CN100363800C - Method for mending element by ink-jet print - Google Patents
Method for mending element by ink-jet print Download PDFInfo
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- CN100363800C CN100363800C CNB2003101160279A CN200310116027A CN100363800C CN 100363800 C CN100363800 C CN 100363800C CN B2003101160279 A CNB2003101160279 A CN B2003101160279A CN 200310116027 A CN200310116027 A CN 200310116027A CN 100363800 C CN100363800 C CN 100363800C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for repairing elements by ink jet print. All defect positions of the elements are identified in modes of image analysis, etc.; then, optimized ink gun repairing paths are calculated, namely the minimum movement distance of an ink gun for completing all defect repair; the ink gun remains an optimal steady state in the ink jet process for repairing the element defects, so the goal of qualification rate improvement is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of repairing element, relate in particular to a kind of method of repairing element with ink-jetting style.
Background technology
Inkjet technology is a kind of fine, the coating process that repeatability is high, can satisfy in many electronics industry manufacturing technologies of robotization, microminiaturization to(for) the precision element manufacturing, reduce cost, reduce and make time-histories and reduce requirement and trend such as environmental impact, the precision element spray printing that can be applicable to various different materials is shaped.But be to use ink-jet method to make high-resolution thin-film component, as be applied to the colored filter (Color Filter) and organic electric exciting light-emitting diode (the Polymer Light Emitter Diode of display panels, PLED) etc., need quite accurate location positioning, little drop can be sprayed on the preposition, the little drop that is attached to base material simultaneously needs solvent (water, the organic solvent etc.) volatilization that it comprised just can be solidify to form film, yet the physical phenomenon in the volatilization process will influence the homogeneity of film.
Little drop has solid-state (substrate) on base material, liquid (drop) and gaseous state (volatilization gas) three-phase, wherein, region energy solid-state and liquid osculatory compares energy low (rapid heat dissipation) liquid and gaseous state osculatory zone, regional vapour pressure solid-state in addition and liquid osculatory is forced down than liquid steam with gaseous state osculatory zone, therefore form around the drop phenomenon than the easy curing of drop centered, make the low high situation all around in film generation center, be commonly referred to as coffee ring (coffee ring), this uneven structure has serious injury for functional element.Therefore, it is the unevenness (inhomogeneous) of film that ink ejecting method is made the main problem of element, secondly be separated (the Phase Separation) for being caused easily in the process of ink-jet application drying.The problems referred to above all can influence the quality and the qualification rate of element, and particularly under the situation of making the high resolving power element, feasible resolution with ink-jet method making thin-film component can't improve.
In addition, if the surface preparation effect inequality of substrate, even then ink jet process can reach the spraying of contraposition accurately, but different because of its surperficial water wettability and repellency, cause small fluid in element by the power-actuated situation of capillary, make element occur inhomogeneous even produce defective such as broken hole at some regional areas.Broken hole occurs as filter elements, then can produce bright spot (White Omission), produce broken hole at organic electric exciting light-emitting diode and then can cause leakage current, very big for the influence of element.All can cause the defective of element in addition as the problem on substrate contamination, ink-jet satellite point and ink gun obstruction or the like the manufacture process.
Therefore, how detecting and repair the defective of element, to improve the quality and the qualification rate of element, then is present problem demanding prompt solution.As No. 5714195 patent of the U.S., disclose a kind of method for repairing and mending of colored filter, at first detect the defective locations of its colored filter, again ink gun is moved to correspondence position according to its defective locations, make ink gun can spray patching material, carry out ink-jet at last and come correction of the defect to repair its defective.And in No. 5847720 patent of the U.S., further disclose with optical markers (optical mark) and indicate its defective locations, write down its classification of defects by the user again, and, repair with ink-jetting style according to Hotfix more at last according to its Hotfix of defective locations class definition.Its disclosed Hotfix is the observation that sees through the user, and the scanning ink-jet mode of definition ink gun can be utilized different angles and spacing to scan optical filter according to its defective locations, and its defective locations is carried out ink-jet.
