CN100499508C - Network management method - Google Patents
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- CN100499508C CN100499508C CNB2007100655658A CN200710065565A CN100499508C CN 100499508 C CN100499508 C CN 100499508C CN B2007100655658 A CNB2007100655658 A CN B2007100655658A CN 200710065565 A CN200710065565 A CN 200710065565A CN 100499508 C CN100499508 C CN 100499508C
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Abstract
The method is used in inner-band network management of the converter from EOPDH Ethernet to single/multi E1/T1/E3/DS3. It comprises: establishing network administration control frame; using the statistical time division multiplexing for the Ethernet service frame and said network administration control frame; resolving the network administration control frame, and extracting information.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of network management, particularly a kind of network management that is applicable to EOPDH (Ethernet is to single channel/multichannel E1/T1/E3/DS3 transducer) protocol converter.
Background technology
Be accompanied by developing rapidly of Internet, in recent years, the wideband data access technology has become one of the focus of communication technical field and trend.After through the communication industry foam of eighties of last century after the nineties, a large amount of core circuit switched backbone networks all build up, and much all are in idle state.In order to utilize existing telecommunication resources to realize the transmission of wideband data fully, realize multiple services comprehensive access, prior art adopts data service that protocol converter realizes Ethernet etc. based on the carrying in the Circuit-switched transmission network more.
Protocol converter is with adopting a kind of device signal of agreement, at the conversion equipment of the transmission over networks that adopts another kind of agreement.Common protocol converter has: EOPDH (Ethernet is to single channel/multichannel E1/T1/E3/DS3 transducer), V.35 arrive the E1 transducer, EOS (Ethernet OverSDH, Ethernet is to the transducer of SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)), EOA (Ethernet Over ATM, Ethernet is to the transducer of asynchronous transfer mode) and TDMoMAC/IP (E1/T1 is to the transducer of Ethernet/IP) or the like.
In the protocol converter application process of EOPDH one class, its most client is the big customer that requirement has the access via telephone line of carrier class application, and QOS (quality services) requires very high.Because this kind equipment laying amount is very big, therefore just seem especially important for the opening fast of such customer demand, equipment fault management and in unified operation management of converging central office side and maintenance.
In the existing EOPDH web-transporting device, a lot of EOPDH products can not provide OAM (Operation Administration Maintanence, operation, management and the maintenance) management function of equipment simultaneously.And minority EOPDH product can only provide simple management for local device, and the simple remote equipment management based on framing PDH (PDH (Pseudo-synchronous Digital Hierarchy)) network interface perhaps can only be provided.
In can realizing the EOPDH access device of simple OAM, realize for the general all modes by read-write local device register of the management of local device; And, then all be to realize by the embedded overhead byte of part of framing PDH frame structure by local device for the management of remote equipment.And remote equipment returns to the remote equipment information of local device also is like this.Therefore, when PDH is under the transparent mode, owing to there is not the frame structure of PDH to exist, then existing network management implementation method just can not realize the management for remote equipment, can not obtain any state information of remote equipment.
Therefore, how realizing realizing based on EOPDH the management of remote equipment, is the technical problem that those skilled in the art need solution badly.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of network management, be used for realizing Network Management Function, and can realize the remote equipment management based on the EOPDH protocol converter.
For addressing the above problem, the present invention discloses a kind of network management, is applicable to the EOPDH Ethernet to the interior network management of the band of single channel/multichannel E1/T1/E3/DS3 transducer, and this method may further comprise the steps:
Set up the webmaster control frame; Preestablish described webmaster control frame frame length less than Ethernet service frame frame length;
Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame are adopted STDM;
Resolve described webmaster control frame, information extraction.
Preferably, preestablishing described webmaster control frame frame length is 12 bytes.
Preferably, describedly adopt STDM to be specially Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame:
Multiplexing of described webmaster control frame is inserted in the described Ethernet service frame, encapsulate framing;
The Ethernet service frame that will encapsulate having of framing of described webmaster control frame again sends to remote equipment according to the first in first out order.
Preferably, described set up the webmaster control frame after, further comprise:
Set the priority of described webmaster control frame and the minimum transmission time interval of webmaster control frame.
