitoring system and wherein used marker.This marker comprises a tuning resonant circuit with inductance and capacity cell.Tuning resonant circuit is formed on the medium overlapping board, and the multi-circle spiral flow line of some conductions is arranged on the apparent surface of medium.Because the distributed capacitance between the helix has formed capacitive component relatively.Circuit resonates on two preset frequencies that receive later at least, produces an output signal.Wherein disclose to utilize and be regenerated as effective area bigger of tuning resonant circuit generation than physical area.
United States Patent (USP) 6,373,447 have disclosed situation about utilizing at the one or more antennas that are connected with other circuit on the chip that form on the integrated circuit (IC) chip.These antenna form comprises loop, multi-turn loop, square spiral, long line and dipole.Antenna can have two or more can interconnective selectively section, to change the effective length of antenna.In addition, can in two different metal layers that separate by an insulating barrier, form two antennas.To be the transmission of antenna and receiving intensity be directly proportional with the number of turns in the district of loop the major defect of doing like this.Wherein there is not disclosure of regeneration to increase the situation of effective area.
United States Patent (USP) 4,857,893 have disclosed the situation of using the flat plane antenna in the repeater circuit that is included on the chip.The flat plane antenna of transponder uses some magnetic film inductors on the chip reducing the number of turns, thereby has simplified the formation of inductor.It has disclosed a kind of multi-circle spiral flow shape coil that to have an external diameter be 1cm * 1cm.When having high-frequency current to pass through coil, magnetic film is subjected to the driving on a hard direction, and two magnetic films around each lead are as a magnetic core round the coil of one one circle.These magnetic films have also increased the inductance of coil except that its free space inductance.Wherein do not disclose the situation of using resonant circuit.One of problem of this method is need use to make for integrated circuit to have fully high inductance and the small-sized air core inductor device of Q.This small-sized air core inductor device has the inductance of the suitable material of big magnetic permeability and electrical insulation characteristics with the increase coil by deposit one deck permalloy magnetic films or other.This method has increased the complexity and the cost of antenna on the chip, owing to need magnetic film layers between aerial coil, therefore reduces antenna and also is restricted.
Here classify as especially with reference to the U.S. Patent application No.09/951 common co-pending that is quoted, 032 has disclosed antenna on a kind of chip, and its effective area is 300 to 400 times of real area.The increase of effective area is owing to used a LC accumulator that forms with the distributed inductance and the electric capacity of spiral conductor.This realizes by form the LC accumulator with interelectrode capacitance and inductance in antenna.This provides the antenna of effective area greater than physical area, and does not need to add discrete circuit.In addition, it has also been got rid of and will use magnetic film.As a result, make the antenna of producing on this integrated circuit (IC) chip more convenient, because this antenna is exactly the ultra-small antenna that is designed on this chip.This situation also can be referring to here classifying as especially with reference to the United States Patent (USP) of being quoted 6,289,237.
Although these inventions of front have been arranged, in fact still also be starved of be used in reception and emitted energy in the space in can provide one in fact greater than the circuit of the effective area of physical area.Also need a kind of like this system and method, can in the circuit on such integrated circuit (IC) chip is provided, realize using the antenna regeneration techniques with intrinsic tuned antenna and distribution electrical characteristics.
Summary of the invention
The present invention has satisfied above-described needs.
In one embodiment of the invention, the energy harvesting circuit has one as defined intrinsic tuned antenna here, become to make the portion of energy at least of energy harvesting circuit to offer antenna by structure and carry out regeneration feedback, thereby form one in fact greater than the antenna effective area of antenna physical area.Sort circuit can form an accumulator (tank circuit) that regeneration feedback is provided together with intrinsic distributed resistance with intrinsic distributed inductance and intrinsic distributed capacitance.Sort circuit can be related with a load in work.
Sort circuit can form the unit of an independent utility, and can be formed in another embodiment on the integrated circuit (IC) chip.
Preferably, sort circuit comprises an accumulator, and intrinsic distributed resistance can be used for making described antenna regeneration.The invention provides physical circuit and the device of realizing feedback and regeneration.
Antenna can be rendered as a conductive coil on a planar substrates, has apparent surface and intrinsic distributed inductance, intrinsic distributed capacitance and an intrinsic distributed resistance as ground plane.
This energy harvesting circuit also can be used for emitted energy.
