CN100501343C - Energy metering method - Google Patents
Energy metering method Download PDFInfo
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- CN100501343C CN100501343C CN 200510062976 CN200510062976A CN100501343C CN 100501343 C CN100501343 C CN 100501343C CN 200510062976 CN200510062976 CN 200510062976 CN 200510062976 A CN200510062976 A CN 200510062976A CN 100501343 C CN100501343 C CN 100501343C
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- temperature
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- flow rate
- backwater
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/62—Absorption based systems
Abstract
The invention provides a metering method and flow metering device. The quantity of flow in a pipe is measured by measuring the temperature of the surface of the pipe even in the vicinity of an elbow without the need for a heater or destructing the pipe itself at all. The temperature of the surface of the pipe is measured at two locations on the upstream side and the downstream side at a prescribed distance from each other in the surface of the pipe. By converting the temperature of the surface of the pipe into the temperature of a fluid, the temperature of the fluid flowing through the pipe is determined. A time difference between a point in time when the temperature of the fluid is determined on the basis of measurement results at the point of measurement on the upstream side and another point in time when the same temperature is determined on the basis of measurement results at the point of measurement on the downstream side is measured. The flow velocity of the flow flowing through the pipe is determined on the basis of the time difference and the prescribed distance, and its quantity of flow is determined on the basis of the cross-sectional area of the pipe 1 and the flow velocity.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method that adopts the flow in the temperature sensor metering pipe arrangement, and the flow measurement device that has adopted temperature sensor.
Background technology
In the past, propose to have not adopt and be arranged on the technical scheme that the flowmeter in the pipe arrangement measures the flow in the pipe arrangement.For example, known have in the mensuration that is arranged at the pipe arrangement outside well heater and a plurality of temperature probe are installed on sensor tube, detect near the variation in temperature distribution of the liquid of well heater, with the consumption of calorie is that benchmark is measured flow, or the temperature probe of the temperature of measuring pipe arrangement is set near the heat conducting element in conducting the heat to determined liquid, by being transmitted to heat Calculation flow (patent documentation 1) in the determined liquid to have removed the form that is transmitted to the heat on the pipe arrangement.And, in addition, also propose to have the scheme (patent documentation 2) of ultrasonic formula flowmeter of measuring the flow of fluid based on the supersonic velocity of propagation that in liquid, transmits.This flow metering mode is owing to be to measure outside pipe arrangement, thus can be provided with at the scene, and need not to destroy or change pipe arrangement self, so have the strong point that can not exert an influence to the operation of equipment.
[patent documentation 1] spy of Japan opens the 2002-333357 communique
[patent documentation 2] spy of Japan opens flat 07-139982 communique
But, be in the mode of benchmark calculated flow rate at the installation well heater, with the heat, because heating liquid can bring temperature variation to liquid self, this is undesirable.And, also well heater to be set in addition, and therefore will prepare power supply in addition.In addition, in the mode of a part, also exist to be provided for the liquid temperature sensor that contacts with liquid in the pipe arrangement, the result will form the hole on the part of pipe arrangement.On the other hand, the flowmeter of ultrasonic formula is very expensive, and has the situation of bias current in pipe arrangement, for example bend pipe near, also exist precision to reduce problem.
Summary of the invention
The present invention proposes in view of the above problems, its purpose is the flow measurement device that a kind of metering method of new mode is provided and adopted temperature sensor, can not destroy pipe arrangement self, and need not instruments such as well heater, and near bend pipe, can measure yet.
In order to arrive above-mentioned purpose, metering method of the present invention comprises following operation: the operation of temperature on pipe arrangement surface that separates two places in the upstream side of predetermined distance and downstream on the surface of metering pipe arrangement; Obtain the relation of the temperature on interior fluid temperature (F.T.) of predetermined pipe arrangement and pipe arrangement surface in advance, obtain the operation of the temperature of the fluid that in pipe arrangement, flows according to the temperature on above-mentioned pipe arrangement surface.
That is, in the present invention, obtain the temperature of the fluid in the pipe arrangement according to the temperature on pipe arrangement surface.In this case, the temperature measurement on pipe arrangement surface for example can adopt known temperature sensor.For example can use the various elements that the variation of the surface temperature of pipe arrangement etc. can be measured as the variation of physical quantitys such as electromotive force, resistance, voltage, electric current, for example with thermal sensing element, the temperature detector of platinum, the temperature sensor that elements such as thermocouple use as sensor part.
But, under the situation of the temperature that is difficult to only correctly to measure the pipe arrangement surface, can and use and be provided with environment temperature meter temperature sensor, that measure environment temperature on every side that is suitable for measuring the pipe arrangement temperature, for example obtain " temperature-environment temperature on pipe arrangement surface " (temperature on pipe arrangement surface deducts the value of environment temperature) in advance, the relation of " fluid temperature (F.T.)-surface temperature " (fluid temperature (F.T.) deducts the value of surface temperature), the conversion formula that makes by the calculated value according to the difference of the temperature on the temperature of pipe arrangement inner fluid and pipe arrangement surface calculates the temperature of pipe arrangement inner fluid.
The calculated value of the difference of the temperature on the temperature of pipe arrangement inner fluid and pipe arrangement surface is for example undertaken by the conductometer that permanent first power heat moves (cylinder), temperature conductivity about design conditions, for example be formula (air-conditioning and the health engineering brief guide 13rd edition 1st volume 148 page) decision of pipe arrangement inner surface by the turbulent transport of Dittus-Boelter, the pipe arrangement outer surface for example is 9W/ (m
2K).
No matter be which kind of situation,, get final product so long as obtain conversion formula, correlationship etc. in advance in order to obtain the temperature of the fluid in the pipe arrangement of its measuring point according to the measured value of pipe arrangement temperature.
