CN100539404C - The auto gain control method of wireless receiver and equipment - Google Patents
The auto gain control method of wireless receiver and equipment Download PDFInfo
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- CN100539404C CN100539404C CNB2004800263957A CN200480026395A CN100539404C CN 100539404 C CN100539404 C CN 100539404C CN B2004800263957 A CNB2004800263957 A CN B2004800263957A CN 200480026395 A CN200480026395 A CN 200480026395A CN 100539404 C CN100539404 C CN 100539404C
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- automatic gain
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Abstract
A kind of method and apparatus that is used for the automatic gain control of receiver provides the compensation of the gain controlling operation of interrupting because of received signal.In one embodiment, automatic gain control circuit memory is from the state of a control information of the time before given interruption just, and utilizes its automatic gain control circuit that resets when EOI, or keeps automatic gain control circuit at intercourse.Memory function can for example trigger by detecting imminent interruption, or with enough height so that the information of memory is the turnover rate of current information all the time with regard to any given interruption regularly carries out.Thus, a demonstration automatic gain control circuit can generate the receiver gain control signal by power measurement filtering as a result to received signal, and compensates the generation of this gain control signal by catching the filter state information before signal interruption just.Compensation can comprise and resets or freeze filter.
Description
Related application
The application requires to enjoy the following U.S. Provisional Application No. according to 35U.S.C. § 119 (e): the application 60/486933 that on July 14th, 2003 submitted to.This priority application is incorporated into this paper by reference.
Technical field
The present invention relates generally to wireless communication receiver, relate more specifically to the automatic gain control of such receiver.
Background technology
Most of communication sinks use the automatic gain control (AGC) of certain form that the signal that receives is maintained in the scope of expectation.For example, the typical radio communication sink for example receives the antenna by the signal of communication of aerial (over-the-air) based on the digitized samples of the base-band analog signal digitlization that obtains from interested analog receiving signal of coming in being obtained interested received signal.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that gratifying digitlization is depended on maintains analog input signal in signal (voltage) scope of regulation, and this scope is suitable for being used to the analog-digital converter (ADC) of digitized signal.On the one hand, it is following to avoid saturated that analog input signal must remain on the upper voltage limit of ADC input range, and on the other hand, analog input signal must remain on sufficiently high signal level to reach acceptable quantified precision.That is, the scope of input signal generally should cross over ADC qualification input voltage range all or almost all, could realize the full dose precision of ADC.For example, if the actual input signal scope only is 2.5 volts, configuration is used for 10 ADC of input reference signal configuration of 0 to 5 volt with 9 or still less true resolution work.
In this case, agc circuit then is configured to the received signal intensity of for example following the tracks of into, and adjusts one or more receiver gain units on demand this ADC is kept the input reference signal of expectation.Certainly, the applicability of AGC is not limited only to control the input reference signal that receives chain ADC, and for example can be used for preventing to receive the saturated of analogue amplifier in the chain, filter etc. by the gain that changes one or more amplifying stages or preamplifier state.
But in the practical application, may make conventional AGC disabler because of the reference that significant interruption in the signal is used as AGC.For example, temporarily losing of received signal causes conventional AGC function when attempting promoting low or non-existent received signal intensity the receiver gain upwards to be risen suddenly.Though the behavior is represented normal AGC function, it may cause saturated temporarily when received signal is returned.Owe to promote or cross the lifting problem because of what the signal interruption of other types (as signal jam etc.) can cause similar type, may be just there be the control hysteresis of non-expectation unusually with regard to the transformation between (normally) signal(l)ing condition of (interruption) and non-interruption in wherein conventional AGC function.
Summary of the invention
The present invention includes a kind of method and apparatus that is used for the automatic gain control of receiver, as be used for the wireless communication receiver of the radio base station of cordless communication network.The receiver gain controlling changes the receiver gain, maintain in the range of signal of expectation with the signal that will receive, and according to the present invention, automatic gain control is compensated because of the interruption in the received signal, for example by the interruption that repeats in the received signal that silence periods or irregular signal jam cause.Briefly, the gain controlling information of the above-mentioned compensation utilization memory of storing before interruption resetting automatic gain control circuit or utilize above-mentioned information to keep (for example, freezing) gain controlling at intercourse when signal interruption is come out.