Preferably, the described webmaster control frame of setting up comprises before:
At the sending direction of Ethernet service frame, carry out clock zone among the EOPDH of Ethernet service data input local device and switch;
With the Ethernet service storage after switching in outside SDRAM.
Preferably, the described webmaster control frame of setting up is specially:
Local device writes local configuration information register with network management information, generates the webmaster control frame;
The EOPDH of notice local device needs to send network management information.
Preferably, be specially encapsulating framing in multiplexing described Ethernet service frame of insertion of described webmaster control frame:
Multiplexing of described webmaster control frame is inserted in the described Ethernet service formation;
Transmit queue after multiplexing carries out the framing encapsulation.
Preferably, the encapsulation format of described webmaster control frame is identical with the encapsulation format that Ethernet adopts in described EOPDH equipment.
Preferably, the described webmaster control frame of described parsing, information extraction is specially:
The EOPDH equipment of local device and far-end is separated frame to the frame that receives respectively and is handled;
According to frame length parse for frame type, determine it is Ethernet service frame or webmaster control frame;
Resolve the control information of described webmaster control frame, store in local device and the remote equipment reception control frame register separately, and respectively equipment is separately played the webmaster effect.
Because the described network management of the embodiment of the invention is applicable to the interior network management of band of EOPDH (Ethernet is to single channel/multichannel E1/T1/E3/DS3 transducer), this method is by setting up the webmaster control frame; And adopt the STDM mode to be inserted in the Ethernet service frame setting up good webmaster control frame, send to other-end in the network.Described terminal receives above-mentioned Frame, parses described webmaster control frame, and extracts the control and management information in the described webmaster control frame.Inventive embodiments is to be realized by the STDM of Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame by local device for the management of remote equipment.And remote equipment returns to the remote equipment information of local device also is like this.Therefore, when PDH is under the transparent mode, because Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame STDM, receiving device can parse described webmaster control frame, and separate frame and handle, obtain the webmaster control information, so just can realize management, also can obtain the state information of remote equipment remote equipment.
Further, the embodiment of the invention can change the transmission frequency of webmaster control frame by the Desired Min Tx Interval of control webmaster control frame.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is first kind of execution mode flow chart of the method for the invention;
Fig. 2 is the transmission and the position view that is received in the EOPDH system of webmaster control frame of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a kind of concrete frame assumption diagram of webmaster control frame of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is second kind of execution mode flow chart of the method for the invention.
Embodiment
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of network management, is used for realizing Network Management Function based on the EOPDH protocol converter, and can realizes the remote equipment management.
In order to make those skilled in the art understand the present invention program better, the present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.
Referring to Fig. 1, this figure is first kind of execution mode flow chart of the method for the invention.
First kind of execution mode of network management of the present invention is applicable to the interior network management of band of EOPDH.This method may further comprise the steps:
S10, set up the webmaster control frame.
Described webmaster control frame frame length is less than described Ethernet service frame frame length.
Preferable case, preestablish described webmaster control frame fixedly frame length be 12 bytes, and have the protection of CRC-16.The frame length of common ethernet data frame does not contain 4 byte FCS verifications between 60 to 1514 bytes, and the frame length of non-common frame only may be bigger than this scope, can not be littler than this.Receiving terminal just can judge whether the frame that receives is the webmaster control frame by frame length like this.
S20, Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame are adopted STDM.
Multiplexing of described webmaster control frame is inserted in the described Ethernet service frame, encapsulate framing;
To encapsulate the remote equipment that sends to of framing first in first out again.
The multiplexing technology that can transmit multiple signals in same transmission medium simultaneously that is meant is in order to improve the utilance of communication line.
Mode commonly used has frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, code division multiplexing etc.Time division multiplexing is to utilize different time slots that different signals is transmitted simultaneously and do not disturb mutually.
Time division multiplexing comprises two kinds of synchronous time division multiplexing and STDMs, and synchronous time division multiplexing is that each tributary signal has fixed time slicing to claim time slot again in the data of the multiplexing back of high speed.
STDM is that the time slot of common signal channel is carried out " distribution according to need ", promptly only need transmit information or the branch road of working or terminal to those just distributes to time slot, so just make all time slots can both obtain using fullly, can make the number of the number of terminals of service greater than time slot, improve the utilance of medium, thereby played multiplexing effect.
