CN100338455C - On-line monitoring method for failure state of metal and protection layer inter face - Google Patents
On-line monitoring method for failure state of metal and protection layer inter face Download PDFInfo
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- CN100338455C CN100338455C CNB2005100335932A CN200510033593A CN100338455C CN 100338455 C CN100338455 C CN 100338455C CN B2005100335932 A CNB2005100335932 A CN B2005100335932A CN 200510033593 A CN200510033593 A CN 200510033593A CN 100338455 C CN100338455 C CN 100338455C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to an online monitoring method for the interface failure state of metals and protective layers. The present invention is characterized in that a probe for monitoring interface corrosion change is pre-arranged at the corrosion sensitive part of the metallic base of designed or fabricated mechanical devices, a piece of identical material directly cut from the original position of the device is adopted as a main body and is processed into the probe which is then inserted into the original position of the metallic base of the mechanical devices, and the probe is integrally jointed with the metallic base of the devices. Furthermore, the probe penetrates through the wall of the device, and a jack for connecting wires is pre-arranged at the rear part of the probe outside the metal device. When interface information needs to be collected, the jack is connected with a monitoring terminal device, such as an electrochemistry workstation, etc., which is capable of collecting the electrochemical dada of impedance spectroscopy, etc. by the wire, and a CR transmission line model is adopted for analyzing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Advanced information can be obtained by monitoring, and the analysis of monitoring results has the advantages of universality, consistency and objectivity so that the degree of reliability of the result is increased.
Description
[technical field]
The present invention relates to the method for the on-line monitoring of a kind of metal and protective seam interfacial failure state, especially relate to the on-line monitoring metal of galvanochemistry information such as a kind of application continuum, same state, built-in probe collection impedance spectrum and the method that the protective seam interfacial state changes.
[background technology]
Explanation of nouns: the CR transmission line model is to refer in particular to a kind of transmission line type equivalent-circuit model that only comprises capacitor C and resistance R.
The loss that the commercial unit corrosion is caused is surprising.According to investigations, about 7,000 hundred million dollars of global annual corrosion loss accounts for 2%～4% of various countries GNP, according to Battele laboratory statistics, and about 3,000 hundred million dollars of the annual corrosion loss of the U.S., wherein the loss of automobile industry accounts for 40%.China is because annual about 1,500 hundred million Renminbi of economic loss that cause of corrosion account for 4% of GNP.
At present, the method that on-line monitoring is implemented in metal erosion has following multiple, for example:
First kind is surface observing method, and its shortcoming is can't monitor the metal device position that can not observe directly, can't carry out quantitative evaluation and effective bimetry.
Second kind is chemical analysis: it is the variation that corrosive medium is followed the tracks of in sampling, checks corrosion mitigating effect, and this is a kind of method by the instantaneous corrosion rate of corrosive medium performance change Indirect evaluation metal device.
The third is the coupongs methods: by picking and placeing accessory device, the coupongs of identical material preparation are put into metal device, behind the certain hour (as half a year), taking-up is weighed, and its shortcoming is that to draw time of corrosion speed more of a specified duration.
The 4th kind is Resistance probe (ERP) method, and its principle is to monitor according to the resistance variations that is caused by the metal device corrosion, quickly image data; The shortcoming of this method is that probe is subjected to mechanical impact and is easy to damage; if pop one's head in casing protection; then reading is difficult to the corrosion rate of direct correlation reality, and susceptibility reduces with the thickness of probe element and increase, but the mission life of thin probe element descends.
The 5th kind is Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) method, and its principle is to measure moment corrosion rate, record automatically.As Chinese Academy of Sciences's metal china national practical new-type patent products C MB-1510B wink advance the corrosion speed measuring instrument according to the Cao Chunan academician what weak polarized area measured that the electrochemical theory of corrosion current develops, can carry out the transient measurement of corrosion speed.Its electrochemical probe is three electric level structures, is made up of research electrode, contrast electrode and auxiliary electrode.The initial built-in electrode material of instrument is five kinds of material aluminium, copper, iron, lead, zinc.Its shortcoming is to need probe to be covered by dielectric fully, if quilt conduction corrosion thing covers, forms electric bridge between electrode, then the accuracy of influence measurement; And should note surperficial luminosity, the test rear electrode continues to use if any available No. 600 sand paperings of mild corrosion (visual inspection), if extent of corrosion is heavier, electrode surface has darker hole, needs to change electrode.
