CA3183885A1 - Conjugate of galnac and saponin, therapeutic composition comprising said conjugate and a galnac-oligonucleotide conjugate - Google Patents
Conjugate of galnac and saponin, therapeutic composition comprising said conjugate and a galnac-oligonucleotide conjugateInfo
- Publication number
- CA3183885A1 CA3183885A1 CA3183885A CA3183885A CA3183885A1 CA 3183885 A1 CA3183885 A1 CA 3183885A1 CA 3183885 A CA3183885 A CA 3183885A CA 3183885 A CA3183885 A CA 3183885A CA 3183885 A1 CA3183885 A1 CA 3183885A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- saponin
- conjugate
- gainac
- xyl
- rha
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Abstract
The invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising a saponin covalently linked to a ligand for ASGPR, the ligand comprising at least one GalNAc. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule for binding to a cell-surface molecule. In addition, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and the second conjugate or the third conjugate. Furthermore, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, and for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a cancer, an infectious disease, a viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperoxaluria, haemophilia A, haemophilia B, AAT related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR amyloidosis, complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease. Finally, the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell.
Description
2 1 CONJUGATE OF GALNAC AND SAPONIN, THERAPEUTIC COMPOSITION COMPRISING SAID
CONJUGATE AND A GALNAC-OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CONJUGATE
TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD
The invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising a saponin covalently linked to a ligand for ASGPR, the ligand comprising at least one GaINAc. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule for binding to a cell-surface molecule. In addition, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and the second conjugate or the third conjugate.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, and for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a cancer, an infectious disease, a viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperoxaluria, haemophilia A, haemophilia B, AAT related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR amyloidosis, complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease.
Finally, the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The ability to inhibit a protein's function, whether in humans or in pathogens, is an integral part of the discovery of new drugs. Conventional small molecule drugs as well as antibodies are strongly limited to a subset of the available targets. Small molecules bind principally to cofactor sites or transmitter sites, effectively sites that are designed to accommodate small molecules. Antibodies can bind a greater variety of proteins but are commonly limited to extracellular targets.
Oligonucleotide therapy is a relatively young and fast-developing field which aims to overcome many of the issues encountered with small-molecule drugs or antibody drugs by directly manipulating the genetic transcription and translation pathways. The potency and versatility of oligonucleotides, in particular the prospect of suppressing genes encoding proteins that are `undruggable' by classical small molecule drugs, makes them attractive drug candidates. The first oligonucleotide drugs were based on antisense technology, whereby single-stranded nucleic acid molecules would bind with sequence specificity to their complementary mRNA target, thus triggering degradation of the duplex by the RNase H system.
In 1998, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello published a seminal paper identifying double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) as the causative agents for post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Caenorhabditis elegans, a phenomenon they termed RNA interference (RNAi). The discovery of RNAi explained puzzling observations of gene silencing in plants and fungi and kicked off a revolution in biology that eventually showed non-coding RNAs to be central regulators of gene expression in nnulticellular organisms. Shortly thereafter it was discovered that small dsRNAs (typically 15-30 bp) can catalytically induce RNAi silencing in mammalian cells without eliciting nonspecific interferon responses.
Targeting the RNAi pathway through small dsRNAs such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) has several theoretical advantages over antisense being notably more efficient (catalytic) and giving longer inhibition of gene expression. This could translate into lower doses and lower cost together with less frequent dosing. Lower exposures could also mean fewer toxicity problems for siRNA.
However, before siRNA reaches its target in vivo, it faces a number of significant barriers that block its pathway to the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) machinery. Upon entering the bloodstream, siRNA is vulnerable to degradation by endogenous nucleases, and renal excretion due to its small size and highly anionic character. In addition, before reaching its target cell, the siRNA must navigate the tight endothelial junctions of the blood vessels and diffuse through the extracellular matrix.
Due to its numerous negative charges, siRNA does not readily bind to or cross the cell membrane, and once inside cells, it must escape from endosomes to interact with its intracellular protein targets.
Hence, the success of oligonucleotide (such as siRNA) therapy strongly depends on an effective delivery of the drug from outside a cell into the cytosol. Consequently, much attention is directed at developing delivery systems which improve oligonucleotide (such as siRNA) delivery. Aside from viral delivery, the main methods employed to enhance siRNA (or other oligonucleotides) delivery to the cell employ liposomes, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and their mimics, or nanoparticles (Gooding, Matt, et al Chemical biology & drug design 80.6 (2012). 787-809). Safety concerns, such as the possibility of insertion mutagenesis and immunogenesis, are considered to limit the future of viral approaches.
Liposomes are the most commonly used delivery vector for oligonucleotides such as siRNA, where the oligonucleotide is encapsulated within a lipid bilayer. Several problems are encountered with liposomal oligonucleotide delivery, such as oxygen radical¨mediated toxicity (typical for of cationic liposomes), cell toxicity, effects on gene regulation and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, in vivo delivery using lipids seems to predominantly target the liver and spleen.
Cell-penetrating peptides (CCP), also called protein transduction domains, are short peptides (usually <30 amino-acid residues long) which have the unusual property of being able to cross the cell membrane. Through covalent linking to the oligonucleotide or through the formation of non-covalent complexes with the oligonucleotide, a CPP may enhance cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. The field of CPP mediated oligonucleotide delivery is extremely complex since it combines the challenges posed by both oligonucleotide technology and peptide technology, two fields which are far from mature, in a single drug. Aside from the oligonucleotide-related issues, typical challenges encountered for CPPs are
CONJUGATE AND A GALNAC-OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CONJUGATE
TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD
The invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising a saponin covalently linked to a ligand for ASGPR, the ligand comprising at least one GaINAc. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule for binding to a cell-surface molecule. In addition, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and the second conjugate or the third conjugate.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, and for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a cancer, an infectious disease, a viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperoxaluria, haemophilia A, haemophilia B, AAT related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR amyloidosis, complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease.
Finally, the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The ability to inhibit a protein's function, whether in humans or in pathogens, is an integral part of the discovery of new drugs. Conventional small molecule drugs as well as antibodies are strongly limited to a subset of the available targets. Small molecules bind principally to cofactor sites or transmitter sites, effectively sites that are designed to accommodate small molecules. Antibodies can bind a greater variety of proteins but are commonly limited to extracellular targets.
Oligonucleotide therapy is a relatively young and fast-developing field which aims to overcome many of the issues encountered with small-molecule drugs or antibody drugs by directly manipulating the genetic transcription and translation pathways. The potency and versatility of oligonucleotides, in particular the prospect of suppressing genes encoding proteins that are `undruggable' by classical small molecule drugs, makes them attractive drug candidates. The first oligonucleotide drugs were based on antisense technology, whereby single-stranded nucleic acid molecules would bind with sequence specificity to their complementary mRNA target, thus triggering degradation of the duplex by the RNase H system.
In 1998, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello published a seminal paper identifying double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) as the causative agents for post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in Caenorhabditis elegans, a phenomenon they termed RNA interference (RNAi). The discovery of RNAi explained puzzling observations of gene silencing in plants and fungi and kicked off a revolution in biology that eventually showed non-coding RNAs to be central regulators of gene expression in nnulticellular organisms. Shortly thereafter it was discovered that small dsRNAs (typically 15-30 bp) can catalytically induce RNAi silencing in mammalian cells without eliciting nonspecific interferon responses.
Targeting the RNAi pathway through small dsRNAs such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) has several theoretical advantages over antisense being notably more efficient (catalytic) and giving longer inhibition of gene expression. This could translate into lower doses and lower cost together with less frequent dosing. Lower exposures could also mean fewer toxicity problems for siRNA.
However, before siRNA reaches its target in vivo, it faces a number of significant barriers that block its pathway to the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) machinery. Upon entering the bloodstream, siRNA is vulnerable to degradation by endogenous nucleases, and renal excretion due to its small size and highly anionic character. In addition, before reaching its target cell, the siRNA must navigate the tight endothelial junctions of the blood vessels and diffuse through the extracellular matrix.
Due to its numerous negative charges, siRNA does not readily bind to or cross the cell membrane, and once inside cells, it must escape from endosomes to interact with its intracellular protein targets.
Hence, the success of oligonucleotide (such as siRNA) therapy strongly depends on an effective delivery of the drug from outside a cell into the cytosol. Consequently, much attention is directed at developing delivery systems which improve oligonucleotide (such as siRNA) delivery. Aside from viral delivery, the main methods employed to enhance siRNA (or other oligonucleotides) delivery to the cell employ liposomes, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and their mimics, or nanoparticles (Gooding, Matt, et al Chemical biology & drug design 80.6 (2012). 787-809). Safety concerns, such as the possibility of insertion mutagenesis and immunogenesis, are considered to limit the future of viral approaches.
Liposomes are the most commonly used delivery vector for oligonucleotides such as siRNA, where the oligonucleotide is encapsulated within a lipid bilayer. Several problems are encountered with liposomal oligonucleotide delivery, such as oxygen radical¨mediated toxicity (typical for of cationic liposomes), cell toxicity, effects on gene regulation and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, in vivo delivery using lipids seems to predominantly target the liver and spleen.
Cell-penetrating peptides (CCP), also called protein transduction domains, are short peptides (usually <30 amino-acid residues long) which have the unusual property of being able to cross the cell membrane. Through covalent linking to the oligonucleotide or through the formation of non-covalent complexes with the oligonucleotide, a CPP may enhance cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. The field of CPP mediated oligonucleotide delivery is extremely complex since it combines the challenges posed by both oligonucleotide technology and peptide technology, two fields which are far from mature, in a single drug. Aside from the oligonucleotide-related issues, typical challenges encountered for CPPs are
3 related to the (lack of) in vivo stability of the peptide chain, often requiring the use of non-natural peptide derivatives which may be complex to synthesize and/or exhibit reduced cell-penetrating activity.
Despite the enhanced cellular delivery, overcoming entrapment by endosomes is one of the major challenges to the design of efficient CPPs and other transport systems (Gooding et al).
Nanoparticles and nanocarriers are nanoscale oligonucleotide delivery systems typically comprised of a polymer, biological stabilizers and cell-targeting ligands complexed with the oligonucleotide. An exemplary siRNA nanocarrier system is known under the name siRNA Dynamic Poly-Conjugates. This system is based around an amphipathic polymer linked to polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a biological stabilizer and a hepatocyte-targeting ligand wherein the siRNA is covalently bound to the polymer by a disulfide bond. The targeting moieties and PEG moieties are attached to the polymer via nnaleamate linkages, forming negatively charged nanoparticles, which do not bind to serum proteins.
Following internalization by endocytosis, the maleamate bonds are readily hydrolysed on acidification of the endosome, exposing the cationic amine groups of the polymer and inducing endosomal escape via a proton sponge effect. Nanocarriers are also known in the form of cationic polymers such as polyethyleneimines (PEls) (sometimes combined with cyclodextrins), which can form electrostatic complexes with oligonucleotides such as siRNA, affording protection from degradation and aiding internalisation. However, toxicity at higher concentrations resulting from membrane disruption and apoptosis induction may limit the applications of cationic polymers as therapeutic delivery agent. Aside from complex preparation of the nanoparticle and nanocarriers, their long-term stability is a major barrier to commercially viable use.
Lipoproteins that cause cardiovascular disease, such as LDL, remnant lipoproteins, and Lp(a), can be reduced using gene-silencing therapies by targeting apolipoprotein (ApoB), which protein has an important role in production or removal of these lipoproteins. Antisense oligonucleotide-based approaches and short-interference RNA based approaches have been applied.
Clinical studies have assessed the efficacy of such gene-silencing therapies by targeting the apoB
gene. Adverse effects of lipid-lowering antisense oligonucleotide and siRNA therapies include injection-site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and low blood platelet counts. Adverse effects are perhaps addressed with newer generations of these drugs that deliver the drugs more efficiently to liver cells using GaINAc conjugation, reducing the levels of the drug in plasma.Despite the improved oligonucleotide (such as siRNA) delivery to the cell which may be achieved by some of these delivery systems, endosomal escape remains a major barrier to the application of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics such as RNAi-based therapeutics.
Only a minuscule portion of endocytosed oligonucleotide escapes into the cytoplasmic space where it can exert its intended function, while the vast majority remains trapped in endocytic compartments and is inactive. Recent literature suggests a passive siRNA escape rate of <0.01%
(Setten, Ryan L., et al..
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18.6 (2019): 421-446). Furthermore, it has been shown that the capacity of cells to functionally internalize oligonucleotides to produce target effect (e.g., knockdown) appears to be independent of the extent to which cells internalize bulk oligonucleotides. These observations have led to the hypothesis of separate 'productive' and 'nonproductive' free-uptake pathways, although the molecular mechanisms distinguishing these pathways remain obscure (Setten, Ryan L., John J. Rossi, and Si-ping Han. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18.6 (2019): 421-446).
Despite the enhanced cellular delivery, overcoming entrapment by endosomes is one of the major challenges to the design of efficient CPPs and other transport systems (Gooding et al).
Nanoparticles and nanocarriers are nanoscale oligonucleotide delivery systems typically comprised of a polymer, biological stabilizers and cell-targeting ligands complexed with the oligonucleotide. An exemplary siRNA nanocarrier system is known under the name siRNA Dynamic Poly-Conjugates. This system is based around an amphipathic polymer linked to polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a biological stabilizer and a hepatocyte-targeting ligand wherein the siRNA is covalently bound to the polymer by a disulfide bond. The targeting moieties and PEG moieties are attached to the polymer via nnaleamate linkages, forming negatively charged nanoparticles, which do not bind to serum proteins.
Following internalization by endocytosis, the maleamate bonds are readily hydrolysed on acidification of the endosome, exposing the cationic amine groups of the polymer and inducing endosomal escape via a proton sponge effect. Nanocarriers are also known in the form of cationic polymers such as polyethyleneimines (PEls) (sometimes combined with cyclodextrins), which can form electrostatic complexes with oligonucleotides such as siRNA, affording protection from degradation and aiding internalisation. However, toxicity at higher concentrations resulting from membrane disruption and apoptosis induction may limit the applications of cationic polymers as therapeutic delivery agent. Aside from complex preparation of the nanoparticle and nanocarriers, their long-term stability is a major barrier to commercially viable use.
Lipoproteins that cause cardiovascular disease, such as LDL, remnant lipoproteins, and Lp(a), can be reduced using gene-silencing therapies by targeting apolipoprotein (ApoB), which protein has an important role in production or removal of these lipoproteins. Antisense oligonucleotide-based approaches and short-interference RNA based approaches have been applied.
Clinical studies have assessed the efficacy of such gene-silencing therapies by targeting the apoB
gene. Adverse effects of lipid-lowering antisense oligonucleotide and siRNA therapies include injection-site reactions, flu-like symptoms, and low blood platelet counts. Adverse effects are perhaps addressed with newer generations of these drugs that deliver the drugs more efficiently to liver cells using GaINAc conjugation, reducing the levels of the drug in plasma.Despite the improved oligonucleotide (such as siRNA) delivery to the cell which may be achieved by some of these delivery systems, endosomal escape remains a major barrier to the application of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics such as RNAi-based therapeutics.
Only a minuscule portion of endocytosed oligonucleotide escapes into the cytoplasmic space where it can exert its intended function, while the vast majority remains trapped in endocytic compartments and is inactive. Recent literature suggests a passive siRNA escape rate of <0.01%
(Setten, Ryan L., et al..
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18.6 (2019): 421-446). Furthermore, it has been shown that the capacity of cells to functionally internalize oligonucleotides to produce target effect (e.g., knockdown) appears to be independent of the extent to which cells internalize bulk oligonucleotides. These observations have led to the hypothesis of separate 'productive' and 'nonproductive' free-uptake pathways, although the molecular mechanisms distinguishing these pathways remain obscure (Setten, Ryan L., John J. Rossi, and Si-ping Han. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 18.6 (2019): 421-446).
4 All in all, there remains a significant need for improved delivery systems of oligonucleotides which result in an increased potency (e.g., target knockdown), less toxicity and/or less off-target effects, regardless of the underlying mechanism (improved endosomal escape, increased 'productive' pathway uptake, or another mechanism).
An emerging strategy entails the conjugation of antisense oligonucleotides (AS0s) to receptor ligands in order to increase oligonucleotide potency and distribution to selected tissues. For instance, conjugation of triantennary N-acetyl galactosarnine (GaINAc) to oligonucleotide therapeutics yields 10-30-fold increased potency in isolated hepatocytes, as well as in liver in vivo. GaINAc is found on damaged glycoproteins that have lost terminal sialic acid residues from their pendant oligosaccharides.
The liver functions to clear these proteins from the systemic circulation by expressing trimeric asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) at very high levels (order of 105-106 per cell) on the surface of hepatocytes. ASGPRs bind specifically to GaINAc at neutral pH for endocytosis of circulating macromolecules from the blood and release GaINAc at acidic pH (-5-6) for cargo drop- off in the early endosome. Freed ASGPRs are then recycled back to the cell surface for reuse.
Approximately one-third of RNAi drugs currently in clinical trials are single- molecule, chemically modified RNAi triggers conjugated to multivalent GaINAc ligands targeting the ASGPRs. The suitable physiology of the liver, the unique properties of ASGPRs, the non- toxic nature of the GaINAc ligand and the simplicity of GaINAc¨siRNA conjugates make this an attractive approach for systemic RNAi delivery to hepatocytes.
However, there still exists a need for improved delivery systems which further increase the potency, decrease the toxicity and/or reduce off-target effects of ASGPR
targeted oligonucleotide systems (e.g. GaINAc-oligonucleotide conjugates).
SUMMARY
A first aspect of the invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
A second aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising:
- a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and - a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
An emerging strategy entails the conjugation of antisense oligonucleotides (AS0s) to receptor ligands in order to increase oligonucleotide potency and distribution to selected tissues. For instance, conjugation of triantennary N-acetyl galactosarnine (GaINAc) to oligonucleotide therapeutics yields 10-30-fold increased potency in isolated hepatocytes, as well as in liver in vivo. GaINAc is found on damaged glycoproteins that have lost terminal sialic acid residues from their pendant oligosaccharides.
The liver functions to clear these proteins from the systemic circulation by expressing trimeric asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) at very high levels (order of 105-106 per cell) on the surface of hepatocytes. ASGPRs bind specifically to GaINAc at neutral pH for endocytosis of circulating macromolecules from the blood and release GaINAc at acidic pH (-5-6) for cargo drop- off in the early endosome. Freed ASGPRs are then recycled back to the cell surface for reuse.
Approximately one-third of RNAi drugs currently in clinical trials are single- molecule, chemically modified RNAi triggers conjugated to multivalent GaINAc ligands targeting the ASGPRs. The suitable physiology of the liver, the unique properties of ASGPRs, the non- toxic nature of the GaINAc ligand and the simplicity of GaINAc¨siRNA conjugates make this an attractive approach for systemic RNAi delivery to hepatocytes.
However, there still exists a need for improved delivery systems which further increase the potency, decrease the toxicity and/or reduce off-target effects of ASGPR
targeted oligonucleotide systems (e.g. GaINAc-oligonucleotide conjugates).
SUMMARY
A first aspect of the invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
A second aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising:
- a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and - a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
5 A third aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
- the saponin conjugate of the invention;
- a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination of the invention or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament.
A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination of the invention or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of any one or more of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH.
A sixth aspect of the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell, preferably subsequently transferring the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention into the cytosol of said cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a cell which expresses ASGPR on its surface, and, when the third conjugate is to be transferred into the cell, which expresses the cell-surface molecule for which the third conjugate comprises a binding molecule for binding to said cell-surface molecule, the cell preferably selected from a liver cell, a virally infected cell and a tumor cell;
b) providing the second conjugate or the third conjugate of any one of the invention for transferring into the cell provided in step a);
c) providing the saponin conjugate of the invention;
d) contacting the cell of step a) in vitro or ex vivo with the second conjugate or the third conjugate of step b) and the saponin conjugate of step c), therewith effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate from outside the cell into said cell, and preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell, or preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of at least the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell.
DEFINITIONS
The term "GaINAc" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to N-acetylgalactosamine and to the IUPAC name thereof: 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-galactose.
The term "(GaINAc)3Tris" has its regular scientific meaning in for example the field of siRNA-based therapy, and here refers to a moiety comprising three GaINAc units each separately covalently bound to the hydroxyl groups of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) OUPAC
name: 2-amino-2-
- the saponin conjugate of the invention;
- a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination of the invention or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament.
A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination of the invention or pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of any one or more of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH.
A sixth aspect of the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell, preferably subsequently transferring the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention into the cytosol of said cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a cell which expresses ASGPR on its surface, and, when the third conjugate is to be transferred into the cell, which expresses the cell-surface molecule for which the third conjugate comprises a binding molecule for binding to said cell-surface molecule, the cell preferably selected from a liver cell, a virally infected cell and a tumor cell;
b) providing the second conjugate or the third conjugate of any one of the invention for transferring into the cell provided in step a);
c) providing the saponin conjugate of the invention;
d) contacting the cell of step a) in vitro or ex vivo with the second conjugate or the third conjugate of step b) and the saponin conjugate of step c), therewith effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate from outside the cell into said cell, and preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell, or preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of at least the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell.
DEFINITIONS
The term "GaINAc" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to N-acetylgalactosamine and to the IUPAC name thereof: 2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-galactose.
The term "(GaINAc)3Tris" has its regular scientific meaning in for example the field of siRNA-based therapy, and here refers to a moiety comprising three GaINAc units each separately covalently bound to the hydroxyl groups of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) OUPAC
name: 2-amino-2-
6 (hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diol), preferably via at least one linker.
(GaINAc)3Tris can exist as a free amine comprising molecule or may be further functionalized via the remaining amine binding site, for example to form the (GaINAc)3Tris-moiety comprising conjugates described herein.
The term "oligonucleotide" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a string of two or more nucleotides, i.e., an oligonucleotides is a short oligomer composed of ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Examples are RNA and DNA, and any modified RNA or DNA, such as a string of nucleic acids comprising a nucleotide analogue such as a bridged nucleic acid (BNA), also known as locked nucleic acid (LNA) or a 2'-0,4'-C-aminoethylene or a 2'-0,4'-C-aminomethylene bridged nucleic acid (BNANc), wherein the nucleotide is a ribonucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide.
The term "RNAi-mediated gene-targeting" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to the in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro approach of influencing functioning of the gene in a cell by transferring into said cell an oligonucleotide, such as a small double-stranded RNA molecule, that targets mRNA involved in transcription of the gene: for example, small double-stranded RNA molecules are capable of efficiently triggering RNAi silencing of specific genes.
The term "bridged nucleic acid", or "BNA" in short, or "locked nucleic acid"
or "LNA" in short, has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a modified RNA nucleotide. A
BNA is also referred to as 'constrained RNA molecule' or 'inaccessible RNA molecule'. A BNA monomer can contain a five-membered, six-membered or even a seven-membered bridged structure with a "fixed" C3'-endo sugar puckering. The bridge is synthetically incorporated at the 2', 4'-position of the ribose to afford a 2', 4'-BNA monomer. A BNA monomer can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide polymeric structure using standard phosphoramidite chemistry known in the art. A BNA is a structurally rigid oligonucleotide with increased binding affinity and stability.
The term antisense oligonucleotide has its regular scientific meaning and may be indicated in short in the description as "AON" or "ASO".
The term "BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide", or in short "BNA-AON", has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a string of antisense nucleotides wherein at least one of said nucleotides is a BNA.
The term "proteinaceous" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that is protein-like, meaning that the molecule possesses, to some degree, the physicochemical properties characteristic of a protein, is of protein, relating to protein, containing protein, pertaining to protein, consisting of protein, resembling protein, or being a protein. The term "proteinaceous" as used in for example `proteinaceous molecule' refers to the presence of at least a part of the molecule that resembles or is a protein, wherein 'protein' is to be understood to include a chain of amino-acid residues at least two residues long, thus including a peptide, a polypeptide and a protein and an assembly of proteins or protein domains. In the proteinaceous molecule, the at least two amino-acid residues are for example linked via (an) amide bond(s), such as (a) peptide bond(s). In the proteinaceous molecule, the amino-acid residues are natural amino-acid residues and/or artificial amino-acid residues such as modified natural amino-acid residues. In a preferred embodiment, a proteinaceous molecule is a molecule comprising at least two amino-acid residues, preferably between two and about 2.000 amino-acid residues. In one embodiment, a proteinaceous molecule is a molecule comprising from 2 to 20 (typical
(GaINAc)3Tris can exist as a free amine comprising molecule or may be further functionalized via the remaining amine binding site, for example to form the (GaINAc)3Tris-moiety comprising conjugates described herein.
The term "oligonucleotide" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a string of two or more nucleotides, i.e., an oligonucleotides is a short oligomer composed of ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Examples are RNA and DNA, and any modified RNA or DNA, such as a string of nucleic acids comprising a nucleotide analogue such as a bridged nucleic acid (BNA), also known as locked nucleic acid (LNA) or a 2'-0,4'-C-aminoethylene or a 2'-0,4'-C-aminomethylene bridged nucleic acid (BNANc), wherein the nucleotide is a ribonucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide.
The term "RNAi-mediated gene-targeting" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to the in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro approach of influencing functioning of the gene in a cell by transferring into said cell an oligonucleotide, such as a small double-stranded RNA molecule, that targets mRNA involved in transcription of the gene: for example, small double-stranded RNA molecules are capable of efficiently triggering RNAi silencing of specific genes.
The term "bridged nucleic acid", or "BNA" in short, or "locked nucleic acid"
or "LNA" in short, has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a modified RNA nucleotide. A
BNA is also referred to as 'constrained RNA molecule' or 'inaccessible RNA molecule'. A BNA monomer can contain a five-membered, six-membered or even a seven-membered bridged structure with a "fixed" C3'-endo sugar puckering. The bridge is synthetically incorporated at the 2', 4'-position of the ribose to afford a 2', 4'-BNA monomer. A BNA monomer can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide polymeric structure using standard phosphoramidite chemistry known in the art. A BNA is a structurally rigid oligonucleotide with increased binding affinity and stability.
The term antisense oligonucleotide has its regular scientific meaning and may be indicated in short in the description as "AON" or "ASO".
The term "BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide", or in short "BNA-AON", has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a string of antisense nucleotides wherein at least one of said nucleotides is a BNA.
The term "proteinaceous" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that is protein-like, meaning that the molecule possesses, to some degree, the physicochemical properties characteristic of a protein, is of protein, relating to protein, containing protein, pertaining to protein, consisting of protein, resembling protein, or being a protein. The term "proteinaceous" as used in for example `proteinaceous molecule' refers to the presence of at least a part of the molecule that resembles or is a protein, wherein 'protein' is to be understood to include a chain of amino-acid residues at least two residues long, thus including a peptide, a polypeptide and a protein and an assembly of proteins or protein domains. In the proteinaceous molecule, the at least two amino-acid residues are for example linked via (an) amide bond(s), such as (a) peptide bond(s). In the proteinaceous molecule, the amino-acid residues are natural amino-acid residues and/or artificial amino-acid residues such as modified natural amino-acid residues. In a preferred embodiment, a proteinaceous molecule is a molecule comprising at least two amino-acid residues, preferably between two and about 2.000 amino-acid residues. In one embodiment, a proteinaceous molecule is a molecule comprising from 2 to 20 (typical
7 for a peptide) amino acids. In one embodiment, a proteinaceous molecule is a molecule comprising from 21 to 1.000 (typical for a polypeptide, a protein, a protein domain, such as an antibody, a Fab, an scFv, a ligand for a receptor such as EGF) amino acids. Preferably, the amino-acid residues are (typically) linked via (a) peptide bond(s). According to the invention, said amino-acid residues are or comprise (modified) (non-)natural amino acid residues.
The term "effector molecule", or "effector moiety" when referring to the effector molecule as part of e.g. a covalent conjugate, has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that can selectively bind to for example any one or more of the target molecules: a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a saccharide such as a glycan, a (phospho)lipid, a nucleic acid such as DNA, RNA, an enzyme, and regulates the biological activity of such one or more target molecule(s). The effector molecule is for example a molecule selected from any one or more of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof. Thus, for example, an effector molecule or an effector moiety is a molecule or moiety selected from any one or more of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof, that can selectively bind to any one or more of the target molecules: a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a saccharide such as a glycan, a (phospho)lipid, a nucleic acid such as DNA, RNA, an enzyme, and that upon binding to the target molecule regulates the biological activity of such one or more target molecule(s). Typically, an effector molecule can exert a biological effect inside a cell such as a mammalian cell such as a human cell, such as in the cytosol of said cell.
Typical effector molecules are thus drug molecules, plasmid DNA, toxins such as toxins comprised by antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), oligonucleotides such as siRNA, BNA, nucleic acids comprised by an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate (AOC). For example, an effector molecule is a molecule which can act as a ligand that can increase or decrease (intracellular) enzyme activity, gene expression, or cell signalling.
The term "health problem" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any condition of the body of a subject such as a human patient, or of a part, organ, muscle, vein, artery, skin, limb, blood, cell, etc. thereof, that is suboptimal when compared to the condition of that body or part thereof in a healthy subject, therewith hampering the proper functioning and/or well-being of the subject, e.g. impairs normal functioning of a human body.
The term "GaINAc-decorated oligonucleotide drug" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an oligonucleotide for interfering in transcription of a gene, wherein one or more GaINAc units are coupled to the oligonucleotide, e.g., via at least one linker.
The term "locked nucleic acid", in short "LNA" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an oligonucleotide that contains one or more nucleotide building blocks in which an additional methylene bridge fixes the ribose moiety either in the C3'-endo conformation (beta-D-LNA) or C2'-endo (alpha-L-LNA) conformation, as is known in the art.
The term "bridged nucleic acid NC", in short "BNANc" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an oligonucleotide that contains one or more nucleotide building blocks in which an additional
The term "effector molecule", or "effector moiety" when referring to the effector molecule as part of e.g. a covalent conjugate, has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that can selectively bind to for example any one or more of the target molecules: a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a saccharide such as a glycan, a (phospho)lipid, a nucleic acid such as DNA, RNA, an enzyme, and regulates the biological activity of such one or more target molecule(s). The effector molecule is for example a molecule selected from any one or more of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof. Thus, for example, an effector molecule or an effector moiety is a molecule or moiety selected from any one or more of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof, that can selectively bind to any one or more of the target molecules: a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a saccharide such as a glycan, a (phospho)lipid, a nucleic acid such as DNA, RNA, an enzyme, and that upon binding to the target molecule regulates the biological activity of such one or more target molecule(s). Typically, an effector molecule can exert a biological effect inside a cell such as a mammalian cell such as a human cell, such as in the cytosol of said cell.
Typical effector molecules are thus drug molecules, plasmid DNA, toxins such as toxins comprised by antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), oligonucleotides such as siRNA, BNA, nucleic acids comprised by an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate (AOC). For example, an effector molecule is a molecule which can act as a ligand that can increase or decrease (intracellular) enzyme activity, gene expression, or cell signalling.
The term "health problem" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any condition of the body of a subject such as a human patient, or of a part, organ, muscle, vein, artery, skin, limb, blood, cell, etc. thereof, that is suboptimal when compared to the condition of that body or part thereof in a healthy subject, therewith hampering the proper functioning and/or well-being of the subject, e.g. impairs normal functioning of a human body.