S30, the described webmaster control frame of parsing, information extraction.
The EOPDH equipment of local device and far-end is separated frame to the frame that receives respectively and is handled; Determine Ethernet service frame and webmaster control frame according to frame length; The control information of resolving described webmaster control frame sends in the corresponding controlled device.
Because the described network management of the embodiment of the invention is applicable to the interior network management of band of EOPDH (Ethernet is to single channel/multichannel E1/T1/E3/DS3 transducer), this method is by setting up the webmaster control frame; And adopt the STDM mode to be inserted in the Ethernet service frame setting up good webmaster control frame, send to other-end in the network.Described terminal receives above-mentioned Frame, parses described webmaster control frame, and extracts the control and management information in the described webmaster control frame.Inventive embodiments is to be realized by the STDM of Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame by local device for the management of remote equipment.And remote equipment returns to the remote equipment information of local device also is like this.Therefore, when PDH is under the transparent mode, because Ethernet service frame and described webmaster control frame STDM, receiving device can parse described webmaster control frame, and separate frame and handle, obtain the webmaster control information, so just can realize management, also can obtain the state information of remote equipment remote equipment.
Referring to Fig. 2, this figure is the transmission and the position view that is received in the EOPDH system of described webmaster control frame.
Be that example describes with HDLC (High Level Data Link Control Protocol, high-level data link control procedure) as the encapsulation format of Ethernet service frame and webmaster control frame among Fig. 2.
Because Ethernet itself is exactly a kind of data frame format, but will be carried to the Ethernet service frame on other agreement or the medium, must do corresponding format conversion.In other words need to do packing, i.e. encapsulation to it.
The common kind of the encapsulation format of Ethernet is a lot, for example: based on the HDLC of bit filling, HDLC based on the byte filling, GFP (Generic Framing Procedure, the general frame forming process), LAPS (Link Access Procedure for SDH is used for the link access procedure agreement of SDH) or the like.
At the sending direction of Ethernet service frame, Ethernet data is input in the EOPDH acp chip of local device, at first does a clock zone and switches, and after doing the pruning of form, store among the outside big capacity SDRAM.The CPU of local device according to whether the needs management and manage what etc. real needs, relevant configuration information is written in the register of EOPDH acp chip of local device, and the EOPDH acp chip of notice local device has new webmaster control information to send request.
At this moment, the EOPDH acp chip of local device then generates the webmaster control frame according to a kind of concrete frame structure form of webmaster control frame shown in Figure 3.
The EOPDH acp chip of local device sends request according to the webmaster control frame and current Ethernet data sends situation, and multiplexing of webmaster control information frame is inserted in the transmit queue.And then multiplexing good transmit queue sent into HDLC framing encapsulated circuit, and through WAN port WAN (Wide Area Network, wide area network) mouthful, be sent to memory cell conversion output after, through PDH framer circuit conversion output.
The process of transmitting of webmaster control frame can be realized local device reporting and answer etc. for state, alarm and the control information of remote equipment.
On receive direction, the EOPDH acp chip of local device at first recovers the data of HDLC encapsulation from the PDH frame structure, and then HDLC encapsulation resolved, and according to CRC check and the Frame length after resolving judge it is Ethernet data or webmaster control frame.Ethernet service frame in this way, then after receiving data and depositing outside SDRAM chip in, clock zone is switched and necessary format conversion etc. outputs to Ethernet interface again.
If the network management data frame, then according to network management data frame format as shown in Figure 3 corresponding each controlled and state information etc. is filled in the local webmaster register cell, receives for local device CPU and handles.
Like this, the receiving course of webmaster control frame can realize that the state of remote equipment, alarm obtain and control information feedback etc.
In above-mentioned encapsulation multiplex process, the CPU of transmitter side is that local device CPU can be by rewriting the relevant webmaster control frame of local register, transmission interval controlling value realizes the regulation and control for webmaster control frame statistic multiplexing transmission frequency, thereby realizes the bandwidth control of webmaster control frame.