In one embodiment, the present invention includes a kind of auto gain control method at wireless communication receiver.This method comprises, is catching the automatic gain control setting as the time before the interruption in the received signal of automatic gain controlling object, and the interim automatic gain control setting of being caught of utilizing to compensate automatic gain control because of each interruption.Time before the interruption in received signal catches the automatic gain control setting and can comprise, the time before interrupting beginning is caught the filter state information of automatic gain control circuit.
The filter state information of being caught can be used for the gain-controlled filtering that resets when EOI, or keeps given filter status at intercourse.In the later case, gain control circuit can be configured to end the filter update operation when described received signal is interrupted.Attention is freezed gain controlling at intercourse and can (for example be interrupted at the high power of received signal, obstruction) cause receiver saturated during, keep movable gain controlling at intercourse thus, it may not be preferred that the gain controlling when utilizing the state information of remembering to carry out EOI subsequently as mentioned above resets.Moreover in the radio base station receiver, interruption can comprise the silence periods of the noise sign of considering base station receiver, and in this case, keeping movable gain controlling at intercourse generally will be preferred to assist accurate receiver noise to measure.
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention includes a kind of radio base station that is used for cordless communication network.This radio base station comprises one or more receivers, is configured to receive reverse link signal and is used as received signal; And automatic gain control circuit, it is included in the one or more receivers or with it and is associated.In an example embodiment, automatic gain control circuit is configured to respond received signal and changes the receiver gain, and the automatic gain based on the one or more receivers of remembering of state of a control information compensation is controlled when received signal is interrupted.It can be the state of a control information that automatic gain control circuit is preserved memory the time before interruption.Attention can be disposed one or more automatic gain control circuits for the radio receiver of each sector in many sector radio base stations.
In this case, the base station can be configured to make its automatic gain control circuit to catch the gain controlling state information before regular silence periods.The base station can utilize timer or other monitoring circuits to trigger the memory of state of a control information before each silence periods.Then, when the base station characterizes the receiver noise level during silence periods, the automatic gain of base station continuation activity control, and when each silence periods is come out, utilizing the information of being remembered its gain controlling that resets.Because during each silence periods, the level of received signal is low or do not exist, so automatic gain control often tends to the high-gain situation, utilize the state of a control information of memory to reset like this when silence periods finishes operation that automatic gain controls is avoided or has been reduced otherwise the receiver that may take place when received signal " is returned " is saturated.
Certainly, should be appreciated that silence periods is represented one type signal interruption by the present invention's compensation, and the present invention can be applicable to far-ranging signal interruption, the example that comprises signal jam as mentioned above, wherein the received signal of expectation is actual is flooded fully by more high-power block signal.Thus, in these and other examples of signal interruption, the present invention briefly comprises a kind of auto gain control method at wireless communication receiver, it is being based on just catching the automatic gain control setting as the time before the interruption in the received signal of automatic gain controlling object, and the interim automatic gain control setting of being caught of utilizing to interrupt compensating automatic gain and control because of each.
Just catch the gain controlling setting according to the present invention or otherwise remember state of a control information and realize interrupting with regard to the compensation, automatic gain control circuit or support circuit can be configured to detect imminent interruption, for example, imminent timing silence periods, and acquisition control state information before beginning during this period just.As additional or alternative, circuit can also be configured to keep the runtime buffer device of state of a control information.
Institute's canned data can upgrade according to the sampling time (that is, storage update at interval) of expectation, and can end to upgrade the canned data to keep at any intercourse.In one embodiment, automatic gain control circuit is configured to detect the beginning of interruption, and uses the state of a control information of preserving near the sampling time before the interruption that is detected begins to be used as being used to compensating the state of a control information of the memory of automatic gain control.Certainly, other variations are possible.
Therefore, should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned information.In fact those skilled in the art are reading some example embodiment of hereinafter describing in detail and can be appreciated that other features and advantages of the present invention during referring to accompanying drawing.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the figure in conjunction with demonstration automatic gain control (AGC) circuit shown in the demonstration wireless communication receiver.