So, measure from the measurement result of the measuring point in downstream obtain that temperature is that obtain with the measurement result from the measuring point of upstream side, mistiming, time when temperature of the fluid of this upstream side measuring point a certain moment is identical.
That is to say,, might not leave no choice but absolute temperature as long as obtain from the temperature difference in (perhaps descending) the identical moment of temperature difference of metering initial stage rising.Therefore, even under the compensation situation of not proofreading and correct or converting, as long as the temperature difference with the metering initial stage when being conceived to metering temperature and rising can be carried out flow metering.
Because this mistiming can be simulated in pipe arrangement the fluid that flows and be moved the needed time between each measuring point in upstream, downstream, afterwards with this mistiming divided by this mistiming and afore mentioned rules apart from, be the distance between each measuring point in upstream side and downstream and obtain flow velocity.And, as if the sectional area that this flow velocity be multiply by pipe arrangement, then can obtain the flow that in pipe arrangement, flows.
As its principle, under the situation of condition (1)～(3) below satisfying,, also can substitute with each other mistiming of the indicated value of temperature sensor (temperature rises the mistiming when identical) even do not obtain the temperature of fluid.That is, exist
(1) two temperature sensor temperature on every side is identical,
The type of (2) two temperature sensors (time constant, resolution) is identical,
(3) can ignore that the alignment error of two temperature sensors and main body error do not rely on metering temperature and be under certain situation,
Even do not convert and do not calculate the temperature of fluid, the mistiming of indicated value (the direct measurement result of temperature sensor) gained that also can be by temperature sensor is obtained flow velocity.Therefore, meaning of the present invention be not satisfy under the environment of this condition, flow that for example also can meter fluid under the different situation of temperature around each temperature sensor.
Flow measurement device of the present invention has device, the instrument that is used to implement this method, comprise: measure the 1st sensor of the temperature on pipe arrangement surface, measure the 2nd temperature sensor of the temperature on the pipe arrangement surface that separates predetermined distance in the downstream of the 1st temperature sensor.And, have mensuration by the 2nd temperature sensor measurement to by the 1st temperature sensor measurement to reference temperature the time the measuring apparatus of mistiming.
In addition, the 1st, the 2nd temperature sensor of measuring temperature preferably adopts the sensor of various same types, and similarly installs.This is for time constant that makes sensor or the identical cause of resolution.
On the repeatability of installing, if can prepare the compensation sensor of proofreading and correct or converting in advance, then accurately in the gauge line water temperature as absolute temperature, and the temperature and the flow of meter fluid simultaneously.Therefore, needn't use existing calorimeter etc.
Sensor part as temperature sensor, in order to improve with the fitting tightly property on pipe arrangement surface and to improve thermal conductivity, preferably the 1st temperature sensor and the 2nd temperature sensor and pipe arrangement contacted sensor part in surface and pipe arrangement surface between be provided with thermal conductive silicon.And, preferably coat the outside of the 1st temperature sensor and the 2nd temperature sensor by insulation material in order to suppress to become the influence of the outer environment temperature of disturbing.
In the present invention, above-mentioned pipe arrangement be with the situation of steam as the pipe arrangement of the equipment and instrument of energy under, also comprise: measure the temperature that flows into the steam in the said equipment instrument, obtain the operation of entrance side steam enthalpy, the temperature of the steam backwater that mensuration is come out from the said equipment instrument, obtain the operation of outlet side steam enthalpy, obtain the operation of the flow of this steam backwater with the ultrasonic flowmeter by the lip-deep liquid that is installed in the pipe arrangement that the steam backwater that comes out flows from the said equipment instrument, and from above-mentioned entrance side steam enthalpy, deduct above-mentioned outlet side steam enthalpy, its result be multiply by the flow of above-mentioned steam backwater, obtain the operation of the steam energy that is input in the said equipment instrument.
Aforesaid liquid can be installed on the surface of the mobile longitudinal tubule (L tubule) of steam backwater with the ultrasonic flowmeter.When obtaining the flow of above-mentioned steam backwater, can averaging of the circling water flow rate data processing as the instantaneous value metering be worth it as circling water flow rate.
Above-mentioned pipe arrangement is with the pipe arrangement of steam as the equipment and instrument of energy; The steam that has consumed behind the above-mentioned energy is derived from the said equipment instrument via closing pipe line; Being provided with on above-mentioned closing pipe line makes vapor phase become the condensing unit of steam backwater; Liquid ultrasonic flowmeter is installed on the surface of the pipe arrangement that flows by the steam backwater after the above-mentioned condensing unit phase transformation; Also comprise based on the operation of obtaining the vapor flow rate after the energy consumption by this liquid with the circling water flow rate of ultrasonic flowmeter metering.In this case, be that volumetric flow rate has been carried out after the time averageization, carried out removing mass rate after the calculation with the specific volume of the water obtained with the mean value of return water temperature by liquid with the circling water flow rate of ultrasonic flowmeter metering.
According to the present invention, can not destroy pipe arrangement self, and need not instruments such as well heater, and near the pipe arrangement position bend pipe also can be obtained the flow of fluid according to the temperature of fluid.Certainly can not confuse flowing of the interior fluid of pipe arrangement yet.
Description of drawings
The piping diagram of Fig. 1 when implementing the related flow metering method of present embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the pipe arrangement cut-open view of the installation situation of expression temperature sensor on pipe arrangement.
Fig. 3 is the local amplification view of the pipe arrangement of the fixed condition of expression temperature sensor on pipe arrangement.
The key diagram of Fig. 4 when the mistiming of measuring the place is measured.
Fig. 5 is the curve map of expression main body error with respect to the correction of sensor indicator.
Fig. 6 is the curve map of the conversion of expression tube fluid temperature.
Fig. 7 is the curve map of temperature rising result in the expression temperature sensor.
Fig. 8 is the curve map of temperature rising result in the board-like temperature sensor of expression.