Summary of the invention
Technical matters to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of method of repairing element with ink-jetting style, detect all defect position of element earlier, calculate optimized ink gun repairing path again, carrying out ink-jet according to the optimization path at last repairs, make ink gun in the shortest time, finish the repairing of all defect.
To achieve these goals, the invention provides a kind of method of repairing element with ink-jetting style, its characteristics are, repair the tiny flaw of an element by ink-jetting style, and its step comprises:
A plurality of defective locations of the described element of identification;
Repair the bee-line that a plurality of defective locations need move according to the spray orifice of an ink gun and obtain a repairing path; And
Make described ink gun repair each described defective locations according to described repairing path ink-jet.
Above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, the step of a plurality of defective locations of the described element of described identification, its step comprises:
Capture an element image of described element;
The noise of removing described element image is to set up an image sample;
With described image sampled pixelization, be divided into a plurality of less images; And
Carry out the defect analysis of described image sample, a described image sample and a master sample are compared to obtain described defective locations.
Above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are that the noise of the described element image of described removal is to set up the step of an image sample, it comprises:
Carry out described element image cutting to obtain the image of required analyzed area;
Align described element image, and carry out the correction of the detecting location, border of described element image and described element image real physical;
The described element image of pre-treatment is removed noise; And
Described element image and described master sample image are made Filtering Processing with the wiping out background image.
Above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, the step of the described element image of described pre-treatment comprises image noise removal, color gamut conversion, raising image contrast, does binaryzation, color-separated and combined method thereof.
Above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, described step of carrying out the defect analysis of described image sample, it comprises:
Obtain a plurality of defectives that described image sample is compared out;
Calculate the area of described defective;
Calculate the required more than one predetermined repairing position of each described defective;
Setting described predetermined repairing position is a defective locations.
Above-mentioned method of repairing element with ink-jetting style, its characteristics be, described spray orifice according to an ink gun is repaired the step that bee-line that a plurality of defective locations need move obtains an optimized repairing path, and it comprises:
Step a, set up the coordinate (X of a plurality of defective locations
i, Y
i), i=1 to n;
Step b, with a default ink gun spray orifice position as reference coordinate (X
0, Y
0), calculate the distance R of each described defective locations and described ink gun spray orifice position
i, R
i=((X
i-X
0)
2+ (Y
i-Y
0)
2)
1/2
Step c, choose and have minimum R
iThe described defective locations of value is that the next one that the spray orifice desire of ink gun is repaired is repaired point.
Above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, the position of described repairing point is made as default described ink gun spray orifice position, and to repeat once above step b to step c, the repairing order of discharging each described defective locations is with as described optimized repairing path.
The above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, also comprise and set up the step that defect sample is repaired some annotation table, with the repairing situation of each defective locations of annotation.
Above-mentioned method of repairing element with ink-jetting style, its characteristics be, also comprises a step of checking the data content of described defect sample annotation table, to confirm that whether the repairing of all described defective locations is all finished.
The above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, also comprise the stable step of repairing of an ink-jet.
Above-mentioned method with ink-jetting style repairing element, its characteristics are, the stable step of repairing of described ink-jet, it is the positional information between two described repairing points before and after analyzing, as the position of repairing point as described in former and later two not as described in the same pixel unit scope of element, then the described spray orifice of finishing by last repairing move to the back 1 described repairing point with the distance of repairing in, the spray orifice of described ink gun is accepted a pre-concussion energy, make the ink of described spray orifice produce the concussion behavior, the ink that replenishes the surface volatilization is to avoid the obstruction of described spray orifice, to one described repairing point position, described spray orifice arrival back, repair described element with drive waveforms energy ejection ink, described pre-concussion energy drives energy less than described ink-jet.
