CN100338927C - Method for realizing addressing and routing according to path in internet by extending IP v4 packet head - Google Patents
Method for realizing addressing and routing according to path in internet by extending IP v4 packet head Download PDFInfo
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- CN100338927C CN100338927C CNB2004100662249A CN200410066224A CN100338927C CN 100338927 C CN100338927 C CN 100338927C CN B2004100662249 A CNB2004100662249 A CN B2004100662249A CN 200410066224 A CN200410066224 A CN 200410066224A CN 100338927 C CN100338927 C CN 100338927C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for addressing and routing according to a path in the internet by extending an IP v4 packet head. A highest order in a 'target' bit segment of the IP v4 packet head is defined to a 'packet head extension' zone bit EXT. If the zone bit of one IP v4 packet head 'packet head extension' is 1, an extension part exists between the IP v4 packet head and the effective load of the packet. The start point of the packet head extension part is determined by a value of the bit segment of the packet length in the packet, and the packet head extension is provided with an extension part for describing. The length of the packet head extension part is calculated in the total length of the packet, and the packet head extension part comprises at least one option. By aiming at the addressing and routing according to path in the internet, options of a 'source end path segment' and 'a target end path segment' are arranged in the packet head extension part. The present invention has the advantages that the length of the packet head extension part is not limited, so that the described length of each path segment is not limited. An extension target in the packet is 'transparent' for a backbone router, and can not disturb the acceleration of hardware in a backbone router.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of network and the communications field, mainly is a kind of method that is implemented in the Internet addressing by path and route by expansion IPv4 packet header.The method of this head that expansion IPv4 wraps in the Internet that adopts the IPv4 rules, its purpose is to make the head of IPv4 bag can carry more information on the one hand, also is the improvement of another invention " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path to me on the other hand and replenishes.
Background introduction
My another invention " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path (Chinese patent application number 200410053139.9) provides in the IPv4 network by the routing information addressing of node position and the method for route, it is characterized in that providing description to the position/path of node in Intranet with uniqueness at the head of IPv4 bag, promptly start the back with one or several private net address by a public network address, or behind some private net addresses with the address sequence of a public network address, and with this foundation as addressing, the node of net address is become in the Internet can addressing, and to make with these nodes be that the IP of target wraps in the Internet can route, thereby can change the problem that solves the address capability deficiency under the minimum and compatible fully condition to existing IPv4 rules.For this reason, increased by two new options " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " in the option of the packet header of IPv4 rules, form is identical with original " source path " option.Adopt after this method, public network comprises that the router in the backbone network can intactly continue to use, and pay no attention to because they can be ignored unacquainted option in the packet header, and the content except that two new options is followed originally just the same in the packet header.
, however, the method that " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path provided still is some shortcoming, mainly shows three aspects:
1) size in IPv4 packet header connects option and has only 60 bytes at most interior.This is that its maximum is 15 because " head length " position section has only 4 in the packet header, and its unit is " long word ", i.e. 4 bytes, has only 60 bytes so head is the longest.Wherein 20 bytes are the basic packet header of IPv4, can be used for 40 bytes that are no more than of option.Like this, if adopted " source address route segment " and " destination address route segment " option, just tied up the original available space of other option.In fact, in general data traffic, (other) option is seldom to use even always no, but this is a problem after all.
2) same reason, limited option space has also brought restriction for " source end route segment " and the length of " destination end route segment " in the packet header.Because can be used for 40 bytes that are no more than of option, the length of single " source end route segment " or " destination end route segment " option just can not surpass 20 bytes, i.e. 5 32 long words.Owing to also need " current pointer " in route segment, actual path segment length just can not surpass 4 IP addresses.Wherein last is node itself " relative address ", so the front can have three IP addresses at most.That is to say that Intranet can have three layers at most.Generally speaking this is enough, but sometimes also may be not enough.
