CN100359985C - A method for decreasing switching ratio of CDMA system - Google Patents
A method for decreasing switching ratio of CDMA system Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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- H04W36/16—Performing reselection for specific purposes
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a method for reducing the soft switching ratio of a CDMA system. The method is under the conditions of different networks, and a mobile station and a base station respectively use different soft switching methods; when the wireless condition of the network is good, the mobile station uses a static threshold to report pilot frequency strength measuring messages, and the base station uses the static threshold to judge whether to carry out the soft switch or not; under the conditions that the networks have pilot frequency pollution and the mobile station is IS95A mobile station, the mobile station uses the static threshold to report the pilot frequency strength measuring messages, and the base station uses a dynamic threshold to judge whether to carry out the soft switch or not; under the conditions that the networks have pilot frequency pollution and the mobile station is IS95B mobile station or above, the mobile station uses the dynamic threshold to report the pilot frequency strength measuring messages, and the base station uses the static threshold to judge whether to carry out the soft switch or not. The method is used for guaranteeing that the soft switching ratio of the CDMA system can be effectively reduced under the precondition of no reduction of the conversation quality of the networks, so that the capacity and the quality of the system are increased.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to code division multiple access (CDMA) technology, particularly relate to a kind of method that reduces the cdma system soft-switch proportion.
Background technology
In the process that travelling carriage switches, when travelling carriage begins to interrelate with new base station, do not interrupt immediately with former base station between communicate by letter, be that travelling carriage is set up earlier and new communicating by letter of base station, when being lower than the signal of threshold value, one of former base station cuts off again and the communicating by letter of former base station up to receiving then, because this processing procedure is a make-before-break, so this switching mode is called soft handover.
Travelling carriage determines whether switching according to the pilot frequency intensity of each base station, and pilot tone is a steering signal, is also referred to as pilot channel.Travelling carriage continuous sweep pilot tone, when the intensity of pilot tone surpassed given thresholding, travelling carriage was just set up with relevant base station and is communicated by letter.Equally, when following, travelling carriage just stops communicating by letter with relevant base station when the intensity of pilot tone is reduced to given thresholding.In cdma system, soft handover can reduce cutting off rate, improves speech quality, and can increase the capacity of system to a certain extent, so soft handover is one of main advantages of cdma system.
But present networking is subject to the selection of site as a rule, because station, base station height inhomogeneous (too high), the inhomogeneous factors such as (overstocked) of stop spacing cause soft-switch proportion too high, can make a big impact to the quality of network.This influence is mainly reflected in following three aspects: (1) occupying system resources mainly is busy channel resource, forward emitting power and WALSH sign indicating number, causes power system capacity to reduce, and Call Congestion is increased; (2) the system down link noise increases, and uplink noise reduces, and is descending limited but the urban network capacity is generally, so the increase of noise can reduce mass of system, the minimizing capacity; (3) the frequency resource utilance reduces.
In general, for the base station effectively being managed,, pilot tone is divided into activation pilot set, candidate pilot set, adjacent pilot frequencies collection and residue pilot set at mobile station side according to pilot frequency intensity.Activate pilot set (abbreviating Active Set as) and be the pilot tone that interrelates with forward traffic channel of distributing to travelling carriage.Candidate pilot set (abbreviating the candidate collection as) is current not in Active Set, receives but be moved platform, and the forward traffic channel that has enough intensity to show to interrelate with it can be by the pilot tone of successful demodulation.Adjacent pilot frequencies collection (abbreviating Neighbor Set as) is current concentrated at Active Set and candidate, but might become the pilot tone of soft handover candidate.Residue pilot set (abbreviating residual set as) is to be included in the current system in all possible pilot set, but is not included in the pilot tone in Active Set, candidate collection and the Neighbor Set.