Method of repairing element with ink-jetting style of the present invention, repair the tiny flaw of element by ink-jetting style, and cooperate with optimized repairing path, make ink gun move the repairing that bee-line can be finished all defect, not only can effectively shorten the repairing time, also can avoid the spray orifice of ink gun not carry out the situation that ink-jet produces obstruction because of the long period.Its step comprises: a plurality of defective locations of identification element; Repair the shortest displacement that a plurality of defective locations need move according to the spray orifice of ink gun and obtain optimized repairing path; The ink-jet that makes ink gun finish a plurality of defective locations according to optimized repairing path is repaired.Wherein, defective locations size and number can cooperate the repairing amount of an ink-jet of ink gun and decide, and the defect point of element is very big or present when microscler, and ink gun need carry out repeatedly ink-jet to be repaired and mobile ink gun position, thereby can be considered a plurality of defective locations.And the step of a plurality of defective locations of identification element can cooperate image treatment method, and the image of comparison element is to find out a plurality of defective locations.
In addition, repair the step that bee-line that a plurality of defective locations need move obtains optimized repairing path according to the spray orifice of ink gun, it comprises: the coordinate (X that sets up a plurality of defective locations
i, Y
i), i=1 to n; With the spray orifice position of default ink gun as reference coordinate (X
0, Y
0), calculate the distance R of the spray orifice position of a plurality of defective locations and ink gun
i, R
i=((X
i-X
0)
2+ (Y
i-Y
0)
2)
1/2Choose and have minimum R
iThe defective locations of value is the next point of repairing.After process next step ink-jet of the present invention is repaired and finished, can repeat above-mentioned steps to determine the next point of repairing.Another way is in advance the repairing order of a plurality of defective locations to be discharged, after choosing the repairing point, this position of repairing point is made as default ink gun position, and the distance of the spray orifice position of double counting defective locations and ink gun and choose the step of repairing point, the repairing order of discharging defective locations is with as optimized repairing path.
Describe the present invention below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments, but not as a limitation of the invention.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the process flow diagram of the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the flowchart of defective image analysing computer of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the defective synoptic diagram of the element image sample of the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 is a repairing path optimization principle schematic of the present invention; And
Fig. 5 is a pre-concussion oscillogram of the present invention.
Embodiment
The disclosed method of repairing element with ink-jetting style of the present invention, the ink-jet that makes ink gun finish a plurality of defective locations according to optimized repairing path is repaired.And, detect and repair the defective of element according to the flow scheme design of robotization, to improve the quality and the qualification rate of element.
Please refer to Fig. 1, it is the process flow diagram of the embodiment of the invention.Repair the tiny flaw of element by ink-jetting style, at first, step 110, carry out defective image analysing computer program, with a plurality of defective locations of identification element; Step 120, carry out the optimization flow process of repairing path, obtain optimized repairing path according to a plurality of defective locations; At last, step 130, the ink-jet that makes ink gun finish a plurality of defective locations according to optimized repairing path are repaired.
Describe the executive routine of defective image analysing computer in detail, please refer to Fig. 2, it is the flowchart of defective image analysing computer.Its step comprises: the hardware of step 111, setting defective image system; Step 112, capturing element image; Step 113, set up element image sample, reduce noise and remove unnecessary influence; Step 114, with image sampled pixelization (pixelization), be divided into a plurality of less images and be beneficial to follow-up image analysing computer and comparison; Step 115, carry out the defect analysis of image sample, image sample and master sample after handling are compared.
About the hardware setting of defective image system, comprise optical settings such as charge coupled cell (CCD), light source, multiplying power and focal length, make the capturing element image definition in order to follow-up image processing.And set up element image sample, for fear of the problem generation of the image distortion that causes because of environmental change.Therefore, need anticipate the element image to obtain comparatively stable image sample.In addition, the actual physical amount between every image also needs comparison, with the error of correcting image capture for the actual physical amount.
In the embodiment of the invention, the step of setting up element image sample comprises: carry out element image cutting (Segmentation), select an image to cut apart critical value, with unnecessary imagery zone excision.Align (Rotation) element image, avoid erroneous judgement, and do the correction of detecting location, border and element image real physical to improve discrimination power; Carry out the pre-treatment of element image again, but increase the resolution (Signal toNoise Ratio) of image, can comprise image noise removal, color gamut conversion, raising image contrast, do binaryzation, color-separated; And, carry out the element images filter and handle (Image Subtraction), the element image and the master sample image of acquisition are made Filtering Processing with the wiping out background image.In addition, with the step of image sampled pixelization, be an image to be divided into many less images compare image fault respectively, to improve discrimination power and to reduce the identification time.