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are wherein two kinds the figure that interrupts about the various types of interested received signal of automatic gain control according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is the figure of model function details of one or more embodiment of the agc circuit of Fig. 1.
Fig. 5-the 7th is according to the figure of the exemplary treatments logic of the one or more embodiment of auto gain control method of the present invention.
Fig. 8 be used for cordless communication network and according to the present invention in conjunction with the figure of the exemplary radio base station of the automatic gain control of its reverse link receiver operation.
Embodiment
Fig. 1 is the figure of automatic gain control (AGC) circuit 10 of the one or more embodiment according to the present invention.Agc circuit 10 is associated with receiver 12 or is included in wherein, as being included in the sort of reception chain circuit in the radio base station in the cordless communication network.Receiver 12 is associated with antenna 14, and comprises low noise amplifier (LNA) 16, analog filter circuit 18, down-converter circuit 20 and analog to digital converter (ADC) circuit 22 as the indefiniteness example.
In the operation, the received signal that receiver 12 obtains into through antenna 14, it utilizes LNA16, filter 18 and low-converter 20 with its amplification, filtering and be down-converted to base band frequency.Low-converter 20 can comprise two or more mixer stages, received signal can be converted to intermediate frequency (IF) from its carrier frequency band thus, reduces to base band frequency then.Perhaps, low-converter 20 can comprise the down-conversion of Direct Conversion, and it directly is converted to base band with received signal.Certainly, other execution modes are possible, and should be appreciated that at IF and/or base band to have filtering and gain stage to be used as the additional or alternative of above-mentioned filtering and gain stage.
Howsoever, low-converter 20 will be provided to ADC 22 corresponding to the analog input signal of the received signal of coming in.Attention can provide corresponding to the homophase of received signal and two signals of quadrature component to ADC 22.Under any circumstance, ADC 22 is the analog input signal digitlization, and correspondingly in accordance with regulations sample rate is exported one or more baseband receiving signals sample flow.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that gratifying digitlization depends on that the analog input signal of near ADC 22 remains in the signal of regulation (voltage) scope.Therefore, agc circuit 10 can be operated the one or more gains that change receiver 12 with the variation in the response received signal, thereby the input signal of near ADC 22 remains in the range of signal of expectation.As the indefiniteness example, down-converter circuit 20 can comprise one or more variable gain circuits, variable gain amplifier/frequency mixer for example, and their responses are from the one or more AGC signals of agc circuit 10 outputs.Thus, agc circuit 10 increases with received signal intensity and reduces the receiver gain, and increases the receiver gain with the reduction of received signal intensity on the contrary.Attention can be simulation or digital from the AGC signal of agc circuit 10 outputs, specifically depends on the characteristic of particular variable gain circuitry controlled in the receiver chain.
But specifically for the present invention, the interruption that agc circuit 10 is configured to respond in the received signal compensates its AGC that is just carrying out operation.For understanding at least some subsidiary advantages of AGC compensation, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 illustrate the indefiniteness example that received signal is interrupted.In first example, the received signal of coming in can be interim disconnected by one or more " noiseless " as shown in Figure 2.Because the received signal intensity of measuring during such silence periods is low, so conventional agc circuit often may be raised the receiver gain towards maxgain value, this silence periods when received signal is returned causes receiving the non-expectation of chain when finishing saturated.
For interested reader, can notice that the sort of silence periods shown in Figure 2 is used for for example cordless communication network of some kind.For example, based on the CDMA data network territory of use's scope of 1xEV-DO or TIA-856 standard or " noiseless " phase of network range, rl transmission is ended during this period.This provisional termination allows the radio base station in the network to measure the background or the thermal noise of their receiver.Such measurement provides reference noise to measure, and after reverse link was activated again, it can be used to measure the radio base station load on the reverse link after a while.In other words, silence periods makes radio base station can determine their thermal noise, and this noise level is then as " thermal noise raises (Rise-Over-Thermal) " (ROT) reference of reverse link loading measurement.
Certainly, the interruption of any kind can take place, and can be compensated by agc circuit 10 of the present invention.For example, Fig. 3 illustrates another example that received signal is interrupted, wherein stronger interference signal by flooding interested received signal fully in receiver reality " obstruction " it.Can find, compare, block and cause opposite AGC problem, the receiver gain is reduced to certain minimum gain value because conventional agc circuit often responds high-power clogged conditions with noiseless.Though it is saturated that the behavior is suitable for avoiding receiving chain in blocking period, when removing, clogged conditions make conventional agc circuit be in too low gain setting.