3) high-end router in the backbone network has hardware-accelerated often.Generally all do not finish route, need not the intervention of CPU by hardware with the IP bag (packet header length is 5) of option; The IP bag (packet header length＞5) that has option then " is submitted " to CPU, is finished by software and handles and route.These routers are not familiar with " source address route segment " and " destination address route segment " option, so just check and carry out any substantial processing and operation and not.But, can but require CPU to get involved now by the flow of hardware handles originally.This can reduce the efficient of P certainly.Such flow is many, and the effective bandwidth of whole network has just descended.
As seen, address these problems, just need to satisfy two conditions:
1. manage to expand the size in IPv4 packet header, promptly can be used for the space of various options in the packet header.Because " head length " position section has only 4, does not in fact have such possibility in original IPv4 packet header, so the way that solves can only be " plug-in ".So-called plug-in, make to refer to that the space that increases newly logically belongs to packet header, and physically be included in (load) data, arrived terminal point and from data, rejected again afterwards.And every on the way node (comprising terminal point) that need to use these information, then must can know in wrapping where on obtain these information.For this reason, in original packet header, must have certain extension flag at least, the packet header extending space that whether has " plug-in " in the bag is described.So just can solve aforesaid first, second two problems.
2. the extension flag in the above-mentioned packet header must be " transparent ", promptly sightless for P.And " source address route segment " and " destination address route segment " option also should be placed in the packet header extending space of " plug-in ", makes these two options transparent to P.Like this, could not disturb hardware-accelerated in the P, thereby solve aforesaid the 3rd problem.
The invention provides a kind of method that can satisfy these two conditions.
Summary of the invention
At the defective of prior art, the invention provides a kind of method that is implemented in the Internet addressing by path and route by expansion IPv4 packet header.This method had both made the head of IPv4 bag can carry more information, again with the compatible fully condition of IPv4 under be implemented in the Internet addressing and route by path, thereby solve the problem of IP address capability deficiency.And the IPv4 bag that adopts method provided by the present invention to make to have expanded packet header makes its hardware-accelerated efficient unaffected to P " transparent ".
The technical solution adopted in the present invention.Thisly be implemented in the Internet method of addressing by path and route, the highest order in IPv4 packet header " sign " position section is defined as " packet header expansion " flag bit EXT by expansion IPv4 packet header; If " packet header expansion " flag bit of an IPv4 bag is 1, just explanation exists an extension between the payload of IPv4 packet header and bag; The starting point of extension, packet header in bag determined by the value of " packet header length " position section in the packet header; The extension, packet header has individual extension to describe, and the length of extension is described; The length of extension, packet header counts the total length of bag, is exactly the value of " packet length " position section in the packet header; Contain at least one option in the extension, packet header.At addressing and route by path in the Internet, can have " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " option in the extension, packet header by actual needs.
The effect that the present invention is useful is: the length of packet header school extension is in fact unrestricted, the length that makes route segment describe is in fact unrestricted, extension flag in the packet header is " transparent " for P, can not disturb hardware-accelerated in the P.
Embodiment
Use below in conjunction with " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path described " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " two options is described further enforcement of the present invention:
Originally there were 3 in the IPv4 packet header and kept not usefulness.Individual TOS byte is arranged in the early stage IPv4 packet header, and the Senior Three position in the byte is used for representing the priority of wrapping, and also has the routing criterion of three bit representation bags.Afterwards this byte had been made into " DS " byte, represent and the relevant attribute of flow control that wraps with 6 in this byte, realize a kind of being called the mechanism of " difference service (DiffSrv) " on this basis, promise to undertake, be QoS for the user provides service quality.Last two reservations in the DS byte at that time are usefulness not, is transparent for router therefore.But RFC2481 it was suggested that (regulation) constitutes one " ECN " position section with these two, is used for " explicit crowded notice (Explicit CongestionNotification) ".This is a kind of mechanism that belongs to flow control, and it obviously is rational being placed in the DS byte.Supported ECN position section although go back the rare router of root now, just can not use again since stipulated.Also have a reservation not usefulness be in the section of " sign (Flags) " position.This Duan Yousan position has in fact only been used two, promptly " forbids cutting apart (Don ' t Fragment) " and " more multi-disc disconnected (More Fragments) ", is used for transmitting and recovering cutting apart of big bag.But, also have one in this section and keep not usefulness, in fact this is also remaining unique one in the basic packet header of IPv4.The present invention just is defined as " packet header expansion (EXT) " flag bit to this position.