The 6th kind is the hydrogen probe method: principle is the variation of monitoring as the dividing potential drop of the hydrogen of corrosion product, estimates corrosion rate.Be correct on principle, but also have problems in the practice.
The 7th kind is the intelligent pig method: surveying instrument is added in high-intensity magnetic field on the measurement line along the pipeline internal operation, checks the abnormal conditions of leakage field characteristic.
The 8th kind is nondestructive determination, as ultrasound wave etc.
Above-mentioned most of on-line monitoring mode has following shortcoming: the one, belong to indirect measurement method more, and all be to be independent of outside the metal mechanical hook-up as sampling, lacing film, probe etc., need will pop one's head in etc. by diverse ways and put into the inner sampling of metal mechanical hook-up; Though occurred the permanent test probe that some preset recently, but can not constitute one with original device, but be attached to outside the original device, can not guarantee that the corrosion location of being estimated with metal machinery has on all four state, last variation according to the information indirect supposition quilt evaluation metallic state that collects, thereby certain uncertainty is arranged; The secondth: the electrochemical principle of institute's basis mainly is: potential monitoring, linear polarization etc., only can provide qualitative information owing to resolve impedance spectrum side with equivalent-circuit model in the past, thereby the report that at home the impedance spectrum method is directly used in on-the-spot corrosion monitoring seldom; The 3rd is, lack to the metallic substrates of mechanical hook-up and protective coating interface variable condition direct measuring method, and relevant modeling effort also is confined to according to continuous current step method, seek the experiment relational expression of equivalent-circuit component numerical value and damaged degree, be confined to according to the spectrogram qualitative evaluation more for the application of impedance spectrum; The 4th is, owing to do not find contacting directly of impedance spectrum parameter and metal and organic coating interfacial adhesion in the past, does not set up the method that suitable on-line monitoring metal device and protective finish interfacial state change so far.The 5th is, because the method that prepare protective seam on metallic substrates is the basic anticorrosion means of widespread usage, and the variation of state often occurs in the metallic substrates burn into and causes before the large tracts of land inefficacy between metallic substrates and the protective seam interface.Therefore the present invention has the more present more leading predictive ability of corrosion on-line monitoring method.
[summary of the invention]
Belong to indirect measurement in order to overcome prior art more, lack to metallic substrates in the mechanical hook-up and protective seam interfacial state variation tendency harmless, directly, shortcoming such as advanced prediction, the invention provides the method for the on-line monitoring of a kind of metal that can be used for the mechanical hook-up of working in the online monitoring corrosion environment and protective seam interfacial failure state.
The technical scheme that technical solution problem of the present invention is adopted is: the method for the on-line monitoring of a kind of metal and protective seam interfacial failure state, corrosion-susceptible position in the metallic substrates of design or the plant equipment made, the probe that prefabricated observation interface corrosion changes, adopting the same material that directly cuts down on the slave unit original position is main body, be processed into the original position that is bumped into the plant equipment metallic substrates behind the probe again, probe combines with the metallic substrates of equipment is integrated, and experiences subsequently pre-service and protective seam preparation section together; Described probe passes appts wall, its afterbody is reserved with the socket that connects lead in the plant equipment outside, when needs acquisition interface information, the monitoring terminal equipment that described socket and electrochemical workstation can be gathered the impedance spectrum electrochemical data with lead is connected, and adopts the CR transmission line model to resolve electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Two or more diverse locations at the corrosion-susceptible position of described metallic substrates are provided with two or more probes.
Described probe adopts the inner electrode of single probe to constitute two electrodes or three-electrode system respectively, or adopts the interior electrode of probe of diverse location to constitute the four-probe measurement system.
Described measurement is under the situation of two electrodes, and first electrode 1 is the research electrode, and second electrode 2 is simultaneously as reference and auxiliary electrode; Under three electrode situation, first electrode 1 is the research electrode, and second electrode 2 is a contrast electrode, and third electrode 3 is an auxiliary electrode, and under the situation of four electrodes, four electrodes are divided into two pairs, and the every pair of material and shape are in full accord.