At present the soft handover method that generally adopts is the soft handover method that static state (fixing) thresholding is all used in travelling carriage and base station in cdma network.This method is based on the intensity of the pilot tone of travelling carriage search and measurement Active Set, Neighbor Set and candidate collection, when certain pilot frequency intensity during greater than particular value, travelling carriage sends Pilot Strength Measurement Message (PSMM) to the base station, whether the base station adds Active Set with this Neighbor Set pilot tone with static threshold judgement, begins to switch by send switching guide message (HDM) indication travelling carriage to travelling carriage; Perhaps the intensity when certain Active Set pilot tone is lower than particular value, and after having continued a period of time, travelling carriage also can report Pilot Strength Measurement Message (PSMM) to give the base station, and the base station will send soft handover guide message (HDM) after with static threshold judgement and indicate travelling carriage to delete this pilot tone in Active Set.
This soft handover method only adds pilot tone based on the fixed gate limit value and deletes pilot tone to Active Set or from Active Set, when threshold setting is higher, can cause higher cutting off rate and Zone switched covering deficiency, reduce the too high problem of ratio that threshold value then can not be improved soft handover.The network planning better, under the situation, the effect of this method is more satisfactory clearly for cell boarder.But under the network environment complicated situation, because the energy consideration that will not have Active Set now is interior, this method has two limitations: one, can't carry out accurately adjustment with trace to soft-switch proportion and network quality; Its two, can't effectively reduce soft-switch proportion, cause the wasting of resources.
Another kind of soft handover method is that travelling carriage uses dynamic threshold, base station to use the soft handover method of static thresholding.For IS95B and above travelling carriage, travelling carriage can use dynamic threshold to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message.The computing formula of the dynamic threshold of the agreement regulation of IS95B and above version is included the pilot frequency intensity in the current Active Set in judgement and is considered, have only pilot frequency intensity to be higher than dynamic threshold when Candidate Set, Neighbor Set or residual set, perhaps the pilot frequency intensity of Active Set is lower than dynamic threshold and continues for some time, travelling carriage just can report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and soft handover is initiated after using static threshold judgement in the base station.
The advantage of this method is that the value of dynamic threshold can change along with the variation of current Active Set and wireless environment: when the pilot frequency intensity of existing Active Set was better, the soft handover thresholding that judgement adds new pilot tone and the old pilot tone of deletion can promote; When the pilot frequency intensity of existing Active Set was relatively poor, the soft handover thresholding that judgement adds new pilot tone and the old pilot tone of deletion can reduce.Stay pilot tone in the Active Set behind each soft handover and all be very important, speech quality is made the branch of maximum contribution, can reduce the soft-switch proportion of network so greatly.But the soft handover of dynamic threshold only is applicable to IS95B and above travelling carriage, and the travelling carriage of IS95A is not supported the dynamic threshold computing formula, so IS95A can not utilize the Soft Handover Algorithm of dynamic threshold.
More than two kinds of methods all use static thresholding to judge whether to implement soft handover in base station side, also have some to realize the method for soft handover in addition, come the pilot frequency intensity that travelling carriage reports is judged at the formula of base station side use agreement recommendation or the dynamic threshold of other formula calculating gained whether decision implements soft handover.Though soft handoff is many, but generally all be in whole network, to adopt identical soft handoff in present practical application, rather than adjust the mode of soft handover at the protocol version of different network conditions and travelling carriage, for example, if whole net is set at static soft handover, base station and various types of travelling carriage all use static thresholding so; If open the dynamic threshold of base station, the dynamic threshold of all types travelling carriage all is closed so.Network settings have no doubt been simplified in this application, but are unfavorable for coming distributing system resource neatly according to the function of network condition and travelling carriage, also are unfavorable for reducing the ratio of cdma system soft handover.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method that reduces the cdma system soft-switch proportion, under the prerequisite that the communication quality of guaranteeing network does not descend, solve the too high problem of cdma system soft-switch proportion, thereby improve the capacity and the quality of network.
