The method that is used for the hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon of sodium-ion battery with Prepared by Sol Gel Method
One, technical field
This invention be used for the method for the hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon of sodium-ion battery with Prepared by Sol Gel Method, belong to the preparation method of the secondary battery positive electrode material in the energy and material.
Two, technical background
It is low that sodium-ion battery has material cost, and therefore characteristics such as safety performance excellence are considered to substitute the clang ionization cell as moving the better selection that reaches electrical source of power.In recent years, the research of external sodium-ion battery negative material is flourish, it is reported that materials such as treated graphite, carbon black, hard carbon all have higher reversible capacity (more than the 300mAh/g).With respect to the obtained good progress of negative material, the optional leeway of positive electrode current material is less, and specific discharge capacity lower (being lower than 90mAh/g).Therefore, can the research of positive electrode material make a breakthrough, and is the key point of development sodium-ion battery.
At home, the research work of sodium-ion battery positive electrode material does not appear in the newspapers as yet, for seeking good sodium-ion battery positive electrode material, has occurred some significant research work abroad.Bach etc. have studied under the sodium ion low temperature has the Mn of spinel structure
2.2Co
0.27O
4Embedded performance in the material is found to discharge and recharge with the electric current of C/8 multiplying power, and capacity is held in the discharge in the 15th week still 95mAh/g.Concrete document is [S.Bach, M.Millet, J.P.Periera-Ramos, L.Sanchez, P.Lavela, and J.L.Tirado, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2 (1999) 545].The loading capacity of this material and cyclical stability are still not fully up to expectations, and the performance under middle high temperature is unsatisfactory.U.S. Valence Technology, the research that the Barker of Incorporated etc. carry out transistion metal compound, they find NaVPO
4The F effect is better, cooperates with hard carbon material and makes sodium-ion battery, and battery operated voltage is 3.7V, and is very consistent with lithium ion battery, and the capacity of positive electrode material is 82mAh/g, after 30 charge and discharge cycles cell container be the 1st time 50%.Concrete document is [J.Barker, M.Y.Saidi, and J.L.Swoyer, A Sodium-Ion Cell Based on theFluorophosphate Compound NaVPO
4F, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 6 (2003) A1-A4].Though NaVPO
4F can obtain comparatively stable sparking voltage, but its loading capacity and stable circulation performance still have much room for improvement.
Sol-gel method can be accomplished uniform mixing on molecule or atomic level, can accomplish the better chemical measure control, and characteristics such as it is low to have a synthesis temperature, and the reaction times is short, and crystal growth is intact.This method can also effectively be controlled size of particles, can obtain the small-particle of size homogeneous.Sol-gel method is widely used in the preparation of anode material for lithium-ion batteries, as people such as Gopukumar with LiNO
3, MnNO
3, NiNO
3Being raw material, is complexing agent with the Padil, synthesizes LiNi by sol-gel method
0.5Mn
0.5O
2[Gopukumar S, Chung K Y, Kim K B.Novelsynthesis of layered LiNi
1/2Mn
1/2O
2As cathode material for lithiumrechargeable cells[J] .ElectrochimicaActa, 2004,49 (5): 803-810.].
Three, summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to, propose a kind of can preparing and have more high discharge capacity and the stable circulation performance and sodium-ion battery positive electrode material that have high-specific surface area and high electrochemical activity.
This invention seeks to improve the solution of sodium-ion battery positive electrode material performance from two aspects.At first, the present invention is with NaFePO
4This novel composition metal fluorophosphate of F is as positive electrode material, and this storeroom group is the serial Na of 14/mmm
3m
2(PO
4)
2F
3, will possess and NaVPO
4Thermostability that F is identical and discharge stability, and higher specific discharge capacity and stable circulation performance will be arranged.Secondly, this invention is prepared the positive electrode material with high-specific surface area and high electrochemical activity by changing the structure and the surface topography of hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon, has bigger sodium ion embedded quantity in the hope of making it, thereby improves the capacity of battery.Moreover the gentle controlled sol-gel method of reaction conditions is used in this invention, helps the industrialization operation in enormous quantities of material preparation, will further promote the practicalization of low-cost and high-performance energy storage material.