In a kind of relevant method of energy harvesting, provide regeneration feedback with sort circuit, thereby form one in fact greater than the antenna effective area of antenna physical area.
Another object of the present invention provides the sort circuit that can form with printed circuit technique on a suitable substrate.
An object of the present invention is to provide the circuit of a kind of suitable energy harvesting of uniqueness and energy emission, these circuit have one in fact greater than their effective area of physical area.
Another object of the present invention provides some circuit and method like this, and they comprise a tuning resonant circuit and realize such feedback with intrinsic distributed inductance, intrinsic distributed capacitance and intrinsic distributed resistance.
Another purpose of the present invention provides the sort circuit that can form on an integrated circuit (IC) chip or substrate.
Another object of the present invention provides the sort circuit that does not need with discrete capacitor.
Another object of the present invention provide the size of having considered the antenna conductive coil and conductance and with the sort circuit of the permittivity of the contiguous material of conductive coil.
Another purpose of the present invention provides that a plurality of generations are desirable to form retroactive device in intrinsic tuned antenna.
Another purpose of the present invention provides the circuit that can use the RF energy that is received by the energy harvesting circuit that transmits by the space valuably.
Another purpose of the present invention provides a kind of RF energy harvesting circuit, and wherein the effective energy harvest area of antenna is greater than antenna physical area and irrelevant with the antenna physical area.
From below in conjunction with accompanying drawing to the invention explanation can understand some other purposes of the present invention these and more completely.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of results equivalent electric circuit of the present invention, shows situation under ideal conditions.
The schematic diagram of another results equivalent electric circuit of the regenerative transmission that Fig. 2 causes owing to source/load impedance does not match for consideration of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that Fig. 2 is expanded to another equivalent electric circuit that comprises the regeneration that causes owing to nonideal accumulator of the present invention.
The schematic diagram of the alternative equivalent electric circuit that Fig. 4 separates for will not match renewable source and the actual source that power is sent to load of the present invention.
Fig. 5 A schematically illustration the plane graph of energy harvesting circuit of a square coil of the present invention.
Fig. 5 B illustration the cutaway view along the 5B-5B sectility among Fig. 5 A of energy harvesting circuit of Fig. 5 A.
Fig. 6 illustration the cutaway view of an energy harvesting circuit of the present invention.
Fig. 7 A schematically illustration a size with a wavelength and contain the square of a large amount of CMOS chips or substrate.
Fig. 7 B schematically illustration single CMOS substrate or the chip relevant with Fig. 7 A.
Fig. 8 is the plane graph of a kind of integrated chip or on-chip regeneration antenna.
Fig. 9 illustration along the cutaway view of the 9-9 sectility of Fig. 8.
Figure 10 is one of the present invention schematically to be implemented, and shows a plurality of intrinsic tuned antenna in single product unit.
Embodiment
As used herein, so-called " intrinsic tuned antenna (inherently tunedantenna) " is meant a kind of conductive articles together with material around, include but not limited to circuit, conductor, semiconductor, interconnection and path in the chip, play a part an antenna, electrical characteristics with intrinsic inductance, electric capacity and resistance, these inductance and electric capacity can be combined, on a desirable frequency, resonating under the excitation of added external energy, for antenna provides regeneration feedback, thereby form a antenna effective area greater than the antenna physical area.This antenna can be an independently antenna, also can integrate with an integrated circuit (IC) chip or circuit small pieces, with or without additional electric component, uses all total inductance, electric capacity and resistance of some elements like this.
As used herein, so-called " effective area (effective area) " is meant that its power of a transmitted wave front can be transformed to useful area.
As used herein, so-called " energy harvesting (energy harvesting) " be meant the energy that receives in the space, intercept and capture that its part is collected or accumulation and conversion after for immediately or the antenna or the circuit of later use.
As used herein, so-called " in the space (in space) " or " by space (through space) " is meant that energy or signal are by air or similar media delivery, no matter be in a sealing or partially enclosed environment, rather than by rigid line or printed circuit board (PCB) electric energy transmitting.
