CN100481867C - A digital watermark embedding and extraction algorithm for space domain and small wave domain double sub-set - Google Patents
A digital watermark embedding and extraction algorithm for space domain and small wave domain double sub-set Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The related digital watermarking embedded and extract algorithm based on space and wavelet field comprises: for embedding, using Walsh code to amplify frequency the original watermarking information into two groups of orthogonal information sequence, one is the space-field information sequence group with i orthogonal information sequences, another is the wavelet-field information sequence with j orthogonal information sequences; then, embedding first in space field then in wavelet field; for extracting, first in wavelet field then in space field, combining two groups of the two sequences by equal-gain technology to recover original information. This invention improves system robustness and comprehensive anti-interference performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a digital watermark embedding and extracting algorithm of space domain and wavelet domain double diversity, which is a multimedia data protection method by combining the diversity reception technology of a communication system and belongs to the field of multimedia digital signal processing.
Technical Field
In recent years, with the popularization of computer and Intemet technologies and the development of multimedia data storage and transmission technologies, the transmission and sharing of digital products become very easy, and the illegal copying of digital products also becomes very easy, so that a series of problems about copyright disputes are brought about. In order to protect the interests of copyright owners, it is imperative to find an effective way to protect the intellectual property rights of digital products. Digital watermarking is a technology which is generated under the background and is suitable for copyright protection, publishing tracking and identity authentication of digital products such as digital images, audio, videos and the like. The digital watermark mainly has two performance requirements, one is invisibility, namely, the watermark is embedded into the digital work and cannot cause the reduction of the perceived quality of the original work; one is robustness, i.e., the ability of a digital work embedded with a watermark to detect the presence of the watermark or to recover the watermark information correctly after conventional signal processing and malicious attack. Digital watermarking for protecting multimedia data content copyright requires high robustness of watermarking, and improving the robustness of watermarking is a hot spot and a key point of current domestic and foreign research.
The attack to the watermark mainly has two types of processing methods, one is to make the watermark extraction fail by removing or destroying the watermark information in the digital product, mainly has modes such as compression, filtering, noise and the like; the other processing is to cut, scale and rotate the digital product to make the watermark extraction fail to realize synchronization. For the current watermark algorithm, the transform domain algorithm has strong robustness on processing such as compression, filtering, noise attack and the like, and has poor robustness on geometric transformation attack; the robust watermark designed in the space domain and aiming at the geometric transformation attack has robustness to the geometric transformation, but lacks the superiority of a transformation domain algorithm. The existing digital watermark embedding and extracting algorithm has the defect that a watermark method with better robustness to two kinds of attacks is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a digital watermark embedding and extracting algorithm which can resist geometric transformation attack and conventional attack, has higher robustness and can well resist the two kinds of attacks so as to protect the copyright of digital products.
To achieve such an object, the present invention is made by: spreading watermark information by orthogonal Walsh codes to generate two groups of orthogonal information sequences, namely a space domain information sequence group, comprising i orthogonal information sequences and a wavelet domain information sequence group, comprising j orthogonal information sequences (wherein i and j are integers more than or equal to 1), embedding the space domain and then embedding the wavelet domain, when extracting the watermark, extracting the wavelet domain information sequence group from the wavelet domain, then extracting the space domain information sequence group from the space domain, and combining the two groups of orthogonal information sequences by gains of diversity reception technology and the like in a communication system, thereby recovering the watermark information. The method mainly comprises two parts of embedding and extracting the watermark, and comprises the following specific operation steps:
a first part: embedding of watermarks
(1) Generation of watermark sequence: generating a binary random sequence P as watermark information of an embedded image, and spreading the watermark sequence P by using orthogonal Walsh codes to generate two orthogonal information sequence groups, wherein the space domain information sequence group comprises i orthogonal information sequences, and the wavelet domain information sequence group comprises j orthogonal information sequences. The number of the information sequences of each information sequence group is adjustable, and the spreading factor of each group is also adjustable according to different requirements on robustness against various attacks.
(2) Spatial domain embedding: according to the visual characteristics of human beings, finding out the region which is less sensitive to human eyes in the image, selecting the region with dense image texture, directly adding the spatial domain information sequence group into the pixel value of the image T to generate the image T1. The embedding rule is as follows: i ═ I (1+ α)idi) Wherein, I' is the pixel value after embedding the watermark, I is the pixel value of the original image, diFor embedded information sequences, αiThe embedding strength of the watermark is controlled for the strength factor.