Sol-gel method can be accomplished uniform mixing on molecule or atomic level, can accomplish the better chemical measure control, and characteristics such as it is low to have a synthesis temperature, and the reaction times is short, and crystal growth is intact.This method can also effectively be controlled size of particles, can obtain the small-particle of size homogeneous, helps the raising of material electrochemical performance.Concrete technical scheme is as follows:
With SODIUMNITRATE; iron nitrate; biphosphate is pressed; Sodium Fluoride is according to the mixed of 0.1mol: 0.1mol: 0.1mol: 0.1mo; form mixed aqueous solution with 500-1000ml distilled water; the citric acid of 0.05~0.1mol is dissolved in the 500ml distilled water in advance forms citric acid solution; join then in the above-mentioned mixed aqueous solution and form mixing solutions; join with the ammoniacal liquor of 50% volume ratio again and regulate the pH value in the mixing solutions at 7-8; the water-bath control reaction temperature is 80 ℃; after changing into the scarlet vitreosol; continue heating and formed the heavy-gravity gel in 40 minutes; taking-up is transferred in the vacuum drying oven; in 80 ℃ of vacuum-dryings 8 hours; obtain the chocolate floss, agate mortar grinds, in tube furnace in the hydrogen atmosphere in 300 ℃ of following pre-burnings 3 hours; take out; make disk shape (middle 20mm, thickness 5mm) with tabletting machine, continue 750 ℃ of calcination under hydrogen shield; insulation 6h, it is stand-by to cool to room temperature with the furnace.
By experiment, sodium-ion battery of the present invention uses the charge and discharge platform of positive electrode material near 3.7V and 2.5V, and loading capacity is 91mAh/g first, and the loading capacity decay is slow, and it is 89.78% that the loading capacity after 20 circulations maintains the 81.7mAh/g capability retention.
Four, description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon SEM figure of Prepared by Sol Gel Method
Fig. 2 is the first charge-discharge curve of hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon
Fig. 3 is the discharge cycles capacity of hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon
Five, specific embodiments
Now provide with next specific embodiment, utilize sol-gel method to obtain hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon positive electrode material.Present technique is mainly formed by colloidal sol, the wet gel preparation, and the xerogel preparation, several steps such as calcining are formed.
1. colloidal sol preparation
Use electronic analytical balance to take by weighing SODIUMNITRATE, iron nitrate, primary ammonium phosphate, each 0.01mol of Sodium Fluoride, mix, the 100ml dissolved in distilled water, glass stick stirred 20 minutes, add 1mol/L citric acid 10ml again, mixture is regulated pH value to 7 with the ammoniacal liquor of 50% (volume ratio).With mixture water-bath control reaction temperature is 80 ℃, does not stop therebetween to stir, and mixture will change into the scarlet vitreosol after 30 minutes.
2. xerogel preparation
After formation changes into the scarlet vitreosol, continue heating and formed the heavy-gravity gel in 40 minutes, taking-up was transferred in the vacuum drying oven, in 80 ℃ of vacuum-dryings 8 hours.Take out, use agate mortar grind 30 minutes powdered, stand-by.
3. calcining
Is the following 300 ℃ of following pre-burnings of 99.99% argon gas atmosphere 3 hours with the gained xerogel in the tube furnace moderate purity, continues to be heated to 750 ℃, is incubated 6 hours, cools to room temperature with the furnace and can get product.
In order to study the structure and the chemical property of the prepared hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon of present technique, we take following experimental technique.
Hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon to Prepared by Sol Gel Method carries out scanning electron microscopic observation, and as shown in Figure 1, even particle distribution, median size are 0.3 μ m, and ubiquity agglomeration between particle forms the coacervate of particle diameter about 6 μ m.The sample of preparation is assembled into Experimental cell as positive active material, and with the 20mA/g constant current charge-discharge, the first charge-discharge curve of gained as shown in Figure 2.Its charge and discharge platform is near 3.7V and 2.5V, and loading capacity is 91mAh/g first, than the material of solid phase method preparation first loading capacity exceed 31mAh/g.The increase of capacity first is because each coacervate is all formed by the small-particle accumulation of diameter in submicron, thereby make material have loose porous microtexture, this microtexture can allow material can fully contact with electrolytic solution in as electrode, thereby enlarge the ionic diffusion area, increase ion diffusion speed, improve radial diffusion coefficient, demonstrated better electrochemical performance.Fig. 3 is loading capacity and the cycle index graph of a relation of Prepared by Sol Gel Method hexafluorophosphoric acid Naferon under onesize current density, as seen from the figure, the loading capacity decay in initial circulation several times of this material is very fast, repeatedly after the circulation, cyclical stability increases, capacity attenuation is slow, and the loading capacity after 20 circulations maintains 81.7mAh/g, and capability retention is 89.78%.