The term "GaINAc-decorated oligonucleotide drug" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an oligonucleotide for interfering in transcription of a gene, wherein one or more GaINAc units are coupled to the oligonucleotide, e.g., via at least one linker.
The term "locked nucleic acid", in short "LNA" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an oligonucleotide that contains one or more nucleotide building blocks in which an additional methylene bridge fixes the ribose moiety either in the C3'-endo conformation (beta-D-LNA) or C2'-endo (alpha-L-LNA) conformation, as is known in the art.
The term "bridged nucleic acid NC", in short "BNANc" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an oligonucleotide that contains one or more nucleotide building blocks in which an additional
8 2'-0,4'-C-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid is comprised, with different substitutions at the N atom (of which a methyl group is the most commonly used to date), as is known in the art.
The term "chemically modified, metabolically stable siRNA" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an siRNA molecule comprising chemical modifications compared to the RNA
oligonucleotide consisting of naturally occurring nucleotides, such that the modified siRNA molecule is more resistant towards metabolic degradation, digestion, enzymatic lysis, etc., i.e., more stable.
The term "saponin" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a group of arnphipatic glycosides which comprise one or more hydrophilic glycone moieties combined with a lipophilic aglycon core which is a sapogenin. The saponin may be naturally occurring or synthetic (i.e., non-naturally occurring). The term "saponin" includes naturally occurring saponins, derivatives of naturally occurring saponins as well as saponins synthesized de nova through chemical and/or biotechnological synthesis routes.
The term "saponin derivative" (also known as "modified saponin") has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a compound corresponding to a naturally-occurring saponin which has been derivatised by one or more chemical modifications, such as the oxidation of a functional group, the reduction of a functional group and/or the formation of a covalent bond with another molecule. Preferred modifications include derivatisation of an aldehyde group of the aglycon core;
of a carboxyl group of a saccharide chain or of an acetoxy group of a saccharide chain. Typically, the saponin derivative does not have a natural counterpart, i.e. the saponin derivative is not produced naturally by e.g. plants or trees. The term "saponin derivative" includes derivatives obtained by derivatisation of naturally occurring saponins as well as derivatives synthesized de novo through chemical and/or biotechnological synthesis routes resulting in a compound corresponding to a naturally occurring saponin which has been derivatised by one or more chemical modifications.
The term "aglycone core structure" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to the aglycone core of a saponin without the one or two carbohydrate antenna or saccharide chains (glycans) bound thereto. For example, quillaic acid is the aglycone glycoside core structure for S01861, QS-7, QS-21.
The term "saccharide chain" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any of a glycan, a carbohydrate antenna, a single saccharide moiety (monosaccharide) or a chain comprising multiple saccharide moieties (oligosaccharide, polysaccharide). The saccharide chain can consist of only saccharide moieties or may also comprise further moieties such as any one of 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, 4Z-Methoxycinnamic acid, and 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyI]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), such as for example present in QS-21.
The term "Api/Xyl-" or "Api- or Xyl-" in the context of the name of a saccharide chain has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to the saccharide chain either comprising an apiose (Api) moiety, or comprising a xylose (Xyl) moiety.
The term "antibody-drug conjugate" or "ADC" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any conjugate of an antibody such as an IgG, a Fab, an scFv, an immunoglobulin, an immunoglobulin fragment, one or multiple Vh domains, etc., and any molecule that can exert a therapeutic effect when
The term "chemically modified, metabolically stable siRNA" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to an siRNA molecule comprising chemical modifications compared to the RNA
oligonucleotide consisting of naturally occurring nucleotides, such that the modified siRNA molecule is more resistant towards metabolic degradation, digestion, enzymatic lysis, etc., i.e., more stable.
The term "saponin" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a group of arnphipatic glycosides which comprise one or more hydrophilic glycone moieties combined with a lipophilic aglycon core which is a sapogenin. The saponin may be naturally occurring or synthetic (i.e., non-naturally occurring). The term "saponin" includes naturally occurring saponins, derivatives of naturally occurring saponins as well as saponins synthesized de nova through chemical and/or biotechnological synthesis routes.
The term "saponin derivative" (also known as "modified saponin") has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a compound corresponding to a naturally-occurring saponin which has been derivatised by one or more chemical modifications, such as the oxidation of a functional group, the reduction of a functional group and/or the formation of a covalent bond with another molecule. Preferred modifications include derivatisation of an aldehyde group of the aglycon core;
of a carboxyl group of a saccharide chain or of an acetoxy group of a saccharide chain. Typically, the saponin derivative does not have a natural counterpart, i.e. the saponin derivative is not produced naturally by e.g. plants or trees. The term "saponin derivative" includes derivatives obtained by derivatisation of naturally occurring saponins as well as derivatives synthesized de novo through chemical and/or biotechnological synthesis routes resulting in a compound corresponding to a naturally occurring saponin which has been derivatised by one or more chemical modifications.
The term "aglycone core structure" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to the aglycone core of a saponin without the one or two carbohydrate antenna or saccharide chains (glycans) bound thereto. For example, quillaic acid is the aglycone glycoside core structure for S01861, QS-7, QS-21.
The term "saccharide chain" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any of a glycan, a carbohydrate antenna, a single saccharide moiety (monosaccharide) or a chain comprising multiple saccharide moieties (oligosaccharide, polysaccharide). The saccharide chain can consist of only saccharide moieties or may also comprise further moieties such as any one of 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, 4Z-Methoxycinnamic acid, and 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyI]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), such as for example present in QS-21.
The term "Api/Xyl-" or "Api- or Xyl-" in the context of the name of a saccharide chain has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to the saccharide chain either comprising an apiose (Api) moiety, or comprising a xylose (Xyl) moiety.
The term "antibody-drug conjugate" or "ADC" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any conjugate of an antibody such as an IgG, a Fab, an scFv, an immunoglobulin, an immunoglobulin fragment, one or multiple Vh domains, etc., and any molecule that can exert a therapeutic effect when
9 contacted with cells of a subject such as a human patient, such as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, a toxin, an oligonucleotide, an enzyme, a small molecule drug compound, etc.
The term "antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate" or "AOC" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any conjugate of an antibody such as an IgG, a Fab, an scFv, an immunoglobulin, an immunoglobulin fragment, one or multiple Vh domains, etc., with any oligonucleotide molecule that can exert a therapeutic effect when contacted with cells of a subject such as a human patient, such as an oligonucleotide selected from a natural or synthetic string of nucleic acids encompassing DNA, modified DNA, RNA, modified RNA, synthetic nucleic acids, presented as a single-stranded molecule or a double-stranded molecule, such as a BNA, an allele-specific oligonucleotide, a short or small interfering RNA
(siRNA; silencing RNA), an anti-sense DNA, anti-sense RNA, etc.
The term "conjugate" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to at least a first molecule that is covalently bound to at least a second molecule, therewith forming an covalently coupled assembly comprising or consisting of the first molecule and the second molecule.
Typical conjugates are tris(GaINAc)3 ¨ siRNA, an ADC, an AOC, and S01861-EMCH (EMCH linked to the aldehyde group of the aglycone glycoside core structure of the saponin).
The term "moiety" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that is bound, linked, conjugated to a further molecule, linker, assembly of molecules, etc., and therewith forming part of a larger molecule, conjugate, assembly of molecules. Typically, a moiety is a first molecule that is covalently bound to a second molecule, involving one or more chemical groups initially present on the first and second molecules. For example, saporin is a typical effector molecule. As part of an antibody-drug conjugate, the saporin is a typical effector moiety in the ADC. As part of an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate, a BNA or an siRNA is a typical effector moiety in the AOC.
The term 'S as used such as in an antibody-saponin conjugate or construct comprising a linker, represents 'stable linker' which remains intact in the endosome and in the cytosol.
The term `L' as used such as in an antibody-saponin conjugate or construct comprising a linker, represents 'labile linker' which is cleaved under slightly acid conditions in the endosome.
The term "moiety" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that is bound, linked, conjugated to a further molecule, linker, assembly of molecules, etc., and therewith forming part of a larger molecule, conjugate, assembly of molecules. Typically, a moiety is a first molecule that is covalently bound to a second molecule, involving one or more chemical groups initially present on the first molecule and present on the second molecule. For example, saporin is a typical molecule, and is an example of an effector molecule. As part of an antibody-drug conjugate, the saporin is a typical effector moiety in the ADC. As part of an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate, a BNA or an siRNA is a typical effector moiety in the AOC.
The term "DAR" normally stands for Drug Antibody Ratio and refers to the average drug to antibody ratio for a given preparation of antibody drug conjugate (ADC) and here refers to a ratio of the amount of bound S01861 moieties, or SPT001, with respect to the conjugate molecule.
The terms first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between for example similar elements, compositions, constituents in a composition, or separate method steps, and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. The terms
The term "antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate" or "AOC" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to any conjugate of an antibody such as an IgG, a Fab, an scFv, an immunoglobulin, an immunoglobulin fragment, one or multiple Vh domains, etc., with any oligonucleotide molecule that can exert a therapeutic effect when contacted with cells of a subject such as a human patient, such as an oligonucleotide selected from a natural or synthetic string of nucleic acids encompassing DNA, modified DNA, RNA, modified RNA, synthetic nucleic acids, presented as a single-stranded molecule or a double-stranded molecule, such as a BNA, an allele-specific oligonucleotide, a short or small interfering RNA
(siRNA; silencing RNA), an anti-sense DNA, anti-sense RNA, etc.
The term "conjugate" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to at least a first molecule that is covalently bound to at least a second molecule, therewith forming an covalently coupled assembly comprising or consisting of the first molecule and the second molecule.
Typical conjugates are tris(GaINAc)3 ¨ siRNA, an ADC, an AOC, and S01861-EMCH (EMCH linked to the aldehyde group of the aglycone glycoside core structure of the saponin).
The term "moiety" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that is bound, linked, conjugated to a further molecule, linker, assembly of molecules, etc., and therewith forming part of a larger molecule, conjugate, assembly of molecules. Typically, a moiety is a first molecule that is covalently bound to a second molecule, involving one or more chemical groups initially present on the first and second molecules. For example, saporin is a typical effector molecule. As part of an antibody-drug conjugate, the saporin is a typical effector moiety in the ADC. As part of an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate, a BNA or an siRNA is a typical effector moiety in the AOC.
The term 'S as used such as in an antibody-saponin conjugate or construct comprising a linker, represents 'stable linker' which remains intact in the endosome and in the cytosol.
The term `L' as used such as in an antibody-saponin conjugate or construct comprising a linker, represents 'labile linker' which is cleaved under slightly acid conditions in the endosome.
The term "moiety" has its regular scientific meaning and here refers to a molecule that is bound, linked, conjugated to a further molecule, linker, assembly of molecules, etc., and therewith forming part of a larger molecule, conjugate, assembly of molecules. Typically, a moiety is a first molecule that is covalently bound to a second molecule, involving one or more chemical groups initially present on the first molecule and present on the second molecule. For example, saporin is a typical molecule, and is an example of an effector molecule. As part of an antibody-drug conjugate, the saporin is a typical effector moiety in the ADC. As part of an antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate, a BNA or an siRNA is a typical effector moiety in the AOC.
The term "DAR" normally stands for Drug Antibody Ratio and refers to the average drug to antibody ratio for a given preparation of antibody drug conjugate (ADC) and here refers to a ratio of the amount of bound S01861 moieties, or SPT001, with respect to the conjugate molecule.
The terms first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between for example similar elements, compositions, constituents in a composition, or separate method steps, and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. The terms
10 are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and the embodiments of the invention can operate in other sequences than described or illustrated herein, unless specified otherwise.
The embodiments of the invention described herein can operate in combination and cooperation, unless specified otherwise.
Furthermore, the various embodiments, although referred to as "preferred" or "e.g." or "for example" or "in particular" and the like are to be construed as exemplary manners in which the invention may be implemented rather than as limiting the scope of the invention.
The term "comprising", used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being restricted to for example the elements or the method steps or the constituents of a compositions listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or method steps or constituents in a certain composition. It needs to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, (method) steps or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or groups thereof. Thus, the scope of the expression "a method comprising steps A and B" should not be limited to a method consisting only of steps A and B, rather with respect to the present invention, the only enumerated steps of the method are A and B, and further the claim should be interpreted as including equivalents of those method steps. Thus, the scope of the expression "a composition comprising components A and B" should not be limited to a composition consisting only of components A and B, rather with respect to the present invention, the only enumerated components of the composition are A and B, and further the claim should be interpreted as including equivalents of those components.
In addition, reference to an element or a component by the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element or component are present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements or components.
The indefinite article "a"
or "an" thus usually means "at least one".
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc.
Figure 2: synthesis of S01861-DBCO.
Figure 3: synthesis of monovalent-GaINAc-S01861.
Figure 4: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc-S01861.
Figure 5: synthesis of monovalent-GaINAc-BNA.
Figure 6: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc-BNA.
Figure 7: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc-BNA.
Figure 8A and 8B: synthesis of trivalent GaINAc.
Figure 9A and 9B: General toxicity (MTS) of GaINAc-S01861 and trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 9B also applies for Figure 9A.
Figure 10A and 10 B: Cell killing assay (MTS) HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 10B also applies for Figure 10A.
The embodiments of the invention described herein can operate in combination and cooperation, unless specified otherwise.
Furthermore, the various embodiments, although referred to as "preferred" or "e.g." or "for example" or "in particular" and the like are to be construed as exemplary manners in which the invention may be implemented rather than as limiting the scope of the invention.
The term "comprising", used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being restricted to for example the elements or the method steps or the constituents of a compositions listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or method steps or constituents in a certain composition. It needs to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, (method) steps or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps or components, or groups thereof. Thus, the scope of the expression "a method comprising steps A and B" should not be limited to a method consisting only of steps A and B, rather with respect to the present invention, the only enumerated steps of the method are A and B, and further the claim should be interpreted as including equivalents of those method steps. Thus, the scope of the expression "a composition comprising components A and B" should not be limited to a composition consisting only of components A and B, rather with respect to the present invention, the only enumerated components of the composition are A and B, and further the claim should be interpreted as including equivalents of those components.
In addition, reference to an element or a component by the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element or component are present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements or components.
The indefinite article "a"
or "an" thus usually means "at least one".
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc.
Figure 2: synthesis of S01861-DBCO.
Figure 3: synthesis of monovalent-GaINAc-S01861.
Figure 4: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc-S01861.
Figure 5: synthesis of monovalent-GaINAc-BNA.
Figure 6: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc-BNA.
Figure 7: synthesis of trivalent-GaINAc-BNA.
Figure 8A and 8B: synthesis of trivalent GaINAc.
Figure 9A and 9B: General toxicity (MTS) of GaINAc-S01861 and trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 9B also applies for Figure 9A.
Figure 10A and 10 B: Cell killing assay (MTS) HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 10B also applies for Figure 10A.
11 Figure 11A and 11B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines.
Figure 12A and 12B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 12B also applies for Figure 12A.
Figure 13A and 13B: cell viability assay on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines.
The legend displayed next to Figure 13B also applies for Figure 13A.
Figure 14A and 14B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 14B also applies for Figure 14A.
Figure 15A and 15B: cell viability assay on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines.
The legend displayed next to Figure 15B also applies for Figure 15A.
Figure 16A and 16B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 16B also applies for Figure 16A.
Figure 17A and 17B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 17B also applies for Figure 17A.
Figure 18: ApoB RNA expression analysis in mouse primary hepatocytes.
Figure 19: ApoB RNA expression analysis in liver tissue of C57BL/6J mice.
Figure 20: Serum ApoB protein analysis in C57BL/6J mice. NB, no analysis values are reported for 1 mg/kg ApoB#02 and 0.01 mg/kg (GaINA03-ApoB#03 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S0861 groups at 336 hours.
Figure 21: Serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) analysis C57BL/6J mice.
Figure 22: Serum ALT analysis C57BL/6J mice.
Figure 23: Cell viability assay (CTG) on primary human hepatocytes Figure 24: ApoB RNA expression analysis and cell viability assay on primary human hepatocytes Figure 25: (GaINAc)3-Ls-S01861 synthesis, intermediate 22, 23.
Figure 26: (GaINA03-Ls-S01861 synthesis, intermediate 24.
Figure 27: (GaINA03-Ls-BNA) synthesis, intermediate 25, 26.
Figure 28: (GaINA03-Ls-BNA) synthesis.
Figure 29A: Relative cell viability of primary human hepatocytes (compared with untreated cells `Untr', which is set to 100%) upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 ((GN)3-SPT), the combination of 10 pM monoclonal antibody anti-CD71 conjugated with saporin (CD71-SPRN) and a concentration series of S01861 with EMCH bound to the aglycone aldehyde group (SPT-EMCH), the combination of 10 pM CD71-SPRN and a concentration series of (GN)3-SPT, and the combination of 10 pM CD71-SPRN and a concentration series of (GN)3 conjugated with a dendron with four S01861 moieties covalently bound thereto (DAR = 4 for the bound S01861) ((GN)3-dSPT4).
Figure 29B: Relative ApoB gene expression of primary human hepatocytes (compared with untreated cells 'LW, which is set to 100%) upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with antisense oligonucleotide for silencing ApoB mRNA and ApoB protein expression ((GaINAc)3-ApoB), the combination of 300 nM trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 ((GaINAc)3-SPT001) and a concentration series of (GaINAc)3-ApoB. 'Lint' are untreated cells, set at ApoB expression is 100%.
Figure 12A and 12B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 12B also applies for Figure 12A.
Figure 13A and 13B: cell viability assay on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines.
The legend displayed next to Figure 13B also applies for Figure 13A.
Figure 14A and 14B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 14B also applies for Figure 14A.
Figure 15A and 15B: cell viability assay on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines.
The legend displayed next to Figure 15B also applies for Figure 15A.
Figure 16A and 16B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 16B also applies for Figure 16A.
Figure 17A and 17B: Gene expression analysis on HepG2 (A) and Huh7 (B) cell lines. The legend displayed next to Figure 17B also applies for Figure 17A.
Figure 18: ApoB RNA expression analysis in mouse primary hepatocytes.
Figure 19: ApoB RNA expression analysis in liver tissue of C57BL/6J mice.
Figure 20: Serum ApoB protein analysis in C57BL/6J mice. NB, no analysis values are reported for 1 mg/kg ApoB#02 and 0.01 mg/kg (GaINA03-ApoB#03 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S0861 groups at 336 hours.
Figure 21: Serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) analysis C57BL/6J mice.
Figure 22: Serum ALT analysis C57BL/6J mice.
Figure 23: Cell viability assay (CTG) on primary human hepatocytes Figure 24: ApoB RNA expression analysis and cell viability assay on primary human hepatocytes Figure 25: (GaINAc)3-Ls-S01861 synthesis, intermediate 22, 23.
Figure 26: (GaINA03-Ls-S01861 synthesis, intermediate 24.
Figure 27: (GaINA03-Ls-BNA) synthesis, intermediate 25, 26.
Figure 28: (GaINA03-Ls-BNA) synthesis.
Figure 29A: Relative cell viability of primary human hepatocytes (compared with untreated cells `Untr', which is set to 100%) upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 ((GN)3-SPT), the combination of 10 pM monoclonal antibody anti-CD71 conjugated with saporin (CD71-SPRN) and a concentration series of S01861 with EMCH bound to the aglycone aldehyde group (SPT-EMCH), the combination of 10 pM CD71-SPRN and a concentration series of (GN)3-SPT, and the combination of 10 pM CD71-SPRN and a concentration series of (GN)3 conjugated with a dendron with four S01861 moieties covalently bound thereto (DAR = 4 for the bound S01861) ((GN)3-dSPT4).
Figure 29B: Relative ApoB gene expression of primary human hepatocytes (compared with untreated cells 'LW, which is set to 100%) upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with antisense oligonucleotide for silencing ApoB mRNA and ApoB protein expression ((GaINAc)3-ApoB), the combination of 300 nM trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 ((GaINAc)3-SPT001) and a concentration series of (GaINAc)3-ApoB. 'Lint' are untreated cells, set at ApoB expression is 100%.
12 Figure 30A and 30B: Cell viability of primary human hepatocytes (A) and hepatocyte cell line Huh7 cells (B) (both compared with untreated cells 'Untr', which is set to 100%), upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (Trivalent GaINAc-SPT001), the combination of 10 pM monoclonal antibody anti-CD71 conjugated with saporin (CD71-saporin) and a concentration series of covalent conjugate Trivalent GaINAc-SPT001.
Figure 30C: Cartoon of covalent Trivalent GaINAc-SPT001 conjugate (DAR = 1 for the S01861). 'S is SPT001, S01861 in the cartoon.
Figure 30D: Cartoon of Anti-CD71 antibody ¨ saporin conjugate (OKT-9), wherein 'T' is the toxin saporin covalently linked to the antibody heavy chain.
Figure 31A and B: Relative ApoB gene expression of primary human hepatocytes (A) and hepatocyte cell line Huh7 cells (B), upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with antisense oligonucleotide for silencing ApoB mRNA and ApoB
protein expression (TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA), the combination of 300 nM trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) (DAR = 1 with regard to bound SPT001 (S01861)) and a concentration series TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA.
Figure 31C: Cartoon of covalent TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA conjugate. 'A' is antisense oligonucleotide ApoB (ApoBBNA) in the cartoon.
Figure 32A and B: Absolute ApoB protein expression by primary human hepatocytes (A) and hepatocyte cell line Huh7 cells (B), under influence of contacting the cells with a concentration series of TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA, the combination of 300 nM TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 and a concentration series of TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA.
Figure 33A: Synthesis of dendron(SPT001)4-NH2 (molecule 15 from molecules 13 and 14).
Figure 33B: Synthesis dendron(SPT001)4-azide (molecule 19 from molecules 15 and 18).
Figure 33C: Synthesis dendron(SPT001)4-trivalent GaINAc (molecule 24 from molecules 19 and 23).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments, but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims.
A first aspect of the invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR
comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
Saponins of the triterpene glycoside type have the capacity to stimulate the delivery of effector molecules from outside a target cell to inside said cell, and subsequently into the cytosol of said cell.
Saponins facilitate for example receptor mediated uptake of certain effector molecules, such as a protein
Figure 30C: Cartoon of covalent Trivalent GaINAc-SPT001 conjugate (DAR = 1 for the S01861). 'S is SPT001, S01861 in the cartoon.
Figure 30D: Cartoon of Anti-CD71 antibody ¨ saporin conjugate (OKT-9), wherein 'T' is the toxin saporin covalently linked to the antibody heavy chain.
Figure 31A and B: Relative ApoB gene expression of primary human hepatocytes (A) and hepatocyte cell line Huh7 cells (B), upon contacting the cells with a concentration series of trivalent GaINAc conjugated with antisense oligonucleotide for silencing ApoB mRNA and ApoB
protein expression (TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA), the combination of 300 nM trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) (DAR = 1 with regard to bound SPT001 (S01861)) and a concentration series TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA.
Figure 31C: Cartoon of covalent TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA conjugate. 'A' is antisense oligonucleotide ApoB (ApoBBNA) in the cartoon.
Figure 32A and B: Absolute ApoB protein expression by primary human hepatocytes (A) and hepatocyte cell line Huh7 cells (B), under influence of contacting the cells with a concentration series of TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA, the combination of 300 nM TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 and a concentration series of TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA.
Figure 33A: Synthesis of dendron(SPT001)4-NH2 (molecule 15 from molecules 13 and 14).
Figure 33B: Synthesis dendron(SPT001)4-azide (molecule 19 from molecules 15 and 18).
Figure 33C: Synthesis dendron(SPT001)4-trivalent GaINAc (molecule 24 from molecules 19 and 23).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention will be described with respect to particular embodiments, but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims.
A first aspect of the invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR
comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
Saponins of the triterpene glycoside type have the capacity to stimulate the delivery of effector molecules from outside a target cell to inside said cell, and subsequently into the cytosol of said cell.
Saponins facilitate for example receptor mediated uptake of certain effector molecules, such as a protein
13 toxin comprised in an ADC. Endocytosis of the toxin, as part of the ADC, delivers the toxin in the endosome and/or in the lysosome of the target cell. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, subsequent release of the ADC, or at least of the toxin, out of the endosome or lysosome and into the cell cytosol, is stimulated or mediated by the triterpenoid saponin. When a target cell is contacted with the toxin at a toxin dose that is too low for exerting an intracellular effect, co-administration of the toxin, such as part of an ADC, and a free saponin, such that the target cell is contacted with both the ADC and the saponin, can result in efficient toxin mediated killing of the target cell, at the same toxin dose that is ineffective when contacted with the cell in the absence of the saponin. Thus, under influence of the saponin, the therapeutic window of the toxin is improved. Still, the toxin dose required for efficient and sufficient target cell killing, can be accompanied by undesired off-target effects, for example when the tumor cell receptor targeted by the ADC is not a truly tumor-cell specific receptor, though is also expressed to some lower extent at the surface of e.g. healthy cells, elsewhere in a patient's body, or on cells that are present in the same organ where the target cells reside.
Furthermore, the required dose of the free saponin, needed to reach a sufficient extent of toxin activation (delivery of the toxin in the target-cell cytosol), may be at a level such that the risk for saponin-nnediated side effects are apparent.
Since the saponin is administered systemically, and non-targeted when the target (tumor) cell to be treated with the toxin is considered, a relatively high saponin dose is to be administered to the patient in need of the toxin treatment, in order to reach the local saponin dose at the level of the target cells.
The inventors now surprisingly found that the saponin dose required for potentiating the effect of a toxin on tumor cells, can be lowered by a factor of about 100 to 1000, when the saponin is provided with a target cell targeting moiety such as a receptor ligand (e.g. EGF or a cytokine), an antibody, or a binding fragment or domain thereof. For tumor cells, nowadays a series of cell-surface receptors are known for their specific expression on the surface of such aberrant cells.
Saponins are successfully coupled by the inventors to antibodies and ligands for binding to tumor-cell specific receptors such as anti-CD71 antibody OKT-9, trastuzumab, cetuximab, etc. Such targeted saponin conjugates indeed are able to stimulate e.g. the cytotoxic effect of a toxin inside a target cell, though at a 100-fold to 1000-fold lower saponin dose compared to the dose required for the same saponin in free form, not provided with a tumor cell targeting binding molecule. The current inventors further invented that target cell specific delivery and subsequent endocytosis of the (targeted) saponin, is also possible for non-aberrant cells or aberrant cells not related to e.g. cancer (tumor cells), auto-immune disease, virally infected cells, etc.
That is to say, surprisingly, the inventors found that the ASGPR provides a suitable entrance on cells bearing this receptor, such as liver cells, for entry of saponins provided with a ligand for ASGPR, in particular ASGPR1. Known ligands such as mono-valent GaINAc and tri-valent GaINAc are successfully coupled to one or a multitude (2, 4, 8, etc.) of saponin molecules, providing saponin conjugates comprising the ASGPR ligand and comprising at least one saponin moiety.
Contacting cells that express the ASGPR, such as liver cells, with the saponin conjugates comprising the ligand for the ASGPR, results surprisingly in uptake of the saponin, as evident when such cells are co-targeted with e.g. conjugates comprising a gene-silencing nucleic acid and a binding molecule for a target cell surface molecule, e.g. CD71, ASGPR, resulting in saponin dependent gene silencing in the target cell, or conjugates comprising such a binding molecule for the target cell and a
Furthermore, the required dose of the free saponin, needed to reach a sufficient extent of toxin activation (delivery of the toxin in the target-cell cytosol), may be at a level such that the risk for saponin-nnediated side effects are apparent.
Since the saponin is administered systemically, and non-targeted when the target (tumor) cell to be treated with the toxin is considered, a relatively high saponin dose is to be administered to the patient in need of the toxin treatment, in order to reach the local saponin dose at the level of the target cells.
The inventors now surprisingly found that the saponin dose required for potentiating the effect of a toxin on tumor cells, can be lowered by a factor of about 100 to 1000, when the saponin is provided with a target cell targeting moiety such as a receptor ligand (e.g. EGF or a cytokine), an antibody, or a binding fragment or domain thereof. For tumor cells, nowadays a series of cell-surface receptors are known for their specific expression on the surface of such aberrant cells.
Saponins are successfully coupled by the inventors to antibodies and ligands for binding to tumor-cell specific receptors such as anti-CD71 antibody OKT-9, trastuzumab, cetuximab, etc. Such targeted saponin conjugates indeed are able to stimulate e.g. the cytotoxic effect of a toxin inside a target cell, though at a 100-fold to 1000-fold lower saponin dose compared to the dose required for the same saponin in free form, not provided with a tumor cell targeting binding molecule. The current inventors further invented that target cell specific delivery and subsequent endocytosis of the (targeted) saponin, is also possible for non-aberrant cells or aberrant cells not related to e.g. cancer (tumor cells), auto-immune disease, virally infected cells, etc.
That is to say, surprisingly, the inventors found that the ASGPR provides a suitable entrance on cells bearing this receptor, such as liver cells, for entry of saponins provided with a ligand for ASGPR, in particular ASGPR1. Known ligands such as mono-valent GaINAc and tri-valent GaINAc are successfully coupled to one or a multitude (2, 4, 8, etc.) of saponin molecules, providing saponin conjugates comprising the ASGPR ligand and comprising at least one saponin moiety.
Contacting cells that express the ASGPR, such as liver cells, with the saponin conjugates comprising the ligand for the ASGPR, results surprisingly in uptake of the saponin, as evident when such cells are co-targeted with e.g. conjugates comprising a gene-silencing nucleic acid and a binding molecule for a target cell surface molecule, e.g. CD71, ASGPR, resulting in saponin dependent gene silencing in the target cell, or conjugates comprising such a binding molecule for the target cell and a
14 toxin, resulting in saponin dependent cytotoxicity. Providing the saponin with a ligand for ASGPR results in effects in the target cell, exerted by a co-administered effector molecule such as a targeted oligonucleotide or toxin (e.g. anti-CD71 antibody or ASGPR ligand coupled to a nucleic acid or to a toxin). Such effects are apparent to a much lower extent, if at all, when the target cells are contacted with the effector molecule only, in the absence of targeted saponin. Thus, the saponin conjugates of the invention improve the therapeutic efficacy of effector molecules when a target cell comprising ASGPR
at its surface is considered, and such target cell is contacted with both the saponin-ASGPR ligand of the invention and the (targeted) effector molecule. Herewith, the therapeutic window of the effector molecule is improved: higher therapeutic effect at the same dose, under influence of co-administration of the saponin conjugate; or similar therapeutic effect at lower dose, under influence of co-administration of the saponin conjugate. The inventors also found that about a 100-fold to 1000-fold lower dose of the saponin conjugate is required to reach a certain level of therapeutic effect in the target ASGPR
expressing cell, such as a liver cell, induced by the co-administered (targeted) effector molecule such as an ASO, an siRNA, a BNA, a toxin such as a protein toxin, when compared to the saponin dose required for reaching the similar effect, when the saponin is not provided with a ligand for ASGPR.
