CN100545108C - Paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method - Google Patents
Paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method Download PDFInfo
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- CN100545108C CN100545108C CNB2006101552870A CN200610155287A CN100545108C CN 100545108 C CN100545108 C CN 100545108C CN B2006101552870 A CNB2006101552870 A CN B2006101552870A CN 200610155287 A CN200610155287 A CN 200610155287A CN 100545108 C CN100545108 C CN 100545108C
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;iron Chemical group [AlH3].[Fe] KCZFLPPCFOHPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100000241 scar Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003206 sterilizing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011085 pressure filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003311 flocculating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000008400 supply water Substances 0.000 description 6
- JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N h2o hydrate Chemical compound O.O JEGUKCSWCFPDGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses and a kind of paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method, mainly comprise steps such as wet pulp recovery, coagulating sedimentation, three-phase anaerobic treatment, desulfurization, biological iron processes processing, filter-sterilized and cyclically utilizing.The present invention carries out pre-treatment to paper waste earlier, again biological iron processes being carried out in pretreated water outlet handles, make active sludge form group's granular iron mud that structure is tight, particle is tiny, specific surface area is big, dehydration property is good, utilize the A/O active sludge processing system to carry out biochemical action again, also adopt the micro flocculating filter technology to carry out advanced treatment to the water of producing high-grade paper, make effluent quality better.The grammes per square metre of iron mud of the present invention is about 2 times of ordinary activated sludge, and corresponding sludge loading is low, and organic clearance is reached more than 93%.The present invention adopts lower cost that paper waste is handled, and water outlet can circulate and be used for papermaking, has saved water resources, has reduced production cost, has alleviated the pressure of improvements of the ecological environment such as water conservation.
Description
[technical field]
The present invention relates to the processing of waste water, relate in particular to technological process for the treatment of papermaking.
[background technology]
China is the country of a serious water shortage, and shortage of water resources contradiction is very outstanding.Paper industry is the mainstay industry of a plurality of provinces and cities of China, but the paper industry water consumption is big, blowdown flow rate is big, is that emphasis pollutes industry.Present most of papermaking enterprises have all disposed sewage treatment equipment according to the wastewater discharge standard of national regulation, and paper waste is handled the back qualified discharge.Pertinent data shows that there is families up to ten thousand paper mill in the whole nation, and annual production reaches 3,000 ten thousand tons of all kinds of paper and cardboards.The nearly 2,000,000,000 tons of paper wastes of annual generation, even in whole qualified discharges, the organic pollutant CODcr that is discharged into every year in the water surrounding also reaches 200,000 tons, and improvements of the ecological environment such as water conservation are posed a big pressure.
In the waste water of qualified discharge, except that indexs such as microorganism, suspended substance, colourity can not reach the paper making water requirement, all other indexs all meet or reach the paper making water standard.So, how paper waste is carried out rationally and effectively handling, go out water circulation use in papermaking after will handling again, become the important topic that papermaking and environmental protection those skilled in the art study.
[summary of the invention]
Purpose of the present invention solves the problems of the prior art exactly, proposes a kind of paper waste to be handled and cyclic utilization method, will go out water circulation use in papermaking after handling.
For achieving the above object, the present invention proposes and a kind of paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method, comprise the steps:
Wet pulp reclaims: adopt oblique net that the paper pulp that runs off with waste water in the paper-making process is reclaimed;
Coagulating sedimentation: adopt coagulant for treating waste water, coagulant aids and the abundant coagulating of waste water and precipitation, the dirty foreign material of the suspension in the waste water are removed;
The three-phase anaerobic treatment: earlier pre-acidifying, again by producing organic pollutant part chain rupture and the degraded of methane in the three-phase anaerobic device with bio-degradable;
Desulfurization: add sweetening agent, utilize the aerated reaction and the precipitation of three-phase anaerobic device water outlet, the sulfide and the salt that accumulate in the waste water are removed;
Biological iron processes is handled: iron-based flocculating agent is added the A/O active sludge processing system, and domestication forms biological iron mud, and makes pollution substance form group's granular iron mud;
Filter-sterilized: fine sand, activated carbon filtration are carried out in the water outlet that biological iron processes was handled, remove de-iron mud, throw in available chlorine again and carry out disinfection;
Cyclically utilizing: the water cycle that will remove accumulation contact scar thing and reach the regeneration water quality standard is used for papermaking.
As preferably, the iron-based flocculating agent that adopts in the biological iron processes treatment step is aluminium iron polychloride or oxygen ferric oxide flco.