As shown in Figure 1 intrinsic tuned antenna 2 of equivalent electric circuit (being shown in the dashed rectangle), the accumulator 6 of there is shown antenna element 4, forming by inductance 10 and electric capacity 12 and 16.In addition, also show any lumped impedance 18.Load 22 24 is electrically connected on the lumped impedance and 32 is electrically connected on the ground 30 by going between by going between.This energy harvesting circuit is fit to utilize the RF energy that receives by the space to carry out work efficiently, as here clear and definite.Circuit 2 can be configured on the integrated circuit (IC) wafer with desirable other circuit units.The distribution provides an effective solid-state three dimensional integrated circuits with parasitic resistance, inductance and electric capacity.Parasitic capacitance is to cause very important capacitive effects that distributed capacitance or capacity effect cause near other circuit elements or possible conductor, semiconductor, interconnection or path and owing to device or the little corresponding proximity effect that causes of circuit small pieces owing to antenna conductor.
Second or another renewable source are owing to the standing wave reflection that produces that do not match of the equiva lent impedance 18 by the impedance of load 22 and antenna circuit causes.
The accumulator 6 of Fig. 1 resonates on a characteristic frequency that is designed to be determined by distributed inductance 10 and distributed capacitance 12.In the ideal case, accumulator 6 is rendered as an infinitely-great impedance when resonance, from the energy of the antenna lumped impedance 18 of feeding.In fact distributed resistance make to receive from the antenna of the energy of remote source because accumulator 6 and antenna resistance combination are presented to voltage (energy) on the antenna and emitted energy.
The circuit of Fig. 1 has the characteristic that the RF medium is rendered as a regeneration " antenna ".This makes this circuit provide one in fact greater than its antenna effective area of physical area, for example can be than the big manyfold of physical area.This introduces intrinsic tuned antenna by feeding back or regenerate and realizes.This renewable source for example is the imperfect direct result that forms accumulator in the confined space of CMOS chip.Chip assembly next-door neighbour relatively provides inductance 10 and the electric capacity 12 with conductive element intrinsic resistance.Conductive element is the metal unit that forms the ideal antenna unit 4 of Fig. 1.
The present invention has considered to set up the various advantageous measure of regeneration feedback.Wherein, with regard to this optimization approach, be to make that producing controlled impedance between the equiva lent impedance 18 of circuit 2 and load 22 does not match.The renewable source that causes by not matching is designated as 36 as the element of an equivalent electric circuit in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1 again, in this embodiment, resonance is fed certain energy also some energy to be fed the antenna 4 except accumulator 6 and is received load 22 on the circuit 2.Having impedance between the output equivalent circuit of circuit 2 and load 22 does not match.This does not match and will cause energy to circuit 2 reflections, because the accumulator impedance is very high when resonance, so energy will cause antenna 4 additional emission.The palingenesis of the antenna circuit 2 of Fig. 1 makes energy be launched again by antenna circuit 2, thereby has further increased effective area.No matter be because the voltage drop at accumulator 6 two ends or because the palingenesis of the antenna 4 that causes from load 22 reflections will make region memory at antenna 4 in a near field of being launched.So this near field makes antenna have one in fact greater than the effective area of physical area.This effective area for example can be about 1,000 to 2,000 times of the real area of the conductor that forms antenna and accumulator 6 combinations.
Another approach can be to share the power that antenna produces.The power of circuit 2 outputs will have certain value P.Do not match by deliberate, can make a part of α P of this power be reflected into circuit 2.Remaining power (1-α) P 62 will send load 22 to.Under desirable matching condition, α=0, P sends load to.Though with regard to the few of meaning of its function, α=1 means does not have power to send load to.Can select the value of 0＜α＜1 to make the power that sends load 22 to reach maximum by making effective area increase to certain optimum value.
In the antenna theory of classics, the load of a coupling is only to obtain 1/2nd available horsepower.In current environment, P is the power that sends load to, is 1/2nd of total available horsepower.
Another approach is to enter aerial coil by inductance.
The present invention can utilize the intrinsic distributed inductance of conductive antenna unit and intrinsic distributed capacitance to realize desirable tank circuits (LC).Desirable frequency is the function of LC product.Along with the conductor element attenuate, can wish to adapt to and reduce electric capacity by increasing inductance for a fixing LC value.This can realize by add some additional conductors between the conductive element of antenna.These additional units can be some single function conductors, also can be one or more additional antennas.
Fig. 2, there is shown a modified form 2 of circuit 2 ', the reflection that wherein do not match is shown a renewable source 36.The electric contact 42,44 of circuit is shown and is connected on lead-in wire 38 and go between between 40.