(3) Wavelet domain embedding: embedding the watermark in the spatial domain1Performing k-level wavelet transform to obtain T1DWTAnd selecting LH, HL and HH wavelet sub-bands of each level to be embedded into the generated wavelet domain information sequence group to obtain
. The embedding rule is as follows: <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
wherein,
for wavelet coefficients after embedding of a watermark, WjFor wavelet coefficients not embedded with a watermark, djFor embedded information sequences, αjThe embedding strength of the watermark is controlled for the strength factor. The embedding is respectively carried out on LH, HL and HH wavelet sub-bands of each level, so that the robustness of the watermark to various conventional attacks is ensured, and the statistical independence of the embedding of each orthogonal sequence is also ensured.
(4) Generation of the watermark-containing image: for the above
And performing wavelet inverse transformation to obtain an image T' with watermarks embedded in a space domain and a wavelet domain simultaneously.
A second part: extraction of watermarks
(1) Wavelet domain extraction: for received, possibly attack-processed, watermark-containing image T*Performing k-level wavelet transform to obtain T* DWTExtracting wavelet domain information sequence groups from LH, HL and HH wavelet sub-bands of corresponding levels to obtain T* 1DWTThen wavelet inverse transformation is carried out to obtain an image T* 1. The extraction rule is the inverse of the embedding rule: <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>.</mo> </mrow></math>
(2) spatial domain extraction: for the above-mentioned image T with watermark extracted in wavelet domain* 1Finding out corresponding texture dense area of image according to the same rule when embedding spatial domain, and utilizing inverse transformation of embedding formula from its pixel value <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow></math>
And extracting a space domain information sequence group.
(3) Merging treatment: the wavelet domain information sequence group extracted from the image and each information sequence of the space domain information sequence group have irrelevance, the multi-channel signals are combined by using equal gain combination technology, and the combination formula is <math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mi>Σ</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>Gd</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
Where G is the equal gain combining coefficient, d is the combined output information sequence, dmM is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to i + j of each extracted information sequence, so that the original watermark information is recovered.
Compared with the prior watermark method, the digital watermark embedding and extracting algorithm adopting the airspace and the wavelet domain of the invention has the following different points:
(1) in the invention, a watermark information sequence is spread into two groups of orthogonal information sequences and is respectively embedded into a space domain and a wavelet domain of an original image. Watermark embedding and extraction are only carried out in a transform domain, the robustness of geometric transformation (shearing, scaling, rotation and the like) carried out in a space domain is poor, even when the geometric transformation type of a digital image is accurately known, the frequency spectrum coefficient of the image which is transformed by geometric inverse transformation and is subjected to wavelet transformation also has great change, the extracted watermark has great error and even can not be extracted at all, and therefore watermark information is embedded in a space domain at the same time. The number of spatial information sequences and their spreading factors can be adjusted to take into account the effect of embedding watermark information directly on image pixels on image invisibility. For different characteristics of each sub-band in a wavelet domain during embedding detection, DWT low frequency has large influence on invisibility, weak resistance to attack for changing a plurality of pixel values, poor robustness to high-pass filtering image processing, good DWT high frequency invisibility, large capacity for embedding watermarks, but no robustness to low-pass filtering image processing, so that k-level wavelet transformation is considered to be carried out on an image, watermark information is selected to be embedded in wavelet sub-bands LH, HL and HH, invisibility can be well realized, robustness of watermarks to various conventional processing is guaranteed, meanwhile, non-overlapping performance of the three frequency bands can also guarantee statistical independence during extraction of orthogonal information sequences, and improvement of system robustness by diversity reception and combination is achieved.
(2) The invention utilizes the diversity reception technology of the communication system, combines each information sequence by using equal gain combination technology through the statistical independence of each channel of watermark information sequence extracted from non-overlapped sub-bands of a space domain and a wavelet domain, and completely orthogonal spread spectrum sequences ensure that no multi-access interference exists during combination, thereby better recovering the watermark information. When the image is attacked, the information sequence of the space domain and the wavelet domain can provide the information of the original watermark, and the average signal-to-noise ratio of the watermark system model can be improved to a great extent by applying the diversity reception technology, so that the robustness of the watermark is improved.
In summary, the digital watermark embedding and extracting algorithm of the present invention has the following advantages: by utilizing the dual diversity of the space domain and the wavelet domain, through applying orthogonal Walsh code spread spectrum, embedding information sequences in the space domain and the wavelet domain and the diversity receiving technology of a communication system, the watermark not only shows good robustness when being subjected to conventional attacks such as compression, filtering, noise and the like, but also has good robustness when being subjected to geometric transformation attacks such as shearing, scaling, rotation and the like, thereby improving the robustness of the watermark system to a great extent.
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Fig. 1 shows a watermark embedding process according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 shows a watermark extraction process according to the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the embedding position of the wavelet domain during the two-level wavelet transform.