As preferably, adopt clorox to make sterilizing agent in the filter-sterilized step, amount to chlorine-throwed quantity at 2.5-5mg/L.
As preferably, described biological iron processes is handled (5) and is also comprised before with filter-sterilized (6) afterwards:
Flocculation: in secondary effluent, throw in coagulant special and mechanical stirring, the organic suspension thing in the water is carried out little flocculation advanced treatment;
Filtering under pressure: the water outlet that will contain throw out imports filtration unit, pressure filtration.
As preferably, the coagulant special in the flocculation adopts the low-temperature and low turbidity coagulant special.
As preferably, the injected volume of low-temperature and low turbidity coagulant special is 10-25PPM.
Beneficial effect of the present invention: the present invention carries out pre-treatment to paper waste earlier, again biological iron processes being carried out in pretreated water outlet handles, make active sludge form group's granular iron mud that structure is tight, particle is tiny, specific surface area is big, dehydration property is good, utilize the A/O active sludge processing system to carry out biochemical action again, also further adopt the micro flocculating filter technology to carry out advanced treatment to the water of producing high-grade paper, make effluent quality better.The grammes per square metre of iron mud of the present invention is about 2 times of ordinary activated sludge, and corresponding sludge loading is low, has improved the ability that secondary biochemical treatment withstands shocks and loads.Iron mud has special structure and good settling property, when higher and B/C is lower than 0.25 when influent concentration, organic degraded is improved more than 10% than ordinary activated sludge, and total clearance reaches more than 93%.Up to more than 20%, do not need increases oxygen supply power to iron mud to the utilization ratio of oxygen, only need replenish the iron unit rope of being taken away by excess sludge with the amount of water inlet 20PPm during operation, and waste water per ton is thrown only 0.01 yuan of iron expense, and cost is very low.The present invention adopts lower cost that paper waste is handled, and water outlet after the processing can be circulated be used for papermaking, has saved the water resources of China's shortage, for papermaking enterprise has reduced production cost, simultaneously, has alleviated the pressure of improvements of the ecological environment such as water conservation.Have extraordinary social benefit and market outlook.
Feature of the present invention and advantage will be elaborated in conjunction with the accompanying drawings by embodiment.
[description of drawings]
Fig. 1 is that the present invention handles the also schema of cyclic utilization method embodiment one to paper waste;
Fig. 2 is that the present invention handles the also schema of cyclic utilization method embodiment two to paper waste.
[embodiment]
Embodiment one:
Fig. 1 is that the present invention handles the also schema of cyclic utilization method embodiment one to paper waste.Comprise the steps:
Wet pulp reclaims 1: adopt oblique net that the paper pulp that runs off with waste water in the paper-making process is reclaimed;
Coagulating sedimentation 2: adopt coagulant for treating waste water, coagulant aids and the abundant coagulating of waste water and precipitation, the dirty foreign material of the suspension in the waste water are removed;
Three-phase anaerobic treatment 3: earlier pre-acidifying, again by producing organic pollutant part chain rupture and the degraded of methane in the three-phase anaerobic device with bio-degradable;
Desulfurization 4: add sweetening agent, utilize the aerated reaction and the precipitation of three-phase anaerobic device water outlet, the taking off thing and the salt that accumulate in the waste water are removed;
Biological iron processes handles 5: iron-based flocculating agent is added the A/O active sludge processing system, and domestication forms biological iron mud, and makes pollution substance form group's granular iron mud; The iron-based flocculating agent that adopts is aluminium iron polychloride or ironic hydroxide flco.The operation hydraulic detention time is 14-20 hour, and sludge age is 15-30 days, and sludge concentration is at 3.5-4.5g/L, and the aeration tank mixed solution contains ferric iron 40-50mg/L.Optimum process controling condition is: the water inlet of the natural temperature between adopting 10-35 ℃, and CODcr is controlled at smaller or equal to 850mg/L in the influent concentration, and B/C is more than or equal to 0.15.
Filter-sterilized 6: fine sand, activated carbon filtration are carried out in the water outlet that biological iron processes was handled, remove de-iron mud, throw in available chlorine again and carry out disinfection; Preferred employing hypochlorous acid is received and is made sterilizing agent, amounts to chlorine-throwed quantity at 2.5-5mg/L.
Cyclically utilizing 7: the water cycle that will remove accumulation contact scar thing and reach the regeneration water quality standard is used for papermaking.