L1 among Fig. 2 is 4 different loopback (loopback) positions to L4.L1 draws L4 loopback position when mainly being system works for reality, checks, fixes a breakdown and use.Loopback requires must be consistent from receiving port information of receiving and the information that sends the mouth transmission, so in order to arrange barrier, this simple method of loopback commonly used realizes in telecommunication system.
The L1 loopback is the loopback of local E1 link port, and whether the E1 link port that is used for inspection machine has fault.
The L2 loopback then is at the position of framer and deframer loopback, mainly be Authentication devices E1 framing with separate whether operation irregularity of frame module.
Whether the EOPDH acp chip that the L3 loopback then can be verified local device operation irregularity.
The L4 loopback then is to verify that by the Ethernet interface of local device the HDLC framing separates the working condition of frame module.
This shows,, promptly can judge the EOPDH acp chip of local device or the position of the fault point of whole application, help misarrangement by the priority test of a plurality of loopback points.
Referring to Fig. 3, this figure is a kind of concrete frame assumption diagram of webmaster control frame of the present invention.
The generation of described webmaster control frame frame structure is meant in local and far-end EOPDH equipment all can be carried out.Described webmaster control frame can be selected a kind of concrete frame structure mode of the described webmaster control frame of Fig. 3 for use, and management information is formed information frame, and about alarm, maintenance information, control and management information and embedded passage etc. all comprise wherein, this is the agreement of both sides OAM communication.
The frame head postamble encapsulation format of described webmaster control frame is meant the identical form of encapsulation that adopts with Ethernet in EOPDH equipment.Can select encapsulation format such as common HDLC encapsulation and GFP encapsulation for use.
The clean nuclear length of this webmaster control frame is 10 bytes, also has the outer package frame head postamble information the same with the Ethernet encapsulation format and the CRC-16 check information of 2 bytes in addition.
The difference evolution to some extent according to demand of the frame structure form of described webmaster control frame.
As being example with HDLC encapsulation shown in Figure 2 as the Ethernet encapsulation format, then the frame head postamble information of Fig. 3 then is 0x7E.
TRST: the far-end control that resets.Put 1 o'clock far-end and reset, the far-end webmaster receives back reset pulse of generation and carries out circuit reset.Far-end can not the reset control register of far-end of control TRST that resets.
TMS_SLV: the local master slave mode information of giving far-end.Put 0 and be local main equipment; Put 1 and be local slave unit.
TLine_Loop: far-end E1, far-end E1 are PDH interface a kind of of remote equipment.Far-end E1 can be EOPDH, and PDH can be E1/T1/E3/T3 etc.Line loopback control.Putting 1, to make the far-end chip be the L1 loopback from E1 side input port loopback, is used to test the E1 circuit.
TNmg Timely: the ageing indicating bit of webmaster control frame.When the EOPDH of local device acp chip has new network management configuration information, this position indication 1, otherwise indicate 0.Whether receiving terminal EOPDH acp chip will upgrade webmaster control frame reception indicating bit according to this position and the decision of register controlled position.
FRMER_EN: far-end E1 framing and non-framing control bit.Put 0, then far-end EOPDH acp chip is realized the framing of E1, and according to subsequently the control bit information of TTS1～TTS31_EN in the control frame, determines to adopt which time slot among single E1 to send user data frame.Put 1, non-framing E1 pattern.
TTS1～TTS31_EN: far-end single channel E1.31 configurable time slots enable control bit.Every control bit of 1 of putting, then designation system utilizes this time slot.These control informations only put 0 at FRMER_EN, and are just effective when promptly allowing the E1 framed mode.
When the wide area network interface is configured to the HDLC mouth, time slot TTS1_EN-TTS3_EN then uses as far-end EOPDH acp chip flow set control word, be used for remote control far-end EOPDH acp chip transmitted traffic parameter is set, and other time slot can be used as user bit information.Under non-framing E1 pattern, TTS1_EN---TTS31_EN then can be as user bit information.
Corresponding transmission rate was when wide area HDLC mouth was the DCE pattern:
111：2048kbit/s；
110：1024kbit/s；
101：512kbit/s；
100：256kbit/s；
011：192kbit/s；
010：128kbit/s；
001：64kbit/s；
000:0 (closing);
Annotate: have only when far-end EOPDH acp chip far-end control enable register and far-end Flow Control register are enabled state, above-mentioned control of E1 time slot or far-end chip HDLC transmitted traffic are set just effectively.