Thus, Chang Gui automatic gain control response when the received signal EOI " hysteresis " in the received signal of reality.The receiver gain controlling that this hysteresis behavior leads to errors " is caught up with " the received signal situation that changes up to the agc circuit of routine.
According to the present invention, operation compensates these and other problems of avoiding to agc circuit 10 to AGC by interrupting with regard to received signal based on the state of a control information of memory.As the indefiniteness example, Fig. 4 illustrates the exemplary details of agc circuit 10.Shown in agc circuit 10 comprise the counting circuit 30 that generates the measurement result corresponding and generate and be used for the response measurement control circuit 32 of the one or more AGC signals that gain of controlling receiver as a result with interested received signal.
For example, counting circuit 30 can generate the power measurement result of received signal based on the baseband receiving signals sample of handling ADC 22 outputs by the measurement speed of expectation.Then, agc circuit 10 can be configured to respond those power measurements result and generate outputing gain control signal.In a preferred disposition, control circuit 32 comprises filter circuit 34, is configured to generate the AGC signal based on the power measurement filtering as a result to counting circuit 30 outputs.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the filter circuit 34 actual filters that can comprise any kind, for example infinite impulse response (IIR), finite impulse response (FIR) (FIR), exponential weighting etc.In one embodiment, filter circuit 34 comprises the IIR or the FIR filter of one or more limits, has filter output and the one or more filter status value relevant with current measured value.
Therefore, " memory " state of a control information/storage AGC is provided with and can comprises filter state information.In simple terms, compensating circuit 36 can be configured to certainly the just filter state information of the preservation of the time before signal interruption filter circuit 34, and comes " resetting " filter circuit 34 by the filter state information of reloading this memory when signal interruption finishes then.Thus, the convergence time of filter circuit 34 shortens greatly because the level of received signal turn back to its level that before interruption, is had or near.It should be noted that the method allows agc circuit 10 to keep " activity " at intercourse.Promptly, agc circuit 10 can continue to measure received signal, and the AGC signal that upgrades it is exported the signal(l)ing condition of the continuous variation of interrupting with reflection, and the state of a control before also will interrupting to it or thereabout: when EOI, reload the state of a control information of catching from time before current interrupt event just by following operation fast return.
Because can regularly catch filter state information, so agc circuit 10 can be based on the setting of catching from single capture time (for example, the capture time that the most approaching interruption begins), the oneself resets after interrupting, or freezes the intercourse oneself.But, should be appreciated that and to keep the buffer that comprises more than one the filter status of catching, can reset or freeze agc circuit 10 based on last N the filter status of catching before interruption is averaged like this, wherein N be limited and according to certain numerical value that function is set that is averaged of expectation by buffer depth.Those skilled in the art will recognize that this execution mode can have other variations, wherein agc circuit 10 is configured to keep the control setting of last correct (last-known-good) or the formation of value.
Based on foregoing, Fig. 5 illustrates the exemplary treatments logic of agc circuit 10, and wherein the variation of agc circuit 10 response received signals changes receiver gain (step 100).Handle to continue, AGC 10 receives the indication (step 102) that received signal is interrupted, and it responds this interruptions and AGC is operated compensates in this situation.Note, agc circuit 10 can comprise makes it can detect the processing logic of interruption, for example by (for example detecting excessive received signal intensity, block to interrupt) or too low received signal intensity is (for example, silence periods is interrupted), or it can rely on the support logic of other positions in the receiver that interruption detection/control is provided.
Howsoever, Fig. 6 illustrates a kind of method of keeping the memory state of a control information that is used for the compensating signal interruption.Herein, the state of a control information regular update of storage is to guarantee will to provide newer state of a control message sample relatively with respect to the generation of any given interruption.