Fig. 4 is an original image (Lena 512 × 512).
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of embedding watermark, fig. 2 is a flow chart of extracting watermark, and the method of the invention comprises the following specific steps according to the flow chart of fig. 1 and fig. 2:
1. generation of orthogonal information sequence: the specific implementation is that the watermark information length is 128 bit. According to fig. 1, first a binary random sequence P is generated, P ═ Pi|pi＝±1，I is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 128}, namely the watermark information is 128 bits, and then orthogonal Walsh code spreading processing is carried out on P. For a k-level wavelet transform, the frequency domain coefficients for each k-level subband are <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>ij</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </msup> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mfrac> <mi>N</mi> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> </msup> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
I.e. the frequency domain coefficients contained in each k-level subband are
The method adopts two-level wavelet transform when the invention is implemented, and the original image adopts 512 × 512 Lena image, as shown in fig. 4, i.e. M ═ N ═ 512, so that the frequency domain coefficient contained in each two-level subband is 128 × 128, and when the invention is implemented, the two-level subband is embedded, i.e. the embedding position is LH2，HL2，HH2So that the spreading factor of the Walsh code of the wavelet domain information sequence group is 27To obtain an orthogonal sequence djJ is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3, and the bit of each information sequence is 128 multiplied by 27And the same number of frequency domain coefficients with the secondary wavelet sub-band is ensured. And simultaneously, orthogonal Walsh code spreading is carried out on the P to generate an orthogonal space domain information sequence group, and the size and the i value of the spreading factor can be adjusted according to the robustness requirement of the system and the gray characteristic and the texture characteristic of the selected image, and can be the same as or different from the spreading factor of the wavelet domain information sequence. In practice, the same spreading factor 2 is used7Generating a spatial information sequence group diAccording to the texture characteristics of the Lena image, i is taken to be 1 to ensure good invisibility.
2. According to the flow chart shown in FIG. 1Firstly, embed the information sequence group d in the space domainiFinding out the pixel points with the same number of information bits contained in the spatial information sequence group in the texture dense region of the image T, and comparing diDirectly adding to these pixel values to generate the image T1. The embedding rule is as follows: i ═ I (1+ α)idi) Wherein, I' is the pixel value after embedding the watermark, I is the pixel value of the original image, alphaiControlling the embedding strength of spatial domain watermark, alpha, as a strength factoriThe value range of (a) is 0.1-0.9, and alpha is selected according to the compromise between the invisibility requirement and the robustness requirementiThe size of (2). Then T is added1Performing two-level wavelet transform to select wavelet sub-band LH2，HL2，HH2The positions of which are shown in FIG. 3 and correspond to the embedded dj(j is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 3), and the embedding rule is <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
Wherein
For wavelet coefficients after embedding of the information sequence, WjIs the original wavelet coefficient, alphajThe embedding strength of each wavelet sub-band watermark is controlled for a strength factor, j is 1, 2 and 3 and respectively represents LH2，HL2，HH2While taking into account the requirements of invisibility and robustness, the respective alpha is adjusted according to the properties of the respective sub-bandsjThe size of (2).
3. According to the flow chart shown in fig. 2, the watermark-embedded image T which may be attacked geometrically or regularly is subjected to*And (5) watermark extraction is carried out. Since the influence of the pixel value on the wavelet coefficient is large, the watermark extraction in the wavelet domain is firstly carried out. Image T*All go with the original image TLine two-level wavelet transform, selecting wavelet sub-band LH2，HL2，HH2By utilizing the inversion of the embedding rule, <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
extracting wavelet domain information sequence group <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
Then wavelet inverse transformation is carried out to obtain an image T* 1. Finding out image T according to the principle of finding original image watermark embedding pixel point during spatial domain embedding* 1According to the pixel value of the original image, the corresponding pixel point is inverse transformed by the embedded formula, <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mi>I</mi> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
extracting space domain information sequence group
4. According to the flow shown in FIG. 2, the information sequence group that has been extracted is subjected to
And <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
by using diversity reception technology in a communication system, equal gain combination is performed, and the combination formula is as follows: <math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mi>Σ</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>Gd</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
where G is the equal gain combining coefficient, d is the combined output information sequence, dmM is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to i + j, so as to recover the original watermark information P. According to the principle of equal gain combining: for N paths of mutually independent received signals, corresponding channel parameter estimation is carried out on each path, then all the N paths of channel parameters and the N paths of received signals are sent to a multi-path receiver for decoding, and as the invention utilizes a space domain information sequence group and a wavelet domain information sequence group to carry out estimation on different attacks so as to recover watermark information, equal gain combination is selected for use in the implementation of the inventionAnd <math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow></math>
merging to obtain watermark information。
5. According to the flow chart shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the watermark is embedded and extracted, and because the properties of the spatial domain watermark and the frequency domain watermark are simultaneously utilized, and the equal gain combining technology is simultaneously utilized to carry out parameter estimation on the extraction influence of the watermark caused by various attacks, the watermark algorithm of the invention has stronger robustness in resisting geometric transformation attacks, such as shearing, rotation, scaling and the like, and conventional attacks, such as compression, filtering, noise attacks and the like.