The actual system that uses local device EOPDH acp chip is if the network of composition point-to-point needs to confirm that an end is made as main equipment, and the other end is made as slave unit.Main equipment can be initiated far-end control, but local far-end control enable register is invalid attitude, and the far-end of slave unit enables control and then opens, and its long-range Flow Control also will be opened.If no webmaster need both sides' equipment effectively being consistent on the time slot dial-up, otherwise both sides can not communicate by letter.
TLOS: the local E1 receiving port LOS indication that is used to give remote equipment.
TAIS: the local E1 that gives far-end receives the AIS indication.
TLOF: the local reception of giving far-end is to illegal HDLC frame indication.
TCRC: the local E1 that gives far-end receives the wrong indication of HDLC frame CRC check.
TECRC: the wrong indication of local reception ethernet frame CRC check of giving far-end.
TNCRC: the local E1 that gives far-end receives the wrong indication of webmaster frame CRC check.
USER: user definition bit.
TNMD0, TNMD1: user definition byte.
Receiver side illustrates for the identification of webmaster control frame:
As seen from Figure 3; webmaster control frame fixedly frame length is 12 bytes; and have the protection of CRC-16; and the frame length of common ethernet data frame is between the 60-1514 byte; do not contain 4 byte FCS verifications; and the frame length of non-common frame only may be bigger than this scope, so can not can judge whether the frame that receives is the webmaster control frame by frame length than this little receiver side equipment.
The definition of concrete webmaster control frame content also can define voluntarily according to different demands, does not repeat them here.
If PDH is in framing format, when the PDH network passed through DXC/PCM equipment, because DXC/PCM equipment can terminate and regenerate the frame head information of PDH frame structure, so the function of carrying out the remote equipment management by the frame head overhead byte in the prior art can not realize.Prior art is utilizing framing PDH frame structure to realize not realized by the overhead byte that agreement takies owing to only can use part in the application of remote equipment management, so the management function of its support also is very basic and simple.Simultaneously, because its management information is carried on the overhead byte of PDH frame structure, may causes its misoperation for some PDH transmission equipment, thereby can not correctly realize the management of far-end, even may not correctly communicate by letter.
The described webmaster control frame of the embodiment of the invention is formed information frame to management information, about alarm, maintenance information, control and management information and embedded passage etc. all comprise wherein.The identical form of encapsulation that the frame head postamble encapsulation format and the Ethernet of described webmaster control frame adopts in EOPDH equipment.Adopt webmaster control frame and Ethernet service frame inband stat multiplexing, can realize transmitting the transmission of Ethernet service frame and webmaster control frame, and receiver side can be determined the webmaster control frame according to the difference of the frame length of the frame length of webmaster control frame and Ethernet service frame.And then, extract webmaster control and management information by separating frame.The final purpose that realizes telemanagement.
The transparent user management passage that the embodiment of the invention also provides an embedded speed to establish, the convenient Network Management Function of realizing self-defined and characteristic.The webmaster ability of all right self adaptation opposite equip. of the present invention simultaneously, and can not cause other problem to the general character.
The embodiment of the invention adopts webmaster control frame and Ethernet service frame inband stat multiplexing, and receiver side is realized purpose of the present invention by the method that the method for judging frame length is used to distinguish webmaster control frame and Frame.Form as for concrete encapsulation format and webmaster frame all can change, and is not described in detail in this.
For the statistic multiplexing that the webmaster control frame is described is how to control, and how the adjustment of the transmission frequency of webmaster control frame realizes.Specify below in conjunction with Fig. 4.
Referring to Fig. 4, this figure is second kind of execution mode flow chart of the method for the invention.
S401, transmission webmaster control frame;
Described set up the webmaster control frame after, can also set the priority of described webmaster control frame.