The objective of the invention is to realize by the following technical solutions:
A kind of method that reduces the code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion, this method may further comprise the steps:
Detect network and whether have pilot pollution, if there is leading pilot tone, perhaps the pilot number that pilot frequency intensity is close in the network does not surpass set point, judge and do not have pilot pollution, then travelling carriage uses static thresholding to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and the base station uses static threshold judgement whether to carry out soft handover; If there is no leading pilot tone, and the pilot number that pilot frequency intensity is close in the network is judged to have pilot pollution, then execution in step B above set point;
The protocol version type of travelling carriage of the detection request of making a call, if the agreement of travelling carriage is the IS95A version, execution in step C then is if the agreement of travelling carriage is IS95B and above version, then execution in step D;
Travelling carriage uses static thresholding to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and dynamic threshold judgement whether carrying out soft handover is used in the base station;
Travelling carriage uses dynamic threshold to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and the base station uses static threshold judgement whether to carry out soft handover.
Described step C comprises that further the base station is zero to the Slope Parameters that is used for dynamic soft handover thresholding control that travelling carriage issues.
Described step D comprises that further the base station is a non-zero to the Slope Parameters that is used for dynamic soft handover thresholding control that travelling carriage issues.
Described step C further comprises, the link-quality of base station monitors travelling carriage.
The step of the link-quality of described base station monitors travelling carriage is as follows:
The frame error rate of base station estimation forward link and reverse link;
When this frame error rate surpasses given thresholding, the base station issues the pilot measurement request instruction to travelling carriage, and the indication travelling carriage reports detected pilot frequency intensity to surpass all pilot tones of certain thresholding.
Described indication travelling carriage reports all pilot tones for immediately or periodically reporting.
The method of the reduction cdma system soft-switch proportion that the present invention proposes is at different network condition, uses the combination of different dynamic and static thresholdings in mobile station side and base station side.The present invention proposes the overall network solution from IS95A to IS2000, the network solution of this integral body has solved the soft-switch proportion problem of higher that the static thresholding of simple use is had, soft-switch proportion problem of higher when also having solved such travelling carriage of not supporting dynamic threshold to cause owing to the travelling carriage of IS95A and in network, occupying the majority, and made full use of the ability that IS95B and the above employing dynamic threshold that travelling carriage had report Pilot Strength Measurement Message.And, when base station side is used dynamic threshold,, solved that the stronger pilot tone of signal does not satisfy dynamic threshold and there is strongly disturbing problem in the network that causes because added the method for base station monitors travelling carriage link-quality.Prove that by practical application the present invention can obviously reduce the cdma system soft-switch proportion under the prerequisite that the speech quality of guaranteeing system does not descend, and can reasonable distribution system resource, thereby improved the capacity and the quality of system.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart according to the method for reduction cdma system soft-switch proportion of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is that travelling carriage and base station use static thresholding to realize the flow chart of soft handover simultaneously.
Fig. 3 is that travelling carriage uses static thresholding, base station to use dynamic threshold to realize the flow chart of soft handover.
Fig. 4 is that travelling carriage uses dynamic threshold, base station to use static thresholding to realize the flow chart of soft handover.
Embodiment
In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention is further described below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments.