Fig. 3 there is shown the concentrated linear model that the RF frequency energy is gathered in the crops circuit, and " have antenna 4, accumulator 6, this circuit is relevant with the voltage drop at accumulator 6 two ends for modified circuit 2.Except that renewable source 36, also show renewable source 48.Source 48 is used for representing a renewable source as nonideal accumulator. Renewable source 36,48 collaborative works increase the regeneration effect to effective area.
Fig. 4 there is shown a modified energy harvesting circuit 2 " ', wherein renewable source 50,52 usefulness are imported (e
IN) and parameter alpha and β difference quantificational expression renewable source 36,48, thereby provide nonideal effect with the mathematical form consistent with desirable accumulator and perfect match source.Voltage on impedance and the load impedance point 54 expression LC accumulators 6.Symbol e
INThe energy that expression antenna physical area produces.
Also show resistance 58 among Fig. 4, to consider to produce the resistance of nonideal characteristic.Effective impedance 18 and renewable source 50 right sides are source 62 and impedance 68, represent respectively by load see do not have the reflection source 62 and the equiva lent impedance 68 in source.
In the circuit of Fig. 4, two parameter alpha and β are used for identifying antenna respectively because the energy part of following two repeating transmission: the resistance of (1) nonideal accumulator, and β, and (2) are from an energy of receiving the incoordination load reflection on the output, α.
Usually, α and β can be complex functions, and their occurrence can obtain with experience under the state of one group of defined.
As illustration, and general without any forfeiture, the energy that obtains owing to physical area will be designated as voltage e
IN, so that discuss with the equivalent RF EH circuit of Fig. 4.e
INWith the relation of power and energy be exactly proportionate relationship simply.
Parameter alpha is represented e
INBecause the part that the non-ideal tank of Fig. 4 is lost by radiation.From the conservation of energy, 0≤α≤1.
Parameter beta is represented the part that the load impedance and the impedance mismatching between the output impedance owing to Fig. 4 of load energy reflect.From conservation, 0≤β≤1.
Item " e
OUT" be meant the gross energy that causes the regeneration that effective area increases.
Can see that the antenna of working does not need to carry out tuning with discrete electric capacity in this circuit.The L of Fig. 1-4, C and R are the distributed constant units that is formed by the conductor that forms antenna 4.Intrinsic distributed inductance L and intrinsic distributed capacitance C with the formation accumulator of antenna set up tuning resonant circuit.This tuning circuit is the permittivity design of considering the conductance of conductive coil of antenna and the material around the conductive coil.The influence of other conductor and current potential is formed with the parasitic contribution parametric device that helps L 10, C 12 and R 58.
Come 5A with the aid of pictures and 5B, in Fig. 5 A, show the square coil antenna 70 that is installed on the dielectric substrate 72 that a ground plane 74 is arranged under with plane graph.Helical antenna 70 is shown and is dextrorotation shape, and its cutaway view is shown in Fig. 5 B.Preferably coil itself has a length, track width and trace thickness, this length be radio frequency (RF) source wavelength 1/4, the width of trace is more many greatly than the thickness of trace.In addition, substrate 72 has the big many surface areas of thickness than it, makes with high dielectric constant materials.Antenna 70 tuning based on distributed inductance L and distributed capacitance C.The frequency of antenna usually and the square root of the product of inductance L and capacitor C be inversely proportional to.
Fig. 6 there is shown the distributed capacitance situation in the antenna, and what consider is two kinds of distributed capacitance.First kind is the distributed capacitance that forms between such as the part 80 and 82 with phase septal space 84 between the conductive trace of antenna 70.Another kind is the distributed capacitance that forms between conductive electrode traces such as line segment 80,82 with phase septal space 92 and ground level 90.Therefore total distributed capacitance can multiply by the dielectric constant of substrate 72 by the conductive area with electrode divided by determining as the distance between conductive electrode 80,82 and the substrate ground 90 92.The conductive area of adding electrode 70 multiply by the dielectric constant of substrate 72 divided by anode-cathode distance 84.Usually, the parasitic capacitance between conductive trace of helical antenna (such as 80,82) and the substrate ground 90 will be greater than the parasitic capacitance between the conductive trace of standoff distance 84.This makes helical antenna more flexible in design.