The table that Fig. 9 gathers for the expression experimental result.
The curve map of the indicated value that Figure 10 produces for the coating of expression thermal conductive silicon and insulation material and the difference of fluid temperature (F.T.).
Figure 11 is used to implement the key diagram of the situation that is provided with of pipe arrangement, key instrument around the absorption refrigerating machine of other embodiments for expression.
Figure 12 is the accompanying drawing of the conversion formula of expression relation of steam temperature-steam enthalpy and steam enthalpy.
Figure 13 is the accompanying drawing of the expression steam return water temperature-relation of backwater enthalpy and the conversion formula of backwater enthalpy.
Figure 14 is the curve map of the metering result's of the vapor flow rate of the metering result of the vapor flow rate of expression pipe arrangement insert type whirlpool formula vapor flow rate meter and present embodiment comparative result.
Figure 15 is the time-sequence curve chart of the data after the instantaneous value equalization of the return water temperature of steam temperature, steam is handled.
Figure 16 is the steam enthalpy obtained from the mean value of the mean value of the steam temperature of Figure 15 and return water temperature and the time-sequence curve chart of backwater enthalpy.
Figure 17 is the measured data (instantaneous value) of the circling water flow rate (volumetric flow rate) of circling water flow rate, with the time-sequence curve chart of per 1 minute measured value data after average by 60 minutes.
Figure 18 is the mass rate of the data after handling based on the equalization of Figure 17 and the time-sequence curve chart of volumetric flow rate.
Figure 19 is the time-sequence curve chart of the steam heat obtained based on the data of Figure 15～Figure 18.
Embodiment
Below, based on accompanying drawing embodiments of the present invention are illustrated.Fig. 1 schematically illustrates the system of pipe arrangement 1 of determined object of the typical example of double as experiment, in this embodiment, the warm water that is stored in the casing 2 (30 ℃: for example in physical device, the cold water inlet temperature of the refrigerating machine temperature of returning temperature of a side (be equivalent to load)) is flowed in pipe arrangement 1.That is, the water that the intake 3 in casing 2 is fetched flows by acting in the pipe arrangement 1 of pump 4, turns back to casing 2 from the floss hole 5 that is positioned at casing 2.And, between near the intake 3 of this pipe arrangement 1 and the floss hole 5, be provided with by-pass pipe 6.Be provided with valve 7 near the floss hole 5 of pipe arrangement 1, by-pass pipe 6 is provided with valve 8.
In outlet one side of pump 4, be provided with the electromagnetic flowmeter 9 of the real data (standard flow) that is used to take the flow in the pipe arrangement in order to investigate effect of the present invention.
In the present embodiment, as temperature sensor, two kinds of known temperature sensors have been used.One of them is the temperature sensor 11 of so-called digital thermometer type shown in Figure 2.This temperature sensor 11 has sensor part 12 at leading section as shown in Figure 3, installs with respect to the side face right angle of pipe arrangement 1.
When installing, at first remove the insulation material 13 that a part coats the periphery of pipe arrangement 1 with respect to the pipe arrangement of having established 1.The pipe arrangement 1 of present embodiment adopts SGP-50A, and insulation material 13 coats the periphery of pipe arrangement 1 with the thickness of glass fibre 24K, 40mm.
Make the smooth surface of pipe arrangement 1 with sand paper etc., be arranged on magnet 15 in the recess 14 of temperature sensor 11 front end faces, be used to eliminate the difference when installing on pipe arrangement are fixed on pipe arrangement 1 by setting-up piece (not shown) surface.And, by insulation materials such as glass fibre 16 temperature of plate sensors 11 integral body.At this moment, be preferably in plug-in mounting thermal conductive silicon 17 between the surface of sensor part 12 and pipe arrangement 1.Sensor part 12 detected registering instrument 19 outputs that show to numerals such as registers by lead-in wire 18 from the signal of temperature sensor 11.On this registering instrument 19, have and to write down the mensuration for example measuring temperature, measure temperature function constantly etc. all the time.
Other temperature sensors that present embodiment adopts are board-like sensors 21 shown in Figure 2.The pipe arrangement surface of contact of board-like sensor 21 is stainless lamellar.This plate is provided with silicones, has thermistor and is built in the interior structure of its silicones.Export to registering instrument (not shown) via lead-in wire 22 from the signal of board-like sensor 21.
In the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 1, cylinder type temperature sensor 11 is arranged on T1, T2, T3 three places, and board-like temperature sensor 21 is arranged on P1, P2 two places.About predetermined distance, be set in 3m between T1～T2, be set in 4m between T1～T3, be set in 4m between P1～P2.
Below, the experimental result of being undertaken by structure shown in Figure 1 is illustrated.As experimental sequence, at first at shut-off valve 7, open and make pump 4 work under the state of valve 8, water is not circulated in pipe arrangement 1 via casing 2.Then, the same for the pipe arrangement system that makes the experiment initial stage with the temperature of fluid, adopted and passed through the stipulated time, for example after 30～40 minutes, opening valve 7, shut-off valve 8 flows in the pipe arrangement 1 warm water in the casing 2, makes the order of flowing water temperature rising.
Standard flow in the pipe arrangement 1 of pump 4 is 140l/min.Face velocity is 1.07m/s in the pipe.This value be with electromagnetic flowmeter 9 as reference flowmeter, adopt the mean value of instantaneous delivery of the per second in the experiment and the face speed that the sectional area obtained from pipe arrangement internal diameter size (JIS specification SGP50A) calculates.In addition, confirmed that in advance this experimental provision can not be to pulse but stable operation.
Thermograde is 0.2 ℃/second, this be in beginning to casing 2 in behind the supply warm water, temperature sensor 11, the thermograde when being the temperature straight line rising of digital temperature meter metering.Mistiming during from this straight line rising is obtained flow velocity.In addition, the size of thermograde is that size (because of the difference in season) and the velocity in pipes along with air conditioner load changes in the equipment of reality, but in this experiment 0.2 ℃/second is equivalent to the peak in summer of loading big, the situation of flow few (flow velocity is slow).