Like this, if " packet header expansion (EXT) " flag bit of an IP bag (referring to the IPv4 bag, down together) head is 1, just illustrate that this packet header has the extension, its position (starting point) depends on " packet header length " position section in the packet header.For the quantity of option in size that the extension is described and the extension, as " extension description ", its form is as follows with its first long word (4 bytes):
| Condition code (4) | Flag bit (4) | Extension length (5) | Option number (3) | Error checking (16) |
Here with first byte preceding 4 as condition code, 0xA for example is so that checking.Remaining 4 are used as flag bit.The length of the preceding 5 bit representation extensions in second byte is unit with the long word; All the other 3 bit representation option numbers; Latter two byte is as the error checking of extension.Certainly, the form that the extension is described can be different therewith, for example condition code can not wanted yet, extension length and option number also can each with 8, perhaps flag bit can not wanted yet, or the like.The concrete form that the extension is described does not influence essence of the present invention.
Not defined flag bit is got 0 value without exception.Only definition lowest order wherein is " encryption " flag bit at present, and the content of expression extension is encrypted, as for specifically how encryption and decryption then do not belong to category of the present invention.As described in " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path, no matter the route segment at two ends how, when an IP bag enters public network and walks in public network, two public network addresses always just in two position sections of source address in its packet header and destination address are being represented two top layer gateways in typical case or are being said " door gateway ".That is to say that the route segment information at two ends just is concerned about local just being subjected to down of door gateway, and is then also meaningless for the node in the public network.And on the net to the eavesdropping of IP bag, the hurdle cuts, forge or the like malicious act, then betide in the public network mostly.Therefore, with the content-encrypt of extension, can not determine that with regard to making the earwig in the public network objectives of IP bag are accurate, thereby improved fail safe.
In use, be not after using up with regard to the space that is used for option originally in the packet header, just to add the extension earlier, particularly " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " option should be placed on the expansion part especially, like this could be transparent to the backbone network router.So, if in addition do not have other option in the IP bag, " the packet header length " in its packet header is 5, promptly 20 bytes so, and extension flag position, packet header EXT is 1, be the extension since the 21st byte in the whole bag, the back, extension is only message (data).Like this, because the capacity of extension can surpass 40 bytes, the length of " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " just can surpass 4 IP addresses.In other words, the level of Intranet can be above 3 layers.
The present purposes in extension is to carry " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " option, does not have other option to occur in the future but do not get rid of.
As described in the specification of " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path, generally speaking, the transmission of an IP bag from the source node to the destination node can be divided into three sections successively.First section is source end route segment, and this is one section Intranet route segment, if source node (source node has public network address) then do not have source end route segment not in Intranet.Second section is the public network route segment, and two position sections of destination address in the IP packet header and source address remain unchanged in the public network route segment.The 3rd section is the destination end route segment, and this is again one section Intranet route segment, if destination node (destination node has public network address) then do not have the destination end route segment not in Intranet.
Adopted " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path, and further adopted after this method, router in the public network route segment there is not any requirement, these routers need not any change, because these routers will be ignored extension flag position, packet header originally.
Requirement for the transmit leg of IP bag:
● whether calculate the size of extension with size according to the needs of " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " option;
● the size according to the extension is inserted the extension between packet header and payload;
● " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " option are filled up in the extension;
● the extension is set describes, and calculate and fill in the error code effect of extension.