Thus, surprisingly, the inventors now provide for improved therapeutic methods using the ASGPR as a target receptor for saponin-mediated delivery of an effector molecule in the cytosol of ASGPR expressing cells, resulting in similar therapeutic effects induced by the effector molecule at lower doses than possible in the absence of the saponin conjugate of the invention. Thus, the present invention provides for improved therapeutic use of the stimulatory effect of saponins, when the delivery of an effector molecule into the cytosol of, e.g., liver cells is considered, by providing the saponin ¨
ASGPR ligand conjugate of the invention. Advantages reached by the inventors are amongst others:
lower dose required for the effector molecule by co-administration of the (targeted) effector molecule with saponin, and lower dose required for the saponin by providing the saponin as a covalent conjugate of a ligand for ASGPR, such as tri-valent GaINAc, and one or more saponin moieties. Surprisingly, the ligand for ASGPR can be the same in the saponin conjugate and in the targeted effector molecule conjugate, resulting in efficient effector molecule-mediated effects in the target cell, under stimulatory influence of the saponin. That is to say, the saponin conjugate and the effector molecule conjugate, both comprising covalently linked ligand for ASGPR such as tri-valent GaINAc, can be co-administered to target cells, such as liver cells exposing the ASGPR at their surface, such that the desired therapeutic effect of the effector molecule is efficiently obtained, while both conjugates target the same receptor and use the same route for endocytosis into the cell. This surprising finding is highly beneficial for liver-cell targeting therapies such as therapies involving cytosolic delivery of a nucleic acid (ASO, BNA, siRNA, to list a few), since liver cells do express the ASGPR, which ASGPR is specific for liver cells, whereas further liver cell receptors specific enough for use in liver cell targeting therapy are virtually absent. The current invention thus opens new ways to improve liver-cell directed therapies wherein effector molecules have to be intracellularly delivered and located for their mode of action. Targeted saponin provided as the saponin conjugates of the invention widens the therapeutic window of such effector molecules, and at the same time, by providing the saponin with a liver cell targeting binding molecule, also the therapeutic window of the saponin is improved, according to the invention.
at its surface is considered, and such target cell is contacted with both the saponin-ASGPR ligand of the invention and the (targeted) effector molecule. Herewith, the therapeutic window of the effector molecule is improved: higher therapeutic effect at the same dose, under influence of co-administration of the saponin conjugate; or similar therapeutic effect at lower dose, under influence of co-administration of the saponin conjugate. The inventors also found that about a 100-fold to 1000-fold lower dose of the saponin conjugate is required to reach a certain level of therapeutic effect in the target ASGPR
expressing cell, such as a liver cell, induced by the co-administered (targeted) effector molecule such as an ASO, an siRNA, a BNA, a toxin such as a protein toxin, when compared to the saponin dose required for reaching the similar effect, when the saponin is not provided with a ligand for ASGPR.
Thus, surprisingly, the inventors now provide for improved therapeutic methods using the ASGPR as a target receptor for saponin-mediated delivery of an effector molecule in the cytosol of ASGPR expressing cells, resulting in similar therapeutic effects induced by the effector molecule at lower doses than possible in the absence of the saponin conjugate of the invention. Thus, the present invention provides for improved therapeutic use of the stimulatory effect of saponins, when the delivery of an effector molecule into the cytosol of, e.g., liver cells is considered, by providing the saponin ¨
ASGPR ligand conjugate of the invention. Advantages reached by the inventors are amongst others:
lower dose required for the effector molecule by co-administration of the (targeted) effector molecule with saponin, and lower dose required for the saponin by providing the saponin as a covalent conjugate of a ligand for ASGPR, such as tri-valent GaINAc, and one or more saponin moieties. Surprisingly, the ligand for ASGPR can be the same in the saponin conjugate and in the targeted effector molecule conjugate, resulting in efficient effector molecule-mediated effects in the target cell, under stimulatory influence of the saponin. That is to say, the saponin conjugate and the effector molecule conjugate, both comprising covalently linked ligand for ASGPR such as tri-valent GaINAc, can be co-administered to target cells, such as liver cells exposing the ASGPR at their surface, such that the desired therapeutic effect of the effector molecule is efficiently obtained, while both conjugates target the same receptor and use the same route for endocytosis into the cell. This surprising finding is highly beneficial for liver-cell targeting therapies such as therapies involving cytosolic delivery of a nucleic acid (ASO, BNA, siRNA, to list a few), since liver cells do express the ASGPR, which ASGPR is specific for liver cells, whereas further liver cell receptors specific enough for use in liver cell targeting therapy are virtually absent. The current invention thus opens new ways to improve liver-cell directed therapies wherein effector molecules have to be intracellularly delivered and located for their mode of action. Targeted saponin provided as the saponin conjugates of the invention widens the therapeutic window of such effector molecules, and at the same time, by providing the saponin with a liver cell targeting binding molecule, also the therapeutic window of the saponin is improved, according to the invention.
15 Saponin conjugate - introduction The present invention provides a conjugate of a saponin and a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), referred to herein as "saponin conjugate". The ASGPR ligand comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety. In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention each GaINAc moiety is bound to the remainder of the ASGPR ligand or-in case the ASGPR
ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety - to the saponin moiety, via a covalent bond to the oxygen on position "1" as indicated in formula (I):
HO PH
I
HO ..7tioor. i a \NH
i OH
0;x;\
(I) As shown in formula (I1)s, the ASGPR ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety bound to the saponin moiety S, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls.
Ho pH
¨ Ls _____________________ S
. s (II)s The ASGPR ligand may comprise more than one GaINAc moiety, such as 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 GaINAc moieties, preferably 3 or 4 GaINAc moieties. In such case, it is preferred that the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls. The GaINAc moieties may be directly bound to the bridging moiety B as shown in formula (III)s:
(1=40 OH --\
HO- \ \,.......--_1 :NHo _ B ¨Ls ________________________________ El 0:-,-.,.Y
(I I Os wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety. More preferably, the GaINAc moieties are bound to the bridging moiety B via GaINAc linkers LGAL as shown in formula (IV)s:
ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety - to the saponin moiety, via a covalent bond to the oxygen on position "1" as indicated in formula (I):
HO PH
I
HO ..7tioor. i a \NH
i OH
0;x;\
(I) As shown in formula (I1)s, the ASGPR ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety bound to the saponin moiety S, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls.
Ho pH
¨ Ls _____________________ S
. s (II)s The ASGPR ligand may comprise more than one GaINAc moiety, such as 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 GaINAc moieties, preferably 3 or 4 GaINAc moieties. In such case, it is preferred that the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls. The GaINAc moieties may be directly bound to the bridging moiety B as shown in formula (III)s:
(1=40 OH --\
HO- \ \,.......--_1 :NHo _ B ¨Ls ________________________________ El 0:-,-.,.Y
(I I Os wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety. More preferably, the GaINAc moieties are bound to the bridging moiety B via GaINAc linkers LGAL as shown in formula (IV)s:
16 H --"\s e , 0 LGAL 2 Ls __ n wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety. VVhile each occurrence of LGAL may be independently chosen, the skilled person will appreciate that the synthesis of the saponin conjugate is simplified in case each occurrence of LGAL represents the same moiety.
Saponin conjugate - Linker Ls The saponin moiety linker Ls represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (II)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s. The identity and size of the linker is not particularly limited and covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (II)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s may be effected by means of a 'regular' chemical functional group (e.g. an ester bond) as well as through "click-chemistry" type linkers which typically have a long chain length, resulting in a linker Es comprising e.g.
more than 10 or more than 20 carbon atoms. Suitable linkers Ls and associated coupling reactions for binding molecules to each other are described in the handbook Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques.
Academic press, 2013.
As will be understood by the skilled person, the saponin moiety linker Ls will typically be the result of a coupling reaction (e.g. "click-chemistry" type) between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety. This principle is illustrated in the following reaction scheme for the compound of formula (I1)s:
HO-NH Lsi Ls 2 NH Ls (V)s (VI)s (I1)s wherein Ls is a saponin moiety linker, Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc or to the bridging moiety B and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety and S is the saponin moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (III)s is as follows:
1110 OH (MO OH
, s NH
.N B Lsi -4- LS2 ¨ S 0<Q
B S
Oftw( ==
n
Saponin conjugate - Linker Ls The saponin moiety linker Ls represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (II)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s. The identity and size of the linker is not particularly limited and covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (II)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s may be effected by means of a 'regular' chemical functional group (e.g. an ester bond) as well as through "click-chemistry" type linkers which typically have a long chain length, resulting in a linker Es comprising e.g.
more than 10 or more than 20 carbon atoms. Suitable linkers Ls and associated coupling reactions for binding molecules to each other are described in the handbook Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques.
Academic press, 2013.
As will be understood by the skilled person, the saponin moiety linker Ls will typically be the result of a coupling reaction (e.g. "click-chemistry" type) between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety. This principle is illustrated in the following reaction scheme for the compound of formula (I1)s:
HO-NH Lsi Ls 2 NH Ls (V)s (VI)s (I1)s wherein Ls is a saponin moiety linker, Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc or to the bridging moiety B and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety and S is the saponin moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (III)s is as follows:
1110 OH (MO OH
, s NH
.N B Lsi -4- LS2 ¨ S 0<Q
B S
Oftw( ==
n
17 PCT/NL2021/050384 (VII)s (VOs (III)s wherein Ls is a saponin moiety linker, Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, B is a bridging moiety and S is the saponin moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (IV)s is as follows:
(¨HO PH
;
HOT:¨
HO-0NH LCAL B Lsi 1-s2 .0 LCAL B Ls S
n (VI II)s (VI)s wherein Ls is a saponin moiety linker, Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker LS which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, B is a bridging moiety, S is the saponin moiety and LGAL is a GaINAc linker.
The saponin moiety linker Ls can be the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc orthe bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is for example an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles (such as aziridines, epoxides, cyclic sulfates, aziridinium ions, episulfonium ions), a carbonyl reaction of the non-aldol type (such as urea, thiourea, hydrazon, oxime ether, amide or aromatic heterocycle formation) or an addition to a carbon-carbon double bond (such as epoxidation, aziridination, dihydroxylation, sulfentyl halide addition, nitrosyl halide addition or micheal addition), preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, more preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition or a thiol maleimide coupling.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the saponin moiety linker LS comprises a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a hydrazone and a 1, 2, 3-triazole. VVhenever reference is made to a 1, 2, 3-triazole in the context of the linkers of the present application, this preferably means a 1H-1, 2, 3-triazole.
Such a hydrazone is e.g. the result of a coupling between a terminal hydrazide and an aldehyde containing compound (such as an aldehyde containing saponin). This hydrazide/aldehyde coupling is a known 'click'-chemistry tool in the field of bioconjugation and is for example described in Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. Academic press, 2013.
Such a 1, 2, 3-triazole is e.g. the result of a coupling between an azide and an alkyne containing compound. This azide/alkyne coupling is a commonly known 'click'-chemistry tool in the field of bioconjugation and is for example described in Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. Academic press, 2013.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (IV)s is as follows:
(¨HO PH
;
HOT:¨
HO-0NH LCAL B Lsi 1-s2 .0 LCAL B Ls S
n (VI II)s (VI)s wherein Ls is a saponin moiety linker, Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker LS which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, B is a bridging moiety, S is the saponin moiety and LGAL is a GaINAc linker.
The saponin moiety linker Ls can be the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc orthe bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is for example an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles (such as aziridines, epoxides, cyclic sulfates, aziridinium ions, episulfonium ions), a carbonyl reaction of the non-aldol type (such as urea, thiourea, hydrazon, oxime ether, amide or aromatic heterocycle formation) or an addition to a carbon-carbon double bond (such as epoxidation, aziridination, dihydroxylation, sulfentyl halide addition, nitrosyl halide addition or micheal addition), preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, more preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition or a thiol maleimide coupling.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the saponin moiety linker LS comprises a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a hydrazone and a 1, 2, 3-triazole. VVhenever reference is made to a 1, 2, 3-triazole in the context of the linkers of the present application, this preferably means a 1H-1, 2, 3-triazole.
Such a hydrazone is e.g. the result of a coupling between a terminal hydrazide and an aldehyde containing compound (such as an aldehyde containing saponin). This hydrazide/aldehyde coupling is a known 'click'-chemistry tool in the field of bioconjugation and is for example described in Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. Academic press, 2013.
Such a 1, 2, 3-triazole is e.g. the result of a coupling between an azide and an alkyne containing compound. This azide/alkyne coupling is a commonly known 'click'-chemistry tool in the field of bioconjugation and is for example described in Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. Academic press, 2013.
18 Consequently, it is preferred that the saponin moiety linker LS is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B, the first precursor Lsi comprising an azide; and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, the second precursor L62 comprising an alkyne and preferably comprising a hydrazon resulting from a hydrazide/aldehyde coupling to an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor Lsi present in the compounds of formula (V)s are the following azides:
a (xvii) wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3, more preferably a represents 2.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor Lsi present in the compounds of formula (VII)s or (VIII)s are the following azides:
Fi 0 c (XVIII) wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor Ls2 present in the compounds of formula (VI)s, are the following hydrazons:
--------LS2.2.
(XIX) wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer in the range of 2-6, more preferably a represents 4, and wherein Ls2a represents an alkyne-containing moiety. As will be understood by the skilled person in light of the present disclosure, the hydrazon depicted in formula (XIX) results from a reaction of a hydrazide with an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
Ls2a preferably comprises less than 20 carbon atoms, more preferably Ls2a represents a moiety according to formula (XX) :
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor Lsi present in the compounds of formula (V)s are the following azides:
a (xvii) wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3, more preferably a represents 2.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor Lsi present in the compounds of formula (VII)s or (VIII)s are the following azides:
Fi 0 c (XVIII) wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor Ls2 present in the compounds of formula (VI)s, are the following hydrazons:
--------LS2.2.
(XIX) wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer in the range of 2-6, more preferably a represents 4, and wherein Ls2a represents an alkyne-containing moiety. As will be understood by the skilled person in light of the present disclosure, the hydrazon depicted in formula (XIX) results from a reaction of a hydrazide with an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
Ls2a preferably comprises less than 20 carbon atoms, more preferably Ls2a represents a moiety according to formula (XX) :
19 ".s."
\
(XX) Hence, in some embodiments the saponin conjugate is a compound of formula (I1)s, (III)s or (IV)s as described herein, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a compound of formula (V)s, (VII)s or (VIII)s with a compound of formula (VI)s, wherein the first precursor Lsi is an azide, for example an azide of formula (XVII) or formula (XVIII), and wherein the second precursor Ls2 is a compound of formula (XIX) comprising an alkyn-containing moiety Ls2a, for example the alkyn of formula (XX) and a hydrazon resulting from a reaction of a hydrazide with an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
Saponin conjugate ¨ saponin An aspect of the invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin comprises an aglycone core structure selected from the group consisting of:
2a1pha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
16alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
hederagenin (23-hydroxy oleanolic acid);
16alpha,23-dihydroxy oleanolic acid;
gypsogenin;
quillaic acid;
protoaescigenin-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-22-acetate;
23-oxo-barringtog enol C-21,22-bis(2-methylbut-2-enoate);
23-oxo-barringtog enol C-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-16,22-diacetate;
digitogenin;
3,16,28-trihydroxy oleanan-12-en;
gypsogenic acid, and derivatives thereof,
\
(XX) Hence, in some embodiments the saponin conjugate is a compound of formula (I1)s, (III)s or (IV)s as described herein, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a compound of formula (V)s, (VII)s or (VIII)s with a compound of formula (VI)s, wherein the first precursor Lsi is an azide, for example an azide of formula (XVII) or formula (XVIII), and wherein the second precursor Ls2 is a compound of formula (XIX) comprising an alkyn-containing moiety Ls2a, for example the alkyn of formula (XX) and a hydrazon resulting from a reaction of a hydrazide with an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
Saponin conjugate ¨ saponin An aspect of the invention relates to a saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesmosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin comprises an aglycone core structure selected from the group consisting of:
2a1pha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
16alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
hederagenin (23-hydroxy oleanolic acid);
16alpha,23-dihydroxy oleanolic acid;
gypsogenin;
quillaic acid;
protoaescigenin-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-22-acetate;
23-oxo-barringtog enol C-21,22-bis(2-methylbut-2-enoate);
23-oxo-barringtog enol C-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-16,22-diacetate;
digitogenin;
3,16,28-trihydroxy oleanan-12-en;
gypsogenic acid, and derivatives thereof,
20 preferably the saponin comprises an aglycone core structure selected from quillaic acid and gypsogenin or derivatives thereof, more preferably the saponin aglycone core structure is quillaic acid or a derivative thereof. Such preferred aglycones comprise an aldehyde group at the C-23 atom or a derivative thereof as described herein elsewhere. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, such an aldehyde group contributes to the endosomal escape enhancing activity of saponins of the triterpene glycoside type, comprising an aglycone selected from Group C, especially quillajic acid and gypsogenin.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin is a mono-desmosidic or bi-desmosidic triterpene saponin belonging to the type of a 12,13-dehydrooleanane with the aldehyde group in position C-23 and optionally comprising a glucuronic acid group in a carbohydrate substituent at the C-3beta-OH group of the saponin, preferably a bi-desmosidic triterpene saponin belonging to the type of a 12,13-dehydrooleanane with the aldehyde group in position C-23 and comprising a glucuronic acid group in a carbohydrate substituent at the C-3beta-OH group of the sa po n in.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin comprises a first saccharide chain, which is bound to the C3 atom or the C28 atom of the aglycone core structure of the at least one saponin, preferably to the C3 atom, and/or wherein the at least one saponin comprises a second saccharide chain, which is bound to the C28 atom of the aglycone core structure of the at least one saponin, preferably, the saponin comprises the first and second saccharide chain. Thus, when the saponin comprised by the saponin conjugate of the invention bears two glycans (saccharide chains), the first saccharide chain is bound at position C3 of the aglycone core structure and the second saccharide chain is bound at position 028 of the aglycone core structure.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein = the saponin comprises a saccharide chain bound to the aglycone core structure, which is selected from group A:
GIcA-Glc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara-, Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-[Glc-(1-4)]-GIcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GIcA-, Xyl-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)]-Glc-(1¨>4)-Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>2)]-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-,
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin is a mono-desmosidic or bi-desmosidic triterpene saponin belonging to the type of a 12,13-dehydrooleanane with the aldehyde group in position C-23 and optionally comprising a glucuronic acid group in a carbohydrate substituent at the C-3beta-OH group of the saponin, preferably a bi-desmosidic triterpene saponin belonging to the type of a 12,13-dehydrooleanane with the aldehyde group in position C-23 and comprising a glucuronic acid group in a carbohydrate substituent at the C-3beta-OH group of the sa po n in.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin comprises a first saccharide chain, which is bound to the C3 atom or the C28 atom of the aglycone core structure of the at least one saponin, preferably to the C3 atom, and/or wherein the at least one saponin comprises a second saccharide chain, which is bound to the C28 atom of the aglycone core structure of the at least one saponin, preferably, the saponin comprises the first and second saccharide chain. Thus, when the saponin comprised by the saponin conjugate of the invention bears two glycans (saccharide chains), the first saccharide chain is bound at position C3 of the aglycone core structure and the second saccharide chain is bound at position 028 of the aglycone core structure.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein = the saponin comprises a saccharide chain bound to the aglycone core structure, which is selected from group A:
GIcA-Glc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara-, Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-[Glc-(1-4)]-GIcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GIcA-, Xyl-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)]-Glc-(1¨>4)-Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>2)]-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-,
21 Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨ 2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GicA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GicA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨)2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GIcA-, and derivatives thereof, or = the saponin comprises a saccharide chain bound to the aglycone core structure, which is selected from group B:
Glc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-, Rha-(1¨>2)-[Ara-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)1-Rha-, Ara-, Xyl-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R1-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R1 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R2-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R2 is 4Z-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-3,4-di-OAc-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R3-(¨>4)]-3-0Ac-Fuc- wherein R3 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Glc-(1¨)3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨ 3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, (Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨>3)-(Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨>4)-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1¨>2)-[4-0Ac-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1-4)]-(Rha- or Fuc-), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨ -3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Ara/Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha/Fuc-(1-4)-[Glc/Gal-(1¨>2)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R4-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R4 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)1R5-(¨>4)1-Fuc- wherein R5 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ 2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-,
Glc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-, Rha-(1¨>2)-[Ara-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)1-Rha-, Ara-, Xyl-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R1-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R1 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R2-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R2 is 4Z-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-3,4-di-OAc-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R3-(¨>4)]-3-0Ac-Fuc- wherein R3 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Glc-(1¨)3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨ 3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, (Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨>3)-(Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨>4)-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1¨>2)-[4-0Ac-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1-4)]-(Rha- or Fuc-), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨ -3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Ara/Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha/Fuc-(1-4)-[Glc/Gal-(1¨>2)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R4-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R4 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)1R5-(¨>4)1-Fuc- wherein R5 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ 2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-,
22 6-0Ac-Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3-0Ac-Rha-(1¨>3)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3-0Ac--Rha-(1¨>3)]-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨ 3)-[Xyl-(1¨>4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(12)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-4-0Ac-Qui-(1-4)]-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3,4-di-OAc-Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1¨>4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, 6-0Ac-Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-4-0Ac-Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-40Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-40Ac-Fuc-, Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R6-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R6 is 5-0-[5-0-Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R7-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R7 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R8-(-4)1-Fuc- wherein R8 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R9-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R9 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyI]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R10-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R10 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R11-(¨ 3)]-Fuc- wherein R11 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R12-(¨>3)]-Fuc- wherein R12 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoy1]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid) Glc-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>6)]-Gal-, and derivatives thereof, or = the saponin is a bidesmosidic triterpene glycoside comprising a first saccharide chain selected from the group A bound to the aglycone core structure and comprising a second saccharide chain selected from the group B bound to the aglycone core structure. Thus, when the saponin comprised by the saponin conjugate of the invention bears two glycans (saccharide chains), the first saccharide chain is bound at position C3 of the aglycone core structure and the second saccharide chain is bound at position C28 of the aglycone core structure.
Without wishing to be bound by any theory, presence of an aldehyde group or a derivative thereof in the aglycone core structure (here, also referred to as `aglycone') is beneficial for the capacity of the saponin to stimulate and/or potentiate the endosomal escape of (effector) molecules when such a saponin co-localizes in a cell, in the endosome of said cell, with these (effector) molecules. Therefore,
Without wishing to be bound by any theory, presence of an aldehyde group or a derivative thereof in the aglycone core structure (here, also referred to as `aglycone') is beneficial for the capacity of the saponin to stimulate and/or potentiate the endosomal escape of (effector) molecules when such a saponin co-localizes in a cell, in the endosome of said cell, with these (effector) molecules. Therefore,
23 saponin conjugates of the invention comprising saponin which has an aglycone with an aldehyde group is preferred. In quillajic acid and in gypsogen in the aldehyde group is at the C23 atom of the aglycone.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is selected from the group consisting of: Quillaja bark saponin, dipsacoside B, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, nnacranthoidin A, esculentoside A, phytolaccagenin, aescinate, AS6.2, NP-005236, AMA-1, AMR, alpha-Hederin, NP-012672, NP-017777, NP-017778, NP-017774, NP-018110, NP-017772, NP-018109, NP-017888, NP-017889, NP-018108, SA1641, AE X55, NP-017674, NP-017810, AG1, NP-003881, NP-017676, NP-017677, NP-017706, NP-017705, NP-017773, NP-017775, SA1657, AG2, S01861, GE1741, S01542, S01584, S01658, S01674, S01832, S01862, S01904, QS-7, QS1861, QS-7 api, Q81862, QS-17, QS-18, QS-21 A-apio, QS-21 A-xylo, QS-21 B-apio, QS-21 B-xylo, beta-Aescin, Aescin la, Teaseed saponin I, Teaseedsaponin J, Assamsaponin F, Digitonin, Primula acid 1 and AS64R, stereoisomers thereof, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof, preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of QS-21, a QS-21 derivative, S01861, a 501861 derivative, SA1641, a SA1641 derivative, GE1741, a GE1741 derivative and combinations thereof, more preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of a QS-21 derivative, a S01861 derivative and combinations thereof, most preferably the saponin is a S01861 derivative.
Such saponins of the triterpene glycoside type are capable of enhancing the endosomal escape of (effector) molecules that are present in the endosome (or lysosome) of a cell, when the saponin co-localizes with such (effector) molecule inside the cell. The inventors established that the endosomal escape enhancing activity of these saponins is about 100 to 1000 times more potent when the saponin is contacted with a cell when the saponin is comprised by the conjugate of the invention. The free saponin is capable of stimulating the delivery of (effector) molecules in the cytosol of cells, when such cells are contacted with the (effector) molecules and the saponin, at 100-1000 times higher saponin concentration, compared to the concentration of the same saponin which is comprised by the saponin conjugate of the invention, required to achieve the same extent of delivery of the (effector) molecule from outside the cell to inside the endsome and finally in the cytosol of said cell. Saponins which display such endosomal escape enhancing activity are listed in Table Al, as well as saponins with high structural similarity with saponins for which the ability to potentiate the cytosolic delivery of (effector) molecules has been established. When the saponin is part of the saponin conjugate of the invention, the targeted delivery of the saponin upon binding of the ligand for ASGPR to the cell-surface binding site on the target cell, on said cell, and after endocytosis, into the endosome of said cell, is thus about 100 to 1000 times more effective compared to contacting the same cell with free, untargeted saponin which is not provided with a ligand for ASGPR for binding to ASGPR of a target cell.
In embodiments the saponin conjugate comprises at least one saponin, wherein the saponin is a derivative wherein i. the aglycone core structure of the saponin comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised;
ii. a saccharide chain of the saponin, preferably the saccharide chain selected from group A
comprises a carboxyl group which has been derivatised;
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is selected from the group consisting of: Quillaja bark saponin, dipsacoside B, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, nnacranthoidin A, esculentoside A, phytolaccagenin, aescinate, AS6.2, NP-005236, AMA-1, AMR, alpha-Hederin, NP-012672, NP-017777, NP-017778, NP-017774, NP-018110, NP-017772, NP-018109, NP-017888, NP-017889, NP-018108, SA1641, AE X55, NP-017674, NP-017810, AG1, NP-003881, NP-017676, NP-017677, NP-017706, NP-017705, NP-017773, NP-017775, SA1657, AG2, S01861, GE1741, S01542, S01584, S01658, S01674, S01832, S01862, S01904, QS-7, QS1861, QS-7 api, Q81862, QS-17, QS-18, QS-21 A-apio, QS-21 A-xylo, QS-21 B-apio, QS-21 B-xylo, beta-Aescin, Aescin la, Teaseed saponin I, Teaseedsaponin J, Assamsaponin F, Digitonin, Primula acid 1 and AS64R, stereoisomers thereof, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof, preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of QS-21, a QS-21 derivative, S01861, a 501861 derivative, SA1641, a SA1641 derivative, GE1741, a GE1741 derivative and combinations thereof, more preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of a QS-21 derivative, a S01861 derivative and combinations thereof, most preferably the saponin is a S01861 derivative.
Such saponins of the triterpene glycoside type are capable of enhancing the endosomal escape of (effector) molecules that are present in the endosome (or lysosome) of a cell, when the saponin co-localizes with such (effector) molecule inside the cell. The inventors established that the endosomal escape enhancing activity of these saponins is about 100 to 1000 times more potent when the saponin is contacted with a cell when the saponin is comprised by the conjugate of the invention. The free saponin is capable of stimulating the delivery of (effector) molecules in the cytosol of cells, when such cells are contacted with the (effector) molecules and the saponin, at 100-1000 times higher saponin concentration, compared to the concentration of the same saponin which is comprised by the saponin conjugate of the invention, required to achieve the same extent of delivery of the (effector) molecule from outside the cell to inside the endsome and finally in the cytosol of said cell. Saponins which display such endosomal escape enhancing activity are listed in Table Al, as well as saponins with high structural similarity with saponins for which the ability to potentiate the cytosolic delivery of (effector) molecules has been established. When the saponin is part of the saponin conjugate of the invention, the targeted delivery of the saponin upon binding of the ligand for ASGPR to the cell-surface binding site on the target cell, on said cell, and after endocytosis, into the endosome of said cell, is thus about 100 to 1000 times more effective compared to contacting the same cell with free, untargeted saponin which is not provided with a ligand for ASGPR for binding to ASGPR of a target cell.
In embodiments the saponin conjugate comprises at least one saponin, wherein the saponin is a derivative wherein i. the aglycone core structure of the saponin comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised;
ii. a saccharide chain of the saponin, preferably the saccharide chain selected from group A
comprises a carboxyl group which has been derivatised;
24 iii. a saccharide chain of the saponin, preferably the saccharide chain selected from group B
comprises an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised; or iv. any combination of derivatisations (i), (ii) and/or (iii) is present.
Exemplary derivatisations (i) for an aldehyde group of the aglycone core structure include reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; transformation into a hydrazone; transformation into a hemiacetal; transformation into an acetal; oxidation to a carboxyl;
transformation into an imine;
transformation into an oxirne; transformation into a p-hydroxy ketone; or transformation into an enone, preferably reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; or transformation into a hydrazone.
In embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; or - transformation into a hydrazone of formula RbHC=NNHRa; preferably into a hydrazone of formula Rb1-1C=NNH(CO)Ra wherein Ra is group comprising less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 10 carbon atoms and RID is the remainder of the saponin. Preferably, Ra is an N-alkylated maleimide. In particular embodiments, the aldehyde group has been transformation into a hydrazon bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH); N[13-maleimidopropionic acid]
hydrazide (BMPH); or N-[k-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH).
Exemplary derivatisations (ii) for a carboxyl group of a saccharide chain include: reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; transformation into an amide;
transformation into an ester;
transformation into an amine, such as a primary or secondary amine; or decarboxylation, preferably reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; transformation into an amide; or transformation into an ester; more preferably transformation into an amide.
Preferably, the carboxyl group which is derivatised is part of a glucuronic acid moiety and, preferably, the saccharide chain is selected from group A.
In embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, comprises a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol;
- transformation into an amide of formula RaNH(CO)RI); or - transformation into an ester of formula RaO(CO)Rb wherein Ra is group comprising less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 10 carbon atoms and Rb is the remainder of the saponin. Preferably, Ra is an N-alkylated maleimide or a diol. In particular embodiments, the carboxyl group has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AM PD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM).
Exemplary derivatisations (iii) for an acetoxy group of a saccharide chain include: transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation, optionally followed by transformation of the resulting alcohol into an ether; ester or ketone; preferably transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation.
comprises an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised; or iv. any combination of derivatisations (i), (ii) and/or (iii) is present.
Exemplary derivatisations (i) for an aldehyde group of the aglycone core structure include reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; transformation into a hydrazone; transformation into a hemiacetal; transformation into an acetal; oxidation to a carboxyl;
transformation into an imine;
transformation into an oxirne; transformation into a p-hydroxy ketone; or transformation into an enone, preferably reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; or transformation into a hydrazone.
In embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; or - transformation into a hydrazone of formula RbHC=NNHRa; preferably into a hydrazone of formula Rb1-1C=NNH(CO)Ra wherein Ra is group comprising less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 10 carbon atoms and RID is the remainder of the saponin. Preferably, Ra is an N-alkylated maleimide. In particular embodiments, the aldehyde group has been transformation into a hydrazon bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH); N[13-maleimidopropionic acid]
hydrazide (BMPH); or N-[k-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH).
Exemplary derivatisations (ii) for a carboxyl group of a saccharide chain include: reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; transformation into an amide;
transformation into an ester;
transformation into an amine, such as a primary or secondary amine; or decarboxylation, preferably reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol; transformation into an amide; or transformation into an ester; more preferably transformation into an amide.