S402, judge whether to be local device CPU control? if execution in step S403; Otherwise execution in step S404;
Do you S403, judge that described webmaster control frame priority is for the highest? if execution in step S405 immediately then; Otherwise execution in step S406;
S404, the definite transmission enable to arrive execution in step S407;
S405, local device CPU add new webmaster control frame; Execution in step S408;
S406, determine normally to send and enable and arrive; Execution in step S407;
S407, judge whether to be new webmaster control frame? if execution in step S405; Otherwise execution in step S411;
S408, the new webmaster control frame of transmission and new state information; Execution in step S409;
S409, the definite transmission finish, and remove the webmaster control frame and send indication;
S410, the old webmaster control frame of transmission and new state information; Execution in step S411;
S411, the definite transmission finish, and need not to remove the webmaster control frame and send indication.
The present invention can also change the transmission frequency of webmaster control frame by the Desired Min Tx Interval of the described webmaster control frame of control.
More than network management provided by the present invention is described in detail.Used specific case herein principle of the present invention and execution mode are set forth, the explanation of above embodiment just is used for helping to understand method of the present invention and core concept thereof.Simultaneously, for one of ordinary skill in the art, according to thought of the present invention, the part that all can change in specific embodiments and applications, in sum, this description should not be construed as limitation of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1, a kind of network management is applicable to the interior network management of band of EOPDH transducer, it is characterized in that this method may further comprise the steps:
Set up the webmaster control frame;
Preestablish described webmaster control frame frame length less than Ethernet service frame frame length;
Multiplexing of described webmaster control frame is inserted in the described Ethernet service frame, encapsulate framing;
The Ethernet service frame that will encapsulate having of framing of described webmaster control frame again sends to local device and remote equipment according to the first in first out order;
The EOPDH transducer of local device and remote equipment is separated frame to the frame that receives respectively and is handled;
Determine it is Ethernet service frame or webmaster control frame according to separating the frame length that obtains after frame is handled;
If the webmaster control frame is resolved the control information of described webmaster control frame, store in local device and the remote equipment reception control frame register separately, and respectively equipment is separately played the webmaster effect.
2, network management according to claim 1 is characterized in that, preestablishing described webmaster control frame frame length is 12 bytes.
3, network management according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described set up the webmaster control frame after, further comprise:
Set the priority of described webmaster control frame and the minimum transmission time interval of webmaster control frame.
4, network management according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the described webmaster control frame of setting up comprises before:
At the sending direction of Ethernet service frame, carry out clock zone in the EOPDH transducer of Ethernet service data input local device and switch;
With the Ethernet service storage after switching in outside SDRAM.
5, network management according to claim 4 is characterized in that, the described webmaster control frame of setting up is specially:
Local device writes local configuration information register with network management information, generates the webmaster control frame;
The EOPDH transducer of notice local device needs to send network management information.
6, network management according to claim 1 is characterized in that, is specially encapsulating framing in multiplexing described Ethernet service frame of insertion of described webmaster control frame:
Multiplexing of described webmaster control frame is inserted in the described Ethernet service frame to form transmit queue;
Transmit queue is carried out the framing encapsulation.
7, network management according to claim 6 is characterized in that, the encapsulation format of described webmaster control frame is identical with the encapsulation format that the Ethernet service frame adopts in described EOPDH transducer.
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| CN101729358B (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2012-04-04 | 华为技术有限公司 | Method, system and device for transferring and receiving information |
| CN102546104B (en) * | 2011-12-28 | 2015-05-27 | 武汉烽火网络有限责任公司 | Method utilizing generic framing procedure to transmit network management information |
| CN103051528B (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2016-02-10 | 瑞斯康达科技发展股份有限公司 | A kind of message rapid distribution method for bus and device |
| CN103701716B (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2017-10-31 | 许继集团有限公司 | A kind of SV is directly adopted and the common port transmitting method of GOOSE message |
| CN103780438A (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2014-05-07 | 广东九博电子科技有限公司 | Network management frame sending method based on FPGA network management system |
| CN103841009B (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2017-02-15 | 武汉虹信通信技术有限责任公司 | FPGA method for achieving conversion and cascading between Ethernet data and E1 data |
| CN104393962A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-03-04 | 成都朗锐芯科技发展有限公司 | Multi-way E1 deframing system |
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| 一种实用的集中监控通信系统的构建. 雷维嘉，杜子兵.电信科学，第2卷. 2002 |
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