● the value of " total length " position section in the packet header is increased the size of extension;
● the extension flag position, packet header in the packet header is arranged to 1;
● " forbidding cutting apart " flag bit in the packet header also is arranged to 1, in case router is on the way cut apart greatly inadequately because of buffering area.Requirement for the recipient of IP bag:
● determine according to the value of extension flag position, packet header whether the IP that receives has the extension in wrapping;
If ● have, then find the extension, calculate and check the error code effect of extension according to the size of extension.
If ● have source address route segment option, just note needing for letter in reply.
● find payload in the bag according to the size of the size in packet header and extension;
● adjust the length of payload according to the size of extension, reach the effect of from bag, rejecting the extension.And for source end route segment and the related gateway of destination end route segment, then require:
● determine according to the value of extension flag position, packet header whether the IP that receives has the extension in wrapping;
If ● have, then find the extension, calculate and check the error code effect of extension according to the size of extension.
● by the destination address/source address position section in " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path described process source end route segment, destination end route segment and the packet header.
If except that gateway, also have router in source end or the destination end Intranet, then these routers there is not any requirement yet, these routers also need not any change; Because one comes these routers will ignore extension flag position, packet header originally, two this moments, the destination address position section in the packet header necessarily meaned to the last layer gateway, as long as route routinely.
At last, for need not to enter public network, only in the Intranet with regard to the IP bag that can arrive destination node, no doubt can prolong the route segment of the cannonical format described in the usefulness " in beans networkings the method for addressing and route " by path describes, promptly behind public network address with the sequence of some private net addresses, and as described in " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path by on the way each Intranet gateway to the path optimized, the public part of two route segments of cancellation in describing.On the other hand, such optimization also can be placed on source node and send before the IP bag, to alleviate the burden of each Intranet gateway on the way.For example, if source end route segment is " 101.202.10.11,192.168.100.31,10.40.120.3 ", and the destination end route segment is " 101.202.10.11; 192.168.100.31,10.40.120.5,192.168.10.22 ", just can be just public part cancellation before sending, so source end route segment becomes " 10.40.120.3 ", the destination end route segment then becomes " 10.40.120.5,192.168.10.22 ".Further, owing to have only an address in the end route segment of source, just can use source end route segment option.So, if source end route segment and destination end route segment all in the inside of same top layer Intranet, then source end route segment and destination end route segment can be in the sequence of net address, and need not to be the sequence of net address in some " behind public network address with ".Correspondingly, above-mentioned to also adding one " source end route segment and destination end route segment option being carried out possible optimization, its public part of top-down ground cancellation " in the requirement of transmit leg.This also goes for the route segment described in " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path and describes conversely
Also to illustrate, the destination address position section that Intranet gateway described in " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path progressively changes in the packet header is the processing mode of a kind of " standard ", and the benefit of doing like this is can also have the router of common (the support path section is not described option) or three-tier switch to exist between two gateways in succession.Because like this, require as long as active end route segment option just must also have destination end route segment option in the bag, otherwise just do not have the place can keep in real destination address.The processing mode of " standard " is not unique feasible processing mode, if not the destination address (although dealing with inconvenience) that progressively changes in the packet header, that does not just only need because active end route segment option just also will have destination end route segment option in the bag.Certainly, such implementation detail does not change the essence of the present invention and " in the Internet method of addressing and route " by path.
The false code that further provides relevant algorithm is below described.
Send IP bag (being used for main frame or gateway node)
Input: the destination end route segment is described, data buffer zone pointer and data length,
20 bytes " basic packet header " buffering area as " rough draft ".
Extension, packet header buffering area as " rough draft ".