Preferably, the carboxyl group which is derivatised is part of a glucuronic acid moiety and, preferably, the saccharide chain is selected from group A.
In embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, comprises a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol, such as a primary alcohol;
- transformation into an amide of formula RaNH(CO)RI); or - transformation into an ester of formula RaO(CO)Rb wherein Ra is group comprising less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 10 carbon atoms and Rb is the remainder of the saponin. Preferably, Ra is an N-alkylated maleimide or a diol. In particular embodiments, the carboxyl group has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AM PD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM).
Exemplary derivatisations (iii) for an acetoxy group of a saccharide chain include: transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation, optionally followed by transformation of the resulting alcohol into an ether; ester or ketone; preferably transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation.
25 Preferably, the acetoxy group which is derivatised is part of a saccharide chain selected from group B.
In embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B, comprises an acetoxy group which has been derivatised by:
- transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation; or - transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation followed by transformation of the resulting alcohol into an ether of formula RaORb, an ester of formula Ra(C0)0Rb, or a ketone of formula Ra(CO)Rb wherein Ra is group comprising less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 10 carbon atoms and Rb is the remainder of the saponin. Preferably, Ra is an N-alkylated maleimide or a diol.
Hence, in embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein:
= the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH);
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-[l-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH); or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N[K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH);
= the saccharide chain selected from group A comprises a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM);
= the saccharide chain selected from group B comprises an acetoxy group (Me(C0)0-) which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (H0-); or = any combination of derivatisations (i), (ii) and/or (iii) is present.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein i. the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group which has been derivatised;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations i., ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is any one or more of: S01861, SA1657, GE1741, SA1641, QS-21, QS-21A, QS-21 A-api, QS-21 A-xyl, QS-21B, QS-21 B-api, QS-21 B-xyl, QS-7-xyl, QS-7-api, QS-17-api, QS-17-xyl, QS1861, QS1862, Quillajasaponin,
In embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B, comprises an acetoxy group which has been derivatised by:
- transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation; or - transformation into an alcohol, such as a secondary alcohol, by deacetylation followed by transformation of the resulting alcohol into an ether of formula RaORb, an ester of formula Ra(C0)0Rb, or a ketone of formula Ra(CO)Rb wherein Ra is group comprising less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably less than 10 carbon atoms and Rb is the remainder of the saponin. Preferably, Ra is an N-alkylated maleimide or a diol.
Hence, in embodiments the saponin is a derivative wherein:
= the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH);
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-[l-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH); or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N[K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH);
= the saccharide chain selected from group A comprises a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM);
= the saccharide chain selected from group B comprises an acetoxy group (Me(C0)0-) which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (H0-); or = any combination of derivatisations (i), (ii) and/or (iii) is present.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein i. the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group which has been derivatised;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations i., ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is any one or more of: S01861, SA1657, GE1741, SA1641, QS-21, QS-21A, QS-21 A-api, QS-21 A-xyl, QS-21B, QS-21 B-api, QS-21 B-xyl, QS-7-xyl, QS-7-api, QS-17-api, QS-17-xyl, QS1861, QS1862, Quillajasaponin,
26 Saponinum album, QS-18, Quil-A, Gyp1 , gypsoside A, AG1, AG2, S01542, S01584, S01658, 501674, S01832, S01904, stereoisomers thereof, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof, preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of QS-21, a QS-21 derivative, S01861, a S01861 derivative, SA1641, a SA1641 derivative, GE1741, a GE1741 derivative and combinations thereof, more preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of a QS-21 derivative, a S01861 derivative and combinations thereof, most preferably the saponin is a S01861 derivative.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative of the quillaic acid saponin or the gypsogenin saponin according to the invention and is represented by Molecule 1:
0 0 ¨
CH3 =1 CH3 -----4----- =
j¨s=-=
H<23 HCH3Rj -(Molecule 1) wherein Ai represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A, more preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety;
Az represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B, more preferably A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B and Az comprises at least one acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group, such as one, two, three or four acetoxy groups, wherein at least one of Ai and Az is not hydrogen, preferably both Ai and Az are an oligosaccharide chain;
and R is hydrogen in gypsogenin or hydroxyl in quillaic acid;
wherein the saponin derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position 023 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised;
ii. the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Al, when Al represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and Al comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised; and
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative of the quillaic acid saponin or the gypsogenin saponin according to the invention and is represented by Molecule 1:
0 0 ¨
CH3 =1 CH3 -----4----- =
j¨s=-=
H<23 HCH3Rj -(Molecule 1) wherein Ai represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A, more preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety;
Az represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B, more preferably A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B and Az comprises at least one acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group, such as one, two, three or four acetoxy groups, wherein at least one of Ai and Az is not hydrogen, preferably both Ai and Az are an oligosaccharide chain;
and R is hydrogen in gypsogenin or hydroxyl in quillaic acid;
wherein the saponin derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position 023 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised;
ii. the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Al, when Al represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and Al comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised; and
27 iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of A2, when A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been derivatised.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety and wherein the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai has been derivatised and/or wherein A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group and wherein at least one acetoxy group of A2 has been derivatised.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin represented by Molecule 1 is a bidesmosidic triterpene saponin.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position C23 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised by;
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N1[1-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with 1\1[K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai, when Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu-AMPD or a S01861-Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; and iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of A2, when A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein Al is Gal-(142)-[Xyl-(143)]-GIcA and/or A2 is Glc-(143)-Xyl-(144)-Rha-(142)-[Xyl-(143)-4-0Ac-Qui-(144)]-Fuc, preferably the saponin represented by Molecule 1 is 3-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 42)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 43)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 43)-beta-D-
and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been derivatised.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety and wherein the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai has been derivatised and/or wherein A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group and wherein at least one acetoxy group of A2 has been derivatised.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin represented by Molecule 1 is a bidesmosidic triterpene saponin.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position C23 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised by;
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N1[1-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with 1\1[K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai, when Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu-AMPD or a S01861-Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; and iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of A2, when A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein Al is Gal-(142)-[Xyl-(143)]-GIcA and/or A2 is Glc-(143)-Xyl-(144)-Rha-(142)-[Xyl-(143)-4-0Ac-Qui-(144)]-Fuc, preferably the saponin represented by Molecule 1 is 3-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 42)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 43)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 43)-beta-D-
28 xylopyranosyl-(14)- al pha-L-rhamnopyran osyl-(1 2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(13)-40Ac-beta-D-guinovopyra nosyl-(144)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside, more preferably the saponin is any one or more of:
S01861, GE1741, SA1641 and QS-21, or a derivative thereof, most preferably S01861 or a derivative thereof.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein i.
the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazon bond through reaction with N-[1-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazon bond through reaction with N[K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu- AMPD or a Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations I., ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.;
preferably, the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with EMCH wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH;
S01861, GE1741, SA1641 and QS-21, or a derivative thereof, most preferably S01861 or a derivative thereof.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein i.
the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazon bond through reaction with N-[1-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazon bond through reaction with N[K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu- AMPD or a Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations I., ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.;
preferably, the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with EMCH wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH;
29 PCT/NL2021/050384 the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; or the saponin derivative comprises a combination of derivatisations i. and ii.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group and wherein the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which glucuronic acid moiety has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM).
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin derivative is represented by Molecule 2:
= m, HOOC
23OH ç
HO OH
HO NH
g0H Ac OH
0 HO?
O
HO H
(Molecule 2) HO OH
or wherein the saponin derivative is represented by Molecule 3:
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group and wherein the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which glucuronic acid moiety has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM).
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin derivative is represented by Molecule 2:
= m, HOOC
23OH ç
HO OH
HO NH
g0H Ac OH
0 HO?
O
HO H
(Molecule 2) HO OH
or wherein the saponin derivative is represented by Molecule 3:
30 HO
HOOC
=2-23 H N
HO NH
OH OH
r Ac0 0 (2710H
OtiN)õ.=0 1270H
HO L"
--OH
(Molecule 3) HO OH
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin and the ligand for ASGPR are covalently linked directly or via at least one linker.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the GaINAc moiety is bound to the saponin S, preferably via a saponin linker L5, as represented in formula (I1)s:
1.1c) OH
HO ____________ NH
¨ Ls ¨ S
(11)3 An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" of the GaINAc moiety to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls, as shown in formula (111)s:
Ho OH
Ho) .:rqH6 B s 0=-A.
(III)s wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
HOOC
=2-23 H N
HO NH
OH OH
r Ac0 0 (2710H
OtiN)õ.=0 1270H
HO L"
--OH
(Molecule 3) HO OH
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin and the ligand for ASGPR are covalently linked directly or via at least one linker.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the GaINAc moiety is bound to the saponin S, preferably via a saponin linker L5, as represented in formula (I1)s:
1.1c) OH
HO ____________ NH
¨ Ls ¨ S
(11)3 An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" of the GaINAc moiety to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls, as shown in formula (111)s:
Ho OH
Ho) .:rqH6 B s 0=-A.
(III)s wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
31 An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the GaINAc moieties are bound to the bridging moiety B via GaINAc linkers LGAL as shown in formula (IV)s:
(HO 11 I
, NH), ,GA __________________________ B _ Ls __ 0=k1 (IV)s wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (I1)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc or to the bridging moiety B and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is selected from the group consisting of an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, a carbonyl reaction of the non-aldol type and an addition to a carbon-carbon double bond, preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, more preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition or a thiol maleimide coupling.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B, the first precursor Lsi comprising an azide; and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, the second precursor L62 comprising an alkyne and preferably comprising a hydrazon resulting from a hydrazide/aldehyde coupling to an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the structure for the precursor Lsi is the following azide of formula (XVII):
a (xvii)
(HO 11 I
, NH), ,GA __________________________ B _ Ls __ 0=k1 (IV)s wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (I1)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein Lsi is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc or to the bridging moiety B and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is selected from the group consisting of an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, a carbonyl reaction of the non-aldol type and an addition to a carbon-carbon double bond, preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, more preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition or a thiol maleimide coupling.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B, the first precursor Lsi comprising an azide; and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, the second precursor L62 comprising an alkyne and preferably comprising a hydrazon resulting from a hydrazide/aldehyde coupling to an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the structure for the precursor Lsi is the following azide of formula (XVII):
a (xvii)
32 wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer selected from 1,2, and 3, more preferably a represents 2, or wherein the structure for the precursor Lsi comprises the following azide of formula (XVIII):
0 c (XVIII) wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the structure for the precursor Ls2 comprises the following hydrazone with formula (XIX):
-4, ;? a (XIX) wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer in the range of 2-6, more preferably a represents 4, and wherein Ls2a represents an alkyne-containing moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein Ls2a comprises less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably Ls2a represents a moiety according to formula (XX):
;-=
= /
(XX) An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the bridging moiety is a compound of formula (XV):
0 c (XVIII) wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the structure for the precursor Ls2 comprises the following hydrazone with formula (XIX):
-4, ;? a (XIX) wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer in the range of 2-6, more preferably a represents 4, and wherein Ls2a represents an alkyne-containing moiety.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein Ls2a comprises less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably Ls2a represents a moiety according to formula (XX):
;-=
= /
(XX) An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the bridging moiety is a compound of formula (XV):
33 NY' UN
s.r (XV) wherein the oxygen atoms of the compound of formula (XV) are bound to GaINAc or to the GaINAc linkers LGAL, and the nitrogen atom of the compound of formula (XV) is bound to the saponin moiety linker Ls.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein LGAL
represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding GaINAc to the bridging moiety B.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein LGAL
comprises 2-25 carbon atoms, preferably 7-15 carbon atoms, more preferably 11 carbon atoms and wherein LGAL comprises at least one, preferably two amide moieties_ An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein LGAL is a compound according to formula (XVI):
c).
(XVI) An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the ligand for ASGPR is (GaINAc)3Tris represented by Molecule I':
s.r (XV) wherein the oxygen atoms of the compound of formula (XV) are bound to GaINAc or to the GaINAc linkers LGAL, and the nitrogen atom of the compound of formula (XV) is bound to the saponin moiety linker Ls.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein LGAL
represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding GaINAc to the bridging moiety B.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein LGAL
comprises 2-25 carbon atoms, preferably 7-15 carbon atoms, more preferably 11 carbon atoms and wherein LGAL comprises at least one, preferably two amide moieties_ An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein LGAL is a compound according to formula (XVI):
c).
(XVI) An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the ligand for ASGPR is (GaINAc)3Tris represented by Molecule I':
34 t Hast-r0 õNH H
T
OH õOH 6 -H
1'4 H fl fc-)õ,/
H
H
OH
(Molecule I') Hp 0 N
or wherein the ligand for ASGPR is mono-GaINAc represented by Molecule II':
,OH
ro (Molecule II) An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin is covalently bound to Molecule I' or Molecule II' of the invention via a linker represented by Molecule III':
(Molecule Ill) NH
N
wherein the hydrazide moiety of Molecule Ill' formed a covalent hydrazone bond with an aldehyde group in the saponin, and wherein the dibenzocyclooctyne group formed a covalent bond with the azide group of Molecule l' or Molecule II'.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin is covalently bound to the ligand for ASGPR via at least one cleavable linker.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage under acidic conditions, reductive conditions, enzymatic conditions and/or light-induced
T
OH õOH 6 -H
1'4 H fl fc-)õ,/
H
H
OH
(Molecule I') Hp 0 N
or wherein the ligand for ASGPR is mono-GaINAc represented by Molecule II':
,OH
ro (Molecule II) An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin is covalently bound to Molecule I' or Molecule II' of the invention via a linker represented by Molecule III':
(Molecule Ill) NH
N
wherein the hydrazide moiety of Molecule Ill' formed a covalent hydrazone bond with an aldehyde group in the saponin, and wherein the dibenzocyclooctyne group formed a covalent bond with the azide group of Molecule l' or Molecule II'.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the at least one saponin is covalently bound to the ligand for ASGPR via at least one cleavable linker.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage under acidic conditions, reductive conditions, enzymatic conditions and/or light-induced
35 conditions, and preferably the cleavable linker comprises a cleavable bond selected from a hydrazone bond and a hydrazide bond subject to cleavage under acidic conditions, and/or a bond susceptible to proteolysis, for example proteolysis by Cathepsin B, and/or a bond susceptible for cleavage under reductive conditions such as a disulfide bond.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage in vivo under acidic conditions such as for example present in endosomes and/or lysosomes of mammalian cells, preferably human cells, preferably the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage in vivo at pH 4.0 ¨6.5, and more preferably at pH 5.5.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the conjugate comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 32, 64, 128 01 1-100 saponin moieties, or any number of saponin moieties therein between, such as 7, 9, 12 saponin moieties.
The skilled person will understand that if the saponin comprised in the saponin conjugate of the present invention is a compound of formula (II)s, (III)s or (IV)s as described herein wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, the second precursor Ls2 comprising a hydrazone resulting from a hydrazide/aldehyde coupling to an aldehyde of the saponin moiety, as described herein, this means that the aldehyde group is already occupied by the linker, such that suitable saponin derivatives are these wherein saponin is derivatised by (ii) a carboxyl group of a saccharide chain as described herein and/or (iii) an acetoxy group of a saccharide chain as described herein.
Effector molecule conjugate ¨ introduction Certain pharmaceutical combinations and certain pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), referred to herein as "effector molecule conjugate". When the effector molecule is bound to the remainder of the effector molecule conjugate it is referred to herein as an "effector moiety". The ASGPR ligand comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety. In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention each GaINAc moiety is bound to the remainder of the ASGPR ligand or - in case ASGPR ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety - to the effector moiety, via a covalent bond to the oxygen on position "1" as indicated in formula (I):
HO PH
4 < 0 HO
HOH
(I) As shown in formula (II)E, the ASGPR ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety bound to the effector moiety E, preferably via an effector moiety linker LE.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage in vivo under acidic conditions such as for example present in endosomes and/or lysosomes of mammalian cells, preferably human cells, preferably the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage in vivo at pH 4.0 ¨6.5, and more preferably at pH 5.5.
An embodiment is the saponin conjugate of the invention, wherein the conjugate comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 32, 64, 128 01 1-100 saponin moieties, or any number of saponin moieties therein between, such as 7, 9, 12 saponin moieties.
The skilled person will understand that if the saponin comprised in the saponin conjugate of the present invention is a compound of formula (II)s, (III)s or (IV)s as described herein wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, the second precursor Ls2 comprising a hydrazone resulting from a hydrazide/aldehyde coupling to an aldehyde of the saponin moiety, as described herein, this means that the aldehyde group is already occupied by the linker, such that suitable saponin derivatives are these wherein saponin is derivatised by (ii) a carboxyl group of a saccharide chain as described herein and/or (iii) an acetoxy group of a saccharide chain as described herein.
Effector molecule conjugate ¨ introduction Certain pharmaceutical combinations and certain pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), referred to herein as "effector molecule conjugate". When the effector molecule is bound to the remainder of the effector molecule conjugate it is referred to herein as an "effector moiety". The ASGPR ligand comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moiety. In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention each GaINAc moiety is bound to the remainder of the ASGPR ligand or - in case ASGPR ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety - to the effector moiety, via a covalent bond to the oxygen on position "1" as indicated in formula (I):
HO PH
4 < 0 HO
HOH
(I) As shown in formula (II)E, the ASGPR ligand consists of a single GaINAc moiety bound to the effector moiety E, preferably via an effector moiety linker LE.
36 HO pH
HO.-. . -.7¨
NH __________________ = _____________________ 0 ___ LE E
Or-1\
The ASGPR ligand may comprise more than one GaINAc moiety, such as 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 GaINAc moieties, preferably 3 or 4 GaINAc moieties. In such case, it is preferred that the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the effector moiety, preferably via an effector moiety linker LE. The GaINAc moieties may be directly bound to the bridging moiety B as shown in formula (III)E:
(-HO PH --\
HO. ........,n;
1\IFI
i C __________________ B __ LE E
(III)E
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, LE is an effector moiety linker and E is the effector moiety. More preferably, the GaINAc moieties are bound to the bridging moiety B via GaINAc linkers LGAL as shown in formula (IV)E:
HO PH
0\-\,...."H' L F1 0 NH ____________ , 0 \ LGAL I\ E _ LE ___d E
n (IV)E
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, LE is an effector moiety linker and E is the effector moiety. While each occurrence of LGAL may be independently chosen, the skilled person will appreciate that the synthesis of the conjugate is simplified in case each occurrence of LGAL represents the same moiety.
Effector molecule conjugate - Linker LE
The effector moiety linker LE represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding an effector moiety to GaINAc as in formula (I I)E or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)E and (IV)E. The identity and size of the linker is not particularly limited and covalently binding an effector molecule to GaINAc as in formula (II)E or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)E
and (IV)E may be effected by means of a 'regular' chemical functional group (e.g. an ether bond) as well as through "click-chemistry"
type linkers which typically have a long chain length, resulting in a linker EL comprising e.g. more than
HO.-. . -.7¨
NH __________________ = _____________________ 0 ___ LE E
Or-1\
The ASGPR ligand may comprise more than one GaINAc moiety, such as 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 GaINAc moieties, preferably 3 or 4 GaINAc moieties. In such case, it is preferred that the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the effector moiety, preferably via an effector moiety linker LE. The GaINAc moieties may be directly bound to the bridging moiety B as shown in formula (III)E:
(-HO PH --\
HO. ........,n;
1\IFI
i C __________________ B __ LE E
(III)E
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, LE is an effector moiety linker and E is the effector moiety. More preferably, the GaINAc moieties are bound to the bridging moiety B via GaINAc linkers LGAL as shown in formula (IV)E:
HO PH
0\-\,...."H' L F1 0 NH ____________ , 0 \ LGAL I\ E _ LE ___d E
n (IV)E
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, LE is an effector moiety linker and E is the effector moiety. While each occurrence of LGAL may be independently chosen, the skilled person will appreciate that the synthesis of the conjugate is simplified in case each occurrence of LGAL represents the same moiety.
Effector molecule conjugate - Linker LE
The effector moiety linker LE represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding an effector moiety to GaINAc as in formula (I I)E or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)E and (IV)E. The identity and size of the linker is not particularly limited and covalently binding an effector molecule to GaINAc as in formula (II)E or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)E
and (IV)E may be effected by means of a 'regular' chemical functional group (e.g. an ether bond) as well as through "click-chemistry"
type linkers which typically have a long chain length, resulting in a linker EL comprising e.g. more than
37 or more than 20 carbon atoms. Suitable effector moiety linkers LE and associated coupling reactions are described in the handbook Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques.
Academic press, 2013.
As will be understood by the skilled person, the effector moiety linker LE
will typically be the result of a coupling reaction (e.g. "click-chemistry" type) between at least a first precursor LEi covalently 5 bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor LE2 covalently bound to the effector moiety. This principle is illustrated in the following reaction scheme for the compound of formula (II):
HO /PH HO PH
Nsi.......1...,1 LE2 LEI ----_,---P
HO''.=..,---\-) NH 'PH En El 0 0 I- El _,õ ' (V)E (VOE (IDE
wherein LE is an effector moiety linker, LE1 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is 10 covalently bound to GaINAc and LE2 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to the effector moiety and E is the effector moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (III) is as follows:
6io PH ---N ri-10 OH
KHA,......t---) NO A........7.--...;,.'N
'NH
' 0 ¨ B ¨ LE1 + LE2 ----1 E _,.. -- 'NH' 1 0 B ¨ LE ______________________________________________________________ EI
0---_,, 0,i, ..._. \ ,.../ n \--.
(VI I)E (VI)E (III)E
wherein LE is an effector moiety linker, LEi is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to GaINAc and LE2 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to the effector moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2 and E
is the effector moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (IV)E is as follows:
No\.....,t..i.\ i40'...3*
14H0 ____ LGAL !--.I l3 ¨1 U:i I -F-.
___________________________________________ LE? LõFE I , , -NH-r!) ....._ LL ¨.i B ¨ L!! 1.---i E
.
0=c. - .: t... 0=.1 - ...........
' \
-,1 ri \,. ....-/
(VI II)E (VI)E (IV)E
wherein LE is an effector moiety linker, LEi is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to GaINAc and LE2 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to the effector moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, E is the effector moiety, and LGAL
is a GaINAc linker and B is a bridging moiety.
The effector moiety linker LE can be the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor LEi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety and a second precursor LE2 covalently bound to the effector moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is for example an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic
Academic press, 2013.
As will be understood by the skilled person, the effector moiety linker LE
will typically be the result of a coupling reaction (e.g. "click-chemistry" type) between at least a first precursor LEi covalently 5 bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor LE2 covalently bound to the effector moiety. This principle is illustrated in the following reaction scheme for the compound of formula (II):
HO /PH HO PH
Nsi.......1...,1 LE2 LEI ----_,---P
HO''.=..,---\-) NH 'PH En El 0 0 I- El _,õ ' (V)E (VOE (IDE
wherein LE is an effector moiety linker, LE1 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is 10 covalently bound to GaINAc and LE2 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to the effector moiety and E is the effector moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (III) is as follows:
6io PH ---N ri-10 OH
KHA,......t---) NO A........7.--...;,.'N
'NH
' 0 ¨ B ¨ LE1 + LE2 ----1 E _,.. -- 'NH' 1 0 B ¨ LE ______________________________________________________________ EI
0---_,, 0,i, ..._. \ ,.../ n \--.
(VI I)E (VI)E (III)E
wherein LE is an effector moiety linker, LEi is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to GaINAc and LE2 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to the effector moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2 and E
is the effector moiety.
The corresponding reaction scheme for the compound of formula (IV)E is as follows:
No\.....,t..i.\ i40'...3*
14H0 ____ LGAL !--.I l3 ¨1 U:i I -F-.
___________________________________________ LE? LõFE I , , -NH-r!) ....._ LL ¨.i B ¨ L!! 1.---i E
.
0=c. - .: t... 0=.1 - ...........
' \
-,1 ri \,. ....-/
(VI II)E (VI)E (IV)E
wherein LE is an effector moiety linker, LEi is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to GaINAc and LE2 is a precursor of the effector moiety linker LE which is covalently bound to the effector moiety, n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, E is the effector moiety, and LGAL
is a GaINAc linker and B is a bridging moiety.
The effector moiety linker LE can be the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor LEi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety and a second precursor LE2 covalently bound to the effector moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is for example an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic
38 electrophiles (such as aziridines, epoxides, cyclic sulfates, aziridinium ions, episulfonium ions), a carbonyl reaction of the non-aldol type (such as urea, thiourea, hydrazon, oxime ether, amide or aromatic heterocycle formation) or an addition to a carbon-carbon double bond (such as epoxidation, aziridination, dihydroxylation, sulfentyl halide addition, nitrosyl halide addition or micheal addition), preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, more preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition or a thiol rnaleirnide coupling.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the effector moiety linker LE comprises a succinimide thioether moiety. Such a succinimide thioether is e.g. the result of a thiol maleimide coupling between an N-substituted maleimide and a thiol or sulfhydryl containing compound. This thiol maleimide coupling is a commonly known 'click'-chemistry tool in the field of bioconjugation and is for example described in Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. Academic press, 2013 page 289.
Consequently, it is preferred that the effector moiety linker LE is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor LE1 covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety, the first precursor LE1 comprising an N-substituted maleimide; and a second precursor LE2 covalently bound to the effector moiety, the second precursor LE2 comprising a thiol or a precursor thereof. A suitable thiol precursor is a disulfide, which may be cleaved (e.g. in-situ) via reduction to the corresponding thiol.
A preferred structure for the precursor LE1 present in the compounds of formula (V)E, (VII)E or (VIII)E is the following terminal N-substituted maleimide:
4-- x (IX) wherein X represents any linker suitable for covalently bonding the terminal N-substituted maleimide to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B. As will be understood by the skilled person, X may be the result of a coupling reaction between a first moiety covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety and a second moiety covalently bound to the maleimide. X can comprise a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole.
Whenever reference is made to a 1, 2, 3-triazole in the context of the linkers of the present application, this preferably means a 11-1-1, 2, 3-triazole.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor LE1 present in the compounds of formula (V)E, (VII)E or (VIII)E are the following terminal N-substituted maleimides:
LE-13 LETh b 0 a (X) wherein a and b each independently represent an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a and b each independently represent an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, more preferably a and b represent 2, and wherein LEia represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a 1, 2, 3-triazole and wherein LEib represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a hydrazone;
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the effector moiety linker LE comprises a succinimide thioether moiety. Such a succinimide thioether is e.g. the result of a thiol maleimide coupling between an N-substituted maleimide and a thiol or sulfhydryl containing compound. This thiol maleimide coupling is a commonly known 'click'-chemistry tool in the field of bioconjugation and is for example described in Hermanson, Greg T. Bioconjugate techniques. Academic press, 2013 page 289.
Consequently, it is preferred that the effector moiety linker LE is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor LE1 covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety, the first precursor LE1 comprising an N-substituted maleimide; and a second precursor LE2 covalently bound to the effector moiety, the second precursor LE2 comprising a thiol or a precursor thereof. A suitable thiol precursor is a disulfide, which may be cleaved (e.g. in-situ) via reduction to the corresponding thiol.
A preferred structure for the precursor LE1 present in the compounds of formula (V)E, (VII)E or (VIII)E is the following terminal N-substituted maleimide:
4-- x (IX) wherein X represents any linker suitable for covalently bonding the terminal N-substituted maleimide to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B. As will be understood by the skilled person, X may be the result of a coupling reaction between a first moiety covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety and a second moiety covalently bound to the maleimide. X can comprise a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole.
Whenever reference is made to a 1, 2, 3-triazole in the context of the linkers of the present application, this preferably means a 11-1-1, 2, 3-triazole.
Embodiments of the structure for the precursor LE1 present in the compounds of formula (V)E, (VII)E or (VIII)E are the following terminal N-substituted maleimides:
LE-13 LETh b 0 a (X) wherein a and b each independently represent an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a and b each independently represent an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, more preferably a and b represent 2, and wherein LEia represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a 1, 2, 3-triazole and wherein LEib represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a hydrazone;
39 -il.
...¨...õos.õ---.4õ..õ--, LE i f) ,...
ac N., ..., 0 b (XI) wherein b and c each independently represent an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably b represents an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3 and c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more 5 preferably b represents 2, and c represents 9, wherein LEia represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a 1, 2, 3-triazole and wherein LEib represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a hydrazone;
and H LE1c ,-)V
r) (XII) wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9, wherein LEic represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a 1, 2, 3-triazole.
LE1a, LE1b and LE1c each preferably comprise less than 20 carbon atoms, more preferably LE1a, LE1b and LEic each independently represent a moiety according to formula (XIII), (XIV) or (XV), preferably LE1a is the 1,2,3-triazole of formula (XIII), LEI') is the hydrazone of formula (XIV) and LEic is the 1,2,3-triazole of formula (XV):
W.-.N ---__,....(1.) +4 (14,---$
-:..r-_...,;
H
(XIII) a N i H
H
(XIV)
...¨...õos.õ---.4õ..õ--, LE i f) ,...
ac N., ..., 0 b (XI) wherein b and c each independently represent an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably b represents an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3 and c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more 5 preferably b represents 2, and c represents 9, wherein LEia represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a 1, 2, 3-triazole and wherein LEib represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a hydrazone;
and H LE1c ,-)V
r) (XII) wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9, wherein LEic represents a hydrazone and/or a 1, 2, 3-triazole, preferably a 1, 2, 3-triazole.
LE1a, LE1b and LE1c each preferably comprise less than 20 carbon atoms, more preferably LE1a, LE1b and LEic each independently represent a moiety according to formula (XIII), (XIV) or (XV), preferably LE1a is the 1,2,3-triazole of formula (XIII), LEI') is the hydrazone of formula (XIV) and LEic is the 1,2,3-triazole of formula (XV):
W.-.N ---__,....(1.) +4 (14,---$
-:..r-_...,;
H
(XIII) a N i H
H
(XIV)
40 Ct ) 0 (XV) Hence, in some embodiments the effector molecule conjugate is a compound of formula (II)E, (III)E or (IV)E as described herein, wherein the effector moiety linker LE is the result of a coupling reaction between a compound of formula (V)E, (VII)E or (VIII)E with a compound of formula (VI)E, wherein the first precursor LEi is a terminal N-substituted maleimide of formula (X), (XI) or (XII), wherein LEia is for example the 1,2,3-triazole of formula (XIII), LEib is for example the hydrazone of formula (XIV) and LEic is for example the 1,2,3-triazole of formula (XV).
Effector molecule conjugate - Effector moiety An aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising:
- a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and - a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
An aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
- the saponin conjugate of the invention;
- a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule comprises or consists of at least one of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof, preferably, the effector molecule is a toxin, an enzyme or an oligonucleotide.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises or is (GaINAc)3Tris, and/or
Effector molecule conjugate - Effector moiety An aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising:
- a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of the invention and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and - a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
An aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising:
- the saponin conjugate of the invention;
- a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule comprises or consists of at least one of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof, preferably, the effector molecule is a toxin, an enzyme or an oligonucleotide.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises or is (GaINAc)3Tris, and/or
41 wherein the ligand for ASGPR and the effector molecule are conjugated via a covalent bond, preferably via at least one linker.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide selected from any one or more of a(n): short interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), anti-hairpin-shaped nnicroRNA (miRNA), single-stranded RNA, aptamer RNA, double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA), anti-rnicroRNA (anti-miRNA, anti-rniR), antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), DNA, antisense DNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA), bridged nucleic acid (BNA), 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic Acid (BNANc), BNA-based siRNA, and BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide (BNA-AON).