Paper waste 100% closed cycle regeneration between production plant and effluent treatment plant must cause the accumulation of some pollution substance, when secular accumulation acquires a certain degree, slightly transferring on can not production technique solves, and will influence to produce the body paper quality.So, in reuse water, replenish fresh open water supply water in the invention process process by a certain percentage, to offset the pollutant accumulation that causes in the closed cycle regeneration process, guarantee under the constant situation of each processing unit efficient in the paper waste regeneration treatment system, the water quality of regenerated recycle-water is remained the same from beginning to end, thereby guarantees that all kinds of high-grade body paper quality of producing reaches higher standard.
Exceeded the water-quality guideline standard in the water quality through the reuse water after the 10 times 100% closed cycle utilizations between production plant and the waste water workshop, transferred the quality requirements that can not guarantee to produce high-grade body paper by summary to processing condition such as auxiliary agents.When reuse water combines with open water supply water when being back to paper in the ratio of 50-80%, under the geostationary situation of each cell processing efficient, the reuse water water quality after each recycle is basic as one, and every index all can reach the water-quality guideline standard.When reuse water combines with open water supply water when being back to paper in the ratio of 80-90%, the build-up effect of pollutent in the recycle system is totally less, can guarantee the recycle of reuse water after slightly transferring by production technique in a long time, can not have a negative impact substantially the quality of body paper.The reuse ratio can carry out concrete setting as required, and present embodiment preferably adopts 85% reuse ratio through taking all factors into consideration cost and quality factor.
Present embodiment is used to produce common body paper, water water quality is not had the situation of extra high requirement.
Embodiment two:
Fig. 2 is that the present invention handles the also schema of cyclic utilization method embodiment two to paper waste.Comprise the steps:
Wet pulp reclaims 1: adopt oblique net that the paper pulp that runs off with waste water in the paper-making process is reclaimed;
Coagulating sedimentation 2: adopt coagulant for treating waste water, coagulant aids and the abundant coagulating of waste water and precipitation, the dirty foreign material of the suspension in the waste water are removed;
Three-phase anaerobic treatment 3: earlier pre-acidifying, again by producing organic pollutant part chain rupture and the degraded of methane in the three-phase anaerobic device with bio-degradable;
Desulfurization 4: add sweetening agent, utilize the aerated reaction and the precipitation of three-phase anaerobic device water outlet, the taking off thing and the salt that accumulate in the waste water are removed;
Biological iron processes handles 5: iron-based flocculating agent is added the A/O active sludge processing system, and domestication forms biological iron mud, and makes pollution substance form group's granular iron mud; The iron-based flocculating agent that adopts is aluminium iron polychloride or ironic hydroxide flco.The operation hydraulic detention time is 14-20 hour, and sludge age is 15-30 days, and sludge concentration is at 3.5-4.5g/L, and the aeration tank mixed solution contains ferric iron 40-50mg/L.Optimum process controling condition is: the water inlet of the natural temperature between adopting 10-35 ℃, and CODcr is controlled at smaller or equal to 850mg/L in the influent concentration, and B/C is more than or equal to 0.15.
Flocculation 8: in secondary effluent, throw in coagulant special and mechanical stirring, the organic suspension thing in the water is carried out little flocculation advanced treatment; Coagulant special adopts the low-temperature and low turbidity coagulant special.The injected volume of low-temperature and low turbidity coagulant special is 10-25PPM.
Filtering under pressure 9: the water outlet that will contain throw out imports filtration unit, pressure filtration.Through the pump leaf flocculate at a high speed that the effluent color dilution of after-filtration is following at 15 degree, turbidity 3 spend below
Filter-sterilized 6: fine sand, activated carbon filtration are carried out in the water outlet that biological iron processes was handled, remove de-iron mud, throw in available chlorine again and carry out disinfection; Preferred employing hypochlorous acid is received and is made sterilizing agent, amounts to chlorine-throwed quantity at 2.5-5mg/L.
Cyclically utilizing 7: the water cycle that will remove accumulation contact scar thing and reach the regeneration water quality standard is used for papermaking.
Paper waste 100% closed cycle regeneration between production plant and effluent treatment plant must cause the accumulation of some pollution substance, when secular accumulation acquires a certain degree, slightly transferring on can not production technique solves, and will influence to produce the body paper quality.So, in reuse water, replenish fresh open water supply water in the invention process process by a certain percentage, to offset the pollutant accumulation that causes in the closed cycle regeneration process, guarantee under the constant situation of each processing unit efficient in the paper waste regeneration treatment system, the water quality of regenerated recycle-water is remained the same from beginning to end, thereby guarantees that all kinds of high-grade body paper quality of producing reaches higher standard.