For example, still keep identical response frequency, just can reduce the width of metal trace if wish to reduce antenna.Like this, can reduce the conductive trace 80,82 of antenna and the parasitic capacitance between the ground connection substrate 90 by the size that reduces conductive trace.The effect that reduces like this can compensate with any mode in some modes, such as the design that changes antenna spirality conductive trace, between conductive trace the higher dielectric material of deposit or change the permittivity of base material 74.Along with making trace close mutually, the distributed capacitance between the conductor such as 80,82 increases.
From as seen above-mentioned, the present invention relates to the circuit and the method for energy harvesting and repeating transmission (if necessary).It comprises one by conductor 4 and tuning resonant circuit that the device of tuning resonant circuit regeneration is formed, and wherein this circuit has one in fact greater than the effective area of physical area.Energy is by spatial emission, and the space can be an air, plays a part medium, produces a wave surface that can be characterized by per unit area wattage or per unit area joule number.With an antenna, just can gather in the crops or focused energy, it is transformed into a kind of electronics, machinery or useful form of other devices for the specific function the object of various execution in the space of detecting or be identified at simply wave surface.Assembling and transformation energy when being used, more convenient is consideration available in the space " power ".If " energy " re-uses, consider that available energy is just more convenient in the space after assembling a period of time.Yet here for convenience's sake, these two types all will be called " energy harvesting ".
Example 1
Can see that the minimum circuit that the suitable cooperation of the present invention can be configured on the integrated circuit (IC) chip uses.For example, suppose that the energy radio frequency (RF) of results is 915MHz, the effective area of an antenna is not less than k * λ usually
2, wherein k is less than or equal to 1, just goes up a wavelength of given frequency (λ) on one side.For example, if antenna is a typical half-wave dipole, effective area is less than λ
2Not a lot.At 915MHz, wavelength X is approximately 12.908 inches, and the result is used for the k λ of the half-wave dipole of energy harvesting
2Equal to be 21.66 square inches at 0.13 o'clock at k.Half-wave character means the thing of the size of relevant antenna.Yet, can use the physical size of antenna of the present invention will be valuably in fact less than 21.66 square inches.
As second example, effective area is that quarter-wave " whiplike " antenna of 0.5 of half-wave dipole has the effective area for the linear function of gain, and the k of effective area is approximately 0.065 in this case.In view of the above, effective area should be 0.065 λ
2, promptly 10.83 square inches.
Consider that a length is about 3.073 inches square spiral antenna, wherein helix forms in one 1560 microns square, with regard to prospect, a complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) that processes (CMOS) sheet can have the size identical with this square spiral.Therefore, in the square of a wavelength, 44,170 such sheets can be installed.This situation is illustrated in Fig. 7 A and 7B, and wherein Fig. 7 A shows the square that the length of side is λ, is 1560 microns single square chip and Fig. 7 B shows the length of side.This has set up a suitably relation between the size of the antenna with energy harvesting ability of design and results and the chip of the identical energy of traditional antenna such as half-wave dipole.The limit is that the square of a wavelength can select the tolerance basis that is used as determining benefit, will be called S here
QE
Example 2
For further comparison is provided, can consider a test antenna, it is to be 1560 microns square as the length of side in the flat plane antenna on the CMOS chip of test antenna at one.This antenna is designed to provide 1/4th conductive path of a whole wavelength for 915MHz.This used in experiment test antenna has the square spiral that length is about 3.073 inches, and helix forms in a length of side is 1560 microns square.As a result, the length of lead is quarter-wave, but it is not rendered as traditional quarter-wave whip antenna.The limit of the physical antenna that 1560 microns limit forms is 0.061417 inch, thereby the physical area of the helical antenna that provides is 0.00377209 square inch.
In forming square spiral, used is the aluminum coil of a conduction, and square resistance is 0.03 ohm.Conductive coil is formed on the small pieces as the part of AMI ABN 1.5 μ CMOS technologies.Be of a size of 13.6 microns of electrode trace between electrode and electrode, 19.2 microns of interelectrode distances, and substrate is a p type silicon.Substrate is of a size of 2.2 microns squares, thickly is about 0.3 micron.These small pieces are welded on the printed circuit board (PCB), are placed on four brass SMA RF connectors again.By this array-fed circuit is a discrete charge pump (voltage multiplie) of connecting with a similar antenna/circuit, and the formed combination of result is to the light-emitting diode feed of two parallel connections.This test antenna is in order to feed back or to regenerate, with the comparison basis of doing control antenna.