The present invention is a kind of method that reduces the cdma system soft-switch proportion, as shown in Figure 1, this method is that adaptive mode is adopted in the base station, and respectively under three kinds of different network condition, be used in combination in base station side and mobile station side, concrete steps are as follows with the static state of soft handover and dynamic threshold:
The pilot pollution situation of step 101, detection network, monitor the pilot signal strength of all travelling carriages in communication process the base station;
If step 102 detects network significantly leading pilot tone is arranged, perhaps the pilot number that pilot frequency intensity is close in the network surpasses set point, thinks that then network radio environment is comparatively desirable at this moment, forwards step 103 to; If monitoring is found the pilot number that pilot frequency intensity is close in the network and surpassed set point, but not leading pilot tone thinks that then this moment, there was pilot pollution in network, forwards step 105 to;
If step 107 judges that the agreement of the travelling carriage that call request is arranged is the IS95A version, forward step 108 to; If it is IS95B and above version that the agreement of the travelling carriage of call request is arranged, forward step 110 to;
The Slope Parameters that step 108, base station issue to travelling carriage is zero, and travelling carriage determines to use static thresholding by this Slope Parameters;
The Slope Parameters that step 110, base station issue to travelling carriage is a non-zero, and travelling carriage determines to use dynamic threshold by this Slope Parameters;
As can be seen from Figure 1, the present invention is applied to travelling carriage and base station respectively with the combination of three kinds of static thresholdings and dynamic threshold: (1) for the comparatively desirable network of wireless environment, mobile station side and base station side are all used static thresholding; (2) for the network that has pilot pollution, and be the travelling carriage of IS95A version at agreement, mobile station side uses static thresholding to report the pilot frequency intensity measuring result, uses dynamic threshold judgement whether carrying out soft handover in base station side; (3) for the network that has pilot pollution, and be the travelling carriage of IS95B and above version at agreement, mobile station side uses dynamic threshold to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and base station side uses static thresholding that the Pilot Strength Measurement Message that reports is adjudicated.The concrete implementation step of every kind of situation is as follows:
First kind of situation: for the comparatively desirable network of wireless environment, i.e. the network planning better, cell boarder network more clearly, all use the soft handoff mechanism of static thresholding in mobile station side and base station side.Fig. 2 is that travelling carriage and base station use static thresholding to realize the flow chart of soft handover simultaneously, and step is as follows:
The pilot frequency intensity of each set is searched for and measured to travelling carriage;
If there is pilot frequency intensity to satisfy static thresholding, travelling carriage sends PSMM to the base station so, otherwise does not send PSMM, continues search and measures the pilot frequency intensity of each set;
Whether the base station carries out soft handover with static threshold judgement, if pilot frequency intensity satisfies static thresholding, the base station sends HDM to travelling carriage so, otherwise does not send HDM;
After travelling carriage receives HDM, implement soft handover, the pilot tone that reports is added Active Set or from Active Set, delete;
Travelling carriage has been implemented after the soft handover, sends HCM to the base station.
Second kind of situation: for the imperfect network that has pilot pollution, and for the travelling carriage of IS95A, travelling carriage uses static thresholding to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, adopts dynamic soft handover threshold judgement whether to carry out soft handover in base station side.Fig. 3 is that travelling carriage uses static thresholding, base station to use dynamic threshold to realize the flow chart of soft handover, and step is as follows:
The pilot frequency intensity of each set is searched for and measured to travelling carriage;
If there is pilot frequency intensity to satisfy static thresholding, travelling carriage sends PSMM to the base station so, otherwise does not send PSMM, continues search and measures the pilot frequency intensity of each set;
Dynamic threshold is calculated according to the pilot frequency intensity of current Active Set in the base station;
If pilot frequency intensity satisfies dynamic threshold, the base station adds the target Active Set with pilot tone so, sends HDM to travelling carriage, otherwise does not send HDM;
Travelling carriage receives after the HDM, implements soft handover according to the target Active Set;
Travelling carriage has been implemented after the soft handover, sends HCM to the base station.