Algorithm:
The route segment of source end route segment description=this node is described;
Top-down (from public network address)
Reference source end route segment is described and the destination end route segment is described, and the public part of cancellation;
If (source end path segment length＞1)
{
According to source end route segment structure source end route segment options is described;
According to the destination end route segment establishing target end route segment options is described;
This IP addresses of nodes is filled up to source address position section in the basic packet header;
First address (must be public network address) during destination address=destination end route segment is described;
Destination address is filled up to destination address position section in the basic packet header;
}
Else/* dead terminal route segment options */
This IP addresses of nodes is filled up to source address position section in the basic packet header;
If (destination end path segment length＞1)
{
According to the destination end route segment establishing target end route segment options is described;
}
First address (must be public network address) during destination address=destination end route segment is described;
Destination address is filled up to destination address position section in the basic packet header; Extension length=source end route segment options length (if any)
+ destination end route segment options length (if any)+4; If (extension length＞4)
Make up the extension according to source end route segment options and destination end route segment options; Else
Extension length=0; / * does not have extension */packet header length=(20 bytes+other options length (if any))/4; According to packet header length " packet header length " position section in the basic packet header is set; Version number's position section in the basic packet header is arranged to 4; The setting of other sections is identical with Traditional IP v4 in the basic packet header; According to (packet header length+extension length+data length) distributing IP bag buffering area.Basic packet header, extension and data are copied in the IP bag buffering area; Total length position section in the packet header is arranged to (packet header length+extension length+data length); If (extension length＞0)
Extension flag position, packet header in the packet header is arranged to 1;
Forbidding in the packet header cut apart flag bit to be arranged to 1} and IP is wrapped buffering area to pay link layer and send; / * end */
Receive IP bag (being used for main frame or gateway node)
Input: the length of IP bag buffer pointer and bag.
Algorithm:
Check the version number's position section in the packet header;
If (version number==4)
{
" packet header length " position section in length=packet header, packet header;
If (extension flag position, packet header is 1)/* have extension */
{
Extension starting point=packet header length;
Length position section during extension length=extension is described;
Error checking is carried out in the extension;
If (effect is made mistakes)
{
Bag is abandoned, report an error, withdraw from processing;
}
If (first option is a source end route segment)/* source end route segment must be first option */
{
End route segment description=source, source end route segment option;
If (next option is the destination end route segment)
{
Destination end route segment description=destination end route segment option;
}
else
{
Report an error; / * need only active end route segment just must have destination end route segment */
}
If (pointer in the end route segment option of source does not point to first address)
{
/ * do not enter as yet public network */
Reference source end route segment is described and the destination end route segment is described;
If (have public part and
(last address of public part conforms to this node address))
{
Transmit the IP bag./ * see below */
}
}
}
Else/* dead terminal route segment option */
If (first option is the destination end route segment)
{
Destination end route segment description=destination end route segment option;
}
If (destination address in the packet header conform to this node address and
(driftlessness end route segment option or
Last address of pointed in the destination end route segment option))
{
The other side's route segment description=source end route segment is described; Use * when/* wraps for the reverse IP of transmission/
This IP bag is a target with this node, is submitted to application layer or last layer network protocol;
}
else
{
Transmit the IP bag./ * see below */
Else/* do not have extension */
{
The processing of Traditional IP v4.
}
}
Else/* be not IPv4*/
{
The processing of other rules (as IPv6);
}
/ * finishes */forwarding IP and wraps (being used for gateway node)
Input: the length of IP bag buffer pointer and bag, source end route segment is described, and the destination end route segment is described.