The physical area that provides one to equal effective area is provided " control antenna (control antenna) ".As a result, the energy of being gathered in the crops just is power density and the product that equals the effective area of physical area.Test antenna can be thought the antenna shown in Fig. 5 A.Outside dimension is 1560 microns, and to take advantage of the area of 1560 microns square spiral be 2,433,600 microns squares.Perhaps, also physical area can be thought it is that meeting generation physical area is 1,063,223 microns squares a metallic conductor in this case.This test antenna shown in Fig. 5 A is placed in the RF field of a 915MHz, from 8 feet of transmitting antennas.The transmitter emitted power is about 6 watts, and antenna directive gain is about 6.For direction-free situation, be 4 * 3.14 * R 8 feet total surface areas of locating sphere
2=4 * 3.14 * 8
2=804.25 square feet.The gain of power supply antenna is about 6 in most favo(u)rable direction, and the power density that provides in most favo(u)rable direction is [6 * 6 watts/804.25 square feet]=0.0447622 watt/square feet.1560 square microns are assumed to be physical area, so the physical area of test antenna is 0.0000262 square feet.Therefore, the energy that should gather in the crops according to the definition of classics is 0.0447622 watt/square feet * 0.0000262 square feet=1.17277 microwatts.Size is in the field that RF transmitter and antenna shown in cited helical antenna is placed on are produced.Only according to the physical antenna size of power density and control antenna, i.e. the wattage of wattage per square inch or every chip area, just the power of being intercepted and captured by the area of antenna is contemplated to 1.17277 microwatts.In this case, physical size is assumed to be the gross area of square spiral.
The load of any loss rear drive this 2.50 milliwatt of two such antennas between deduction antenna to a useful load that is driven.The power that sends load to is 2.50 milliwatts, and each antenna provides the power of 1.25 milliwatts.As a result, the power by effective area results is (1.25 * 10 with the ratio of physical area
-3Watt)/(1.17255 * 10
-6Watt)=1,066.Therefore, the effective area of antenna equals 0.0000262 square feet * 1, the 066=0.0279292 square feet.These results show that for test antenna, effective area is 1,066S
QE, measured power is 1.25 milliwatts, and for control antenna, effective area is 1S
QE, measured power is 1.17255 microwatts.Therefore, test antenna has an effective area that equals the geometric area of 1,066 small pieces, and notional control antenna has an effective area that is equivalent to the geometric area of 1.0 small pieces.Main difference between these two antennas is to have used intrinsic tuning circuit and provide to intrinsic tuning circuit to cause retroactive device in test antenna.
Can see, can adopt many methods to make circuit of the present invention.For example, can adopt semiconductor fabrication techniques, make the monolithic module of all desired circuit that comprise function regeneration antenna circuit of the present invention completely efficiently.Chip for example can be rendered as cmos device or MEMS device.
The another kind of method of making results circuit of the present invention is the assembly by the circuit of printing such as antenna.Fig. 8 and 9 shows the printed antenna of an effective area greater than its physical area.Be designed to have and provide desirable antenna square coil and LC accumulator when specific electrodes and interpolar size make on being printed onto a ground connection substrate by will in Fig. 8 and 9, being designated as antenna 110 the coil, can realize this structure.Substrate 112 and ground 114 can be types discussed above.Idioelectric substrate 112 can be any suitable medium, for example resinite plastic film or glass and so on.Substrate 112 has the ground plane 114 that is configured in its offside.In the known suitable conductive agent for coil 110 usefulness for example conductive epoxy resin and electrically conductive ink are arranged.Printing technology can be the standard printing of for example ink-jet or silk screen printing and so on.This printed antenna uses together with circuit, and desirable regeneration to this Circuits System is provided.Other desirable electronic devices beyond illustrated here antenna and the assembly also can be configured on the substrate 112 by printing such as diode, to form the charge devices of a printing of the present invention.
Though the explanation here mainly concentrates on the energy harvesting, be appreciated that the present invention also can be used for the energy emission.The electronic circuit that gather in the crops energy for it, carries out work need be communicated by letter with a remote equipment by medium usually.Such communication may need a RF antenna.This antenna will be configured on the silicon chip, thereby be subjected to same ghost effect.Yet such transmitting antenna can or can not be designed to and can carry out work as an energy harvesting antenna.