Then, water is not circulated in pipe arrangement 1 via casing 2, the temperature in the moment that to pass through the afore mentioned rules time is as (10 ℃: the temperature that for example is equivalent to the cold water temperature of refrigerating machine before stopping) of initial temperature T0, as shown in Figure 4, for example, measured the mistiming D of temperature rise time at P1 and P2 place.The initial temperature T0 of this moment and use with respect to the indicated value of temperature sensor by the temperature of temperature sensor 11,21 metering and to proofread and correct and to have adopted value after conversion formula converts.
About proofreading and correct, converting, as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.About the correction of Fig. 5, be that sensor (being encapsulated in the polybag) and reference temperature sensor are immersed in the Water Tank with Temp.-controlled, the sensor main body of obtaining after reaching normal condition is with respect to the common correction of the error of reference temperature.And the calibration curve of Fig. 5 is detected by JQA (Japanese Quality Insurance Chain) and inventor.
About the conversion formula of Fig. 6,, the main body error of the thermometer on environment temperature and pipe arrangement surface is proofreaied and correct by the calibration curve of Fig. 5.Then, adopt conversion formula (formula that digital temperature meter is used) shown in Figure 6 to infer the interior water temperature of pipe arrangement.Fig. 6 is of a size of the conversion formula under the situation of 250A for pipe arrangement, as with thermal resistance (thermal resistance between sensor part and the pipe arrangement surface) the suitable thickness during as the temperature conductivity of air represent, be 1.1mm during insulation, be 0.05mm when not being incubated.In addition, the coefficient of this conversion formula is because of pipe arrangement size and insulation thickness change.Its reason is owing to the variation of the thermal resistance of the degree that the fits tightly generation with pipe arrangement and sensor part and the variation from the surperficial peripherad thermograde of pipe arrangement that insulation thickness produces.When the pipe arrangement size increased, good with fitting tightly of pipe arrangement surface, thermal resistance reduced (reduction coefficient is little).Then until near and the environment temperature of pipe arrangement is identical, the thermograde of sensor front end portion is little when not being incubated, and reduction coefficient reduces.
Then, the mistiming from mensuration calculates flow velocity as described below.That is,
Flow velocity (m/s)=distance (m)/mistiming D (second)
Flow Q (m
3/ min)=flow velocity (m/s) * pipe arrangement sectional area (m
2)
Specific discharge (l/min)=Q (m
3/ s) * 1000 (l/m
3) * 60 (s/min)
Experimental result is obtained the mistiming with respect to the upstream and downstream of the temperature variation shown in Fig. 2 as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.And, about the result that standard flow is compared, shown in the table of Fig. 9.In addition, the result shown in the table of Fig. 9 is that the temperature variation of the equal part of the inclination of curve from Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 is obtained the approximate expression shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, calculates the result of mistiming by this approximate expression.Specifically, carry out approximate expressionization to beginning back 12 seconds to 20 seconds, calculate the mean value of mistiming, the result shown in the table of observation Fig. 9 can measure the flow in the pipe arrangement as can be known according to the present invention.
In addition, though produce about 10%～20% error with respect to the standard flow of electromagnetic flowmeter 9, the predetermined distance that is provided with between the position of the temperature sensor that this error for example can be by lengthening upstream side, downstream reduces.
Such for present embodiment, between the surface of the sensor part 12 of temperature sensor 11 and pipe arrangement 1 under the situation of plug-in mounting thermal conductive silicon 17 effect during by the outside of insulation material 16 temperature of plate sensors 11 shown in the curve among Figure 10.As can be known as if plug-in mounting thermal conductive silicon 17 between the surface of sensor part 12 and pipe arrangement 1, perhaps by the outside of insulation material 16 temperature of plate sensors 11,21, then can suppress the influence of environment temperature (external interference), reduce the indicated value of temperature sensor and the difference of fluid temperature (F.T.) (reference temperature).
As mentioned above, according to present embodiment, can be at the scene do not measure flow in the pipe arrangement 1 contiguously with fluid.And different with the ultrasonic mode, if can guarantee between the temperature sensor metering for certain (for example 1～5m), then also can measure near the flow the bend pipe.Certainly, do not need such heater dedicated of in the past mode based on heat yet.
In addition, in the above-described embodiment, shown in the curve among Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, the sampling time that makes temperature data is 2 seconds, has taked temperature data with 0.1 ℃ temperature resolution.But if further shorten the sampling period, for example being that then temperature resolution can also further improve about 0.1 second, for example is about 0.05 ℃, and precision is improved.
The absorption refrigerating machine that the present invention particularly states afterwards measures the chilled water in the pipe arrangement of these equipment and instruments when being temperature variation after air-conditioning instrument, the equipment and instruments such as various refrigerating machines of representative stops back or starting, the flow of cold water is effective, but be not limited in this certainly, also applicable to fluids such as water (0 ℃～100 ℃), steam (100 ℃), various aqueous solution.
The present invention for example opens valve and begins to supply in the pipe arrangement of such air conditioner of cold water or cold water storage cistern and can certainly measure under the situation that temperature descends.In addition, under the situation of the refrigerating machine of physical device, though depend on the thermal capacity of utilizing side of refrigerating capacity and cold water, because the gradient of temperature when descending slow (about 0.01 ℃/second), so preferably, perhaps improve temperature resolution with the segmentation of employing cycle.
The only about half of of buildings (mainly being the building) power consumption is the idle call power consumption, and heat resource equipments such as refrigerating machine consume sixty percent, whole about three one-tenth.Particularly, the performance of refrigerating machine will directly cause the increase of consuming energy, so for energy-conservationization in building, the performance evaluation of refrigerating machine is absolutely necessary because reducing.