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide selected from any one or more of a(n): anti-miRNA, a BNA-AON or an siRNA, such as BNA-based siRNA, selected from chemically modified siRNA, metabolically stable siRNA and chemically modified, metabolically stable siRNA.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing any one of genes:
apolipoprotein B (apoB), HSP27, transthyretin (TTR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1), antithrombin 3 (AT3), glycolate oxidase (GO), complement component C5 (CC5), X gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV), S gene of HBV, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and/or is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an aberrant miRNA.
Despite progress in implementation of lifestyle changes and drug treatment for prevention, cardiovascular disease is still an important cause of total years of life lost [B.G. Nordestgaard et al., Advances in lipid-lowering therapy through gene-silencing technologies, Nature Reviews ¨ Cardiology, V 15, May 2018, pp.261-272]. Substantial residual cardiovascular disease risk remains even after optimal lifestyle intervention, antihypertensive treatment, high-dose statin therapy and after treatment with newer classes of lipid-lowering therapy, such as the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe, the PCSK9 inhibitors evolocumab and bococizumab, the lipid-lowering fibrate agent bezafibrate, the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib, and the anti-inflammatory agent canakinumab.
Therapies in development, in particular antisense oligonucleotide inhibition or small interfering RNA
(siRNA)-based approaches, employ gene-silencing technologies through mRNA
degradation. Whereas small-molecule lipid-lowering agents are administered orally, gene-silencing drugs are usually injected subcutaneously. Gene-silencing technologies inhibit gene expression within the cell nuclei or cytoplasm to reduce protein production, resulting in reduced plasma lipoprotein levels in gram amounts. Antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs are formulated with the aim of achieving much higher concentrations within liver cells than in plasma. Gene-silencing therapies target proteins both in plasma and within cells.
LDL most likely causes atherosclerosis through intimal deposition of cholesterol. A prerequisite for a myocardial infarction (Ml) or an ischaemic stroke event is the development of atherosclerosis within the
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide selected from any one or more of a(n): short interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), anti-hairpin-shaped nnicroRNA (miRNA), single-stranded RNA, aptamer RNA, double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA), anti-rnicroRNA (anti-miRNA, anti-rniR), antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), DNA, antisense DNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA), bridged nucleic acid (BNA), 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic Acid (BNANc), BNA-based siRNA, and BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide (BNA-AON).
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide selected from any one or more of a(n): anti-miRNA, a BNA-AON or an siRNA, such as BNA-based siRNA, selected from chemically modified siRNA, metabolically stable siRNA and chemically modified, metabolically stable siRNA.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing any one of genes:
apolipoprotein B (apoB), HSP27, transthyretin (TTR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1), antithrombin 3 (AT3), glycolate oxidase (GO), complement component C5 (CC5), X gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV), S gene of HBV, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and/or is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an aberrant miRNA.
Despite progress in implementation of lifestyle changes and drug treatment for prevention, cardiovascular disease is still an important cause of total years of life lost [B.G. Nordestgaard et al., Advances in lipid-lowering therapy through gene-silencing technologies, Nature Reviews ¨ Cardiology, V 15, May 2018, pp.261-272]. Substantial residual cardiovascular disease risk remains even after optimal lifestyle intervention, antihypertensive treatment, high-dose statin therapy and after treatment with newer classes of lipid-lowering therapy, such as the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe, the PCSK9 inhibitors evolocumab and bococizumab, the lipid-lowering fibrate agent bezafibrate, the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib, and the anti-inflammatory agent canakinumab.
Therapies in development, in particular antisense oligonucleotide inhibition or small interfering RNA
(siRNA)-based approaches, employ gene-silencing technologies through mRNA
degradation. Whereas small-molecule lipid-lowering agents are administered orally, gene-silencing drugs are usually injected subcutaneously. Gene-silencing technologies inhibit gene expression within the cell nuclei or cytoplasm to reduce protein production, resulting in reduced plasma lipoprotein levels in gram amounts. Antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs are formulated with the aim of achieving much higher concentrations within liver cells than in plasma. Gene-silencing therapies target proteins both in plasma and within cells.
LDL most likely causes atherosclerosis through intimal deposition of cholesterol. A prerequisite for a myocardial infarction (Ml) or an ischaemic stroke event is the development of atherosclerosis within the
42 coronary and other arteries. Atherosclerotic plaque initiation occurs by infiltration of LDL and remnant lipoproteins from plasma into the intima of arteries, facilitated by a blood-pressure gradient.
Atherosclerotic plaque progression can occur if LDL and remnant lipoprotein levels remain elevated in plasma over prolonged periods of time. Endothelial dysfunction, which leads to increased flux of these lipoproteins into the intima, can further enhance the progression of atherosclerosis. Plaque rupture leading to MI or ischaemic stroke typically occurs at sites of unstable atherosclerotic plaques with ongoing local inflammation and no fibrous cap. After plaque rupture, activated platelets arid fibrin generate a thrombus that can progress further in size if high levels of Lp(a) inhibit fibrinolysis through its homology with plasminogen. Finally, a substantial reduction in LDL and remnant lipoproteins in plasma can stabilize the plaque by reducing plaque size and local inflammation. Gene-silencing technologies take advantage of the central dogma of molecular biology: the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA into proteins. If the DNA sequence of a gene is known to influence the levels of a lipoprotein fraction causative of cardiovascular disease, it is possible to synthesize a single strand of RNA (antisense oligonucleotide) or a double strand of RNA
(siRNA) that will bind to the mRNA product of that gene and inactivate it, effectively turning off ¨ or silencing ¨ that gene. A
challenge with the gene-silencing approaches based on antisense oligonucleotides or siRNA is potential off-target or adverse effects, which are minimized by preferentially delivering the medication to liver cells and thereby keeping drug concentrations low in the rest of the body.
Currently, the best way of selectively delivering either antisense oligonucleotides or siRNAs to liver cells is to attach these drugs or their delivery systems to N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moieties, which facilitates selective uptake into liver cells via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Such gene-silencing drugs with a conjugated GaINAc moiety will substantially increase drug potency, reduce the levels of the drug in plasma, and provide the promise of fewer adverse effects.
Lipid-lowering gene-silencing therapies are assessed in phase ll and phase III
trials. In addition to silencing the apolipoprotein B gene, also genes ANGPTL3, APOC3, LPA, and PCSK9, which are active in several lipoprotein pathways, are targets for gene-silencing therapies. An example of a lipoprotein gene silencing therapy is Mipomersen, which is an antisense oligonucleotide that binds directly to the mRNA sequence that encodes the apoB protein, which is the predominant protein carried on LDL, remnant lipoproteins, and Lp(a).
Part of the invention is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide, preferably an siRNA
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing gene apolipoprotein B (apoB).
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of any one of proteins:
apoB, HSP27, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, expression product of X gene of HBV, expression product of S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, or is capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian
Atherosclerotic plaque progression can occur if LDL and remnant lipoprotein levels remain elevated in plasma over prolonged periods of time. Endothelial dysfunction, which leads to increased flux of these lipoproteins into the intima, can further enhance the progression of atherosclerosis. Plaque rupture leading to MI or ischaemic stroke typically occurs at sites of unstable atherosclerotic plaques with ongoing local inflammation and no fibrous cap. After plaque rupture, activated platelets arid fibrin generate a thrombus that can progress further in size if high levels of Lp(a) inhibit fibrinolysis through its homology with plasminogen. Finally, a substantial reduction in LDL and remnant lipoproteins in plasma can stabilize the plaque by reducing plaque size and local inflammation. Gene-silencing technologies take advantage of the central dogma of molecular biology: the transcription of DNA into mRNA and the translation of mRNA into proteins. If the DNA sequence of a gene is known to influence the levels of a lipoprotein fraction causative of cardiovascular disease, it is possible to synthesize a single strand of RNA (antisense oligonucleotide) or a double strand of RNA
(siRNA) that will bind to the mRNA product of that gene and inactivate it, effectively turning off ¨ or silencing ¨ that gene. A
challenge with the gene-silencing approaches based on antisense oligonucleotides or siRNA is potential off-target or adverse effects, which are minimized by preferentially delivering the medication to liver cells and thereby keeping drug concentrations low in the rest of the body.
Currently, the best way of selectively delivering either antisense oligonucleotides or siRNAs to liver cells is to attach these drugs or their delivery systems to N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) moieties, which facilitates selective uptake into liver cells via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Such gene-silencing drugs with a conjugated GaINAc moiety will substantially increase drug potency, reduce the levels of the drug in plasma, and provide the promise of fewer adverse effects.
Lipid-lowering gene-silencing therapies are assessed in phase ll and phase III
trials. In addition to silencing the apolipoprotein B gene, also genes ANGPTL3, APOC3, LPA, and PCSK9, which are active in several lipoprotein pathways, are targets for gene-silencing therapies. An example of a lipoprotein gene silencing therapy is Mipomersen, which is an antisense oligonucleotide that binds directly to the mRNA sequence that encodes the apoB protein, which is the predominant protein carried on LDL, remnant lipoproteins, and Lp(a).
Part of the invention is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide, preferably an siRNA
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing gene apolipoprotein B (apoB).
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of any one of proteins:
apoB, HSP27, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, expression product of X gene of HBV, expression product of S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, or is capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian
43 cell, antagonizing or restoring an miRNA function such as inhibiting an oncogenic miRNA (onco-miR) or suppression of expression of an onco-miR.
Part of the invention is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide, preferably an siRNA
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of protein apoB. That is to say, binding of the oligonucleotide comprised by the effector-moiety comprising conjugate to the apoB mRNA results in silencing of the expression of the protein apolipoprotein B.
The inventors now surprisingly established the improved and effective gene silencing of apoB
by treatment with a BNA-AON in combination with a conjugate of a ligand for ASGPR, here tri-GaINAc, and a saponin. The saponin, here S01861 as an example, is known for its activity to facilitate the endosomal escape of molecule entering the endosome, e.g., via receptor-mediated cellular uptake. The gene silencing of apoB resulted in reduced mRNA levels for expressing ApoB
protein, lower plasma ApoB level, and resulted in lowered LDL plasma level, after treatment with the therapeutic combination of GaINAc-comprising AON conjugate and GaINAc-comprising saponin conjugate.
The gene-silencing effect is apparent at 72 h after a single administration of the combination of said two conjugates, and even after over 10 days, e.g., after 14 days.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is or comprises a toxin which toxin comprises or consists of at least one molecule selected from any one or more of a peptide, a protein, an enzyme such as urease and Cre-recombinase, a proteinaceous toxin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, and/or a bacterial toxin, a plant toxin, more preferably selected from any one or more of a viral toxin such as apoptin; a bacterial toxin such as Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE) or exotoxin A of PE, full-length or truncated diphtheria toxin (DT), cholera toxin; a fungal toxin such as alpha-sarcin; a plant toxin including ribosome-inactivating proteins and the A
chain of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins such as dianthin e.g. dianthin-30 or dianthin-32, saporin e.g. saporin-S3 or saporin-S6, bouganin or de-immunized derivative debouganin of bouganin, shiga-like toxin A, pokeweed antiviral protein, ricin, ricin A chain, modeccin, modeccin A chain, abrin, abrin A
chain, volkensin, volkensin A
chain, viscumin, viscumin A chain; or an animal or human toxin such as frog RNase, or granzyme B or angiogenin from humans, or any fragment or derivative thereof; preferably the protein toxin is dianthin and/or saporin, and/or comprises or consists of at least one of a toxin targeting ribosome, a toxin targeting elongation factor, a toxin targeting tubulin, a toxin targeting DNA
and a toxin targeting RNA, more preferably any one or more of emtansine, pasudotox, maytansinoid derivative DM1, maytansinoid derivative DM4, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE, vedotin), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF, mafodotin), a Calicheamicin, N-Acetyl-y-calicheamicin, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, a benzodiazepine, a CC-1065 analogue, a duocarmycin, Doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracyl (5-FU), mitoxantrone, a tubulysin, an indolinobenzodiazepine, AZ13599185, a cryptophycin, rhizoxin, methotrexate, an anthracycline, a camptothecin analogue,
Part of the invention is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide, preferably an siRNA
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of protein apoB. That is to say, binding of the oligonucleotide comprised by the effector-moiety comprising conjugate to the apoB mRNA results in silencing of the expression of the protein apolipoprotein B.
The inventors now surprisingly established the improved and effective gene silencing of apoB
by treatment with a BNA-AON in combination with a conjugate of a ligand for ASGPR, here tri-GaINAc, and a saponin. The saponin, here S01861 as an example, is known for its activity to facilitate the endosomal escape of molecule entering the endosome, e.g., via receptor-mediated cellular uptake. The gene silencing of apoB resulted in reduced mRNA levels for expressing ApoB
protein, lower plasma ApoB level, and resulted in lowered LDL plasma level, after treatment with the therapeutic combination of GaINAc-comprising AON conjugate and GaINAc-comprising saponin conjugate.
The gene-silencing effect is apparent at 72 h after a single administration of the combination of said two conjugates, and even after over 10 days, e.g., after 14 days.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the effector molecule is or comprises a toxin which toxin comprises or consists of at least one molecule selected from any one or more of a peptide, a protein, an enzyme such as urease and Cre-recombinase, a proteinaceous toxin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, and/or a bacterial toxin, a plant toxin, more preferably selected from any one or more of a viral toxin such as apoptin; a bacterial toxin such as Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE) or exotoxin A of PE, full-length or truncated diphtheria toxin (DT), cholera toxin; a fungal toxin such as alpha-sarcin; a plant toxin including ribosome-inactivating proteins and the A
chain of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins such as dianthin e.g. dianthin-30 or dianthin-32, saporin e.g. saporin-S3 or saporin-S6, bouganin or de-immunized derivative debouganin of bouganin, shiga-like toxin A, pokeweed antiviral protein, ricin, ricin A chain, modeccin, modeccin A chain, abrin, abrin A
chain, volkensin, volkensin A
chain, viscumin, viscumin A chain; or an animal or human toxin such as frog RNase, or granzyme B or angiogenin from humans, or any fragment or derivative thereof; preferably the protein toxin is dianthin and/or saporin, and/or comprises or consists of at least one of a toxin targeting ribosome, a toxin targeting elongation factor, a toxin targeting tubulin, a toxin targeting DNA
and a toxin targeting RNA, more preferably any one or more of emtansine, pasudotox, maytansinoid derivative DM1, maytansinoid derivative DM4, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE, vedotin), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF, mafodotin), a Calicheamicin, N-Acetyl-y-calicheamicin, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, a benzodiazepine, a CC-1065 analogue, a duocarmycin, Doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracyl (5-FU), mitoxantrone, a tubulysin, an indolinobenzodiazepine, AZ13599185, a cryptophycin, rhizoxin, methotrexate, an anthracycline, a camptothecin analogue,
44 SN-38, DX-8951f, exatecan mesylate, truncated form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE38), a Duocarmycin derivative, an amanitin, a-amanitin, a spliceostatin, a thailanstatin, ozogamicin, tesirine, Amberstatin269 and soravtansine, or a derivative thereof.
Conjugates - Bridging moiety B
The bridging moiety B present in the saponin conjugates of formula (III)s or (IV)s and in the effector molecule conjugates of formula as (III)E or (IV)E described herein represents any moiety suitable for covalently binding 2 or more, preferably 3 0r4, more preferably 3 GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety linker Ls or the effector moiety linker LE.
According to preferred embodiments, the bridging moiety B is a compound of formula (XV):
FIN, re (XV) wherein the oxygen atoms of the compound of formula ()(V) are bound to GaINAc (corresponding to compounds of formula (III)s or ODE) or to the GaINAc linkers LGAL (corresponding to compounds of formula (IV)s or (IV)E), and the nitrogen atom of the compound of formula (XV) is bound to the saponin moiety linker Ls or the effector moiety linker LE.
The skilled person will understand that these compounds of formula (III)s, (III)E, (IV)s or (IV)E
wherein the bridging moiety B is a compound of formula (XV) correspond to effector molecule conjugates wherein the ASGPR ligand consists of (GaINAc)3Tris.
Conjugates - Linker LGAL
The GaINAc linkers LGAL represent any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding GaINAc to the bridging moiety as in formula (IV)s or (IV)E. The identity and size of the linker is not particularly limited.
According to embodiments, the GaINAc linkers LGAL each comprise 2-25 carbon atoms, preferably 7-15 carbon atoms, more preferably 11 carbon atoms. Preferably the GaINAc linkers LGAL
comprise at least one, preferably two amide moieties. A particularly preferred GaINAc linker LGAL is a compound according to formula (XVI):
Conjugates - Bridging moiety B
The bridging moiety B present in the saponin conjugates of formula (III)s or (IV)s and in the effector molecule conjugates of formula as (III)E or (IV)E described herein represents any moiety suitable for covalently binding 2 or more, preferably 3 0r4, more preferably 3 GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety linker Ls or the effector moiety linker LE.
According to preferred embodiments, the bridging moiety B is a compound of formula (XV):
FIN, re (XV) wherein the oxygen atoms of the compound of formula ()(V) are bound to GaINAc (corresponding to compounds of formula (III)s or ODE) or to the GaINAc linkers LGAL (corresponding to compounds of formula (IV)s or (IV)E), and the nitrogen atom of the compound of formula (XV) is bound to the saponin moiety linker Ls or the effector moiety linker LE.
The skilled person will understand that these compounds of formula (III)s, (III)E, (IV)s or (IV)E
wherein the bridging moiety B is a compound of formula (XV) correspond to effector molecule conjugates wherein the ASGPR ligand consists of (GaINAc)3Tris.
Conjugates - Linker LGAL
The GaINAc linkers LGAL represent any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding GaINAc to the bridging moiety as in formula (IV)s or (IV)E. The identity and size of the linker is not particularly limited.
According to embodiments, the GaINAc linkers LGAL each comprise 2-25 carbon atoms, preferably 7-15 carbon atoms, more preferably 11 carbon atoms. Preferably the GaINAc linkers LGAL
comprise at least one, preferably two amide moieties. A particularly preferred GaINAc linker LGAL is a compound according to formula (XVI):
45 N, (XVI) An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is a ligand for a cell-surface molecule or an antibody comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule or at least one domain or fragment thereof comprising the binding site.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the third conjugate is any one or more of: an antibody-toxin conjugate, a receptor-ligand - toxin conjugate, an antibody-drug conjugate, a receptor-ligand - drug conjugate, an antibody-nucleic acid conjugate or a receptor-ligand - nucleic acid conjugate.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is capable of binding to any one of cell-surface molecules:
CD71, CA125, EpCAM(17-1A), CD52, CEA, CD44v6, FAP, EGF-IR, integrin, syndecan-1, vascular integrin alpha-V beta-3, HER2, EGFR, CD20, 0D22, Folate receptor 1, CD146, CD56, CD19, CD138, CD27L receptor, PSMA, CanAg, integrin-alphaV, CA6, CD33, mesothelin, Cripto, CD3, CD30, 0D239, CD70, 0D123, CD352, DLL3, CD25, ephrinA4, MUC1, Trop2, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, HER3, CD74, PTK7, Notch3, FGF2, C4.4A, FLT3, C038, FGFR3, CD7, PD-L1, CTLA4, CD52, PDGFRA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), preferably any one of: HER2, CD71, ASGPR and EGFR, more preferably CD71.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is or comprises any one of: an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody such as a human monoclonal antibody, an IgG, a molecule comprising or consisting of a single-domain antibody, at least one VHH domain, preferable a camelid VH, a variable heavy chain new antigen receptor (VNAR) domain, a Fab, an scFv, an Fv, a dAb, an F(ab)2 and a Fcab fragment.
An aspect of the invention relates to the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or to the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament.
An aspect of the invention relates to the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or to the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of any one or more of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH.
Part of the invention is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the third conjugate is any one or more of: an antibody-toxin conjugate, a receptor-ligand - toxin conjugate, an antibody-drug conjugate, a receptor-ligand - drug conjugate, an antibody-nucleic acid conjugate or a receptor-ligand - nucleic acid conjugate.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is capable of binding to any one of cell-surface molecules:
CD71, CA125, EpCAM(17-1A), CD52, CEA, CD44v6, FAP, EGF-IR, integrin, syndecan-1, vascular integrin alpha-V beta-3, HER2, EGFR, CD20, 0D22, Folate receptor 1, CD146, CD56, CD19, CD138, CD27L receptor, PSMA, CanAg, integrin-alphaV, CA6, CD33, mesothelin, Cripto, CD3, CD30, 0D239, CD70, 0D123, CD352, DLL3, CD25, ephrinA4, MUC1, Trop2, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, HER3, CD74, PTK7, Notch3, FGF2, C4.4A, FLT3, C038, FGFR3, CD7, PD-L1, CTLA4, CD52, PDGFRA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), preferably any one of: HER2, CD71, ASGPR and EGFR, more preferably CD71.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is or comprises any one of: an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody such as a human monoclonal antibody, an IgG, a molecule comprising or consisting of a single-domain antibody, at least one VHH domain, preferable a camelid VH, a variable heavy chain new antigen receptor (VNAR) domain, a Fab, an scFv, an Fv, a dAb, an F(ab)2 and a Fcab fragment.
An aspect of the invention relates to the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or to the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use as a medicament.
An aspect of the invention relates to the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or to the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of any one or more of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH.
Part of the invention is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in
46 which an expression product is involved of gene apoB. The expression product of the apoB gene is the lipoprotein apolipoprotein B (ApoB), present as part of LDL, remnant lipoproteins, and Lp(a). Typically, the disease is a cardiovascular disease, typically related to build-up and presence of an atherosclerotic plaque involving one or more of ApoB comprising LDL, Lp(a) and remnant lipoproteins. The inventors now surprisingly established the improved and effective gene silencing of apoB
by treatment with a BNA-AON in combination with a conjugate of a ligand for ASGPR, here tri-GaINAc, and a saponin. The saponin, here S01861 as an example, is known for its activity to facilitate the endosonlal escape of molecule entering the endosome, e.g. via receptor-mediated cellular uptake.
The gene silencing of apoB
resulted in reduced mRNA levels for expressing ApoB protein, reduced plasma ApoB protein level, and resulted in lowered LDL plasma level, after treatment with the therapeutic combination of GaINAc-comprising AON conjugate and GaINAc-comprising saponin conjugate. The gene-silencing effect is apparent at 72 h after a single administration of the combination of said two conjugates, and even after over 10 days, e.g. after 14 days.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, or the pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition for use of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a cancer, an infectious disease, a viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperoxaluria, haemophilia A, haemophilia B, AAT related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR-mediated amyloidosis, hereditary TTR
amyloidosis (hATTR), complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination for use of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition for use of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative, preferably a QS-21 derivative or an S01861 derivative according to the invention.
An aspect of the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell, preferably subsequently transferring the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate according to the invention into the cytosol of said cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a cell which expresses ASGPR on its surface, and, when the third conjugate is to be transferred into the cell, which expresses the cell-surface molecule for which the third conjugate comprises a binding molecule for binding to said cell-surface molecule, the cell preferably selected from a liver cell, a virally infected cell and a tumor cell;
b) providing the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention, for transferring into the cell provided in step a);
c) providing the saponin conjugate of the invention;
d) contacting the cell of step a) in vitro or ex vivo with the second conjugate or the third conjugate of step b) and the saponin conjugate of step c), therewith effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate from outside the cell into said cell, and preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell, or preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of at least the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell.
by treatment with a BNA-AON in combination with a conjugate of a ligand for ASGPR, here tri-GaINAc, and a saponin. The saponin, here S01861 as an example, is known for its activity to facilitate the endosonlal escape of molecule entering the endosome, e.g. via receptor-mediated cellular uptake.
The gene silencing of apoB
resulted in reduced mRNA levels for expressing ApoB protein, reduced plasma ApoB protein level, and resulted in lowered LDL plasma level, after treatment with the therapeutic combination of GaINAc-comprising AON conjugate and GaINAc-comprising saponin conjugate. The gene-silencing effect is apparent at 72 h after a single administration of the combination of said two conjugates, and even after over 10 days, e.g. after 14 days.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, or the pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition for use of the invention, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a cancer, an infectious disease, a viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperoxaluria, haemophilia A, haemophilia B, AAT related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR-mediated amyloidosis, hereditary TTR
amyloidosis (hATTR), complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease.
An embodiment is the pharmaceutical combination for use of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition for use of the invention, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative, preferably a QS-21 derivative or an S01861 derivative according to the invention.
An aspect of the invention relates to an in vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention from outside a cell to inside said cell, preferably subsequently transferring the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate according to the invention into the cytosol of said cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a cell which expresses ASGPR on its surface, and, when the third conjugate is to be transferred into the cell, which expresses the cell-surface molecule for which the third conjugate comprises a binding molecule for binding to said cell-surface molecule, the cell preferably selected from a liver cell, a virally infected cell and a tumor cell;
b) providing the second conjugate or the third conjugate of the invention, for transferring into the cell provided in step a);
c) providing the saponin conjugate of the invention;
d) contacting the cell of step a) in vitro or ex vivo with the second conjugate or the third conjugate of step b) and the saponin conjugate of step c), therewith effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate from outside the cell into said cell, and preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell, or preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of at least the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell.
47 While the invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, it is contemplated that alternatives, modifications, permutations and equivalents thereof will become apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the specification and upon study of the drawings. The invention is not limited in any way to the illustrated embodiments. Changes can be made without departing from the scope which is defined by the appended claims.
The present invention has been described above with reference to a number of exemplary embodiments. Modifications are possible and are included in the scope of protection as defined in the appended claims. The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be interpreted as limiting the present invention in any way.
EXAMPLES AND EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Example 1. CD71-saporin + 4000 nM trivalent GaINAc-L-S01861 Trivalent-GaINAc is a targeting ligand that recognizes and binds the ASGPR1 receptor on hepatocytes.
Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and 501861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT001 is synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR of 1 with regard to bound S01861, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861). S01861-EMCH refers to 801861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. The `trivalent-GaINAc' as depicted in figures 1 and 8 is a typical (GaINAc)3Tris conjugate suitable for coupling to an effector molecule or to saponin. As a control S01861-EMCH was also conjugated (labile) to monovalent-GaINAc (Figure 3), with a DAR 1 with regard to bound S01861, (GaINAc-501861). HepG2 (ASGPR1+; CD714, Table A3) and Huh7 (ASGPR1+/-; CD71+, Table A3) cells were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-S01861) and GaINAc-L-S01861 (GaINAc-S01861) in the presence and absence of 10 pM CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin). Cell treatment in absence of CD71-saporin show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-S01861), (or trivalent-GaINAc) as single compound is not toxic up to 15000 nM (Figure 9).
HepG2 and Huh7 cells were also treated with a range of concentrations of CD71-saporin in combination with a fixed concentration of 1000 nM or 4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861). Targeted protein toxin mediated cell killing of ASGPR1/CD71 expressing cells (HepG2 and Huh7) was determined. This revealed strong cell killing at low concentrations of CD71-Saporin (IC50=1 pM) in both cell lines, whereas equivalent concentrations CD71-Saporin (CD71-SPRN), CD71-Saporin + 1000 nM trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3) or CD71-Saporin +
4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3-SPT) could only induce cell killing at high concentrations CD71-Saporin (I050=100 pM) in both cell lines (Figure 10).
All this shows that trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-SPT) in combination with low concentrations of CD71-Saporin (CD71-SPRN) effectively induce cell killing in
The present invention has been described above with reference to a number of exemplary embodiments. Modifications are possible and are included in the scope of protection as defined in the appended claims. The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be interpreted as limiting the present invention in any way.
EXAMPLES AND EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Example 1. CD71-saporin + 4000 nM trivalent GaINAc-L-S01861 Trivalent-GaINAc is a targeting ligand that recognizes and binds the ASGPR1 receptor on hepatocytes.
Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and 501861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT001 is synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR of 1 with regard to bound S01861, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861). S01861-EMCH refers to 801861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. The `trivalent-GaINAc' as depicted in figures 1 and 8 is a typical (GaINAc)3Tris conjugate suitable for coupling to an effector molecule or to saponin. As a control S01861-EMCH was also conjugated (labile) to monovalent-GaINAc (Figure 3), with a DAR 1 with regard to bound S01861, (GaINAc-501861). HepG2 (ASGPR1+; CD714, Table A3) and Huh7 (ASGPR1+/-; CD71+, Table A3) cells were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-S01861) and GaINAc-L-S01861 (GaINAc-S01861) in the presence and absence of 10 pM CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin). Cell treatment in absence of CD71-saporin show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-S01861), (or trivalent-GaINAc) as single compound is not toxic up to 15000 nM (Figure 9).
HepG2 and Huh7 cells were also treated with a range of concentrations of CD71-saporin in combination with a fixed concentration of 1000 nM or 4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861). Targeted protein toxin mediated cell killing of ASGPR1/CD71 expressing cells (HepG2 and Huh7) was determined. This revealed strong cell killing at low concentrations of CD71-Saporin (IC50=1 pM) in both cell lines, whereas equivalent concentrations CD71-Saporin (CD71-SPRN), CD71-Saporin + 1000 nM trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3) or CD71-Saporin +
4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3-SPT) could only induce cell killing at high concentrations CD71-Saporin (I050=100 pM) in both cell lines (Figure 10).
All this shows that trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-SPT) in combination with low concentrations of CD71-Saporin (CD71-SPRN) effectively induce cell killing in
48 expressing cells. Thus trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 effectively induces endosonnal escape of a protein toxin in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Example 2 trivalent-GaINAc-US-BNA + S01861-EMCH
HSP27BNA was conjugated to trivalent-GaINAc (Figure 6-7) and HepG2 (ASGPRV) cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) were treated with a range of concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA (labile conjugation, Figure 6) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA (stable conjugation, Figure 7) in combination with a fixed concentration of 4000 nM S01861-EMCH. HSP27 gene silencing in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was determined. Only in combination with 4000 nM S01861-EMCH effective gene silencing was observed at low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-HSP27) (HepG2: I050 = 0,1 nM; Huh7: I050 = 3 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA (also called (GaINAc)3-S-HSP27) (HepG2: IC50 = 0,1 nM; Huh7: I050 = 3 nM) in both HepG2 and Huh7 cells, whereas equivalent concentrations trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 2000 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 2000 nM) did not show gene silencing activity in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines (Figure 11).