Can see, the present invention, particularly on integrated circuit (IC) chip or small pieces, use for small-sized changing into, can be widely used in many aspects, such as cellular telephone, RFID application, television receiver, the mechanical, electrical sub-gamma camera of person paging, battery charger, transducer, medical supply, telecommunication apparatus, military equipment, electrooptics and the vehicles.
Figure 10 shows a plurality of suitable on-chip antennas that respectively are configured in, such as the antenna 130,132,134 that has corresponding dielectric substrate 136,138,140 and ground plane 142,144,146 respectively, be used to provide the efficient apparatus of results by the energy of space transmission.In this embodiment, because regeneration is not only by accumulator but also by the inductance 150,152 between each antenna in this regeneration antenna sets, thereby how much or physical area have increased antenna effective area relatively.Energy field near the antenna in the space 130,132,134 is designated as 160,162,164, can be the RF field of 915 megahertzes.Each antenna results energy produces electric current in each antenna.This electric current produces a magnetic field again, can electric current be increased.Increase the reciprocation that electric current causes increasing antenna field like this, therefore the effective area from the in-field also bigger than each antenna of independent use absorbs energy.
Therefore, can see, the invention provides a kind of efficient circuits of the circuit that is used to gather in the crops energy and emitted energy and associated method thereof, sort circuit comprises a tuning resonant circuit and makes the intrinsic device of tuning resonant circuit regeneration that sort circuit has an effective area bigger than its physical area.Preferably tuning resonant circuit is formed by intrinsic distributed inductance that forms an accumulator and intrinsic distributed capacitance.The tuning circuit structure becomes desirable regeneration feedback is provided, thereby produces one in fact greater than the effective area of physical area.Different with some prior art, do not need to be used as tuning circuit elements with discrete inductance or discrete electric capacity.In addition, can cooperatively interact the situation of all stacked embodiment as shown in figure 10 with a plurality of circuit.
Though be that example describes with some specific embodiments here, it is conspicuous can making all changes on detail for the personnel that are familiar with this technical field under not deviating from as the situation of spirit of the present invention given in appended claims and scope of patent protection.
Claims (27)
1. energy harvesting circuit, described energy harvesting circuit comprises:
One is configured to intrinsic tuned antenna related with load when work; And
At least some parts of wherein said antenna are become with intrinsic distributed inductance and intrinsic distributed capacitance to form an accumulator by structure, according to the regeneration feedback that does not match and produce between the equiva lent impedance of the impedance of described load and described antenna, described antenna has an effective area greater than its physical area.
2. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit does not need discrete capacitor.
3. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described antenna comprises a conductive coil with preset width, predetermined altitude and predetermined conductance.
4. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 3 comprises:
With the material with predetermined capacitance rate of described conductive coil in abutting connection with setting.
5. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit is the circuit of an independent utility.
6. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit is formed on the integrated circuit (IC) chip.
7. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described antenna has an effective area of about 1000 to 2000 times for the physical area of described antenna.
8. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 3 comprises:
A substrate, have first surface and with described first surface opposing second surface, described conductive coil is a flat plane antenna that forms on described first surface, described second surface has a ground plane; And
Described antenna makes the described intrinsic distributed inductance that forms described accumulator and described intrinsic distributed capacitance and intrinsic distributed resistance be used to realize described regeneration feedback.
9. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit is formed at least one major part that described intrinsic distributed capacitance is provided between described conductive coil and the described ground plane by knot.
10. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 8, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit is formed at least one major part that described intrinsic distributed capacitance is provided between described each section of conductive coil by knot.
11. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 8 comprises:
Described energy harvesting circuit by knot be formed in a part that described intrinsic distributed capacitance is provided between described conductive coil and the described ground plane and
The part of described intrinsic distributed capacitance is provided between described each section of conductive coil.
12. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit is become to receive the RF energy by structure.
13. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit has the intrinsic distributed resistance that is used for described regeneration feedback.
14. energy harvesting circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
Described energy harvesting circuit is become the described regeneration feedback that a standing wave reflection that produces according to not matching between the described equiva lent impedance of the described impedance of described load and described antenna is provided by structure.
15. an energy harvesting method, described method comprises:
The energy harvesting circuit of the load that comprises intrinsic tuned antenna and be electrically connected with described antenna is provided;
In described antenna, utilize intrinsic distributed inductance and intrinsic distributed capacitance to form an accumulator;
Send energy to described antenna by the space; And
Provide by the regeneration feedback that does not match and produce between the equiva lent impedance of the impedance of described load and described antenna, according to described regeneration feedback, described antenna has an effective area greater than its physical area.
16. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
Use a circuit that does not need discrete capacitor as described energy harvesting circuit.
17. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
In described antenna, use a conductive coil with preset width, predetermined altitude and predetermined conductance.
18. the energy harvesting method as claim 17 comprises:
Use material with predetermined capacitance rate with described conductive coil neighbor configuration.
19. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
With the circuit of an independent utility as described energy harvesting circuit.
20. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
With a circuit that on an integrated circuit (IC) chip, forms as described energy harvesting circuit.
21. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
Formation has the described energy harvesting circuit for about 1000 to 2000 times antenna effective area of the physical area of described antenna.
22. the energy harvesting method as claim 17 comprises:
Utilize a flat plane antenna as described conductive coil;
Utilize one have first surface and with the substrate of described first surface opposing second surface, described conductive coil is structured on the described first surface, and has a ground plane on the described second surface; And
Utilization is used to realize that the antenna of intrinsic distributed inductance described regeneration feedback, that have an accumulator of formation and intrinsic distributed capacitance and intrinsic distributed resistance is as described antenna.
23. the energy harvesting method as claim 22 comprises:
At least one major part of the described intrinsic distributed capacitance of utilization between described conductive coil and described ground plane.
24. the energy harvesting method as claim 22 comprises:
At least one major part of the described intrinsic distributed capacitance of utilization between described each section of conductive coil.
25. the energy harvesting method as claim 22 comprises:
Utilization is in the part of the described intrinsic distributed capacitance between described conductive coil and the described ground plane and the part of the described intrinsic distributed capacitance between each section at described conductive coil.
26. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
Described energy harvesting circuit has intrinsic distributed resistance and is used for described regeneration feedback.
27. the energy harvesting method as claim 15 comprises:
The regeneration feedback provide according to the standing wave reflection that is caused by not matching between the described equiva lent impedance of the described impedance of described load and described antenna is provided by structure described energy harvesting circuit.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US40378402P | 2002-08-15 | 2002-08-15 | |
| US60/403,784 | 2002-08-15 | ||
| US10/624,051 | 2003-07-21 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN1689190A CN1689190A (en) | 2005-10-26 |
| CN100559654C true CN100559654C (en) | 2009-11-11 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CNB038238470A Expired - Fee Related CN100559654C (en) | 2002-08-15 | 2003-08-05 | energy harvesting circuit and associated method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US9130602B2 (en) | 2006-01-18 | 2015-09-08 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and apparatus for delivering energy to an electrical or electronic device via a wireless link |
| US9774086B2 (en) | 2007-03-02 | 2017-09-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Wireless power apparatus and methods |
| US9124120B2 (en) | 2007-06-11 | 2015-09-01 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Wireless power system and proximity effects |
| CN103187629B (en) * | 2007-08-09 | 2016-08-24 | 高通股份有限公司 | Increase the Q factor of resonator |
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| US3573631A (en) * | 1968-08-30 | 1971-04-06 | Rca Corp | Oscillator circuit with series resonant coupling to mixer |
| US3665475A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1972-05-23 | Transcience Inc | Radio signal initiated remote switching system |
| US4442434A (en) * | 1980-03-13 | 1984-04-10 | Bang & Olufsen A/S | Antenna circuit of the negative impedance type |
| US5296866A (en) * | 1991-07-29 | 1994-03-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Adminsitrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Active antenna |
| US5469180A (en) * | 1994-05-02 | 1995-11-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for tuning a loop antenna |
| EP0704928A2 (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1996-04-03 | Hughes Identification Devices, Inc. | RF transponder system with parallel resonant interrogation and series resonant response |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3573631A (en) * | 1968-08-30 | 1971-04-06 | Rca Corp | Oscillator circuit with series resonant coupling to mixer |
| US3665475A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1972-05-23 | Transcience Inc | Radio signal initiated remote switching system |
| US4442434A (en) * | 1980-03-13 | 1984-04-10 | Bang & Olufsen A/S | Antenna circuit of the negative impedance type |
| US5296866A (en) * | 1991-07-29 | 1994-03-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Adminsitrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Active antenna |
| US5469180A (en) * | 1994-05-02 | 1995-11-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for tuning a loop antenna |
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| CN1689190A (en) | 2005-10-26 |
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