Specifically, processing to obtain the AGC measurement result, utilizes it to upgrade current AGC signal value (step 110) based on direct or indirect measurement received signal then.Handle to continue, if the current interrupt status that is not in of received signal is upgraded the state of a control information (step 112 and 114) of current storage.In case finish the renewal of stored information, then handle the AGC measurement/Control Circulation that turns back to step 110.When noting using this logic, no matter whether received signal is in the disrupted condition, all carries out AGC measurement/control, but the not control information of updated stored during the signal(l)ing condition of interrupting.Optionally upgrade the state of a control information of " last correct " that be kept at the agc circuit 10 of catching before the current interruption.
If received signal is in (step 112) in the disrupted condition, then handle and continue, check and interrupt whether finishing (step 116).As the indefiniteness example, this inspection can based on to known silence periods at interval regularly, from this receiver or other processing logics that are associated with it receive indication or by monitoring received signal.In any situation,, then handle and turn back to AGC measurement/Control Circulation if disrupted condition does not finish.On the other hand, if EOI or finishing, the compensating circuit 36 of AGC 10 utilizes the state of a control information compensation agc circuit 10 of memory, to improve its control response (step 118) with respect to the received signal that turns back to its non-disrupted condition.
As mentioned above, such compensation can comprise the filter state information of the utilizing memory filter circuit 34 that resets.Howsoever, the compensation of agc circuit 10 can be regularly so that EOI or just finish after first control of agc circuit 10 upgrade can be based on the state of a control information of just catching before interrupting beginning.Specifically,, then can control agc circuit 10 if the interruption of compensation is a silence periods regularly, the state of a control before making it interrupt catch and in the state of a control reset operation of having no progeny all coordinate about the known timing of silence periods.
Thus, agc circuit 10 can be configured to carry out state of a control based on needs and catch, with substituting or adding as above-mentioned regular update method.Before the interruption on demand catch be configured in agc circuit 10 can detect imminent interruption or be provided with such interruption in advance the indication embodiment in can be particularly useful.For example, the known timing information that is associated with one or more silent intervals can be provided to agc circuit 10, maybe can be used to trigger catching/compensating operation of agc circuit 10.
Fig. 7 illustrates aforesaid operations, wherein agc circuit 10 based on it timing and/or received signal monitors or based on providing above-mentioned indication from other circuit, judge whether signal interruption is about to generation (step 120).If interrupt to be about to take place, then agc circuit 10 is caught current gain controlling setting, for example filter state information, current gain control signal value etc., and upgrade its control information stored (step 122).If interrupting is not to be about to take place, then agc circuit 10 judges whether the interruption of just carrying out (if any) finishes (step 124).
If then the compensating circuit 36 of agc circuit 10 utilizes the state of a control information of the memory agc circuit 10 that resets, and generate the AGC output of upgrading (step 128), handle then and continue based on reset mode.If signal does not interrupt, or not when EOI, handle from step 124 and continue, generate new AGC measurement result (promptly no matter whether signal interrupts) based on current received signal, upgrade AGC signal (step 126) based on new measurement result then, handle then and continue.
In above-mentioned processing logic, as shown in Figure 6, can find agc circuit 10 be configured to before any given signal interruption, during and keep the automatic gain control just carried out afterwards.As mentioned above, measure with the receiver noise of supporting silence periods or avoid to expect at the AGC of intercourse maintenance activity in the saturated situation of the receiver of blocking period for example should adjusting in the continuous receiver gain of the omnidistance relaying of any given interruption.But, should be appreciated that in replacement scheme, can preserve the just AGC state before given interruption, be used for then " freezing " agc circuit 10 at intercourse.Freeze in this way agc circuit 10 by gain controlling is remained on interrupt before movable gain the identical intercourse receiver gain controlling that prevents be set extremely be driven to another extreme (that is Tai Gao or too low) from one.
No matter whether freeze agc circuit 10 or keep its activity at the received signal intercourse, Fig. 8 illustrates according to the exemplary radio base station 40 that the present invention includes one or more agc circuits 10.Radio base station 40 configurations are used for cordless communication network, as the cellular communications networks based on IS-2000 or wideband CDMA standard.In an example embodiment, radio base station 40 is configured to operate in the wireless radio network based on 1xEV-DO or TIA-856 standard, wherein Ding Shi reverse link silence periods is used to allow the receiver noise of radio base station in network to measure, and agc circuit 10 is used for finishing and reverse link signal is improved the receiver gain controlling when returning in silence periods.