Next, ApoBBNA was conjugated in a similar manner (Figure 6-7) to trivalent-GaINAc and HepG2 (ASGPR1') cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1*/-) were treated with a range of concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-ApoB) (labile conjugation, Figure 6, Figure 12, Figure 13) or trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-S-ApoB) (stable conjugation, Figure 7, Figure 14, Figure 15) or a trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoBscrambiedBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-ApoB (Scr.) or trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoBscrarnbiedBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-ApoB (Sc.) (where the scrambled ApoBBNA is an antisense scrambled oligo sequence that does not bind the ApoB mRNA; off-target control BNA) in combination with a fixed concentration of 4000 nM S01861-EMCH (also called SPT-EMCH). ApoB gene silencing in HepG2 (ASGPR14) cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) was determined. Only in combination with 4000 nM S01861-EMCH effective gene silencing was observed at low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (I050 = 10 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (I050 = 10 nM) in HepG2 cells, whereas equivalent concentrations trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (IC50 > 2000 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (I050 > 2000 nM) did not show gene silencing activity in HepG2 cells (Figure 12, Figure 14). The treatments did not affect the viability of both cell lines (Figure 13, Figure 15). The I' refers to a 'labile' linker, which indicates that the linker is cleaved in the cell, i.e., at pH as apparent in the endosome and the lysosome. In contrast, the 'S refers to a 'stable' linker, which indicates that the linker is not cleaved in the cell, i.e., at pH as apparent in the endosome and the lysosome. Thus, a conjugate comprising a labile bond between any two molecules forming the conjugate or comprised by the conjugate, will be cleaved at a position in the labile linker, therewith dissociating the two linked or bound molecules. An example is the cleavage of a hydrazone bond under acidic conditions as apparent in the endosome and lysosome of mammalian cells such as human cells.
All this shows that S01861-EMCH can enhance endosomal escape and target gene silencing of trivalent-GaINAc-L-BNA or trivalent-GaINAc-S-BNA for two independent gene targets. The gene silencing is more efficient in HepG2 cells compared to Huh7 cells, suggesting that higher levels of
Example 2 trivalent-GaINAc-US-BNA + S01861-EMCH
HSP27BNA was conjugated to trivalent-GaINAc (Figure 6-7) and HepG2 (ASGPRV) cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) were treated with a range of concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA (labile conjugation, Figure 6) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA (stable conjugation, Figure 7) in combination with a fixed concentration of 4000 nM S01861-EMCH. HSP27 gene silencing in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was determined. Only in combination with 4000 nM S01861-EMCH effective gene silencing was observed at low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-HSP27) (HepG2: I050 = 0,1 nM; Huh7: I050 = 3 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA (also called (GaINAc)3-S-HSP27) (HepG2: IC50 = 0,1 nM; Huh7: I050 = 3 nM) in both HepG2 and Huh7 cells, whereas equivalent concentrations trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 2000 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 2000 nM) did not show gene silencing activity in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines (Figure 11).
Next, ApoBBNA was conjugated in a similar manner (Figure 6-7) to trivalent-GaINAc and HepG2 (ASGPR1') cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1*/-) were treated with a range of concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-ApoB) (labile conjugation, Figure 6, Figure 12, Figure 13) or trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-S-ApoB) (stable conjugation, Figure 7, Figure 14, Figure 15) or a trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoBscrambiedBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-ApoB (Scr.) or trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoBscrarnbiedBNA (also called (GaINAc)3-L-ApoB (Sc.) (where the scrambled ApoBBNA is an antisense scrambled oligo sequence that does not bind the ApoB mRNA; off-target control BNA) in combination with a fixed concentration of 4000 nM S01861-EMCH (also called SPT-EMCH). ApoB gene silencing in HepG2 (ASGPR14) cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) was determined. Only in combination with 4000 nM S01861-EMCH effective gene silencing was observed at low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (I050 = 10 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (I050 = 10 nM) in HepG2 cells, whereas equivalent concentrations trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (IC50 > 2000 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (I050 > 2000 nM) did not show gene silencing activity in HepG2 cells (Figure 12, Figure 14). The treatments did not affect the viability of both cell lines (Figure 13, Figure 15). The I' refers to a 'labile' linker, which indicates that the linker is cleaved in the cell, i.e., at pH as apparent in the endosome and the lysosome. In contrast, the 'S refers to a 'stable' linker, which indicates that the linker is not cleaved in the cell, i.e., at pH as apparent in the endosome and the lysosome. Thus, a conjugate comprising a labile bond between any two molecules forming the conjugate or comprised by the conjugate, will be cleaved at a position in the labile linker, therewith dissociating the two linked or bound molecules. An example is the cleavage of a hydrazone bond under acidic conditions as apparent in the endosome and lysosome of mammalian cells such as human cells.
All this shows that S01861-EMCH can enhance endosomal escape and target gene silencing of trivalent-GaINAc-L-BNA or trivalent-GaINAc-S-BNA for two independent gene targets. The gene silencing is more efficient in HepG2 cells compared to Huh7 cells, suggesting that higher levels of
49 ASGPR1 expression at the plasma membrane of the cell facilitates increased uptake of the GaINAc-BNA conjugates.
Example 3 trivalent-GaINAc-US-BNA + trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised 801861 (also named SPT001) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861, (called trivalent-GaINAc-S01861, or (GaINAc)3-S01861, or (GN)3-SPT).
HepG2 (ASGPR1') cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) cells were treated with a range of concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (labile conjugation Figure 16), trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (stable conjugation (Figure 17) or the scrambled off-target control conjugates (trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBscrambiedBNA or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBs.mbiedBNA) in combination with a fixed concentration of 4000 nM
trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 (DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861). ApoB gene silencing HepG2 (ASGPR1) cells and Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) cells was determined. Only in combination with 4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GN)3-SPT) effective gene silencing was observed at low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (IC50 = 50 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (1050= 50 nM) in HepG2 cells (ASGPR1).
Both combination treatments in Huh7 cells (ASGPR1+/-) showed less effective gene silencing (trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA: IC50 = 700 nM; trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA: IC50= 700 nM).
Equivalent concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (HepG2/Huh7: 1050> 1000nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 1000 nM) did not show gene silencing activity in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines, nor did 4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 induce/enhance gene silencing of scrambled trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBscrambied13NA + (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 100 OnM) or scrambled trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBscrambiedBNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 1000 nM) (Figure 16). T
All this shows that in combination with trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GN)3-SPT), very low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA
effectively induce gene silencing in ASGPR1 expressing cells, and again stronger effects are seen in cells with a higher ASGPR1 expression.
Example 4 Potency of (GaINAc)3-BNA (GaINAc)3-S01861 in primary mouse hepatocytes (GaINAc)3 was conjugated to a linker (Ls') with S01861-EMCH revealing (GaINAc)3-S01861, with a DAR = 1 for the bound S01861 (FIG 25, 26). Next, a murine ApoB-sequence targeting BNA, more specifically ApoB#02 BNANc, or ApoB#02 or thio113-ApoB BNA, was conjugated to a linker ('Ls') revealing (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 with a DAR = 1 for the bound S01861 (FIG 27, 28).
Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with a range of concentrations of either ApoB#02 BNA
alone, or (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, or (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 2000 nM 801861-EMCH, or (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 250 nM (GaINAc)3-S01861 and ApoB RNA expression was determined by qPCR after 72 hrs incubation (Figure 18). Only in combination with 2000 nM S01861-EMCH or in combination with 250 nM (GaINAc)3-S01861, effective down-modulation of ApoB mRNA expression, i.e., gene expression inhibition, was observed at low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 BNA; I050 ca 0.03 nM in combination with 2000 nM S01861-EMCH, and I050 ca 0.2 nM in combination with 250 nM
Example 3 trivalent-GaINAc-US-BNA + trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised 801861 (also named SPT001) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861, (called trivalent-GaINAc-S01861, or (GaINAc)3-S01861, or (GN)3-SPT).
HepG2 (ASGPR1') cells or Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) cells were treated with a range of concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (labile conjugation Figure 16), trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (stable conjugation (Figure 17) or the scrambled off-target control conjugates (trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBscrambiedBNA or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBs.mbiedBNA) in combination with a fixed concentration of 4000 nM
trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 (DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861). ApoB gene silencing HepG2 (ASGPR1) cells and Huh7 (ASPGR1+/-) cells was determined. Only in combination with 4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GN)3-SPT) effective gene silencing was observed at low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (IC50 = 50 nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (1050= 50 nM) in HepG2 cells (ASGPR1).
Both combination treatments in Huh7 cells (ASGPR1+/-) showed less effective gene silencing (trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA: IC50 = 700 nM; trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA: IC50= 700 nM).
Equivalent concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBBNA (HepG2/Huh7: 1050> 1000nM) or trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBBNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 1000 nM) did not show gene silencing activity in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines, nor did 4000 nM trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 induce/enhance gene silencing of scrambled trivalent-GaINAc-L-ApoBscrambied13NA + (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 100 OnM) or scrambled trivalent-GaINAc-S-ApoBscrambiedBNA (HepG2/Huh7: I050 > 1000 nM) (Figure 16). T
All this shows that in combination with trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 ((GN)3-SPT), very low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-L-HSP27BNA or trivalent-GaINAc-S-HSP27BNA
effectively induce gene silencing in ASGPR1 expressing cells, and again stronger effects are seen in cells with a higher ASGPR1 expression.
Example 4 Potency of (GaINAc)3-BNA (GaINAc)3-S01861 in primary mouse hepatocytes (GaINAc)3 was conjugated to a linker (Ls') with S01861-EMCH revealing (GaINAc)3-S01861, with a DAR = 1 for the bound S01861 (FIG 25, 26). Next, a murine ApoB-sequence targeting BNA, more specifically ApoB#02 BNANc, or ApoB#02 or thio113-ApoB BNA, was conjugated to a linker ('Ls') revealing (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 with a DAR = 1 for the bound S01861 (FIG 27, 28).
Primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with a range of concentrations of either ApoB#02 BNA
alone, or (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, or (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 2000 nM 801861-EMCH, or (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 250 nM (GaINAc)3-S01861 and ApoB RNA expression was determined by qPCR after 72 hrs incubation (Figure 18). Only in combination with 2000 nM S01861-EMCH or in combination with 250 nM (GaINAc)3-S01861, effective down-modulation of ApoB mRNA expression, i.e., gene expression inhibition, was observed at low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 BNA; I050 ca 0.03 nM in combination with 2000 nM S01861-EMCH, and I050 ca 0.2 nM in combination with 250 nM
50 (GaINAc)3-S01861. Treatment with ApoBBNA#02 alone was approximately 100 ¨ 667-fold less potent in ApoB RNA down-modulation (ApoB#02: IC50 = 20 nM), while (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 with an IC50 of ca. 2 nM was about 10¨ 67-fold less potent.
This shows that only in combination with (GaINAc)3-S01861 or S01861-EMCH, very low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 BNA are effectively inducing ApoB RNA down-modulation, i.e., gene silencing in murine primary hepatocytes.
Example 5 in vivo efficay of (GaINA03-BNA + (GaINAc)3-S01861 in C57BL/6.J mice C57BL/6J mice were treated as described and dosed according to Table A5. The conjugates used in this study, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and (GaINAc)3-S01861 were produced as described in Figure 25-28.
Clinical observations were recorded and different biomarkers of efficacy and tolerability were analysed.
As Figure 19 shows, after 24 hrs, the ApoB RNA levels, ie. gene expression, was not noticeably reduced in animals treated with 0.1 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA (ApoB#02), and ca 15% and 21%
reduced in groups dosed with 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA, respectively (all n = 3 animals per group), compared to the vehicle-dosed group (n = 5 animals). Likewise, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, at a dose of 1 mg/kg (corresponding to 0.58 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA) reduced ApoB expression by ca 53% (n = 3 animals) compared to the vehicle control after 24 hrs, while 0.1 mg/kg (GaINA03-ApoB#02 alone did not show a noticeable reduction (n = 3) compared to vehicle. In contrast, when 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 was co-administered with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, ApoB expression was readily reduced by ca 69% (n = 2 animals) already after 24 hrs; while 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-Apo6#02, when co-administered with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 still show a minor reduction of 16% (n = 2 animals), compared to vehicle.
After 72 hrs, the highest dose of ApoB#02 BNA administered (2 mg/kg) showed a maximal reduction of 39% (n = 3 animals) compared to vehicle (n = 5 animals), while 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 resulted in a 68% reduction of ApoB expression (n = 3 animals). Again, in contrast, the 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, when co-administered with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, resulted in even 82% reduction of ApoB expression levels (n = 3 animals), while 0.1 mg/kg ((GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 alone only show 12% reduction (n = 3 animals). The effect was durable, and after 336 hrs, ApoB
expression levels were reduced by 30% for 2 mg/kg ApoB#2 BNA (n = 2 animals) and 25% for 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02. The co-administration group of 10-fold less payload (ie, 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 still showed 25% decrease and hence, constitute a 10-fold improved ApoB expression reduction reduction based in administered payload.
As Figure 20 shows, the ApoB RNA down-modulation (shown in Figure 19) translated well to ApoB
protein level. After 24 hrs, the ApoB protein levels were most noticeably reduced by ca 50% for both, the 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 (n = 8 animals) and equally so for the co-administration group with 10-fold less (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-801861, ie, 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 (n = 8 animals), compared to controls (n = 14 animals).
After 72 hours, while all treatment groups showed reduction in ApoB protein, compared to vehicle controls, the most pronounced effect was observed only when co-administering 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-801861, resulting in an ApoB reduction of ca 90% (n = 5 animals). Even 0.01 mg/kg
This shows that only in combination with (GaINAc)3-S01861 or S01861-EMCH, very low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 BNA are effectively inducing ApoB RNA down-modulation, i.e., gene silencing in murine primary hepatocytes.
Example 5 in vivo efficay of (GaINA03-BNA + (GaINAc)3-S01861 in C57BL/6.J mice C57BL/6J mice were treated as described and dosed according to Table A5. The conjugates used in this study, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and (GaINAc)3-S01861 were produced as described in Figure 25-28.
Clinical observations were recorded and different biomarkers of efficacy and tolerability were analysed.
As Figure 19 shows, after 24 hrs, the ApoB RNA levels, ie. gene expression, was not noticeably reduced in animals treated with 0.1 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA (ApoB#02), and ca 15% and 21%
reduced in groups dosed with 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA, respectively (all n = 3 animals per group), compared to the vehicle-dosed group (n = 5 animals). Likewise, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, at a dose of 1 mg/kg (corresponding to 0.58 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA) reduced ApoB expression by ca 53% (n = 3 animals) compared to the vehicle control after 24 hrs, while 0.1 mg/kg (GaINA03-ApoB#02 alone did not show a noticeable reduction (n = 3) compared to vehicle. In contrast, when 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 was co-administered with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, ApoB expression was readily reduced by ca 69% (n = 2 animals) already after 24 hrs; while 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-Apo6#02, when co-administered with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 still show a minor reduction of 16% (n = 2 animals), compared to vehicle.
After 72 hrs, the highest dose of ApoB#02 BNA administered (2 mg/kg) showed a maximal reduction of 39% (n = 3 animals) compared to vehicle (n = 5 animals), while 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 resulted in a 68% reduction of ApoB expression (n = 3 animals). Again, in contrast, the 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, when co-administered with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, resulted in even 82% reduction of ApoB expression levels (n = 3 animals), while 0.1 mg/kg ((GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 alone only show 12% reduction (n = 3 animals). The effect was durable, and after 336 hrs, ApoB
expression levels were reduced by 30% for 2 mg/kg ApoB#2 BNA (n = 2 animals) and 25% for 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02. The co-administration group of 10-fold less payload (ie, 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 still showed 25% decrease and hence, constitute a 10-fold improved ApoB expression reduction reduction based in administered payload.
As Figure 20 shows, the ApoB RNA down-modulation (shown in Figure 19) translated well to ApoB
protein level. After 24 hrs, the ApoB protein levels were most noticeably reduced by ca 50% for both, the 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 (n = 8 animals) and equally so for the co-administration group with 10-fold less (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-801861, ie, 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 (n = 8 animals), compared to controls (n = 14 animals).
After 72 hours, while all treatment groups showed reduction in ApoB protein, compared to vehicle controls, the most pronounced effect was observed only when co-administering 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-801861, resulting in an ApoB reduction of ca 90% (n = 5 animals). Even 0.01 mg/kg
51 (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 reduced ApoB protein by ca 25% when co-administering it with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 (n = 4 animals), while the 10-fold higher dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 alone reduced ApoB protein by 35% (n = 5 animals) after 72 his post-dose. Again, the effect was durable and ApoB
protein reduction was still observable at 336 his for all treatment groups analyzed (all n = 2 animals per group; no samples were analysed from 1 mg/kg ApoB#02 and 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 +
5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-30861 groups at 336 hours). Also here, 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and the co-administration group of the 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 showed similar durability (23% reduction in ApoB protein after 336 hrs).
As Figure 21 shows, the observed ApoB protein down-modulation (shown in Figure 20) translated well to LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. After 24 his, LDL-C levels were not noticeably reduced in animals treated with either 0.1, 1, or 2 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA (n = 3 animals per group) compared to vehicle (n =
6 animals). Targeted (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 at a dose of 1 mg/kg reduced LDL-C to an average of 2.7 mg/di within 24 hrs already (n = 3 animals), i.e., a 53% reduction compared to vehicle and ApoB#02 BNA groups. The same reduction of LDL-C to an average of 2.7 mg/di within 24 his (n = 3 animals), i.e.
a 53% reduction, was already observed with a 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 when co-administering it with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, while the group of 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 had a too large variation for conclusion (n = 2 animals). After 72 hrs, the highest dose of ApoB#02 BNA (2 mg/kg) showed a 50% reduction (n =
3 animals) in LDL-C
compared to vehicle (n = 6 animals), while 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 was 72%
reduced (n = 3 animals), and the 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 was even 78% reduced (n = 3 animals); while the 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 +
5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 was 13% reduced (n = 2 animals). The effect was durable, and after 336 hrs, LDL-C levels were reduced by 40% for 2 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA, and 48% for 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and for the co-administration group of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-801861, showing a 10-fold improved LDL-C reduction based in administered payload.
In conclusion, this shows that only in combination with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, very low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoB#02 BNA ((GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 BNA) are effectively inducing ApoB RNA down-modulation, i.e., gene silencing in the livers of C57BL/6J mice, and all 'downstream' biomarkers of efficacy, such as ApoB protein and LDL-cholesterol.
Example 5 in vivo tolerability of (GaINAc)3-BNA + (GaINAc)3-S01861 in C57BL/6J
mice The conjugates used in this study, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and (GaINAc)3-S01861, were produced as described in Figure 25-28.
During the course of the study, all treatments, doses, and dose regimens as described in Table AS were well tolerated and showed no treatment-specific adverse findings or any specific clinical observations indicative of the conjugates not being tolerated. The mice in treatment groups gained weight comparable to the mice receiving vehicle. Serum ALT levels were determined and results are shown in Figure 22. During the study period, ALT levels for vehicle mice ranged from an average 47 to 61 U/L per group (n = 6 animals for vehicle). Levels of ALT
transiently increased in the
protein reduction was still observable at 336 his for all treatment groups analyzed (all n = 2 animals per group; no samples were analysed from 1 mg/kg ApoB#02 and 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 +
5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-30861 groups at 336 hours). Also here, 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and the co-administration group of the 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 showed similar durability (23% reduction in ApoB protein after 336 hrs).
As Figure 21 shows, the observed ApoB protein down-modulation (shown in Figure 20) translated well to LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. After 24 his, LDL-C levels were not noticeably reduced in animals treated with either 0.1, 1, or 2 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA (n = 3 animals per group) compared to vehicle (n =
6 animals). Targeted (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 at a dose of 1 mg/kg reduced LDL-C to an average of 2.7 mg/di within 24 hrs already (n = 3 animals), i.e., a 53% reduction compared to vehicle and ApoB#02 BNA groups. The same reduction of LDL-C to an average of 2.7 mg/di within 24 his (n = 3 animals), i.e.
a 53% reduction, was already observed with a 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 when co-administering it with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, while the group of 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 had a too large variation for conclusion (n = 2 animals). After 72 hrs, the highest dose of ApoB#02 BNA (2 mg/kg) showed a 50% reduction (n =
3 animals) in LDL-C
compared to vehicle (n = 6 animals), while 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 was 72%
reduced (n = 3 animals), and the 10-fold lower dose of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 was even 78% reduced (n = 3 animals); while the 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 +
5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861 was 13% reduced (n = 2 animals). The effect was durable, and after 336 hrs, LDL-C levels were reduced by 40% for 2 mg/kg ApoB#02 BNA, and 48% for 1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and for the co-administration group of 0.1 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-801861, showing a 10-fold improved LDL-C reduction based in administered payload.
In conclusion, this shows that only in combination with 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, very low concentrations of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoB#02 BNA ((GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 BNA) are effectively inducing ApoB RNA down-modulation, i.e., gene silencing in the livers of C57BL/6J mice, and all 'downstream' biomarkers of efficacy, such as ApoB protein and LDL-cholesterol.
Example 5 in vivo tolerability of (GaINAc)3-BNA + (GaINAc)3-S01861 in C57BL/6J
mice The conjugates used in this study, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 and (GaINAc)3-S01861, were produced as described in Figure 25-28.
During the course of the study, all treatments, doses, and dose regimens as described in Table AS were well tolerated and showed no treatment-specific adverse findings or any specific clinical observations indicative of the conjugates not being tolerated. The mice in treatment groups gained weight comparable to the mice receiving vehicle. Serum ALT levels were determined and results are shown in Figure 22. During the study period, ALT levels for vehicle mice ranged from an average 47 to 61 U/L per group (n = 6 animals for vehicle). Levels of ALT
transiently increased in the
52 different dose groups at different time points, with sometimes large per-animal variation per group, without showing specific compound or dose relationship (n = 3 for all groups at 24 hrs and 72 hrs, respectively, except for 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S01861, where n = 2 for both time points). Notably, after 336 hrs, ALT levels in all dosing groups were back to baseline and comparable to vehicle controls (n = 2 for all groups).
In conclusion, this shows that ApoB#02, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, and (GaINAc)3-S01861 (alone or in combination with (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02) are well tolerated in the doses and dose regimen applied, and particularly, that co-administration of (GaINAc)3-S01861 with (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 has no immediate tolerability issues, while showing high potency in the C57BL/6J
mouse model.
Example 6. (GaINAc)3-801861 + 10 pM CD71-saporin and (GaINAc)3-BNA + 250 nM
(GaINAc)3-S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861 to trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3), with a DAR = 1 for the bound S01861, called (GaINAc)3-S01861. S01861-EMCH refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. The `trivalent-GaINAc' as depicted in figures 1 and 8 is a typical (GaINAc)3Tris conjugate suitable for coupling to an effector molecule or to saponin. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with a concentration range of S01861 (underivatized) or (GaINAc)3-S01861 in the presence and absence of 10 pM (non-effective concentration) CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody clone OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin) (Figure 23). This revealed that efficient C071-saporin mediated cell killing of primary human hepatocytes was effective at S01861 IC50 = 200 nM, whereas targeted (GaINAc)3-S01861 was already effective at much lower concentrations (S01861 I050 = 10 nM) (Figure 23). All this revealed that ASGPR1 receptor-mediated delivery of conjugated, acid-sensitive cleavable (EMCH) S01861 requires reduced amounts of S01861 to reveal enhanced potency.
Next, ApoB BNA (SEQ ID NO: 2) was conjugated to trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3) to produce (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA (Figure 6) and tested in combination with 2000 nM S01861-EMCH or 250 nM
(GaINAc)3-S01861 on primary human hepatocytes for modulation of the ApoB RNA
expression (Figure 24A) as well as the cell viability (Figure 24B). This revealed that (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA alone was not able to efficiently reduce the ApoB RNA expression (IC50> 1000nM) (Figure 24 A), and no effects on cell viability were observed (Figure 24 B). However, (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA +
2000nM S01861-EMCH
were highly effective and showed strong downregulation of ApoB RNA expression at low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA (I050 = 8 nM; Figure 24 A) and decreased cell viability at I050 = 600 nM was observed (Figure 24 B). (GaINA03-ApoBBNA + 250 nM (GaINAc)3-301861 showed also strong downregulation of ApoB RNA at low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA
(IC50=15nM; Figure 24 A) without affecting cell viability significantly (Figure 24 B). Interestingly, in the (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA + 250 nM (GaINAc)3-S01861 combination, above 100 nM (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA, competition of the (GaINAc)3 conjugates for the binding to the ASGPR1 receptor was observed, thereby limiting the
In conclusion, this shows that ApoB#02, (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02, and (GaINAc)3-S01861 (alone or in combination with (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02) are well tolerated in the doses and dose regimen applied, and particularly, that co-administration of (GaINAc)3-S01861 with (GaINAc)3-ApoB#02 has no immediate tolerability issues, while showing high potency in the C57BL/6J
mouse model.
Example 6. (GaINAc)3-801861 + 10 pM CD71-saporin and (GaINAc)3-BNA + 250 nM
(GaINAc)3-S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861 to trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3), with a DAR = 1 for the bound S01861, called (GaINAc)3-S01861. S01861-EMCH refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. The `trivalent-GaINAc' as depicted in figures 1 and 8 is a typical (GaINAc)3Tris conjugate suitable for coupling to an effector molecule or to saponin. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with a concentration range of S01861 (underivatized) or (GaINAc)3-S01861 in the presence and absence of 10 pM (non-effective concentration) CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody clone OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin) (Figure 23). This revealed that efficient C071-saporin mediated cell killing of primary human hepatocytes was effective at S01861 IC50 = 200 nM, whereas targeted (GaINAc)3-S01861 was already effective at much lower concentrations (S01861 I050 = 10 nM) (Figure 23). All this revealed that ASGPR1 receptor-mediated delivery of conjugated, acid-sensitive cleavable (EMCH) S01861 requires reduced amounts of S01861 to reveal enhanced potency.
Next, ApoB BNA (SEQ ID NO: 2) was conjugated to trivalent-GaINAc ((GaINAc)3) to produce (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA (Figure 6) and tested in combination with 2000 nM S01861-EMCH or 250 nM
(GaINAc)3-S01861 on primary human hepatocytes for modulation of the ApoB RNA
expression (Figure 24A) as well as the cell viability (Figure 24B). This revealed that (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA alone was not able to efficiently reduce the ApoB RNA expression (IC50> 1000nM) (Figure 24 A), and no effects on cell viability were observed (Figure 24 B). However, (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA +
2000nM S01861-EMCH
were highly effective and showed strong downregulation of ApoB RNA expression at low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA (I050 = 8 nM; Figure 24 A) and decreased cell viability at I050 = 600 nM was observed (Figure 24 B). (GaINA03-ApoBBNA + 250 nM (GaINAc)3-301861 showed also strong downregulation of ApoB RNA at low concentrations of (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA
(IC50=15nM; Figure 24 A) without affecting cell viability significantly (Figure 24 B). Interestingly, in the (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA + 250 nM (GaINAc)3-S01861 combination, above 100 nM (GaINAc)3-ApoBBNA, competition of the (GaINAc)3 conjugates for the binding to the ASGPR1 receptor was observed, thereby limiting the
53 optimal concentrations of both conjugates to access the cell, thereby reverting the ApoB RNA
downregulation.
Exam pie 7. CD71-saporin + concentration series of trivalent GaINAc-L-S01861, trivalent GaINAc-(L-501861)4, 501861-EMCH
Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT and SPT001 are synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861; (GN)3-SPT)) or with a DAR 4 by first coupling the S01861-EMCH to a dendron (trivalent-GaINAc-dendron(S01861)4; (GN)3-dSPT4; Figure 33C). Again, refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. The `trivalent-GaINAC as depicted in figures 1 and 8 is a typical (GaINAc)3Tris conjugate suitable for coupling to an effector molecule or to saponin. As a control S01861-EMCH
was also conjugated (labile) to monovalent-GaINAc (Figure 3), with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861or with a DAR =
4 with regard to bound S01861 (using a dendron), (GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-(S01861)4). Primary hepatocytes express receptor at high density ¨ allow for targeting. Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1+) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861, S01861-EMCH, trivalent GaINAc-(S01861)4 in the presence of 10 pM CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin). Cell treatment in absence of CD71-saporin show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 as single compound is not toxic up to at least 1.000 nM (Figure 29A; relative cell viability). Cell viability of cells treated with the combination of anti CD71 MoAb-saporin (`MoAb' = monoclonal antibody) and GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (either DAR
= 1 with regard to bound S01861, or DAR = 4 with regard to bound S01861) is about a factor 100 lower compared to cell viability of cells treated with anti CD71 MoAb-saporin (CD71-SPRN) combined with S01861-EMCH (SPT-EMCH) (Figure 29A).
All this shows that trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and trivalent-GaINAc-(S01861)4 in combination with low concentrations of C071-Saporin effectively induce cell killing in ASGPR1/CD71 expressing cells. Thus, trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 effectively induces endosomal escape of a protein toxin in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus, SPT001 and GaINAc targeted SPT001 (DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861) both increase potency of industry standard GaINAc targeted ASO; S01861-EMCH with about a factor 10, and both (GN)3-SPT and (GN)3-dSPT4 about 100x, when cell viability of liver cells is considered.
Exam pie 8. Trivalent GaINAc conjugated with ApoB antisense oligonucleotide +
trivalent GaINAc-L-Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT and SPT001 are synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR 1, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861;
(GaINAc)3-SPT001); Figure 30C). Again, S01861-EMCH refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group
downregulation.
Exam pie 7. CD71-saporin + concentration series of trivalent GaINAc-L-S01861, trivalent GaINAc-(L-501861)4, 501861-EMCH
Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT and SPT001 are synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861; (GN)3-SPT)) or with a DAR 4 by first coupling the S01861-EMCH to a dendron (trivalent-GaINAc-dendron(S01861)4; (GN)3-dSPT4; Figure 33C). Again, refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. The `trivalent-GaINAC as depicted in figures 1 and 8 is a typical (GaINAc)3Tris conjugate suitable for coupling to an effector molecule or to saponin. As a control S01861-EMCH
was also conjugated (labile) to monovalent-GaINAc (Figure 3), with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861or with a DAR =
4 with regard to bound S01861 (using a dendron), (GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-(S01861)4). Primary hepatocytes express receptor at high density ¨ allow for targeting. Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1+) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861, S01861-EMCH, trivalent GaINAc-(S01861)4 in the presence of 10 pM CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin). Cell treatment in absence of CD71-saporin show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 as single compound is not toxic up to at least 1.000 nM (Figure 29A; relative cell viability). Cell viability of cells treated with the combination of anti CD71 MoAb-saporin (`MoAb' = monoclonal antibody) and GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (either DAR
= 1 with regard to bound S01861, or DAR = 4 with regard to bound S01861) is about a factor 100 lower compared to cell viability of cells treated with anti CD71 MoAb-saporin (CD71-SPRN) combined with S01861-EMCH (SPT-EMCH) (Figure 29A).
All this shows that trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and trivalent-GaINAc-(S01861)4 in combination with low concentrations of C071-Saporin effectively induce cell killing in ASGPR1/CD71 expressing cells. Thus, trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 effectively induces endosomal escape of a protein toxin in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus, SPT001 and GaINAc targeted SPT001 (DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861) both increase potency of industry standard GaINAc targeted ASO; S01861-EMCH with about a factor 10, and both (GN)3-SPT and (GN)3-dSPT4 about 100x, when cell viability of liver cells is considered.