Claims (5)
1. A digital watermark embedding and extracting method of space domain and wavelet domain double diversity is characterized in that: comprises the following steps:
(1) watermark information spread spectrum processing: the watermark information is spread by orthogonal Walsh codes to generate two groups of orthogonal information sequences: the system comprises a space domain information sequence group and a wavelet domain information sequence group, wherein the space domain information sequence group comprises i orthogonal information sequences and the wavelet domain information sequence group comprises j orthogonal information sequences, i and j are integers which are more than or equal to 1, and the spread spectrum factor of each group can be adjusted in a self-adaptive mode according to different robustness requirements of resisting geometric attacks and conventional attacks;
(2) spatial domain watermark embedding: finding out a texture dense area of the image by utilizing the gray feature and the texture feature of a gray image airspace, and embedding the airspace information sequence group into the texture dense area by utilizing a multiplicative rule;
(3) wavelet domain watermark embedding: performing k-level wavelet transformation on the image embedded in the space domain, wherein k is an integer greater than or equal to 1, selecting LH, HL and HH wavelet sub-bands of each level, and embedding the wavelet domain information sequence group by using a multiplicative rule;
(4) generating a watermark-containing image: performing wavelet inverse transformation on the image subjected to the wavelet domain embedding to generate an image containing watermark information;
(5) watermark extraction: when extracting the watermark, firstly performing k-level wavelet transformation on the image, respectively extracting a wavelet domain information sequence group from corresponding wavelet sub-bands during embedding by utilizing inverse transformation of an embedding formula, and extracting a space domain information sequence group from corresponding texture dense regions of a space domain after wavelet inverse transformation;
(6) merging: taking the extracted spatial domain information sequence group and wavelet domain information sequence group as receiving information, combining the two groups of irrelevant information sequences by using double diversity of spatial domain and wavelet domain and using equal gain combining technology, wherein the equal gain combining formula is as follows: <math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mi>Σ</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mi>Gd</mi> <mi>m</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow></math>
where G is an equal gain weighting factor, d is a combined output information sequence, dmM is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to i + j, so as to recover the original watermark information.
2. The spatial domain and wavelet domain dual-diversity digital watermark embedding and extracting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the watermark information sequence is subjected to orthogonal Walsh code spreading to generate two orthogonal information sequence groups, namely a space domain information sequence group and a wavelet domain information sequence group.
3. The spatial domain and wavelet domain dual-diversity digital watermark embedding and extracting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: according to different requirements of resisting geometric attacks and conventional attacks, the spreading factors of the space domain information sequence group and the wavelet domain information sequence group can be adjusted in a self-adaptive mode.
4. The spatial domain and wavelet domain dual-diversity digital watermark embedding and extracting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: when embedding, the wavelet domain is embedded firstly, and when extracting, the wavelet domain is extracted firstly and then the space domain is extracted.
5. The spatial domain and wavelet domain dual-diversity digital watermark embedding and extracting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and performing equal gain combination processing on the extracted space domain information sequence and wavelet domain information sequence to recover the original watermark information.
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| CN102129655B (en) * | 2011-02-20 | 2012-10-24 | 西安电子科技大学 | Wavelet domain-based method for weighting fractional differential image digital watermark |
| CN103049882B (en) * | 2012-12-22 | 2016-04-13 | 浙江工业大学 | Image watermark based on virtual bar code embeds and detection method |
| CN103150700A (en) * | 2013-03-25 | 2013-06-12 | 西南科技大学 | Method for embedding and extracting digital watermarks into/from image |
| CN103391482B (en) * | 2013-07-15 | 2016-05-18 | 浙江大学 | A kind of blind digital watermarking decoding method that can Against Geometrical Attacks |
| CN103413267B (en) * | 2013-07-17 | 2016-09-28 | 北京视博数字电视科技有限公司 | Embedding grammar that a kind of digital watermarking seamlessly transits and device |
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| CN105427229A (en) * | 2015-11-11 | 2016-03-23 | 九江学院 | Method for embedding reversible watermarks in duplex domains |
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