The material of described research electrode is identical with the plant equipment substance, and its sectional area is preferably circular, and the areal extent size of this research electrode is the 0.1-50 square centimeter.
When described contrast electrode was independent of outside the auxiliary electrode, its part that is positioned at the interface adopted silver, platinum inertia noble metal to make, or adopts other stable in the environment that plant equipment is worked in the future conductive material.
Described auxiliary electrode is a metal machinery substance, or the part in the probe.
Be provided with insulation course each other between described research electrode, contrast electrode and the auxiliary electrode, be provided with insulation course between whole built-in probe and the mechanical substance.
Described research electrode, contrast electrode and the auxiliary electrode that needs are whole as a probe, in the metallic substrates of disposable embedding plant equipment.
The impedance spectrum electrochemical data of gathering comprise impedance spectrum, all kinds of polarization curve, cyclic voltammetric, monitoring corrosion potential over time, the conductivity of corrosive medium.
Described probe must and metal machinery together experience the preparation of surface treatment procedure and protective seam subsequently, the together protected seam covering of probe and metal.Good effect of the present invention is: at first be to adopt the method for impedance spectrum to carry out the corrosion monitoring of coating system, compare with other measuring method, the impedance spectrum method itself promptly have many irreplaceable distinct advantages, as: only relate to disturbance voltage signal by a small margin, permission is monitored under the condition near corrosion potential, substantially do not have destructive, the surperficial degree of irregularity that permission measurement corrosion causes over time, highly sensitive, can not be subjected to the strong ohmmic drop of coating influence and continuously, corrosion in the low conducting medium of monitoring apace, the prediction coating life, thereby be the effective tool of characterizing coating architectural feature parameter.Its fatal shortcoming is the spectrum unscrambling difficulty, can't resolve the information that obtains objective metal and protective seam interface, thereby the on-line monitoring method of metal current and the variation of protective seam interfacial state is in blank; The research of CR transmission line meaning makes metal and organic coating
The impedance spectrum of interface information is resolved important breakthrough on the problem of several keys, provide important method for impedance spectrum becomes a kind of independently means of testing, also provides important assurance for enforcement of the present invention.
Because the variation at metal mechanical hook-up and protective coating interface occurs in before the metal erosion, thereby the present invention can more early find the germinating and the expansion of corrosion failure, has the corrosion monitoring performance more leading than other monitoring method; Because probe is consistent with the material of metal machinery, and experienced jointly subsequently surface preparation and the preparation process of protective seam, thereby probe and protective seam interfacial state and metal and protective seam interfacial state are in full accord, and the information of measurement has reflected the variation of metal and protective seam interfacial state directly, reliably; Because probe and metal device are an integral body, are coated under the protective seam, avoided pollution and the interference of foeign element to probe, the change information that collects, at first reflection is the situation of metal device and protective coating interfacial failure.And if failure procedure such as is not peeled off in the interface, then probe can still be in protected state, needn't worry to be subjected to the destruction of other foeign element; The data of gathering by popping one's head in have directly reflected the variation between mechanical hook-up and the protective coating, have increased result's the degree of reliability.
Need not device for opening in the use of mechanical hook-up, just can know the degree of its internal protection coating timeliness, for maintenance provides reliable foundation, thereby on-line monitoring is easy to operate, can save great amount of manpower and material resources.The water-intake rate of organic protective coating in wet environment that it can monitor the metal mechanical surface over time; Directly monitoring metal mechanical surface and protective coating include between the alloy coat of organic coating and spraying state variation such as cohesive force, as the detachment rate of protective seam, remain the size of cohesive force; Because it is objective, reliable to resolve information that impedance spectrum the obtains equivalent-circuit model gained information more fixing than structure with transmission line model, thereby estimates metal and protective seam interfacial state variation gained reliable results, favorable reproducibility.
[description of drawings]
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of probe in the example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of probe in the example 2 of the present invention.