Exceeded the water-quality guideline standard in the water quality through the reuse water after the 10 times 100% closed cycle utilizations between production plant and the waste water workshop, transferred the quality requirements that can not guarantee to produce high-grade body paper by summary to processing condition such as auxiliary agents.When reuse water combines with open water supply water when being back to paper in the ratio of 50-80%, under the geostationary situation of each cell processing efficient, the reuse water water quality after each recycle is basic as one, and every index all can reach the water-quality guideline standard.When reuse water combines with open water supply water when being back to paper in the ratio of 80-90%, the build-up effect of pollutent in the recycle system is totally less, can guarantee the recycle of reuse water after slightly transferring by production technique in a long time, can not have a negative impact substantially the quality of body paper.The reuse ratio can carry out concrete setting as required, and present embodiment preferably adopts 85% reuse ratio through taking all factors into consideration cost and quality factor.
Present embodiment is used to produce high-grade body paper, needs the situation of higher water water quality.
The foregoing description is to explanation of the present invention, is not limitation of the invention, and any scheme after simple transformation on the basis of the present invention all belongs to protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method, be it is characterized in that: comprise the steps:
Wet pulp reclaims (1): adopt oblique net that the paper pulp that runs off with waste water in the paper-making process is reclaimed;
Coagulating sedimentation (2): adopt coagulant for treating waste water, coagulant aids and the abundant coagulating of waste water and precipitation, the dirty foreign material of the suspension in the waste water are removed;
Three-phase anaerobic treatment (3): earlier pre-acidifying, again by producing organic pollutant part chain rupture and the degraded of methane in the three-phase anaerobic device with bio-degradable;
Desulfurization (4): add sweetening agent, utilize the aerated reaction and the precipitation of three-phase anaerobic device water outlet, the sulfide and the salt that accumulate in the waste water are removed;
Biological iron processes is handled (5): iron-based flocculating agent is added the A/O active sludge processing system, and domestication forms biological iron mud, and makes pollution substance form group's granular iron mud;
Filter-sterilized (6): fine sand, activated carbon filtration are carried out in the water outlet that biological iron processes was handled, remove de-iron mud, throw in available chlorine again and carry out disinfection;
Cyclically utilizing (7): the water cycle that will remove accumulation contact scar thing and reach the regeneration water quality standard is used for papermaking.
2. as claimed in claim 1 to paper waste processing and cyclic utilization method, it is characterized in that: it is aluminium iron polychloride or ironic hydroxide flco that biological iron processes is handled the iron-based flocculating agent that adopts in (5) step.
3. as claimed in claim 1 to paper waste processing and cyclic utilization method, it is characterized in that: adopt clorox to make sterilizing agent in filter-sterilized (6) step, amount to chlorine-throwed quantity at 2.5-5mg/L.
4. as claimed in claim 1 to paper waste processing and cyclic utilization method, it is characterized in that: described biological iron processes is handled (5) and is also comprised before with filter-sterilized (6) afterwards:
Flocculation (8): in secondary effluent, throw in coagulant special and mechanical stirring, the organic suspension thing in the water is carried out little flocculation advanced treatment;
Filtering under pressure (9): the water outlet that will contain throw out imports filtration unit, pressure filtration.
5. as claimed in claim 4 to paper waste processing and cyclic utilization method, it is characterized in that: the coagulant special in the flocculation (8) adopts the low-temperature and low turbidity coagulant special.
6. as claimed in claim 5 to paper waste processing and cyclic utilization method, it is characterized in that: the injected volume of low-temperature and low turbidity coagulant special is 10-25PPM.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CNB2006101552870A CN100545108C (en) | 2006-12-18 | 2006-12-18 | Paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method |
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| CNB2006101552870A CN100545108C (en) | 2006-12-18 | 2006-12-18 | Paper waste is handled and cyclic utilization method |
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| CN100545108C true CN100545108C (en) | 2009-09-30 |
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| CN101462793B (en) * | 2009-01-14 | 2012-05-30 | 青岛理工大学 | Method for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage by using composite iron enzyme to catalyze activated sludge |
| CN105417765B (en) * | 2015-11-04 | 2018-02-27 | 俞汉青 | A kind of municipal sewage organic carbon enriching and recovering utilizes device and its application method |
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