Exam pie 8. Trivalent GaINAc conjugated with ApoB antisense oligonucleotide +
trivalent GaINAc-L-Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT and SPT001 are synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR 1, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861;
(GaINAc)3-SPT001); Figure 30C). Again, S01861-EMCH refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group
54 is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. Also, the covalent conjugate of trivalent GaINAc coupled to both the ApoB antisense BNA oligonucleotide ApoBBNA (SEQ ID
NO: 2) and a dendron comprising four covalently coupled S01861-EMCH, was prepared. See for the outlines for preparing the conjugates also the section Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2, 4)' and the section 'Trivalent GaINAc-BNA oligo synthesis (Figure 6, 7)' and the sections 'Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and 'Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and the section Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc synthesis', here below.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1*) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoBBNA ((GaINAc)3-ApoB), either or not in the presence of 300 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-SPT001) (Figure 29B). Cell treatment in absence of (GaINAc)3-SPT001 show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 is highly effective in reducing the ApoB
gene expression in the primary hepatocytes compared to ApoB gene expression in cells treated with (GaINAc)3-ApoB only (Figure 29B).
All this shows that trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 in combination with (GaINAc)3-ApoB
effectively induces silencing of ApoB gene expression in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 effectively induces endosomal escape of a BNA in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Example 9. Trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861, or a concentration series of conjugate trivalent GaINAc-(L-S01861) in the presence of a fixed dose of OKT-9 anti-CD71 monoclonal antibody Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT and SPT001 are synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861; (GaINAc)3-SPT001); Figure 30C). Again, S01861-EMCH
refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. See for the outline for preparing the conjugate also the section Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2, 4)' here below.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1) and hepatocyte cells of cell-line Huh7 (ASGPR1*I-) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001), either or not in the presence of 10 pM CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin; Figure 30D).
Cell treatment in absence of CD71-saporin show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 as single compound is not toxic up to at least 1.000 nM (Figure 30A, 30B; relative cell viability). Cell viability of cells treated with the combination of anti CD71 MoAb-saporin and a low nM dose of GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (DAR
= 1 with regard to bound S01861; TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) is highly effective in killing the primary hepatocytes compared to cell viability of Huh7 cells treated with the same dose of anti CD71 MoAb-saporin (CD71-saporin) combined with the same dose of TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 (Figure 30A and 30B).
NO: 2) and a dendron comprising four covalently coupled S01861-EMCH, was prepared. See for the outlines for preparing the conjugates also the section Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2, 4)' and the section 'Trivalent GaINAc-BNA oligo synthesis (Figure 6, 7)' and the sections 'Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and 'Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and the section Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc synthesis', here below.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1*) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoBBNA ((GaINAc)3-ApoB), either or not in the presence of 300 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 ((GaINAc)3-SPT001) (Figure 29B). Cell treatment in absence of (GaINAc)3-SPT001 show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 is highly effective in reducing the ApoB
gene expression in the primary hepatocytes compared to ApoB gene expression in cells treated with (GaINAc)3-ApoB only (Figure 29B).
All this shows that trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 in combination with (GaINAc)3-ApoB
effectively induces silencing of ApoB gene expression in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 effectively induces endosomal escape of a BNA in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Example 9. Trivalent GaINAc conjugated with S01861, or a concentration series of conjugate trivalent GaINAc-(L-S01861) in the presence of a fixed dose of OKT-9 anti-CD71 monoclonal antibody Trivalent GaINAc was produced (Figure 1 and Figure 8) and S01861-EMCH was conjugated (labile, in a similar manner as described in Figure 2 and Figure 4 for underivatised S01861, wherein SPT and SPT001 are synonymous to S01861) to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR = 1 with regard to bound S01861, (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861; (GaINAc)3-SPT001); Figure 30C). Again, S01861-EMCH
refers to S01861 wherein the aldehyde group is derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-E-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing S01861-Ald-EMCH. See for the outline for preparing the conjugate also the section Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2, 4)' here below.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1) and hepatocyte cells of cell-line Huh7 (ASGPR1*I-) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001), either or not in the presence of 10 pM CD71-saporin (monoclonal antibody OKT-9 targeting CD71 conjugated to the protein toxin saporin; Figure 30D).
Cell treatment in absence of CD71-saporin show that the trivalent-GaINAc-L-S01861 as single compound is not toxic up to at least 1.000 nM (Figure 30A, 30B; relative cell viability). Cell viability of cells treated with the combination of anti CD71 MoAb-saporin and a low nM dose of GaINAc conjugated with S01861 (DAR
= 1 with regard to bound S01861; TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) is highly effective in killing the primary hepatocytes compared to cell viability of Huh7 cells treated with the same dose of anti CD71 MoAb-saporin (CD71-saporin) combined with the same dose of TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 (Figure 30A and 30B).
55 All this shows that low dose of trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 in combination with a low concentration of CD71-Saporin effectively induce cell killing in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 effectively induces endosomal escape of a protein toxin in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus, low nM
TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 enhances cytoplasmic delivery of low pM CD71MoAb-saporin in primary hepatocytes; and Hepatocytes that lack ASGPR1 expression are not responsive at low nM
concentrations of TrivalentGa INAc-SPT001.
Example 10. Trivalent GaINAc conjugated with ApoB antisense oligonucleotide +
trivalent GaINAc-L-Trivalent GaINAc was produced and S01861-EMCH was conjugated to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR =
1 with regard to bound S01861, as described in Example 8 (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861; (GaINAc)3-SPT001); Figure 300). In addition, the conjugate of trivalent GaINAc and the ApoB antisense BNA
oligonucleotide ApoBBNA (SEQ ID NO: 2) was prepared (Figure 310). See for the outlines for preparing the conjugates also the section 'Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2, 4)' and the section 'Trivalent GaINAc-BNA oligo synthesis (Figure 6, 7)' and the sections 'Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and 'Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and the section Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc and dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis' and Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc synthesis', here below.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1') and hepatocyte cells of cell-line Huh7 (ASGPR1*/) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoBBNA
(TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA), either or not in the presence of 300 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) (Figure 31A and B). Cell treatment in absence of TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 show that the TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 is highly effective (¨factor 100 more potent) in reducing the ApoB mRNA expression in the primary hepatocytes compared to ApoB mRNA
expression in the primary liver cells treated with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA only (Figure 31A). Neither TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA, nor the combination of TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA and TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 induce lowering of the ApoB mRNA expression in these liver cells.
All this shows that TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 in combination with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA
effectively induces silencing of ApoB mRNA expression in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 effectively induces endosomal escape of a BNA in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1') and hepatocyte cells of cell-line Huh7 (ASGPR1) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoBBNA
(TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA), either or not in the presence of 300 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) (Figure 32A and B) and ApoB protein expression was assessed and compared. Cell treatment in absence of TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 show that the TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 is highly effective (with a factor of over 1000 more potency) in reducing the ApoB protein expression in the primary hepatocytes compared to ApoB protein expression in the primary liver cells treated with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA
only (Figure 32A). Neither TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA, nor the combination of TrivalentGaINAc-
TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 enhances cytoplasmic delivery of low pM CD71MoAb-saporin in primary hepatocytes; and Hepatocytes that lack ASGPR1 expression are not responsive at low nM
concentrations of TrivalentGa INAc-SPT001.
Example 10. Trivalent GaINAc conjugated with ApoB antisense oligonucleotide +
trivalent GaINAc-L-Trivalent GaINAc was produced and S01861-EMCH was conjugated to trivalent-GaINAc, with a DAR =
1 with regard to bound S01861, as described in Example 8 (trivalent-GaINAc-S01861; (GaINAc)3-SPT001); Figure 300). In addition, the conjugate of trivalent GaINAc and the ApoB antisense BNA
oligonucleotide ApoBBNA (SEQ ID NO: 2) was prepared (Figure 310). See for the outlines for preparing the conjugates also the section 'Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2, 4)' and the section 'Trivalent GaINAc-BNA oligo synthesis (Figure 6, 7)' and the sections 'Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and 'Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis' and the section Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc and dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis' and Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc synthesis', here below.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1') and hepatocyte cells of cell-line Huh7 (ASGPR1*/) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoBBNA
(TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA), either or not in the presence of 300 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) (Figure 31A and B). Cell treatment in absence of TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 show that the TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 is highly effective (¨factor 100 more potent) in reducing the ApoB mRNA expression in the primary hepatocytes compared to ApoB mRNA
expression in the primary liver cells treated with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA only (Figure 31A). Neither TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA, nor the combination of TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA and TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 induce lowering of the ApoB mRNA expression in these liver cells.
All this shows that TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 in combination with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA
effectively induces silencing of ApoB mRNA expression in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 effectively induces endosomal escape of a BNA in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Primary hepatocytes which highly express ASGPR1 (ASGPR1') and hepatocyte cells of cell-line Huh7 (ASGPR1) were treated with a concentration range of trivalent-GaINAc-ApoBBNA
(TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA), either or not in the presence of 300 nM trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 (TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001) (Figure 32A and B) and ApoB protein expression was assessed and compared. Cell treatment in absence of TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 show that the TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 is highly effective (with a factor of over 1000 more potency) in reducing the ApoB protein expression in the primary hepatocytes compared to ApoB protein expression in the primary liver cells treated with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA
only (Figure 32A). Neither TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA, nor the combination of TrivalentGaINAc-
56 ApoBBNA and TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 induce lowering of the ApoB protein expression in these liver cells (Figure 32B).
All this shows that TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 in combination with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA
effectively induces silencing of ApoB protein expression in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus, TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 effectively induces endosomal escape of a BNA in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Thus, low nM trivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA + trivalentGaINAc-SPT001 can enhance endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery of ApoBBNA resulting in ApoB mRNA silencing in primary hepatocytes; Low nM trivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA + trivalentGaINAc-SPT001 can enhance endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery of ApoBBNA resulting in ApoB protein decay in primary hepatocytes; Cells with lowASGPR1 expression are not responsive for the therapy when ApoB expression is considered.
Materials and methods Abbreviations AEM N-(2-Aminoethyl)maleimide trifluoroacetate salt AMPD 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol BOP (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexaflu oro ph osphate DIPEA N , N-d iiso propylethyla mine DMF N,N-dimethylformamide EDCI.HCI 3-((Ethylimino)methyle nea m in o)-N , N-dimethylpro pan-1-amin ium chloride EMCH.TFA N-(s-maleimidocaproic acid) hydrazide, trifluoroacetic acid salt HATU 1-[Bis(d imethylamino)methyle ne]-1H-1,2,3-tri azo lo [4 ,5-b]pyrid in ium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate min minutes NMM 4-Methylmorpholine r.t. retention time TCEP tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride Temp temperature TFA trifluoroacetic acid Analytical methods LC-MS method 1 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product:
neg or neg/pos within in a range of 1500-2400 or 2000-3000; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp:
50 C; column: Acquity C18, 50x2.1 mm, 1.7 pm Temp: 60 C, Flow: 0.6 mL/min, lin. Gradient depending on the polarity of the product:
All this shows that TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 in combination with TrivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA
effectively induces silencing of ApoB protein expression in ASGPR1 expressing cells. Thus, TrivalentGaINAc-SPT001 effectively induces endosomal escape of a BNA in ASGPR1 expressing cells.
Thus, low nM trivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA + trivalentGaINAc-SPT001 can enhance endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery of ApoBBNA resulting in ApoB mRNA silencing in primary hepatocytes; Low nM trivalentGaINAc-ApoBBNA + trivalentGaINAc-SPT001 can enhance endosomal escape and cytoplasmic delivery of ApoBBNA resulting in ApoB protein decay in primary hepatocytes; Cells with lowASGPR1 expression are not responsive for the therapy when ApoB expression is considered.
Materials and methods Abbreviations AEM N-(2-Aminoethyl)maleimide trifluoroacetate salt AMPD 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol BOP (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexaflu oro ph osphate DIPEA N , N-d iiso propylethyla mine DMF N,N-dimethylformamide EDCI.HCI 3-((Ethylimino)methyle nea m in o)-N , N-dimethylpro pan-1-amin ium chloride EMCH.TFA N-(s-maleimidocaproic acid) hydrazide, trifluoroacetic acid salt HATU 1-[Bis(d imethylamino)methyle ne]-1H-1,2,3-tri azo lo [4 ,5-b]pyrid in ium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate min minutes NMM 4-Methylmorpholine r.t. retention time TCEP tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride Temp temperature TFA trifluoroacetic acid Analytical methods LC-MS method 1 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product:
neg or neg/pos within in a range of 1500-2400 or 2000-3000; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp:
50 C; column: Acquity C18, 50x2.1 mm, 1.7 pm Temp: 60 C, Flow: 0.6 mL/min, lin. Gradient depending on the polarity of the product:
57 Ato = 2% A, ts omin = 50% A, t6 Orrin = 98% A
Bto = 2% A, t5.0min = 98% A, t6.0nnin = 98% A
Posttime: 1.0 min, Eluent A: acetonitrile, Eluent B: 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH=9.5).
LC-MS method 2 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product:
pos/neg 100-800 or neg 2000-3000; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp:
50 C; column: Waters XSelectTM CSH C18, 50x2.1 mm, 2.5 pm, Temp: 25 C, Flow: 0.5 mL/min, Gradient:
to = 5% A, t .2.0min = 98% A, t27mii, = 98% A, Posttime: 0.3 min, Eluent A: acetonitrile, Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH = 9.5).
LC-MS method 3 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product pos/neg 105-800, 500-1200 or 1500-2500; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp: 50 C; column:
Waters XSeIectTM CSH C18, 50x2.1mm, 2.5pm, Temp: 40 C, Flow: 0.5 mL/min, Gradient: tornin = 5%
A, taornin = 98% A, ta7min= 98% A, Posttime: 0.3 min, Eluent A: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, Eluent B:
0.1% formic acid in water.
LC-MS method 4 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product:
pos/neg 100-800 or neg 2000-3000; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp:
50 C column: Waters Acquity Shield RP18, 50x2.1mm, 1.7pm, Temp: 25 C, Flow: 0.5 mL/min, Gradient:
to = 5% A,t .2.0min =
98% A, t2 7m111 = 98% A, Posttime: 0.3 min, Eluent A: acetonitrile, Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH=9.5).
LC-MS method 5 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges: pos/neg 1500-2500; ELSD:
gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp: 50 C; column: Waters XSelectTM CSH C18, 50x2.1 mm, 2.5pm, Temp: 25 C, Flow:
0.6 mL/min, Gradient: tomin = 5% A, ti.smin = 98% A, tlimin = 98% A, Posttime:
0.3 min, Eluent A:
acetonitrile, Eluent B: 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH=9.5).
Preparative methods
Bto = 2% A, t5.0min = 98% A, t6.0nnin = 98% A
Posttime: 1.0 min, Eluent A: acetonitrile, Eluent B: 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH=9.5).
LC-MS method 2 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product:
pos/neg 100-800 or neg 2000-3000; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp:
50 C; column: Waters XSelectTM CSH C18, 50x2.1 mm, 2.5 pm, Temp: 25 C, Flow: 0.5 mL/min, Gradient:
to = 5% A, t .2.0min = 98% A, t27mii, = 98% A, Posttime: 0.3 min, Eluent A: acetonitrile, Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH = 9.5).
LC-MS method 3 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product pos/neg 105-800, 500-1200 or 1500-2500; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp: 50 C; column:
Waters XSeIectTM CSH C18, 50x2.1mm, 2.5pm, Temp: 40 C, Flow: 0.5 mL/min, Gradient: tornin = 5%
A, taornin = 98% A, ta7min= 98% A, Posttime: 0.3 min, Eluent A: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, Eluent B:
0.1% formic acid in water.
LC-MS method 4 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges depending on the molecular weight of the product:
pos/neg 100-800 or neg 2000-3000; ELSD: gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp:
50 C column: Waters Acquity Shield RP18, 50x2.1mm, 1.7pm, Temp: 25 C, Flow: 0.5 mL/min, Gradient:
to = 5% A,t .2.0min =
98% A, t2 7m111 = 98% A, Posttime: 0.3 min, Eluent A: acetonitrile, Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH=9.5).
LC-MS method 5 Apparatus: Waters !Class; Bin. Pump: UPIBSM, SM: UPISMFTN with SO; UPCMA, PDA:
UPPDATC, 210-320 nm, SQD: ACQ-SQD2 ESI, mass ranges: pos/neg 1500-2500; ELSD:
gaspressure 40 psi, drift tube temp: 50 C; column: Waters XSelectTM CSH C18, 50x2.1 mm, 2.5pm, Temp: 25 C, Flow:
0.6 mL/min, Gradient: tomin = 5% A, ti.smin = 98% A, tlimin = 98% A, Posttime:
0.3 min, Eluent A:
acetonitrile, Eluent B: 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water (pH=9.5).
Preparative methods
58 Preparative MP-LC method 1 Instrument type: RevelerisTM prep MPLC; column: Waters XSelectTM CSH C18 (145x25 mm, 10pm);
Flow: 40 mL/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 10 mM
ammoniumbicarbonate in water pH = 9.0); Eluent B: 99% acetonitrile + 1% 10 mM ammoniumbicarbonate in water;
Gradient:
%min = 5% B, tlmin = 5% B, tzmit, = 10% B, t17min = 50% B, t18min = 100% B, t23m1n = 100% B
Atomin = 5% B, t1 min = 5% B, t2min = 20% B, t17min = 60% B, t18min = 100% B, t23m1n = 100% B
; Detection UV: 210, 235, 254 nm and ELSD.
Preparative MP-LC method 2 Instrument type: RevelerisTM prep MPLC; Column: Phenomenex LUNA C18(3) (150x25 mm, 10pm);
Flow: 40 mL/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in water, Eluent B:
0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient:
Atomin = 5% B, t1min = 5% B, t2m1n = 20% B, t17m1n = 60% B, t18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
Btomin = 2% B, timin = 2% B, tzmin = 2% B, t17min = 30% B, t18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
ctomin = 5% B, timin = 5% B, tzmi,, = 10% B, ti7rain = 50% B, tl&nili = 100%
B, tzomin = 100% B
13tomin = 5% B, timin = 5% B, tzmin = 5% B, t17min = 40% B, tiamin = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
; Detection UV: 210, 235, 254 nm and ELSD.
Preparative LC-MS method 3 MS instrument type: Agilent Technologies G6130B Quadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XSelectTM CSH (C18, 150x19mm, 10pm); Flow: 25 nnl/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 100% acetonitrile; Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water pH=9.0; Gradient:
Ato = 20% A, tasmin = 20% A, .11min = 60% A, t13min = 100% A, t17min = 100% A
6t0 = 5% A, tasmin = 5% A, ti 1min = 40% A, t13min = 100% A, t17n1n = 100% A
; Detection: DAD (210 nm); Detection: MSD (ESI pos/neg) mass range: 100 ¨ 800;
Fraction collection based on DAD.
Preparative LC-MS method 4 MS instrument type: Agilent Technologies G6130B Quadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XBridge Protein (C4, 150x19mm, 10pm); Flow: 25 nnl/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 100% acetonitrile; Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water pH=9.0; Gradient:
Ato = 2% A, t2.5m1n = 2% A, ti 1min = 30% A, t13m1n = 100% A, t17n1n = 100% A
Bto = 10% A, taomin = 10% A, 'Li lmin = 50% A, t13m1n = 100% A, t17m1n = 100%
A
cto = 5% A, t2.5rao = 5% A, tlimin = 40% A, t13m1n = 100% A, ti /min = 100% A
Flow: 40 mL/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 10 mM
ammoniumbicarbonate in water pH = 9.0); Eluent B: 99% acetonitrile + 1% 10 mM ammoniumbicarbonate in water;
Gradient:
%min = 5% B, tlmin = 5% B, tzmit, = 10% B, t17min = 50% B, t18min = 100% B, t23m1n = 100% B
Atomin = 5% B, t1 min = 5% B, t2min = 20% B, t17min = 60% B, t18min = 100% B, t23m1n = 100% B
; Detection UV: 210, 235, 254 nm and ELSD.
Preparative MP-LC method 2 Instrument type: RevelerisTM prep MPLC; Column: Phenomenex LUNA C18(3) (150x25 mm, 10pm);
Flow: 40 mL/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in water, Eluent B:
0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient:
Atomin = 5% B, t1min = 5% B, t2m1n = 20% B, t17m1n = 60% B, t18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
Btomin = 2% B, timin = 2% B, tzmin = 2% B, t17min = 30% B, t18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
ctomin = 5% B, timin = 5% B, tzmi,, = 10% B, ti7rain = 50% B, tl&nili = 100%
B, tzomin = 100% B
13tomin = 5% B, timin = 5% B, tzmin = 5% B, t17min = 40% B, tiamin = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
; Detection UV: 210, 235, 254 nm and ELSD.
Preparative LC-MS method 3 MS instrument type: Agilent Technologies G6130B Quadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XSelectTM CSH (C18, 150x19mm, 10pm); Flow: 25 nnl/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 100% acetonitrile; Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water pH=9.0; Gradient:
Ato = 20% A, tasmin = 20% A, .11min = 60% A, t13min = 100% A, t17min = 100% A
6t0 = 5% A, tasmin = 5% A, ti 1min = 40% A, t13min = 100% A, t17n1n = 100% A
; Detection: DAD (210 nm); Detection: MSD (ESI pos/neg) mass range: 100 ¨ 800;
Fraction collection based on DAD.
Preparative LC-MS method 4 MS instrument type: Agilent Technologies G6130B Quadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XBridge Protein (C4, 150x19mm, 10pm); Flow: 25 nnl/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 100% acetonitrile; Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water pH=9.0; Gradient:
Ato = 2% A, t2.5m1n = 2% A, ti 1min = 30% A, t13m1n = 100% A, t17n1n = 100% A
Bto = 10% A, taomin = 10% A, 'Li lmin = 50% A, t13m1n = 100% A, t17m1n = 100%
A
cto = 5% A, t2.5rao = 5% A, tlimin = 40% A, t13m1n = 100% A, ti /min = 100% A
59 ; Detection: DAD (210 nm); Detection: MSD (ESI pos/neg) mass range: 100 ¨ 800;
Fraction collection based on DAD
Preparative LC-MS method 1, MS instrument type: Agilent Technologies G6130B Quadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XBridge Protein (C4, 150x19mm, 10pm); Flow: 25 ml/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 100% acetonitrile; Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water pH=9.0; Gradient:
Ato = 2% A, tasmin = 2% A, ti 1min = 30% A, t13min = 100% A, t17n1n = 100% A
Bto = 10% A, t2.5.in = 10% A, t .11min = 50% A, t13min = 100% A, t17min = 100%
A
; Detection: DAD (210 nm); Detection: MSD (ESI pos/neg) mass range: 100 ¨ 800;
Fraction collection based on DAD
Preparative MP-LC method 1, Instrument type: RevelerisTM prep MPLC; Column: Phenonnenex LUNA C18(3) (150x25 mm, 10pm);
Flow: 40 mL/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in water, Eluent B:
0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient:
Atomin = 2% B, t1min = 2% B, tz.in = 2% B, t17min = 30% B, t18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
Btomin = 5% B, t1min = 5% B, t2Fnin = 5% B, t17min = 40% B, .18min = 100% B, t23m1n = 100% B
ctomin = 5% B, t1min = 5% B, tzmin = 10% B, t17min = 50% B, t .18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
; Detection UV: 210, 235, 254 nm and ELSD.
Flash ch ro matod raphy Grace Reveleris X2 C-815 Flash; Solvent delivery system: 3-piston pump with auto-priming, 4 independent channels with up to 4 solvents in a single run, auto-switches lines when solvent depletes;
maximum pump flow rate 250 mL/min; maximum pressure 50bar (725ps1); Detection:
UV 200-400nm, combination of up to 4 UV signals and scan of entire UV range, ELSD; Column sizes: 4-330g on instrument, luer type, 750g up to 3000g with optional holder.
S01861-EMCH synthesis (S01861-EMCH is also referred to as S01861-Ald-EMCH) To S01861 (121 mg, 0.065 mmol) and EMCH.TFA (110 mg, 0.325 mmol) was added methanol (extra dry, 3.00 mL) and TFA (0.020 mL, 0.260 mmol). The reaction mixture stirred at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC. Fractions corresponding to the
Fraction collection based on DAD
Preparative LC-MS method 1, MS instrument type: Agilent Technologies G6130B Quadrupole; HPLC instrument type: Agilent Technologies 1290 preparative LC; Column: Waters XBridge Protein (C4, 150x19mm, 10pm); Flow: 25 ml/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 100% acetonitrile; Eluent B:
10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water pH=9.0; Gradient:
Ato = 2% A, tasmin = 2% A, ti 1min = 30% A, t13min = 100% A, t17n1n = 100% A
Bto = 10% A, t2.5.in = 10% A, t .11min = 50% A, t13min = 100% A, t17min = 100%
A
; Detection: DAD (210 nm); Detection: MSD (ESI pos/neg) mass range: 100 ¨ 800;
Fraction collection based on DAD
Preparative MP-LC method 1, Instrument type: RevelerisTM prep MPLC; Column: Phenonnenex LUNA C18(3) (150x25 mm, 10pm);
Flow: 40 mL/min; Column temp: room temperature; Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in water, Eluent B:
0.1% (v/v) Formic acid in acetonitrile; Gradient:
Atomin = 2% B, t1min = 2% B, tz.in = 2% B, t17min = 30% B, t18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
Btomin = 5% B, t1min = 5% B, t2Fnin = 5% B, t17min = 40% B, .18min = 100% B, t23m1n = 100% B
ctomin = 5% B, t1min = 5% B, tzmin = 10% B, t17min = 50% B, t .18min = 100% B, t23min = 100% B
; Detection UV: 210, 235, 254 nm and ELSD.
Flash ch ro matod raphy Grace Reveleris X2 C-815 Flash; Solvent delivery system: 3-piston pump with auto-priming, 4 independent channels with up to 4 solvents in a single run, auto-switches lines when solvent depletes;
maximum pump flow rate 250 mL/min; maximum pressure 50bar (725ps1); Detection:
UV 200-400nm, combination of up to 4 UV signals and scan of entire UV range, ELSD; Column sizes: 4-330g on instrument, luer type, 750g up to 3000g with optional holder.
S01861-EMCH synthesis (S01861-EMCH is also referred to as S01861-Ald-EMCH) To S01861 (121 mg, 0.065 mmol) and EMCH.TFA (110 mg, 0.325 mmol) was added methanol (extra dry, 3.00 mL) and TFA (0.020 mL, 0.260 mmol). The reaction mixture stirred at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC. Fractions corresponding to the
60 product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (120 mg, 90%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96%.
LRMS (m/z): 2069 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.084 S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol (S01861-EMCH (blocked)) To S01861-EMCH (0.1 mg, 48 nmol) 200 pL mercaptoethanol (18 mg, 230 pmol) was added and the solution was shaken for 1 h at 800 rpm and room temperature on a ThermoMixer C
(Eppendorf). After shaking for 1 h, the solution was diluted with methanol and dialyzed extensively for 4 h against methanol using regenerated cellulose membrane tubes (Spectra/Por 7) with a MWCO of 1 kDa. After dialysis, an aliquot was taken out and analyzed via MALDI-TOF-MS.
MALDI-TOF-MS (RP mode): m/z 2193 Da ([M+K], S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol), rniz 2185 Da ([M+K], S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol), m/z 2170 Da ([M+Na], S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol).
Trivalent GaINAc-azide synthesis Intermediate 1:
tert-butyl 1-azido-17,17-bis((3-(tert-butoxy)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oate To di-tert-butyl 3,3'-((2-amino-2-((3-(tert-butoxy)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diy1)bis(oxy))dipropionate (1.27 g, 2.51 mmol) was added a solution of 3-Azido(peg4)propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (977 mg, 2.51 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). Next, DIPEA (657 pL, 3.77 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL).
The resulting solution was washed with 0.5 N potassium bisulphate solution (2 X 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM ¨
10% methanol in DCM (v/v) gradient 100:0 rising to 0:100) to give the title compound (1.27 g, 65%) as a colorless oil. Purity based on LC-MS 100% (ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 780 [M+1]1+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.102 Intermediate 2:
1-azido-17,17-bis((2-carboxyethoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oic acid To a solution of tert-butyl 1-azido-17,17-bis((3-(tert-butoxy)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oate (1.27 g, 1.63 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) was added TFA (5.0 mL, 65 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was
LRMS (m/z): 2069 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.084 S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol (S01861-EMCH (blocked)) To S01861-EMCH (0.1 mg, 48 nmol) 200 pL mercaptoethanol (18 mg, 230 pmol) was added and the solution was shaken for 1 h at 800 rpm and room temperature on a ThermoMixer C
(Eppendorf). After shaking for 1 h, the solution was diluted with methanol and dialyzed extensively for 4 h against methanol using regenerated cellulose membrane tubes (Spectra/Por 7) with a MWCO of 1 kDa. After dialysis, an aliquot was taken out and analyzed via MALDI-TOF-MS.
MALDI-TOF-MS (RP mode): m/z 2193 Da ([M+K], S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol), rniz 2185 Da ([M+K], S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol), m/z 2170 Da ([M+Na], S01861-EMCH-mercaptoethanol).
Trivalent GaINAc-azide synthesis Intermediate 1:
tert-butyl 1-azido-17,17-bis((3-(tert-butoxy)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oate To di-tert-butyl 3,3'-((2-amino-2-((3-(tert-butoxy)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diy1)bis(oxy))dipropionate (1.27 g, 2.51 mmol) was added a solution of 3-Azido(peg4)propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (977 mg, 2.51 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). Next, DIPEA (657 pL, 3.77 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL).
The resulting solution was washed with 0.5 N potassium bisulphate solution (2 X 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM ¨
10% methanol in DCM (v/v) gradient 100:0 rising to 0:100) to give the title compound (1.27 g, 65%) as a colorless oil. Purity based on LC-MS 100% (ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 780 [M+1]1+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.102 Intermediate 2:
1-azido-17,17-bis((2-carboxyethoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oic acid To a solution of tert-butyl 1-azido-17,17-bis((3-(tert-butoxy)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oate (1.27 g, 1.63 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) was added TFA (5.0 mL, 65 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was
61 evaporated in vacuo, co-evaporated with toluene (3 X 10 mL) and DCM (3 X 10 mL) to give the crude title product as a colorless oil.
LRMS (m/z): 611 [M+1]1 Intermediate 3:
di-tert-butyl (10-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)-10-(13,13-dimethy1-5,11-dioxo-2,12-dioxa-6,10-diazatetradecy1)-5,15-dioxo-8,12-dioxa-4,16-diazanonadecane-1,19-diyUdicarbamate 1-azido-17,17-bis((2-carboxyethoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oic acid (997 mg, 1.63 mmol), Oxyma Pure (1.04 g, 7.35 mmol) and EDCI.HCI (1.17 g, 6.12 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (10.0 mL). Next, DIPEA (1.99 mL, 11.4 mmol) was added, followed directly by the addition of a solution of N-B0C-1,3-propanediamine (1.07 g, 6.12 mmol) in DMF
(10.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL). The resulting solution was washed with 0.5 N
potassium bisulphate solution (100 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM ¨ 10% methanol in DCM (v/v) gradient 0:100 rising to 100:0, staying at 100:0 until the product eluted) to give the title compound (1.16 g, 66%) as a yellowish viscous oil. LC-MS 99%
(ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 1080 [M+1]1+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.513 Intermediate 4:
3,3'4(24(34(3-aminopropyhamino)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-2-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)propane-1,3-diyObis(oxy))bis(N-(3-aminopropyl)propanamide) tris(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate) synthesis To a solution of di-tert-butyl (10-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)-10-(13,13-dimethyl-5,11-dioxo-2,12-dioxa-6,10-diazatetrad ecy1)-5,15-dioxo-8,12-dioxa-4,16-diazan onadecane-1 ,19-diy1)dicarbamate (1.16 g, 1.08 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added TFA (10 mL, 131 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature_ After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo, co-evaporated with toluene (3 X 10 mL) and DCM (3 X 10 mL) to give the crude title product as a yellowish viscous oil.