As the performance index of refrigerating machine, adopt COP (intake is with respect to the ratio of making energy) usually, compare with workshop test achievement etc. and judge its degradation etc.When the performance of refrigerating machine reduces, owing to increase with respect to making the heat input quantity, so Fuel Consumptions such as electric power, combustion gas or fuel oil also increase.Be input as electric power in the electrodynamic type turbo refrigerating machine, the specific of intake can be by being provided with meterings such as kilowatt meter.
But, in the absorption refrigerating machine that drops into steam, almost do not equipped the gauging instrument of the intake of its steam.As its reason, the vapor flow rate meter of flow that can enumerate direct metering steam is very expensive, can not resemble direct reflection operating cost combustion gas or the fuel oil.Steam is one of medium of energy transport.And after completion, install once more and then need to cut off, remove this huge cost of pipe arrangement and labour.When the performance of absorption refrigerating machine reduces, owing to increase with respect to making the heat steam consumption, so also increase as the combustion gas of its fuel or the consumption of fuel oil.Therefore, wish cheap, measure the method for the energy input of steam formula absorption refrigerating machine simply.
As mentioned above, steam is being made as energy in the cold and hot absorption refrigerating machine, the performance of holding refrigerating machine be energy-conservation and refrigerating machine efficiently to move institute requisite.
Cold and hot amount and its desired energy input quantity that the performance evaluation of refrigerating machine adopts metering to make are for example by the COP of input quantity divided by cold and hot amount.At this, measure energy input quantity, be the heat of the steam that consumes of refrigerating machine, as long as the vapor flow rate that flows in the vapour inlet pipe arrangement of metering absorption refrigerating machine, the difference that multiply by the enthalpy of the enthalpy of saturated vapor of input absorption refrigerating machine and the steam backwater that comes out from absorption refrigerating machine gets final product.Therefore, obtain the COP of absorption refrigerating machine, need to obtain the enthalpy of vapor flow rate, steam and backwater.
And, the steam that has input rated condition (pressure, temperature) in metering, make steam condense to specific temperature, utilize under the situation of utilizing situation of equipment and instrument of condenser of steam energy, or metering will produce in the boiler steam distribution give the situation etc. of the steam distribution situation in the equipment (for example with the situation of regional pyrogenicity system supply heating) of a plurality of instruments can the while or be considered as limiting simultaneously then must obtaining vapor flow rate under the situation of exit condition (temperature, pressure) of entry condition (temperature, pressure), backwater of steam with steam.
About this point,, following flowmeter is arranged as the existing vapor flow rate meter that is used to measure vapor flow rate.
(a) portion of testing agency is inserted the flowmeter that directly contacts with fluid in the pipe arrangement
As such flowmeter, turbine type is arranged, throttling cellular type and bevel-type flowmeter.
(b) the contactless flowmeter that do not contact of portion of testing agency with fluid
As such flowmeter, the employing that is called as half folder plain type (semicramp-ontype) the has been arranged flowmeter of ultrasonic mode of special-purpose short tube.This is that two ultrasonic transceivers send and accept ultrasonic mutually; flow direction according to steam measures the steam flow velocity with the reverse mistiming in the same way; multiply by the long-pending ultrasonic transmission time difference formula of tube section as vapor flow rate; but because there is decay in the ultrasonic of ultrasonic transceiver and tube-surface and tubing, so must insert the protection tube of ultrasonic transceiver and the special-purpose short tube of pipe arrangement one midway at pipe arrangement.
As the flowmeter of metering flow of mobile backwater in steam pipe, be disclosed in the special fair 6-63793 communique of Japan's special permission communique.
In the above-mentioned existing vapor flow rate metering method that adopts the vapor flow rate meter, do not have at each absorption refrigerating machine under the situation of other vapor flow rate meter of branch, stop the operation of absorption refrigerating machine, cut off a part of steam pipe arrangement, it is removed and flowmeter is installed.Therefore, in metering, to spend suitable time and expense, and the problem that exists cold and hot supply also must stop owing to the operation that stops refrigerating machine.In the metering of these steams, for the metering of carrying out steam pressure in addition or metering steam temperature, be converted into pressure, the steam specific volume that draws according to pressure is obtained the mass rate of steam, and attached gauging instrument increases.The necessary temperature and pressure of the metering of the input quantity of absorption refrigerating machine will also will cut off and remove a part of steam pipe arrangement with plug-in type thermometer or the metering of plug-in type pressure gauge usually on this point.
Therefore, situation in the past is in order to measure the intake of the absorption refrigerating machine that the vapor flow rate meter is not set, then to exist the cut-out of pipe arrangement, the equipment that removes and produce to stop inevitably thereupon.And the content of putting down in writing in the special fair 6-63793 communique of Japan special permission communique is not to be purpose with input vapor volume, the specific of intake, adopts this scheme can not directly obtain input vapor volume and intake.
The present invention proposes in view of the above problems, if use the following illustrated method of embodiment, then can cut off pipe arrangement and can measure simply the energy input quantity of steam as the equipment and instrument of the energy.
Promptly, adding following operation get final product: measure inflow utilize steam equipment and instrument steam temperature, obtain the operation of entrance side steam enthalpy, the temperature of the steam backwater that mensuration is come out, obtain the operation of outlet side steam enthalpy from the said equipment instrument, and by be installed in the lip-deep liquid of pipe arrangement that the steam backwater that comes out from the said equipment instrument flows with the ultrasonic flowmeter, obtain the operation of the flow of this steam backwater.Then, from above-mentioned entrance side steam enthalpy, deduct above-mentioned outlet side steam enthalpy,, obtain the steam energy that is input in the said equipment instrument the flow that this result multiply by above-mentioned steam backwater.