Element image sample and master sample after handling are compared in the defect analysis of image sample, can analyze different defectives according to Different Results, generally can be divided into defectives such as coating is discontented, leakage is sprayed, overflows and spilt.It is discontented and leak situation such as spray that method of repairing element with ink-jetting style of the present invention is primarily aimed at coating.If have and find that defective produces and then must write down its coordinate position and defective form, so that follow-uply carry out ink-jet and repair, thereby the defect analysis procedure of image sample comprises: obtain a plurality of defectives that element image sample is compared out; Calculate the area of defective; Calculate the required predetermined repairing position of each defective; Setting a predetermined repairing point position is defective locations.Please refer to Fig. 3, be the defective synoptic diagram of the element image sample of the embodiment of the invention, the defective 201,202,203,204,205,206,207 that has among a plurality of element patterns 210, the figure on ink-jetting member 200 surfaces is represented various defect kenel respectively.
In embodiments of the present invention, carry out the step of the optimization flow process of repairing path according to a plurality of defective locations; Finish the shortest displacement of a plurality of defective locations repairings according to ink gun and set up optimized repairing path.It calculates principle as shown in Figure 4, and it is a repairing path optimization principle schematic of the present invention.At first, obtaining spray orifice 300 positions of ink gun, is that circular arc 501 is made in the center of circle with spray orifice 300, and definable goes out to put 401 near the defective locations of spray orifice 300 for repairing.Can define a plurality of repairing points in regular turn for repairing point 402 to 418 according to same principle, be more its optimal manner of detailed representation also further demonstration in Fig. 4, to repair point 406,409,412,415,416 is that the center of circle forms corresponding circular arc 506,509,512,515,516, seeks immediate next repairing point.Mode can find the required mobile bee-line of ink gun to set up optimized repairing path according to this.Represent with mathematical way, i.e. coordinate (the X of defective locations
i, Y
i), i=1 to n; With the spray orifice position of ink gun as reference coordinate (X
0, Y
0), the distance R of the position of a plurality of defective locations and spray orifice
i, R
i=((X
i-X
0)
2+ (Y
i-Y
0)
2)
1/2, get minimum R
iValue is as repairing point.In addition, for making things convenient for computing, the present invention also comprises one and sets up the step that defect sample is repaired some annotation table; Please refer to Fig. 4, it is the defect sample repairing point annotation hoist pennants of the embodiment of the invention.Be the repairing situation of representing each defective locations with the data number that is equal to the defective locations number, as Fig. 4, F represents False, and expression needs to repair, and T represents True, has then repaired and has finished.With this example, always have 18 and repair point, so the annotation table does not have 18 F data before repairing as yet.When spray orifice arrive next defective locations and repair finish after, the repairing point of this defective locations is done an annotation, representative is repaired and is finished, and is True with this data modification of repairing some annotation table.Use the purpose of annotation table, for when optimization is repaired approach, can only doing the optimization computing, can avoid calculating the repairing data information of repetition, to save the time of computing to each defective locations of not repairing as yet.Simultaneously also can be after element repair be finished, by checking defect sample annotation table data content, confirm that whether the repairing of all defect position is all finished.
If long-time spray orifice is in the state that does not have spray printing, near the ink its spray orifice will improve because of volatilization causes concentration, make spray orifice block easily for making the strong ink of employed volatility height of PLED and glutinousness.Therefore,, must reduce the path of its spray orifice as far as possible, shorten the time cost of repairing between defect point for the Hotfix of large tracts of land element.In addition, the present invention repairs flow process for ink-jet, also provides an ink-jet stable step of repairing.Be between ink gun moves, design the action of a pre-concussion (Pre-Oscillation), make ink be in the concussion state but not ejection is shaken energy in advance and driven energy less than ink-jet.For spray orifice, ink can flow because of surface concussion produces, and the ink that often replenishes volatilization makes concentration be unlikely to raise, and reduces the possibility of spray orifice obstruction.