In the case, because reporting of Pilot Strength Measurement Message is that static thresholding (incident) triggers, if base station side is when a pilot tone reports at first, do not trigger soft handover according to dynamic threshold this pilot tone is added Active Set, when the intensity of this pilot tone became extraordinary, travelling carriage but not necessarily reported Pilot Strength Measurement Message afterwards, and the base station also can't add Active Set with it, can form stronger interference to Active Set like this, cause call drop.For avoiding this problem, the present invention introduces method the assisting as the dynamic threshold soft handover method of monitoring travelling carriage link-quality in base station side: after base station side is opened the dynamic threshold switch, the base station begins to estimate in real time the frame error rate (FER) of forward link and reverse link, this FER reflection radio link quality, when FER surpasses certain thresholding, the base station thinks that radio link quality is relatively poor at this moment, then issuing pilot measurement request instruction (PMRO) instructs travelling carriage to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message immediately or periodically, the request travelling carriage with all detected signals preferably pilot tone report the base station, use the dynamic threshold judgement whether to carry out soft handover for the base station, avoid forming stronger Pilot Interference.The step of this method is also shown among Fig. 3:
Base station estimation FER;
If FER surpasses certain thresholding, the base station sends PMRO to travelling carriage so, and the indication travelling carriage reports detected pilot frequency intensity to surpass all pilot tones of certain threshold value immediately or periodically;
If FER does not surpass certain thresholding, the base station does not send PMRO so, returns the step of estimation FER.
The third situation: for the imperfect network that has pilot pollution, and for IS95B and above travelling carriage, travelling carriage possesses the dynamic threshold computing capability, so travelling carriage uses dynamic threshold to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, can add or the pilot tone of deletion is carried out simple static thresholding switch decision the requirement that travelling carriage reports in base station side.Fig. 4 is that travelling carriage uses dynamic threshold, base station to use static thresholding to realize the flow chart of soft handover.Step is as follows:
Travelling carriage calculates dynamic threshold according to the pilot frequency intensity in the Active Set;
The pilot frequency intensity of each set is searched for and measured to travelling carriage;
If there is pilot frequency intensity to satisfy dynamic threshold, travelling carriage sends PSMM to the base station so, otherwise does not send PSMM, continues the pilot tone of each set of traversal;
The base station judges whether pilot frequency intensity satisfies static thresholding, if satisfy, the base station sends HDM to travelling carriage, otherwise does not send HDM;
Travelling carriage receives after the HDM, implements soft handover, this pilot tone is added Active Set or deletes from Active Set;
Travelling carriage is implemented to send HCM to the base station after the soft handover.
The flow chart of above-described three kinds of situations only for convenient understandings just do schematically show, and be not the particular flow sheet of reality, only be used for clearly illustrating the flow process of base station side and mobile station side under three kinds of situations at this.
In concrete implementation process, can carry out suitable improvement, to adapt to the concrete needs of concrete condition to the method according to this invention.Therefore be appreciated that according to the specific embodiment of the present invention just to play an exemplary role, not in order to restriction protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1, a kind of method that reduces the code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion is characterized in that, this method may further comprise the steps:
Whether A, detection network exist pilot pollution, if there is leading pilot tone, perhaps the pilot number that pilot frequency intensity is close in the network does not surpass set point, judge and do not have pilot pollution, then travelling carriage uses static thresholding to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and the base station uses static threshold judgement whether to carry out soft handover; If there is no leading pilot tone, and the pilot number that pilot frequency intensity is close in the network is judged to have pilot pollution, then execution in step B above set point;
B, detect the protocol version type of the travelling carriage of the request of making a call, if the agreement of travelling carriage is the IS95A version, execution in step C then is if the agreement of travelling carriage is IS95B and above version, then execution in step D;
C, travelling carriage use static thresholding to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and dynamic threshold judgement whether carrying out soft handover is used in the base station;
D, travelling carriage use dynamic threshold to report Pilot Strength Measurement Message, and the base station uses static threshold judgement whether to carry out soft handover.
2, the method for reduction code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step C comprises that further the base station is zero to the Slope Parameters that is used for dynamic soft handover thresholding control that travelling carriage issues.
3, the method for reduction code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step D comprises that further the base station is a non-zero to the Slope Parameters that is used for dynamic soft handover thresholding control that travelling carriage issues.
4, the method for reduction code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described step C further comprises, the link-quality of base station monitors travelling carriage.