Measure the temperature that flows into the steam in the equipment and instrument, obtain entrance side steam enthalpy, if obtain the temperature of entrance side steam enthalpy-in advance than the relation of enthalpy, and draw the conversion formula of entrance side steam enthalpy by approximate expression based on this, then can directly obtain entrance side steam enthalpy from the temperature of measuring.Similarly, measure temperature, obtain outlet side steam enthalpy, can obtain the temperature of outlet side backwater enthalpy-, get final product in advance based on this conversion formula of obtaining outlet side backwater enthalpy than the relation of enthalpy from the steam backwater of equipment and instrument.
Then, will be average with the instantaneous value of the volumetric flow rate of this steam backwater of ultrasonic flowmeter metering by the time by be installed in the lip-deep liquid of pipe arrangement that the steam backwater that comes out flows from the said equipment instrument, and be converted into specific volume with the water obtained by the mean value of return water temperature and remove mass rate after calculating, obtain vapor flow rate.And then by deducting above-mentioned outlet side steam enthalpy, and, just can obtain the steam energy that is input in the said equipment instrument with the flow that its result multiply by above-mentioned steam backwater from above-mentioned entrance side steam enthalpy.
Aforesaid liquid for example can adopt the existing flowmeter that utilizes supersonic transmission time difference or Doppler effect with the ultrasonic flowmeter.Flowing of backwater flowed off and on because of the condensation steam trap, but can be with liquid with the instantaneous value of the circling water flow rate (volumetric flow rate) of ultrasonic flowmeter metering by time average (time integral), and the specific volume that is converted into the water obtained by the mean value of return water temperature removes the mass rate after calculating and obtains vapor flow rate.
Under situation not, because the intermittent flow of the backwater that the intermitten of condensation steam trap produces, can not obtain the stabilimeter value of steam input quantity to the processing of averaging of circling water flow rate.In the equipment and instrument that is sealing from the steam to the backwater, the mass conservation between steam and the backwater is set up certainly.
Though it is the circling water flow rate with the metering of ultrasonic flowmeter is a volumetric flow rate, then no problem in practicality as if the relation that adopts temperature and specific volume to the conversion of mass rate.For example, even convert 1kg simply to 1 liter, its error at most just 3～4%.Do not having the condensation steam trap, steam all consumes till the backwater in the device of (heat interchange and cool off), and under the situation that the pressure in vapor flow rate not have change, device does not have to change yet, the instantaneous value of circling water flow rate and vapor flow rate is equal.It is circling water flow rate (instantaneous value)=vapor flow rate (instantaneous value).
But, under situation with condensation steam trap, owing to intermittently of condensation steam trap open and close, the flow of the backwater of intermittent flow and unequal when comparing with the instantaneous value in a certain moment with the flow of certain steam that flows.Therefore, by with official hour the transient data of circling water flow rate being carried out integration, the mean value of vapor flow rate equates.That is, as described below, we can say that time integral value equates.
Circling water flow rate (time integral value)=vapor flow rate (time integral value)
Therefore, the vapor flow rate that is input in the equipment and instrument stabilizes to certain value more, and circling water flow rate and vapor flow rate are on average also consistent well the short time, and under the situation of vapor flow rate change, by long-time equalization, circling water flow rate and vapor flow rate equate.That is to say that when obtaining the flow of above-mentioned steam backwater, averaging of the circling water flow rate data processing to as the instantaneous value metering gets final product it as circling water flow rate.
Liquid can be installed on the surface of the mobile longitudinal tubule (L tubule) of steam backwater with the ultrasonic flowmeter.Therefore, even the condensation steam trap intermittent duty of upstream side also is always full water state in longitudinal tubule (L tubule), thereby can carry out the metering of circling water flow rate (vapor flow rate) from the pipe arrangement surface.
In order to measure the temperature that flows into the steam in the equipment and instrument, though can adopt for example temperature data register, but if use thermocouple, even then the vapour inlet temperature surpasses 300 ℃ and also can measure it, can be with the expanded range of the metering object instrument of intake to the steam driving turbine that for example utilizes high-temperature vapour.
Below, preferred implementation of the present invention is illustrated.Figure 11 represents that this absorption refrigerating machine 101 possesses regenerator 102, condenser 103, absorber evaporator 104 around the steam pipe arrangement of absorption refrigerating machine 101 as an example of the equipment and instrument of metering object.
On regenerator 2, be connected with pipe arrangement 111 and pipe arrangement 112, the steam that pipe arrangement 111 is used for every steam generating devices (not shown) such as for example boiler are produced imports absorption refrigerating machine 101, and pipe arrangement 112 is used for the steam that the steam by this importing has for example been made after cold and hot at absorption refrigerating machine 101 is returned above-mentioned high-temperature vapour generating means.And pipe arrangement 111 is provided with the autovalve 113 of the cold and hot manufacture of control absorption refrigerating machine.Pipe arrangement 112 is provided with the condensation steam trap 114 as the condensing unit of the hydrophobic condensation of steam after will coming out from the regenerator 102 of absorption refrigerating machine 101.And one side is connected with longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 in condensation steam trap 114 downstreams.
Be provided with the temperature sensor 116 of the temperature that is determined at the high-temperature vapour that flows in the pipe arrangement 111 in pipe arrangement 111 between regenerator 102 and the autovalve 13, longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 is provided with the temperature sensor 117 of the temperature that is determined at the backwater that flows in the longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115.The detection signal of these temperature sensors 116,117 is to 118 inputs of temperature data register.In addition, these temperature sensors 116,117 can use various sensors, but also can use be installed in use on the pipe arrangement surface, the spy of for example Japan drives disclosed sensor among the 2001-296187.