[embodiment]
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with drawings and Examples.Example 1; the method of the corrosion on-line monitoring of a kind of metal and protective seam interfacial failure; the metallic matrix of design or the plant equipment made the corrosion-susceptible position; the probe of prefabricated observation interface state variation; the same material that corrosion-susceptible position on the metallic substrates of employing slave unit directly cuts down; be processed into the original position that is bumped into the plant equipment metallic substrates behind the probe again; probe combines with the metallic matrix of equipment is integrated; and the preparation and the process of common experience sealer subsequently; make probe in full accord with the metallic substrates and the protective seam interfacial state of the interfacial state of protective seam and plant equipment; thereby the metal substrate surface of detecting head surface and equipment has on all four metal and protective seam interfacial state and feature; described probe passes appts wall; its afterbody is reserved with the socket that connects lead in the hardware outside; when needs acquisition interface information; enable the probe of reservation; promptly will pop one's head in by socket and be connected with general monitoring terminal equipment such as electrochemical workstation with high-quality shield type lead; with multiple electrochemical method image data such as impedance spectrums, thereby obtain the various information relevant with the protective seam interface with metal.Particularly adopt CR transmission line model and method to resolve the impedance spectrum data that obtain, can provide the authentic communication of interfacial adhesion rate of change and extent of exfoliation.Estimate the metallic substrates part of metal mechanical hook-up and the variation of the states such as cohesive force between the protective coating on it.
Referring to Fig. 1, what Fig. 1 represented is the structural representation of probe in the example 1 of the present invention.Adopt the probe for preparing shown in Figure 1, probe must be in together under the protective seam 5 with the metallic substrates one of plant equipment, and before protective seam 5 did not lose efficacy generation, probe was in the protected state always.Probe adopts 3 electrode measurement systems, is respectively research electrode 1, contrast electrode 2 and auxiliary electrode 3.
The material of research electrode 1 is identical with the hardware substance, and its sectional area is preferably circular, uses other special shape under the special situation but also be not precluded within.The area size of this research electrode 1 can be at 0.1 square centimeter
-Change in 50 square centimeters the scope, can decide according to the stressed concrete condition of size and corrosion-susceptible position of metal mechanical hook-up.
The auxiliary electrical of measuring in the loop 3 can be a metal machinery substance, also can be the part in the probe.
The insulation course 4 of research electrode 1 and contrast electrode 2 and insulation course 4 thickness of probe and basic machine depend on the stressing conditions of insulation effect, working temperature interval, serviceable life and machinery.For the plant equipment of in hot environment, working, also need to consider to select the thermal expansivity material of unanimity as far as possible.Taking all factors into consideration on the basis of above condition, insulation course 4 should approach as far as possible, avoids the protective seam quality of preparation is subsequently had a negative impact.
The material of research electrode 1 is identical with the metal mechanical hook-up, and contrast electrode 2 can be made with filamentary silver, perhaps also adopts the material identical with studying electrode 1, and auxiliary electrode 3 directly is a metal mechanical hook-up body, as the auxiliary electrode 3 in the measurement loop.The characteristics of this structure are that the area of auxiliary electrode 3 is relatively very big, and the variation of its state is very little to the influence of research electrode information, can ignore.The pressure of described metal machine work environment can be consistent with the original equipment that is unkitted probe, and promptly pressure is to the metal and the not obviously influence of protective seam interface information of probe collection.
At hardware body peripheral hardware matcoveredn 5, the protective seam 5 of metal surface can conduct electricity, as the metal of methods such as thermal spray preparation or the protective seam 5 of alloy material; Also can be nonconducting, as organic polymer powdery paints, pottery or other the organic polymer coating of preparation in various manners.Like this, the method itself that just can directly measure and estimate cohesive force between hardware and the protective layer 5 is exactly the innovation in the present corrosion evaluation technology; The material of probe and preparation process and mechanical hook-up are identical, and do as a whole, identical thereafter technological process and use have been experienced jointly, thereby, the state and the metal device of probe are identical, and its measurement result has directly reflected the variation at interface between metal mechanical hook-up and the protective coating; Adopted the CR transmission line model to resolve the latest analysis method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and then evaluation interfacial adhesion.