5, the method for reduction code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion according to claim 4 is characterized in that, the step of described base station monitors travelling carriage link-quality comprises:
The frame error rate of base station estimation forward link and reverse link;
When frame error rate surpasses given thresholding, the base station issues the pilot measurement request instruction to travelling carriage, and the indication travelling carriage reports detected pilot frequency intensity to surpass all pilot tones of certain threshold value.
6, the method for reduction code division multiple access system soft-switch proportion according to claim 5 is characterized in that, described indication travelling carriage reports all pilot tones for immediately or periodically reporting.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2003101130767A CN100359985C (en) | 2003-12-25 | 2003-12-25 | A method for decreasing switching ratio of CDMA system |
| PCT/CN2004/001278 WO2005064953A1 (en) | 2003-12-25 | 2004-11-10 | A soft handoff method in cdma system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2003101130767A CN100359985C (en) | 2003-12-25 | 2003-12-25 | A method for decreasing switching ratio of CDMA system |
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| CN1635815A CN1635815A (en) | 2005-07-06 |
| CN100359985C true CN100359985C (en) | 2008-01-02 |
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| WO (1) | WO2005064953A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN101222464B (en) * | 2007-01-08 | 2011-03-02 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Pilot frequency strength reporting method in multi-carrier system |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5483669A (en) * | 1993-09-09 | 1996-01-09 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Dynamic thresholding for mobile assisted handoff in a digital cellular communication system |
| US5974318A (en) * | 1997-07-09 | 1999-10-26 | Northern Telecom Limited | Method and system for increasing capacity and improving performance of a cellular network |
| US6337984B1 (en) * | 1998-11-04 | 2002-01-08 | Lg Information & Communications, Ltd. | Method for controlling a handoff in a communication system |
| CN1330502A (en) * | 2000-06-23 | 2002-01-09 | 华为技术有限公司 | Soft switching method for CDNA system |
| US20030117977A1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2003-06-26 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Inter-network handoff method |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6539227B1 (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2003-03-25 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Methods and systems for controlling hard and soft handoffs in radio communications systems |
| US6507740B2 (en) * | 1999-05-18 | 2003-01-14 | Ericsson Inc. | Adaptive threshold of handoff in mobile telecommunication systems |
| US6845245B2 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2005-01-18 | Denso Corporation | Access parameter adaptation and packet data resource management using detailed mobile status information |
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2003
- 2003-12-25 CN CNB2003101130767A patent/CN100359985C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5483669A (en) * | 1993-09-09 | 1996-01-09 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Dynamic thresholding for mobile assisted handoff in a digital cellular communication system |
| US5974318A (en) * | 1997-07-09 | 1999-10-26 | Northern Telecom Limited | Method and system for increasing capacity and improving performance of a cellular network |
| US6337984B1 (en) * | 1998-11-04 | 2002-01-08 | Lg Information & Communications, Ltd. | Method for controlling a handoff in a communication system |
| CN1330502A (en) * | 2000-06-23 | 2002-01-09 | 华为技术有限公司 | Soft switching method for CDNA system |
| US20030117977A1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2003-06-26 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Inter-network handoff method |
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| CN1635815A (en) | 2005-07-06 |
| WO2005064953A1 (en) | 2005-07-14 |
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Effective date of registration: 20200617 Address after: 518000 Baoan District Xin'an street, Shenzhen, Guangdong, No. 625, No. 625, Nuo platinum Plaza, Patentee after: SHENZHEN SHANGGE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SERVICE Co.,Ltd. Address before: 518129 Bantian HUAWEI headquarters office building, Longgang District, Guangdong, Shenzhen Patentee before: HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES Co.,Ltd. Effective date of registration: 20200617 Address after: 075000 Room 502, unit 1, building 12, yazhiyuan community, yard 48, Xima Road, Xuanhua District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province Patentee after: Du Weijing Address before: 518000 Baoan District Xin'an street, Shenzhen, Guangdong, No. 625, No. 625, Nuo platinum Plaza, Patentee before: SHENZHEN SHANGGE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SERVICE Co.,Ltd. |
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