Shown in radio base station 40 comprise it being coupled to and support base station controller or interface circuit 42, radio base station communication and the control processing circuit 44 of other Control Network entities, the reverse link radio receiver 46 that comprises one or more agc circuits 10 and forward link transmitting set 48 with communication mode.Receiver 46 and reflector 48 utilize antenna element 50 and 52 to receive and emission respectively.
In an exemplary arrangement, radio base station 40 comprises two reception antenna unit of each radio sector, and each sector uses two radio receivers, and wherein each receiver has its oneself AGC function.Note, can in predetermined restricted, carry out gain controlling to the radio receiver of distributing to given sector respectively, but the maximum gain deviation that the AGC of those receivers can be configured to allow between the controlling receiver.
In any situation, should be appreciated that according to the present invention receiver 46 comprises one or more agc circuits 10 or is associated with it, so that AGC to be provided to them compensation.Because radio base station 40 can comprise mixing and the analog circuit and the digital circuit of hardware and software usually, so agc circuit 10 can be implemented with hardware, software or their any combination.In an example embodiment, each agc circuit 10 comprises the digital processing logic, be configured to handle the digitized samples of the interested received signal of this circuit 10, in numeric field, to carry out and signal strength signal intensity (for example, the power) measurement of the AGC signal correction connection that generates corresponding receiver, filtering etc.
Specifically, if carry out the digitlization of received signal with high sampling rate, then agc circuit 10 can be implemented with the hardware of programming at least in part, as one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (ASIC) and/or other complex programmable logic device (CPLD).Thus, counting circuit 30 and comprise that the Digital Logic that the control circuit 32 of filter circuit 34 and compensating circuit 36 can all or part of use programming implements.This logic can comprise the one or more memory registers of the state of a control information that is configured to store agc circuit 10 or be connected with its interface, and in operation, the AGC logic can be configured to read as required and write those memory registers to keep for example operation queue of filter status value.
Certainly, should be appreciated that agc circuit 10 all or part of can be at digital signal processor (DSP), microprocessor, microcontroller or be configured to carry out in other universal logic circuits of program stored instruction and implement.In the sort of situation, the present invention then can be embodied as the program stored instruction that resides in (non-volatile) memory at least in part.In any situation, should be appreciated that these details can change based on specific designing requirement and based on the resource of the system that implements agc circuit 10 of the present invention.
Therefore, no matter be with analog form or digital form, no matter be to have concurrently with hardware or software or the two to implement, the present invention all is envisioned for because of the AGC function in the signal interruption compensated receiver of one or more types, makes to consider at least from interrupting improving AGC control to the transformation of non-interrupt signal situation.This method favourable but the example of indefiniteness illustrate by applying the present invention to use receiver regularly, that repeat silence periods, their noise while received signal of their measurements is ended during silence periods, but they must fast return arrive gain controlling accurately when received signal is returned thereafter.
Therefore, the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned details.Reality of the present invention is only limited by following claim and lawful equivalence item thereof.
Claims (31)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US48693303P | 2003-07-14 | 2003-07-14 | |
| US60/486,933 | 2003-07-14 | ||
| US10/888,452 | 2004-07-09 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1849745A CN1849745A (en) | 2006-10-18 |
| CN100539404C true CN100539404C (en) | 2009-09-09 |
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| CNB2004800263957A Expired - Lifetime CN100539404C (en) | 2003-07-14 | 2004-07-09 | The auto gain control method of wireless receiver and equipment |
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| CN102638882B (en) * | 2011-02-15 | 2015-09-16 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | A kind of implementation method of automatic growth control and device |
| US8977314B2 (en) * | 2012-09-14 | 2015-03-10 | Aviacomm Inc. | Smart AGC for wideband multi-standard RFIC |
| FR3064854B1 (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2019-03-22 | Continental Automotive France | METHOD FOR MITIGATING INTERFERENCES GENERATED BY INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS |
| CN111713015B (en) * | 2018-02-13 | 2024-05-10 | 日立能源有限公司 | Automatic gain control in wireless communication networks for power grid control |
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Granted publication date: 20090909 |