Between temperature sensor 116,117 and pipe arrangement 111, the longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 117, preferably coating improves thermal conductivity by thermal conductive silicon on the junction surface on the temperature-sensitive portion of temperature sensor and pipe arrangement surface.And, preferably in that the suitable insulation of enforcement on the pipe arrangement part of temperature sensor 116,117 has been installed, to dwindle error in dipping.The inlet steam temperature of absorption refrigerating machine 101 is greatly about 150～180 ℃.From regenerator 102 come out, the temperature of steam backwater condensation steam trap 114 in the condensed longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 is greatly about 80～100 ℃.
Downstream at the temperature sensor 117 of longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 is provided with the ultrasonic flowmeter 119 that liquid is used.This ultrasonic flowmeter 119 is that the ultrasonic transceiver is arranged on the so-called jaw type flowmeter on the outer wall of pipe arrangement.Installation site by making the ultrasonic flowmeter 119 that liquid uses is on the later longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 of condensation steam trap 114, and the steam backwater is a full water state in pipe, can be from pipe arrangement surface metrology vapor flow rate.And, the installation site that preferably makes ultrasonic flowmeter 119 is on the position of fully leaving absorption refrigerating machine 101, so, because the temperature on longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 surfaces is cooled off by surrounding air, thereby can alleviate the heat burden of the ultrasonic transceiver (not shown) of ultrasonic flowmeter 119, although its heat resisting temperature is up to 130 ℃.And even sneaked into steam (bubble) when the condensation steam trap moves, because pipe arrangement is cooled, the backwater in the pipe arrangement also is cooled, so can keep full water state reliably.
Be used to implement around the pipe arrangement of absorption refrigerating machine 101 of the related metering method of embodiments of the present invention and main instruments such as above-mentioned formation, below concrete metering method be illustrated.
At first, obtain the steam enthalpy from the temperature of steam mobile pipe arrangement 111.Can obtain by conversion formula shown in Figure 12 to the conversion of steam enthalpy from steam temperature.In the present embodiment, having adopted the tables of data with record in the known document (for example civic organization's air-conditioning and the meeting of health public school: a basis piece of writing (2001) is rolled up in air-conditioning and the brief guide of health engineering the 13rd edition the 1st) is the conversion formula that benchmark is made.
In the present embodiment, obtained following conversion formula.
Steam temperature than enthalpy h ' ' (kJ/kg)
=-0.00001 * (steam temperature)
3+ 0.0007 * (steam temperature)
2
+ 1.7981 * (steam temperature)+2501.2
Obtain the backwater enthalpy from the temperature of steam backwater mobile longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115.Can obtain by conversion formula shown in Figure 13 to the conversion of backwater enthalpy from the steam return water temperature.This is that (for example civic organization's air-conditioning and the meeting of health public school: the tables of data of record is the conversion formula that benchmark is made the 13rd edition the 1st a volume basis piece of writing of air-conditioning and the brief guide of health engineering (2001)) with known document.
In the present embodiment, obtained following conversion formula.
Return water temperature than enthalpy h ' (kJ/kg)=4.2208 * return water temperature
Instantaneous value by ultrasonic flowmeter 119 meterings volumetric flow rate of mobile steam backwater in longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 is converted into mass rate with it, implements to obtain vapor flow rate after equalization is handled.In addition, disposal route about the variable of circling water flow rate, because condensation steam trap 114 is worked off and on, so will with the several seconds～several minutes the temporary transient distance of instantaneous value of flow of sampling period metering is in data recorder (not shown), by with this variable with from about tens of minutes to 1 hour interval equalization, can be specific go out precision height, stable steam input quantity.Preferably carry out the performance evaluation of absorption refrigerating machine 101 with the data of having carried out such processing.By implementing above-mentioned processing, can be to be in a ratio of a few percent with the plug-type flowmeter of pipe arrangement, to be 3% to measure in the comparison of actual measurement with interior precision.Central data) and the metering result's (circle) of present embodiment comparative result express the metering result (solid line: of the plug-type whirlpool of pipe arrangement formula vapor flow rate meter among Figure 14.
From above metering result, can calculate the steam energy Q (kW) that is input in the absorption refrigerating machine 101 by following formula.That is, at Sv: at the vapor flow rate (kg/s) of longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 meterings, Hi: from the steam enthalpy of extrapolating at the steam temperature of pipe arrangement 111 meterings of the vapour inlet side of absorption refrigerating machine 101 (kJ/kg), H
0: during from the enthalpy (kJ/kg) extrapolated at the return water temperature of longitudinal tubule (L tubule) 115 metering, Q=Sv * (Hi-H
0).
Therefore, the metering method related according to present embodiment, even in the existing refrigerating machine that the vapor flow rate meter is not set, also can cut off and remove the steam pipe arrangement, and the operation of the refrigerating machine in not quitting work, can be used as promptly that direct metering is specific to go out intake, can carry out the performance evaluation of absorption refrigerating machine 101.
Owing to by vapor flow rate and the enthalpy metering of carrying out the absorption refrigerating machine 101 in the work, can carry out the metering of intake, so can save the time and the expense of First Astronautic Research Institute for Measurement and Test's need such as being provided with of pipe arrangement cut-out, vapor flow rate meter.And since absorption refrigerating machine 101 not because of construction stops, thereby cold and hot supply does not stop yet, so also need not to stop the operation of other equipment and instrument.Owing to needn't stop the various device instrument, so can not bring undue burden to equipment control.
Even under situation with gauging instrument of having established, also can be provided with side by side with it, can not hinder existing supervision instrument and equipment, the confirming operation of the gauging instrument that can also be used for having established etc.
About measuring the temperature sensor 116 of vapour inlet temperature, be installed on the pipe arrangement surface and use if the ceiling temperature that can measure is the thermocouple of thousands of degree, then in fact can be measured to high-temperature area (high-pressure area) ad lib, and, owing to be can be specific to go out steam consumption under with the situation of closed path consumption steam from steam (gas) to backwater, so be not limited only to above-mentioned absorption refrigerating machine 101, also can be widely applicable for the equipment and instrument that steam drives input steam energy such as turbine or firing equipment, the performance metering of equipment and instruments such as the steam generation of boiler.