Algorithm:
" packet header length " position section in length=packet header, packet header;
If (extension flag position, packet header is 0)/* do not have extension */
{
Conventional IP bag is transmitted;
}
Extension starting point=packet header length;
Length position section during extension length=extension is described;
The error code effect is carried out in the extension;
If (effect is made mistakes)
{
Bag is abandoned, report an error, withdraw from processing;
}
Pointer in the option of end path, inspection source;
If (dead terminal route segment option or
(first address of its top layer of pointed in the end route segment option of source and
This address!=this node address))
/ * has passed through public network and has arrived destination end, or source and target in same Intranet is set */
If (driftlessness end route segment option)
{
The processing of Traditional IP v4;
}
else
{
If (the pointer indication in the destination end route segment option==this node address)
{
This node of/* in path description, thereby be gateway */
Make the pointed next address in the destination end route segment option;
Destination address position section in the packet header is filled in this address;
}
else
{
This node of/* not in path description, thereby be ordinary router */
Traditional IP v4 Intranet route or three layers of exchange;
}
Else/* also do not enter public network as yet at the source end, or source and target in same Intranet tree */
If (first address of pointed in the end route segment option of source)
{
If (being public network address)
{
This node of/* be source end top layer gateway */
The public network address of this node is filled in source address position section in the packet header;
Make first address of pointed in the destination end route segment option;
Destination address position section in the packet header is filled in this address;
}
Else/* be through the route segment of optimization describe */
{
Destination address position section in the packet header is filled in first address in the destination end route segment option;
Else/* is not the top layer gateway, * in the Shang Zaiyuan end route segment/
If (the pointer indication in the end route segment option of source==this node address)
{
This node of/* in path description, thereby be gateway */
If (first address in the end route segment option of source is a public network address)
{
/ * route segment is described without optimization, tentative practical work optimization */
Reference source end route segment is described and the destination end route segment is described;
If (have public part and
(first later address of public part conforms to this node address))
{
Make first address of pointed in the end route segment option of source;
/ * pretend to pass through public network */
In destination end route segment option, find first later address of public part;
Make this address of pointed in the destination end route segment option;
And this address filled in destination address position section in the packet header;
/ * pretend to be routed to last node * of public part/
}
}
else
{
Make the pointed last layer address in the end route segment option of source;
Destination address position section in the packet header is filled in this address;
}
}
else
{
This node of/* not in path description, thereby be ordinary router */
Traditional IP v4 Intranet route or three layers of exchange;
}
}
}
Carry out route according to the destination address position section in the packet header; / * look into routing table */
Send the IP bag;
/ * end */
These algorithms can be realized by software, also can pass through integrated circuit (IC) chip (or chipset) and realize with example, in hardware.Concrete way of realization and means do not change the present invention's essence of addressing by path in IP network.In addition, also can be optimized these algorithms during actual the realization, this does not equally change essence of the present invention yet.
Claims (3)
1, a kind of method of expanding IPv4 packet header, this method are used for realizing it is characterized in that addressing by path and route in the Internet:
1.1) highest order in the section of IPv4 packet header " sign " position is defined as " packet header expansion " flag bit EXT;
1.2) if " packet header expansion " flag bit of an IPv4 bag is 1, just explanation exists an extension between the payload of IPv4 packet header and bag;
1.3) starting point of extension, packet header in bag determined by the value of " packet header length " position section in the packet header;
1.4) extension, packet header has individual extension to describe, and the length of extension is described;
1.5) length of extension, packet header counts the total length of bag, is exactly the value of " packet length " position section in the packet header;
1.6) containing at least one option in the extension, packet header, the content of option and effect are arranged by communicating pair;
1.7) sender of the bag extension that will contain option before transmission inserts between IPv4 packet header and the payload, and the highest order EXT in packet header " sign " position section is set to 1;
1.8) recipient of bag checks whether the highest order EXT in the position section of IPv4 packet header " sign " is 1, if just deduct the length of extension from the total length that wraps, and extracts the option that is contained from the extension.
2, according to the method in the described expansion of claim 1 IPv4 packet header, it is characterized in that:
2.1) use two options that increase newly " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " in the extension, packet header.
3, according to the method in the described expansion of claim 2 IPv4 packet header, it is characterized in that:
3.1) " source end route segment " and " destination end route segment " option can be the private net address sequence of not being with public network address;
3.2) transmit leg of bag earlier its " destination end route segment " address sequence of top-down comparison and " source end route segment " address sequence; Destination node and source node just are described all below same top layer Intranet gateway if partially overlap, thereby the public part cancellation in two route segment address sequences can be formed the route segment option that only contains private net address.
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