As shown in Figure 4, when spray orifice do not move to as yet wait to repair a little and do not spray ink during, at this moment, in order to prevent that ink from volatilizing from spray orifice, cause spray orifice to block, this moment, spray orifice was constantly accepted the pre-concussion energy waveform 601 of a lasting disturbance, pre-concussion oscillogram as shown in Figure 5, its transverse axis is the time, and the longitudinal axis is a voltage, provides pre-concussion energy to make ink form the energy waveform of concussion on the spray orifice surface with explanation, by the sustainable additional ink of pre-concussion behavior to spray orifice, after spray orifice arrival waited to repair point 401, spray orifice was accepted an ink-jet and is driven energy waveform 701, and ink is sprayed from jet orifice, reach the purpose of repairing, the rest may be inferred, for repairing point 402,403, ... 418, its corresponding ink-jet drives energy waveform and is respectively 702,703, ... 718.It should be noted that, for repairing point as 401,402,403, because of the short distance that belongs between same pixel (Pixel) unit is repaired, can drive energy waveform 701,702,703 and drive this moment with the ink-jet that can spray ink continuously, for the ink-jet behavior, its stability is preferable; But for repairing dot spacing from place far away, as repairing point 406,407, then can insert pre-concussion waveform 602 energy this moment between two drive waveforms, do not get clogged to keep spray orifice.After repairing was finished, the energy of ink gun provided then to maintain and continues disturbance driving energy waveform 603, avoids spray orifice to get clogged.
Certainly; the present invention also can have other various embodiments; under the situation that does not deviate from spirit of the present invention and essence thereof; those of ordinary skill in the art work as can make various corresponding changes and distortion according to the present invention, but these corresponding changes and distortion all should belong to the protection domain of the appended claim of the present invention.
Claims (11)
1. a method of repairing element with ink-jetting style is characterized in that, repairs the tiny flaw of an element by ink-jetting style, and its step comprises:
A plurality of defective locations of the described element of identification, it further comprises:
Capture an element image of described element;
The noise of removing described element image is to set up an image sample; And
Carry out the defect analysis of described image sample, a described image sample and a master sample are compared to obtain described defective locations;
Repair the bee-line that a plurality of defective locations need move according to the spray orifice of an ink gun and obtain a repairing path, it further comprises:
Calculate the distance of spray orifice and each described defective locations of described ink gun, repair point with the next one that the corresponding defective locations of wherein the shortest distance is repaired as the spray orifice desire of described ink gun, repair the position of point with this for the spray orifice of current ink gun, next repairs the position of some cycle calculations, to obtain a repairing path; And
Make described ink gun repair each described defective locations according to described repairing path ink-jet.
2. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 1 is characterized in that the noise of the described element image of described removal further comprises with after the step of setting up an image sample:
With described image sampled pixelization, be divided into a plurality of less images.
3. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 1 is characterized in that the noise of the described element image of described removal is to set up the step of an image sample, and it comprises:
Carry out described element image cutting to obtain the image of required analyzed area;
Align described element image, and carry out the correction of the detecting location, border of described element image and described element image real physical;
The described element image of pre-treatment is removed noise; And
Described element image and described master sample image are made Filtering Processing with the wiping out background image.
4. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, the step of the described element image of described pre-treatment comprises image noise removal, color gamut conversion, raising image contrast, does binaryzation, color-separated and combined method thereof.
5. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step of carrying out the defect analysis of described image sample, and it comprises:
Obtain a plurality of defectives that described image sample is compared out;
Calculate the area of described defective;
Calculate the required more than one predetermined repairing position of each described defective;
Setting described predetermined repairing position is a defective locations.
6. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described spray orifice according to an ink gun is repaired the step that bee-line that a plurality of defective locations need move obtains an optimized repairing path, further comprises:
Step a, set up the coordinate (X of a plurality of defective locations
i, Y
i), i=1 to n;
Step b, with a default ink gun spray orifice position as reference coordinate (X
0, Y
0), calculate the distance R of each described defective locations and described ink gun spray orifice position
i, R
i=((X
i-X
0)
2+ (Y
i-Y
0)
2)
1/2
Step c, choose and have minimum R
iThe described defective locations of value is that the next one that the spray orifice desire of ink gun is repaired is repaired point.
7. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, the position of described repairing point is made as default described ink gun spray orifice position, to repeat once above step b to step c, the repairing order of discharging each described defective locations is with as described optimized repairing path.
8. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises to set up the step that defect sample is repaired some annotation table, with the repairing situation of each defective locations of annotation.
9. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 8 is characterized in that, also comprises a step of checking the data content of described defect sample annotation table, to confirm that whether the repairing of all described defective locations is all finished.
10. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 1 is characterized in that, also comprises the stable step of repairing of an ink-jet.
11. method of repairing element with ink-jetting style according to claim 10, it is characterized in that, the stable step of repairing of described ink-jet, it is the positional information between two described repairing points before and after analyzing, as the position of repairing point as described in former and later two not as described in the same pixel unit scope of element, then the described spray orifice of finishing by last repairing move to the back 1 described repairing point with the distance of repairing in, the spray orifice of described ink gun is accepted a pre-concussion energy, make the ink of described spray orifice produce the concussion behavior, the ink that replenishes the surface volatilization is to avoid the obstruction of described spray orifice, to one described repairing point position, described spray orifice arrival back, repair described element with drive waveforms energy ejection ink, described pre-concussion energy drives energy less than described ink-jet.
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|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2003101160279A CN100363800C (en) | 2003-12-29 | 2003-12-29 | Method for mending element by ink-jet print |
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| CNB2003101160279A CN100363800C (en) | 2003-12-29 | 2003-12-29 | Method for mending element by ink-jet print |
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| CN100363800C true CN100363800C (en) | 2008-01-23 |
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Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100399152C (en) * | 2006-02-27 | 2008-07-02 | 友达光电股份有限公司 | Repairing method for transparent conducting layer and structure thereof |
| CN101368974B (en) * | 2008-09-28 | 2011-11-30 | 张德丰 | Method for printing defect on workpiece |
| CN102221753B (en) * | 2011-06-06 | 2013-04-24 | 深圳市华星光电技术有限公司 | Method and device for detecting pixel array |
| US10183485B2 (en) | 2014-10-31 | 2019-01-22 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Method of printing in a multipass mode and a printing apparatus for implementing such a method |
| CN110450558B (en) * | 2019-07-18 | 2022-06-10 | 深圳汉华工业数码设备有限公司 | Wide color gamut printing process and method |
| CN118550112B (en) * | 2024-07-24 | 2024-10-15 | 新启航半导体有限公司 | Large-scale GOA liquid crystal circuit repairing method |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0736900A2 (en) * | 1995-04-03 | 1996-10-09 | Xerox Corporation | Replacing semiconductor chips in a full-width chip array |
| JP2000119580A (en) * | 1998-10-09 | 2000-04-25 | Eastman Kodak Co | Ink composition for in jet printer |
| US6450613B1 (en) * | 1999-09-16 | 2002-09-17 | Oce Technologies B.V. | Print head for an inkjet printer |
| EP1344651A1 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-09-17 | Agfa-Gevaert | Printing method and apparatus for back-up of defective marking elements |
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2003
- 2003-12-29 CN CNB2003101160279A patent/CN100363800C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0736900A2 (en) * | 1995-04-03 | 1996-10-09 | Xerox Corporation | Replacing semiconductor chips in a full-width chip array |
| JP2000119580A (en) * | 1998-10-09 | 2000-04-25 | Eastman Kodak Co | Ink composition for in jet printer |
| US6450613B1 (en) * | 1999-09-16 | 2002-09-17 | Oce Technologies B.V. | Print head for an inkjet printer |
| EP1344651A1 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-09-17 | Agfa-Gevaert | Printing method and apparatus for back-up of defective marking elements |
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| CN1635405A (en) | 2005-07-06 |
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