Below the example that carries out actual metered according to above-mentioned method is illustrated.At first, the return water temperature (instantaneous value: measured data) of metering steam temperature and steam.Then, according to these measured datas, that per 1 minute measured value is average according to 60 minutes.Each measured data (instantaneous value) of steam temperature shown in Figure 15 and return water temperature and with per 1 minute measured value according to 60 minutes the data after average.
Then, according to the mean value of above-mentioned steam temperature and the mean value of return water temperature, obtain each enthalpy by the conversion formula of the aforesaid ratio enthalpy that obtains in advance.Figure 16 illustrates steam enthalpy and the backwater enthalpy of obtaining.
On the other hand, about circling water flow rate, also, that per 1 minute measured value is average according to 60 minutes according to the instantaneous value of actual metered.Figure 17 illustrate circling water flow rate (volumetric flow rate) measured data (instantaneous value) and with per 1 minute measured value according to 60 minutes the data after average.
Specific volume relation based on known water temperature and water is transformed into mass rate (kg/min) with the volumetric flow rate after this equalization (l/min).Volumetric flow rate before the conversion and the mass rate after the conversion are shown in Figure 18.
Multiply by circling water flow rate (mass rate) after the above-mentioned conversion by difference, can obtain the heat (energy) of the steam of input steam enthalpy and backwater enthalpy.Figure 19 illustrates these a series of meterings, calculates the steam heat of obtaining.
More than, the example of obtaining as the input steam of the absorption refrigerating machine 101 of an example of the equipment and instrument of metering object of heat (energy) is illustrated, but the present invention is not limited in the situation of the energy of obtaining such input, also can obtain the vapor flow rate self after the energy consumption.
That is, as Figure 17 and shown in Figure 180, at first, with the volumetric flow rate of liquid with ultrasonic flowmeter metering steam backwater, with its equalization, the relation transformation based on the specific volume of water temperature and water becomes mass rate then, thereby can obtain the vapor flow rate that has consumed behind the above-mentioned energy.Therefore, even on the closing pipe line of flow of vapor, have in the various device instrument of condenser of condensation steam trap etc. of intermitten, also can easily measure the vapor flow rate after the steam energy consumption.
In addition, in the conversion of mass rate, it is predefined constant that the return water temperature of putting down in writing in can the instructions according to equipment and instrument makes the specific volume of water.Because such mapping fault is about 3～4%, so there is not the problem in the practicality in need not more high-precision metering.And, therefore can not need the metering of return water temperature, realize laborsavingization of vapor flow rate.
As mentioned above, the present invention also drives the metering, the metering of vapor flow rate of intake (consumed energy) of the equipment and instrument of turbine or firing equipment, use steam energy applicable to the steam that with the absorption refrigerating machine is representative.
Claims (4)
1. a metering is input to the method for steam as the energy in the equipment and instrument of the energy, it is characterized in that, comprising:
Measure the temperature that flows into the steam in the said equipment instrument, the operation of obtaining entrance side steam enthalpy,
The temperature of the steam backwater that mensuration is come out, obtain the operation of outlet side steam enthalpy from the said equipment instrument,
Lip-deep liquid by being installed in the pipe arrangement that the steam backwater that comes out flows from the said equipment instrument is obtained the operation of the flow of this steam backwater with the ultrasonic flowmeter, and
From above-mentioned entrance side steam enthalpy, deduct above-mentioned outlet side steam enthalpy, its result be multiply by the flow of above-mentioned steam backwater, obtain the operation of the steam energy that is input in the said equipment instrument.
2. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that,
Aforesaid liquid is installed on the surface of the mobile longitudinal tubule (L tubule) of steam backwater with the ultrasonic flowmeter.
3. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that,
When obtaining the flow of above-mentioned steam backwater,, it is worth as circling water flow rate averaging of circling water flow rate data processing as the instantaneous value metering.
4. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that,
Thermocouple is adopted in the temperature measuring that flows into the steam in the said equipment instrument.
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| JP103632/04 | 2004-03-31 | ||
| JP2004103632A JP4796283B2 (en) | 2004-03-31 | 2004-03-31 | Flow rate measuring method and flow rate measuring device using temperature sensor |
| JP103632/2004 | 2004-03-31 | ||
| JP352750/04 | 2004-12-06 | ||
| JP352750/2004 | 2004-12-06 | ||
| JP2004352750A JP4694185B2 (en) | 2004-12-06 | 2004-12-06 | Method for measuring input energy of equipment and method for measuring steam flow rate |
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| CN100501343C true CN100501343C (en) | 2009-06-17 |
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| DE102009009832A1 (en) * | 2009-02-20 | 2010-09-02 | Krones Ag | Method and device for monitoring a pasteurization plant |
| CN103415988B (en) * | 2011-03-08 | 2016-02-03 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | The cooling system of vehicle |
| JP6229521B2 (en) * | 2014-02-06 | 2017-11-15 | 東京電力ホールディングス株式会社 | Flow velocity measuring method and flow velocity measuring system |
| CN104913823B (en) * | 2015-06-09 | 2018-11-06 | 合肥晶弘电器有限公司 | A kind of refrigeration system mass-flow measurement system and test method |
| WO2018060426A1 (en) * | 2016-09-29 | 2018-04-05 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Medical device with a thermal mass flow sensor for bubble detection |
| CN107693855A (en) * | 2017-08-16 | 2018-02-16 | 天津天堰科技股份有限公司 | A kind of liquid chest puncture drainage liquid volume acquisition device |
| JP6956014B2 (en) * | 2018-01-09 | 2021-10-27 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | How to find the gas flow rate |
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