Can utilize two or three electrodes in the single probe directly to gather galvanochemistry information such as impedance spectrum, also can utilize the electrode in the diverse location probe to constitute electrochemical data such as two electrodes, three electrodes or four electrode systems collection impedance spectrum, adopt the electrode between the different probes to constitute the four-probe measurement system, then between pair of electrodes, can apply electric potential signal, and the variation of between another is to electrode, measuring electric current, thereby the variation of medium conductivity between the evaluation electrode.Thereby widen the approach and the mode of image data; can make full use of advantages such as built-in probe positions is fixing; obtain a large amount of information from different perspectives, for the variation of metallic substrates in the thoroughly evaluating plant equipment and protective seam interfacial state provide many as far as possible, can be for the true and reliable data of utilizing.For example, can be according to measured dielectric conductance rate, the solution potential of proofreading and correct between contrast electrode 2 and the research electrode 1 falls, thereby obtains polarization curve more accurately, for the corrosion rate of analyzing metal and protective seam inefficacy interface provides reliable data.
If the protective seam of described metal surface 5 conducts electricity, then measured impedance numerical value is obviously to increase with the deterioration of metal and protective seam 5 interfacial states.For example when conductive protecting layer 5 is peeled off; both just electrolyte solution, liquid film or metallic corrosion products were assembled in metal and protective seam 5 interfaces; because the conductive capability of these media is much smaller than coat of metal 5; thereby cause impedance to increase; the original impedance spectrum parameter that provides when dispatching from the factory with plant equipment relatively can provide the information of metal current and protective seam 5 interfacial states.
Like this, the method itself that just can directly measure and estimate state variation between hardware and the protective coating 5 is exactly the innovation in the present corrosion evaluation technology; The material of probe and preparation process and mechanical hook-up are identical, and do as a whole, identical thereafter technological process and use have been experienced jointly, thereby, the state and the metal device of probe are identical, and its measurement result has directly reflected the variation at interface between metal mechanical hook-up and the protective coating; And adopted the CR transmission line model to resolve the analytical approach of the up-to-date impedance spectrum information of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and then evaluation interfacial adhesion.
Example 2: a kind of method of metal erosion on-line monitoring, in embodiment 1 identical hardware design and manufacture process, the structure of probe is changed, Fig. 2 is the structural representation of popping one's head in the example 2 of the present invention.To study electrode 1 and contrast electrode 2 as among the overall time embedding metal device body.If protective coating 5 is organism, the information that then collects can comprise water-intake rate, porosity and metal and the speed of coating interface cohesive force variation and the size of cohesive force of coating.
If protective coating 5 is metal materials of thermal spray, then can estimate the variation of attachment state between metallic substrates and the coating according to the information of measuring.
The working environment of metal machinery can be liquid strong corrosive medium, and as the equipment in the streamline of seawater or Chemical Manufacture, in the case, protective seam 5 normally insulate; The working environment of metal machinery also can be a gaseous state, as the cleaner in the environmental protection, in the case, for corrosion resistance and the wearing quality that increases equipment, metal that protective coating normally conducts electricity or wimet.
If the protective seam of described metal surface 5 be insulation as organic coating, pottery or polymer powder coating, be that deterioration with metal and protective seam interfacial state descends then in the general trend of the impedance value of the operating period of plant equipment measurements.For example when peel off at metal and protective seam 5 interfaces; assemble collection electrolyte solution, liquid film or metallic corrosion products in the position of interface peel; because the conductive capability of these media is much larger than all kinds of protective seams 5 of insulation; thereby cause impedance to descend; the impedance spectrum that obtains according to CR transmission line model analysis to measure; and the original impedance that provides with manufacturer spectrum and analytic parameter thereof are relatively, just can obtain metal and the degree of protective seam 5 interfacial failures and the speed of interfacial failure.
After the manufacture process of metal machinery is all finished, should detect galvanochemistry information such as its original impedance spectrum before dispatching from the factory adopts the electrode of the inner and diverse location of probe in popping one's head in to form two electrodes, three electrodes and four electrode systems respectively, and will measure and analysis result comprises that as the basic source book of plant equipment the impedance spectrum that parses according to the CR transmission line model has related parameter to offer the user together the basic reference data of analyzing as later online monitoring data.The manufacturer of preparation probe can also provide similar machines equipment under different degree, measurement result during the different measuring condition, reference as the galvanochemistry relevant behavior of probe in different corrosive mediums, offer the user together, as the basic reference data of later online monitoring data analysis.
Claims (10)
1, the method for the on-line monitoring of a kind of metal and protective seam interfacial failure state, it is characterized in that: at the corrosion-susceptible position of the metallic substrates of design or the plant equipment made, the probe that prefabricated observation interface corrosion changes, adopting the same material that directly cuts down on the slave unit original position is main body, be processed into the original position that is bumped into the plant equipment metallic substrates behind the probe again, probe combines with the metallic substrates of equipment is integrated, and experiences subsequently pre-service and protective seam preparation section together; Described probe passes appts wall, its afterbody is reserved with the socket that connects lead in the plant equipment outside, when needs acquisition interface information, the monitoring terminal equipment that described socket and electrochemical workstation can be gathered the impedance spectrum electrochemical data with lead is connected, and adopts the CR transmission line model to resolve electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
2, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 1 and protective seam interfacial failure state, it is characterized in that: two or more diverse locations at the corrosion-susceptible position of described metallic substrates are provided with two or more probes.
3, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 1 and protective seam interfacial failure state; it is characterized in that: described probe adopts the inner electrode of single probe to constitute two electrodes or three-electrode system respectively, or adopts the interior electrode of probe of diverse location to constitute the four-probe measurement system.
4, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 3 and protective seam interfacial failure state is characterized in that: described measurement is under the situation of two electrodes, and first electrode (1) is the research electrode, and second electrode (2) is simultaneously as reference and auxiliary electrode; Under three electrode situation, first electrode (1) is the research electrode, and second electrode (2) is a contrast electrode, and third electrode (3) is an auxiliary electrode, and under the situation of four electrodes, four electrodes are divided into two pairs, and the every pair of material and shape are in full accord.
5, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 4 and protective seam interfacial failure state; it is characterized in that: the material of described research electrode is identical with the plant equipment substance; its sectional area is circular, and the areal extent size of this research electrode is 0.1～50 square centimeter.
6, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 4 and protective seam interfacial failure state; it is characterized in that: when described contrast electrode is independent of outside the auxiliary electrode; its part that is positioned at the interface adopts silver, platinum inertia noble metal to make, or adopts other stable in the environment that plant equipment is worked in the future conductive material.
7, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 4 and protective seam interfacial failure state is characterized in that: described auxiliary electrode is a metal machinery substance, or the part in the probe.
8, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 4 and protective seam interfacial failure state; it is characterized in that: be provided with insulation course each other between described research electrode, contrast electrode and the auxiliary electrode, be provided with insulation course between whole built-in probe and the mechanical substance.
9, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 4 and protective seam interfacial failure state; it is characterized in that: the auxiliary electrode of described research electrode, contrast electrode and needs is whole as a probe, in the metallic substrates of disposable embedding plant equipment.
10, the method for the on-line monitoring of metal according to claim 1 and protective seam interfacial failure state is characterized in that: the impedance spectrum electrochemical data of collection comprise impedance spectrum, all kinds of polarization curve, cyclic voltammetric, monitoring corrosion potential over time, the conductivity of corrosive medium.
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| CNB2005100335932A CN100338455C (en) | 2005-03-18 | 2005-03-18 | On-line monitoring method for failure state of metal and protection layer inter face |
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| CNB2005100335932A CN100338455C (en) | 2005-03-18 | 2005-03-18 | On-line monitoring method for failure state of metal and protection layer inter face |
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| CN100338455C true CN100338455C (en) | 2007-09-19 |
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Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103076376B (en) * | 2013-01-08 | 2015-08-05 | 苏州热工研究院有限公司 | Metal and applying coating metal erosion state verification array electrode |
| CN103323520B (en) * | 2013-05-31 | 2016-05-04 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Utilize electrochemical noise technique to measure method and noise probe and the method for making of material local corrosion |
| CN106596391A (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2017-04-26 | 中国特种飞行器研究所 | On-line monitoring sensing probe for corrosion protection of aircraft structure coating |
| CN108344784A (en) * | 2018-02-07 | 2018-07-31 | 东南大学 | A kind of vacuum condensing system with corrosion of piping on-Line Monitor Device |
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