LRMS (m/z): 260 [M+3]3+, 390 [M+2]2+, 780 [M+1]1+,
LRMS (m/z): 611 [M+1]1 Intermediate 3:
di-tert-butyl (10-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)-10-(13,13-dimethy1-5,11-dioxo-2,12-dioxa-6,10-diazatetradecy1)-5,15-dioxo-8,12-dioxa-4,16-diazanonadecane-1,19-diyUdicarbamate 1-azido-17,17-bis((2-carboxyethoxy)methyl)-15-oxo-3,6,9,12,19-pentaoxa-16-azadocosan-22-oic acid (997 mg, 1.63 mmol), Oxyma Pure (1.04 g, 7.35 mmol) and EDCI.HCI (1.17 g, 6.12 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (10.0 mL). Next, DIPEA (1.99 mL, 11.4 mmol) was added, followed directly by the addition of a solution of N-B0C-1,3-propanediamine (1.07 g, 6.12 mmol) in DMF
(10.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 mL). The resulting solution was washed with 0.5 N
potassium bisulphate solution (100 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (2 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM ¨ 10% methanol in DCM (v/v) gradient 0:100 rising to 100:0, staying at 100:0 until the product eluted) to give the title compound (1.16 g, 66%) as a yellowish viscous oil. LC-MS 99%
(ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 1080 [M+1]1+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.513 Intermediate 4:
3,3'4(24(34(3-aminopropyhamino)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-2-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)propane-1,3-diyObis(oxy))bis(N-(3-aminopropyl)propanamide) tris(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate) synthesis To a solution of di-tert-butyl (10-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)-10-(13,13-dimethyl-5,11-dioxo-2,12-dioxa-6,10-diazatetrad ecy1)-5,15-dioxo-8,12-dioxa-4,16-diazan onadecane-1 ,19-diy1)dicarbamate (1.16 g, 1.08 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added TFA (10 mL, 131 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature_ After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo, co-evaporated with toluene (3 X 10 mL) and DCM (3 X 10 mL) to give the crude title product as a yellowish viscous oil.
LRMS (m/z): 260 [M+3]3+, 390 [M+2]2+, 780 [M+1]1+,
62 Intermediate 5:
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-(acetoxymethyl)-64(5-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-5-oxopentypoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diy1 diacetate 5-(((2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetannido-4,5-diacetoxy-6-(acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)pentanoic acid (obtain according J. Am. Chem Soc., 2014, 136, 16958-16961, 3.00 g, 6.70 mmol) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (926 mg, 8.05 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (50 mL).
Next, EDCI.HCI (1.54 g, 8.05 mmol) and 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (82 mg, 0.67 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and the resulting solution was washed with 0.5 N potassium bisulphate solution (150 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (150 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound (3.60 g, 99%) as a white foam. Purity based on LC-MS 99%
(ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 545 [M+1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.073 Intermediate 6:
[(3R,6R)-3,4-bis(acetyloxy)-6-{4-[(3-{342-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)-3-(2-{(3-(5-{[(2R,5R)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-6-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3-acetamidooxan-2-yl]oxy}pentanamido)propyl]carbamoyl}ethoxy)-2-[(2-{(3-(5-{[(2R,5R)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-6-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3-acetamidooxan-2-yl]oxy}pentanam ido)propyl]carbamoyl}ethoxy)methyl] pro poxy] propanam id o}p ropyl)carbam oyl putoxy}-5-acetamidooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate 3,3.-((2-((3-((3-aminopropyl)amino)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-2-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)propane-1,3-diy1)bis(oxy))bis(N-(3-anninopropyl)propanamide) tris(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate) (1.21 g, 1.08 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DMF (10 mL) and DIPEA (1.69 mL, 9.70 mmol). Next, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6 R)-5-acetamido-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-((5-((2,5-d ioxo pyrrol id in-1-yl)oxy)-5-oxopentypoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diyldiacetate (2.20 g, 4.04 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred over the weekend at room temperature. Next, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM ¨ 30%
methanol in DCM (v/v) gradient 0:100 rising to 100:0) to give the title compound (1.84 g, 83%) as a yellowish foam. LC-MS
95% (ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 2068 [M+1]1+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.183 Intermediate 7:
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-(acetoxymethyl)-64(5-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)oxy)-5-oxopentypoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diy1 diacetate 5-(((2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetannido-4,5-diacetoxy-6-(acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)pentanoic acid (obtain according J. Am. Chem Soc., 2014, 136, 16958-16961, 3.00 g, 6.70 mmol) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (926 mg, 8.05 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (50 mL).
Next, EDCI.HCI (1.54 g, 8.05 mmol) and 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (82 mg, 0.67 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and the resulting solution was washed with 0.5 N potassium bisulphate solution (150 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (150 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give the title compound (3.60 g, 99%) as a white foam. Purity based on LC-MS 99%
(ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 545 [M+1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.073 Intermediate 6:
[(3R,6R)-3,4-bis(acetyloxy)-6-{4-[(3-{342-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)-3-(2-{(3-(5-{[(2R,5R)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-6-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3-acetamidooxan-2-yl]oxy}pentanamido)propyl]carbamoyl}ethoxy)-2-[(2-{(3-(5-{[(2R,5R)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-6-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3-acetamidooxan-2-yl]oxy}pentanam ido)propyl]carbamoyl}ethoxy)methyl] pro poxy] propanam id o}p ropyl)carbam oyl putoxy}-5-acetamidooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate 3,3.-((2-((3-((3-aminopropyl)amino)-3-oxopropoxy)methyl)-2-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amido)propane-1,3-diy1)bis(oxy))bis(N-(3-anninopropyl)propanamide) tris(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate) (1.21 g, 1.08 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DMF (10 mL) and DIPEA (1.69 mL, 9.70 mmol). Next, (2R,3R,4R,5R,6 R)-5-acetamido-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-((5-((2,5-d ioxo pyrrol id in-1-yl)oxy)-5-oxopentypoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diyldiacetate (2.20 g, 4.04 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred over the weekend at room temperature. Next, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (DCM ¨ 30%
methanol in DCM (v/v) gradient 0:100 rising to 100:0) to give the title compound (1.84 g, 83%) as a yellowish foam. LC-MS
95% (ELSD).
LRMS (m/z): 2068 [M+1]1+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.183 Intermediate 7:
63 Trivalent GaINAc-azide [(3R,6R)-3,4-bis (acetyloxy)-6-{4-[(3-{342-(1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxa pentadecan-15-a m id o)-3-(2-{[3-(5-{[(2R,5R)-4,5-bis(acetyloxy)-6-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-3-acetamidooxan-2-yl]oxy}pentanamido)pro pyl]ca rbamoyl}ethoxy)-2-[(2-{[3-(5-{[(2 R,5 R)-4 ,5-bis (acetyloxy)-6-[(acetyloxy)methy1]-3-acetamidooxan-2-yl]oxy}pentanamido)pro pyl]ca rba moyl}ethoxy)methyl]propoxy] pro pa namido}propyl)carba moyl] butoxy}-5-acetamidooxan-2-yl]methyl acetate (300 mg, 0.145 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of triethylamine (2.00 mL, 14.4 mmol), methanol (2.00 mL) and water (2.00 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo.
The residue was purified by preparative MP-LC.2B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (164 mg, 67%) as a white solid_ Purity based on LC-MS 97%.
LRMS (m/z): 1688 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.991A
Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2,4) Intermediate 8:
S01861-azide (6.89 mg, 3.20 pmol) was dissolved in mixture of 32 mM potassium carbonate (150 pL, 4.80 pmol) and acetonitrile (150 pL). Directly afterwards, a 1.0 M
trimethylphosphine solution in THF (32 pL, 32 pmol) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min. the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (5.30 mg, 78%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 94%.
LRMS (m/z): 1062 [M-2]2-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.511B
Intermediate 9:
To S01861-amine (48.6 mg, 22.9 pmol) and DBCO-NHS (13.0 mg, 32.4 pmol) was added to a solution of DIPEA (5.98 pL, 34.3 pmol) and DMF (2.0 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 4 hours the reaction mixture was diluted with a solution of 50 mM
sodium bicarbonate (1.00 mL, 50 pmol). The resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing
The residue was purified by preparative MP-LC.2B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (164 mg, 67%) as a white solid_ Purity based on LC-MS 97%.
LRMS (m/z): 1688 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.991A
Trivalent-GaINAc-S01861 and GaINAc-S01861 synthesis (Figure 2,4) Intermediate 8:
S01861-azide (6.89 mg, 3.20 pmol) was dissolved in mixture of 32 mM potassium carbonate (150 pL, 4.80 pmol) and acetonitrile (150 pL). Directly afterwards, a 1.0 M
trimethylphosphine solution in THF (32 pL, 32 pmol) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min. the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (5.30 mg, 78%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 94%.
LRMS (m/z): 1062 [M-2]2-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.511B
Intermediate 9:
To S01861-amine (48.6 mg, 22.9 pmol) and DBCO-NHS (13.0 mg, 32.4 pmol) was added to a solution of DIPEA (5.98 pL, 34.3 pmol) and DMF (2.0 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 4 hours the reaction mixture was diluted with a solution of 50 mM
sodium bicarbonate (1.00 mL, 50 pmol). The resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing
64 at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.15 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (16.9 mg, 31%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 94%.
LRMS (m/z): 2412 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.4515 501861-L-trivalent GaINAc synthesis S01861-DBCO (7.50 mg, 3.11 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-azide (5.31 mg, 3.14 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 0.90 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.3B
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (9.60 mg, 75%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 99%.
LRMS (m/z): 2050 [M-2]2-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.041B
S01861-L-GaINAc synthesis S01861-DBCO (1.75 mg, 0.73 pmol) and GaINAc-PEG3-azide (0.82 mg, 2.18 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.3B
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (1.63 mg, 81%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
LRMS (m/z): 2790 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.151B
Trivalent GaINAc-BNA oligo synthesis (Figure 6, 7) Intermediate 10:
4-{2-azatricyclo[10.4Ø04,9Thexadeca-1(12),4(9),5,7,13,15-hexaen-10-yn-2-y1)-N42-(2-(242-({44(E)-{[6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yphexanarnido]imino}rnethyliphenyl}formarnido)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)ethyl]-4-oxobutanarnide 4-{2-azatricyclo[10.4Ø04,9]hexadeca-1(12),4 (9),5,7,13,15-hexaen-10-yn-2-y1}-N-{242-(2-{2-[(4-formylphenyl)formamido]ethoxy}ethoxy)ethoxy]ethyI}-4-oxobutana mide (25.0 mg, 40.9 pmol) and
LRMS (m/z): 2412 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.4515 501861-L-trivalent GaINAc synthesis S01861-DBCO (7.50 mg, 3.11 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-azide (5.31 mg, 3.14 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 0.90 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.3B
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (9.60 mg, 75%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 99%.
LRMS (m/z): 2050 [M-2]2-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.041B
S01861-L-GaINAc synthesis S01861-DBCO (1.75 mg, 0.73 pmol) and GaINAc-PEG3-azide (0.82 mg, 2.18 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.3B
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (1.63 mg, 81%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
LRMS (m/z): 2790 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.151B
Trivalent GaINAc-BNA oligo synthesis (Figure 6, 7) Intermediate 10:
4-{2-azatricyclo[10.4Ø04,9Thexadeca-1(12),4(9),5,7,13,15-hexaen-10-yn-2-y1)-N42-(2-(242-({44(E)-{[6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yphexanarnido]imino}rnethyliphenyl}formarnido)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy)ethyl]-4-oxobutanarnide 4-{2-azatricyclo[10.4Ø04,9]hexadeca-1(12),4 (9),5,7,13,15-hexaen-10-yn-2-y1}-N-{242-(2-{2-[(4-formylphenyl)formamido]ethoxy}ethoxy)ethoxy]ethyI}-4-oxobutana mide (25.0 mg, 40.9 pmol) and
65 EMCH.TFA (20.8 mg, 61.3 pmol) were dissolved in methanol (extra dry, 2.00 mL).
Next, TFA (9.39 pL, 123 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing overnight at room.
The reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.113 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (16.2 mg, 48%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 91%.
LRMS (m/z): 410.2 [M+2]2+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.412 Intermediate 11:
Trivalent GaINAc-L-maleimide Trivalent GaINAc-azide (20.3 mg, 12.0 pmol) and 4-{2-azatricyclo[10.4Ø041hexadeca-1 (12),4(9), 5, 7,13,15-h exaen-10-yn-2-y1}-N-[2-(2-{242-({4-[(E)-([6-(2,5-dioxo-2 ,5-d i hydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexan amido] imino}methyl]ph enyl}formamido)ethoxyleth oxy}eth oxy)ethy11-4-oxobutanamid e (11.8 mg, 14.4 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 0.90 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.2c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (25.6 mg, 85%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 88%.
LRMS (m/z): 2101 [M-405]1-, 2304 [M-202]1-, 2507 [M-111-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.901B (double peaks due to isomers) Intermediate 12:
Trivalent GaINAc-S-maleimide Trivalent GaINAc-azide (20.3 mg, 12.0 pmol) and DBCO-maleimide (10.3 mg, 24.0 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 0.90 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.21) Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (22.2 mg, 87%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 85%.
Contains 10% of the hydrolysed maleimide.
LRMS (m/z): 2115 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.601B (double peaks due to isomers)
Next, TFA (9.39 pL, 123 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing overnight at room.
The reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.113 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (16.2 mg, 48%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 91%.
LRMS (m/z): 410.2 [M+2]2+
LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.412 Intermediate 11:
Trivalent GaINAc-L-maleimide Trivalent GaINAc-azide (20.3 mg, 12.0 pmol) and 4-{2-azatricyclo[10.4Ø041hexadeca-1 (12),4(9), 5, 7,13,15-h exaen-10-yn-2-y1}-N-[2-(2-{242-({4-[(E)-([6-(2,5-dioxo-2 ,5-d i hydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexan amido] imino}methyl]ph enyl}formamido)ethoxyleth oxy}eth oxy)ethy11-4-oxobutanamid e (11.8 mg, 14.4 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 0.90 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.2c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (25.6 mg, 85%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 88%.
LRMS (m/z): 2101 [M-405]1-, 2304 [M-202]1-, 2507 [M-111-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.901B (double peaks due to isomers) Intermediate 12:
Trivalent GaINAc-S-maleimide Trivalent GaINAc-azide (20.3 mg, 12.0 pmol) and DBCO-maleimide (10.3 mg, 24.0 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 0.90 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.21) Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (22.2 mg, 87%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 85%.
Contains 10% of the hydrolysed maleimide.
LRMS (m/z): 2115 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.601B (double peaks due to isomers)
66 Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis To ApoB BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.686 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL).
Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above. As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-S-maleimide (3.02 mg, 1.43 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (6.75 mg, quant.) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 94% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2318 [M-4]4 LC-MS it. (min): 1.651A
Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) scrambled BNA oligo synthesis To ApoB scrambled BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.688 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above.
As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-S-maleimide (3.09 mg, 1.46 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (5.91 mg, 93%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 88% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2311 [M-4]4 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.601A
Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis
Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above. As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-S-maleimide (3.02 mg, 1.43 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (6.75 mg, quant.) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 94% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2318 [M-4]4 LC-MS it. (min): 1.651A
Trivalent GaINAc-S-ApoB (or HSP27) scrambled BNA oligo synthesis To ApoB scrambled BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.688 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above.
As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-S-maleimide (3.09 mg, 1.46 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (5.91 mg, 93%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 88% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2311 [M-4]4 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.601A
Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) BNA oligo synthesis
67 To ApoB BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.686 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL).
Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above. As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 rriM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 FT-IL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-L-maleimide (3.63 mg, 1.45 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (6.68 mg, quant.) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 99% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2416 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.971A
Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) scrambled BNA oligo synthesis To ApoB scrambled BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.688 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above.
As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-L-maleimide (3.68 mg, 1.47 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (4.71 mg, 71%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2409 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.931A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc and dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 13:
Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above. As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 rriM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 FT-IL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-L-maleimide (3.63 mg, 1.45 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (6.68 mg, quant.) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 99% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2416 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.971A
Trivalent GaINAc-L-ApoB (or HSP27) scrambled BNA oligo synthesis To ApoB scrambled BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.688 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above.
As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL) and the resulting solution was directly added to trivalent GaINAc-L-maleimide (3.68 mg, 1.47 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (4.71 mg, 71%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2409 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.931A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc and dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 13:
68 Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate Trivalent GaINAc-azide (36.5 mg, 21.6 pmol) was dissolved in a solution of potassium carbonate (5.97 mg, 43.2 pmol) in water (1.00 mL) and acetonitrile (1.00 mL). Next, a 1.0 M
trimethylphosphine solution in THF (216 pL, 216 pmol) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 45 min the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (9:1, v/v, 1 mL). The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (36.1 mg, 98%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
LRMS (m/z): 1662 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.621A
Intermediate 14:
Trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (17.4 mg, 10.2 pmol) and DBCO-NHS (6.14 mg, 15.3 pmol) were dissolved in a solution of NMM (2.24 pL, 20.3 pmol) in DMF (0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (8:2, v/v, 1 mL).
The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (14.2 mg, 72%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96%.
LRMS (m/z): 1950 [M-1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.861B
Intermediate 15:
dendron(-L-501861)8-azide Dendron(-L-S01861)a-amine (19.6 mg, 1.08 pmol) and 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-y1 1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-oate (4.17 mg, 10.8 pmol) were dissolved in DMF (1.50 mL). Next, DIPEA (1.87 pL, 10.8 pmol) was added and the mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.413 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (11.7 mg, 59%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 92%
(very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2316 [M-6]8,): 2647 [M-7]7
trimethylphosphine solution in THF (216 pL, 216 pmol) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 45 min the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (9:1, v/v, 1 mL). The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (36.1 mg, 98%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
LRMS (m/z): 1662 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.621A
Intermediate 14:
Trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (17.4 mg, 10.2 pmol) and DBCO-NHS (6.14 mg, 15.3 pmol) were dissolved in a solution of NMM (2.24 pL, 20.3 pmol) in DMF (0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (8:2, v/v, 1 mL).
The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (14.2 mg, 72%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96%.
LRMS (m/z): 1950 [M-1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.861B
Intermediate 15:
dendron(-L-501861)8-azide Dendron(-L-S01861)a-amine (19.6 mg, 1.08 pmol) and 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-y1 1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-oate (4.17 mg, 10.8 pmol) were dissolved in DMF (1.50 mL). Next, DIPEA (1.87 pL, 10.8 pmol) was added and the mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.413 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (11.7 mg, 59%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 92%
(very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2316 [M-6]8,): 2647 [M-7]7
69 LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.291A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide (2.50 mg, 0.266 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
(1.56 mg, 0.799 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.46 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.74 mg, 91%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 86% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2832 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.071A
Dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Dendron(-L-801861)8-azide (2.50 mg, 0.135 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
(0.79 mg, 0.405 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.03 mg, 74%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2559 [wa]8-, 2925 [M-7]7-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.181A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-L-BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc and Dendron(-L-S01861)8-L-BNA
oligo-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 16:
Trivalent GaINAc-thioacetate Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (18.7 mg, 11.0 pmol) and 4-nitrophenyl 3-(acetylthio)propanoate (5.90 mg, 21.9 pmol) were dissolved in a solution of NMM (2.41 pL, 21.9 pmol) in DMF
(0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in a mixture of 0.1%
formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (9:1, v/v, 1 mL). The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (13.0 mg, 66%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide (2.50 mg, 0.266 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
(1.56 mg, 0.799 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.46 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.74 mg, 91%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 86% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2832 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.071A
Dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Dendron(-L-801861)8-azide (2.50 mg, 0.135 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
(0.79 mg, 0.405 pmol) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.03 mg, 74%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2559 [wa]8-, 2925 [M-7]7-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.181A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-L-BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc and Dendron(-L-S01861)8-L-BNA
oligo-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 16:
Trivalent GaINAc-thioacetate Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (18.7 mg, 11.0 pmol) and 4-nitrophenyl 3-(acetylthio)propanoate (5.90 mg, 21.9 pmol) were dissolved in a solution of NMM (2.41 pL, 21.9 pmol) in DMF
(0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in a mixture of 0.1%
formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (9:1, v/v, 1 mL). The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (13.0 mg, 66%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
70 LRMS (m/z): 1749 [M-43]1-, 1792 [M-1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.241B
Intermediate 17:
DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc Trivalent GaINAc-thioacetate (13.0 mg, 7.25 pmol) was dissolved in methanol (0.50 nnL). Next, a 1 M
solution of sodium hydroxide (7.98 pL, 7.98 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was added to a freshly prepared solution of trifunctional linker (Ls-t) (i.e., is an example of a saponin moiety linker Ls) (7.39 mg, 6.13 pmol) in 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 2.00 mL).
The trifunctional linker has the I U
PAC name: 5,8,11,18,21 ,24,27-Heptaoxa-2,14,30-triazatritriaco nta no ic acid, 14-[16-(11,12-didehydrodibenz[b, lazocin-5(6H)-yI)-13,16-dioxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-azahexadec-1-yI]-33-(2 ,5-d hydro-2,5-d ioxo-1 H-pyrrol-1-y1)-15,31-d ioxo-, (1R,4E)-4-cycloocten-1-y1 ester. The trifunctional linker has the following formula (XXI):
N N N
N .410 N H
(XXI) The resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.2A Fractions corresponding to the product were
Intermediate 17:
DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc Trivalent GaINAc-thioacetate (13.0 mg, 7.25 pmol) was dissolved in methanol (0.50 nnL). Next, a 1 M
solution of sodium hydroxide (7.98 pL, 7.98 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was added to a freshly prepared solution of trifunctional linker (Ls-t) (i.e., is an example of a saponin moiety linker Ls) (7.39 mg, 6.13 pmol) in 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 2.00 mL).
The trifunctional linker has the I U
PAC name: 5,8,11,18,21 ,24,27-Heptaoxa-2,14,30-triazatritriaco nta no ic acid, 14-[16-(11,12-didehydrodibenz[b, lazocin-5(6H)-yI)-13,16-dioxo-3,6,9-trioxa-12-azahexadec-1-yI]-33-(2 ,5-d hydro-2,5-d ioxo-1 H-pyrrol-1-y1)-15,31-d ioxo-, (1R,4E)-4-cycloocten-1-y1 ester. The trifunctional linker has the following formula (XXI):
N N N
N .410 N H
(XXI) The resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative MP-LC.2A Fractions corresponding to the product were
71 immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (3.83 mg, 21%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 89%.
LRMS (m/z): 2409 [M-546]1-, 2955 [M-111-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.6616 Intermediate 18:
Methyltetrazine-L-ApoB BNA oligo To ApoB BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.686 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL).
Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above. As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting mixture was directly added to a solution of (E)-1-(4-((2-(6-(2, 5-di oxo-2 ,5-d i hyd ro-1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)h exanoyl)hyd razin eyliden e)methyl)be nza mido)-N-(4-(6-methyl-1 ,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)benzy1)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amide (1.36 mg, 1.73 wino!) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a pink fluffy solid. To the crude product was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting suspension was filtered over a 0.45 pm syringe filter.
The filtrate was lyophilized overnight to yield the title product (5.44 mg, quant) as a pink fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 90% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2648 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.624 Intermediate 19:
Methyltetrazine-L-ApoB scrambled BNA oligo To ApoB scrambled BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.688 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above.
As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting mixture was directly added to a solution of (E)-1-(4-((2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexan oyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)benzamid o)-N-(4-(6- m ethy1-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)be nzy1)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amide (1.34 mg, 1.70 pmol) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was frozen
LRMS (m/z): 2409 [M-546]1-, 2955 [M-111-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.6616 Intermediate 18:
Methyltetrazine-L-ApoB BNA oligo To ApoB BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.686 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL).
Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above. As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting mixture was directly added to a solution of (E)-1-(4-((2-(6-(2, 5-di oxo-2 ,5-d i hyd ro-1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)h exanoyl)hyd razin eyliden e)methyl)be nza mido)-N-(4-(6-methyl-1 ,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)benzy1)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amide (1.36 mg, 1.73 wino!) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a pink fluffy solid. To the crude product was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting suspension was filtered over a 0.45 pm syringe filter.
The filtrate was lyophilized overnight to yield the title product (5.44 mg, quant) as a pink fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 90% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2648 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.624 Intermediate 19:
Methyltetrazine-L-ApoB scrambled BNA oligo To ApoB scrambled BNA oligo disulfide (5.00 mg, 0.688 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM TCEP (1.00 mL, 2.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 X g for 30 min, 2 X 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was washed twice with a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 2.5 mM
TCEP (0.50 mL), each time filtered under the same conditions described above.
As next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting mixture was directly added to a solution of (E)-1-(4-((2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexan oyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)benzamid o)-N-(4-(6- m ethy1-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)be nzy1)-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amide (1.34 mg, 1.70 pmol) in acetonitrile (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was frozen
72 and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a pink fluffy solid. To the crude product was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) and the resulting suspension was filtered over a 0.45 pm syringe filter. The filtrate was lyophilized overnight to yield the title product (5.48 mg, quant) as a pink fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 84% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2639 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.584 Intermediate 20:
DBCO-L-ApoB BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc To methyltetrazine-L-ApoB BNA oligo (5.44 mg, 0.684 pmol) and DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (2.03 mg, 0.687 pmol) was added 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4G Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.87 mg, 39%) as a white fluffy solid. LC-MS shows multiple broad peaks with the correct m/z values.
LRMS (m/z): 2175 [M-5]5-, 2718 [M-6]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.60-3.001A
Intermediate 21:
DBCO-L-ApoB scrambled BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc To methyltetrazine-L-ApoB scrambled BNA oligo (5.48 mg, 0.692 pmol) and DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (1.80 mg, 0.609 pmol) was added 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.15 mg, 33%) as a white fluffy solid. LC-MS shows multiple broad peaks with the correct m/z values.
LRMS (m/z): 2169 [M-5]5-, 2711 [M-6]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.58-3.201A
Trivalent linker-L-SPT001-(blocked TC0)-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 22 (Figure 25) Trivalent Ga INAc-thiol
LRMS (m/z): 2639 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.584 Intermediate 20:
DBCO-L-ApoB BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc To methyltetrazine-L-ApoB BNA oligo (5.44 mg, 0.684 pmol) and DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (2.03 mg, 0.687 pmol) was added 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4G Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.87 mg, 39%) as a white fluffy solid. LC-MS shows multiple broad peaks with the correct m/z values.
LRMS (m/z): 2175 [M-5]5-, 2718 [M-6]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.60-3.001A
Intermediate 21:
DBCO-L-ApoB scrambled BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc To methyltetrazine-L-ApoB scrambled BNA oligo (5.48 mg, 0.692 pmol) and DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (1.80 mg, 0.609 pmol) was added 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.15 mg, 33%) as a white fluffy solid. LC-MS shows multiple broad peaks with the correct m/z values.
LRMS (m/z): 2169 [M-5]5-, 2711 [M-6]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.58-3.201A
Trivalent linker-L-SPT001-(blocked TC0)-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 22 (Figure 25) Trivalent Ga INAc-thiol
73 Trivalent GaINAc-thioacetate (16.2 mg, 9.02 pmol) was dissolved in methanol (500 pL). Next, a 1.00 M
solution of sodium hydroxide (11.0 pL, 11.0 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC. 1A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (13.1 mg, 83%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 98%.
LRMS (m/z): 1748 [M-1-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.781A
Intermediate 23: (Figure 25) DBCO-TCO-triva lent Ga INAc Trifunctional linker (15.0 mg, 12.4 pmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (0.50 mL). Next, a solution of 20 nnM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) was added and the resulting solution was directly transferred to trivalent GaINAc-thiol (22.7 mg, 13.0 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 84%.
LRMS (m/z): 2409 [M-546]1-, 2955 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.631B
Intermediate 24 (Figure 26):
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyllacetarnide To a solution of methyltetrazine-NHS ester (30.0 mg, 91.7 pmol) in DMF (1.00 mL) was added ethanolamine (11.1 pL, 0.184 mmol) and triethylamine (25.5 pL, 0.183 mmol).
The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC.113 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (19.2 mg, 77%) as a purple solid. Purity based on LC-MS 89%.
LRMS (m/z): 274 [M+1]1' LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.852 Trivalent linker-L-SPT001-(blocked TC0)-trivalent GaINAc A solution of DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (36.8 mg, 12.5 pmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added to S01861-L-azide (26.8 mg, 12.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide (4.08 mg, 14.9 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room
solution of sodium hydroxide (11.0 pL, 11.0 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC. 1A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (13.1 mg, 83%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 98%.
LRMS (m/z): 1748 [M-1-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.781A
Intermediate 23: (Figure 25) DBCO-TCO-triva lent Ga INAc Trifunctional linker (15.0 mg, 12.4 pmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (0.50 mL). Next, a solution of 20 nnM ammonium bicarbonate (1.50 mL) was added and the resulting solution was directly transferred to trivalent GaINAc-thiol (22.7 mg, 13.0 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 84%.
LRMS (m/z): 2409 [M-546]1-, 2955 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.631B
Intermediate 24 (Figure 26):
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyllacetarnide To a solution of methyltetrazine-NHS ester (30.0 mg, 91.7 pmol) in DMF (1.00 mL) was added ethanolamine (11.1 pL, 0.184 mmol) and triethylamine (25.5 pL, 0.183 mmol).
The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC.113 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (19.2 mg, 77%) as a purple solid. Purity based on LC-MS 89%.
LRMS (m/z): 274 [M+1]1' LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.852 Trivalent linker-L-SPT001-(blocked TC0)-trivalent GaINAc A solution of DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (36.8 mg, 12.5 pmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added to S01861-L-azide (26.8 mg, 12.5 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 30 min N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide (4.08 mg, 14.9 pmol) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room
74 temperature. After 30 min the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC.1c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (37.3 mg, 56%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 96%
(double peaks due to regioisomers).
LRMS (m/z): 2676 [M-2]2-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.231B
Trivalent linker-(blocked DBC0)-BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 25 (Figure 27):
methyltetrazine-BNA oligo To Thio1-13-ApoB BNA oligo disulfide (20 mg, 4.17 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 5.0 mM TCEP (2.00 mL, 10.0 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 x g for 30 min, 4x 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (3.00 mL) and the resulting mixture was directly added to a solution of (E)-1-(4-((2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)benzamido)-N-(4-(6-methy1-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)benzyl)-,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amide ( 7.22mg, 9.16 pmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a pink fluffy solid. To the crude product was added a 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 2.00 mL) and the resulting solution was subjected to preparative LC-MS.1A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (20.3 mg, 89%) as a pink fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 93% (broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 1817 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.593 Intermediate 26 (Figure 27):
(blocked DBC0)-TCO-trivalent GaINAc A solution of 1-azido-3,6,9-trioxaundecane-11-ol (2.17 mg, 9.88 p.mol) in DMF
(0.50 mL) was added to DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (14.6 mg, 4.94 p.mol. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC)c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (10.00 mg, 64%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 98%.
LRMS (m/z): 1750 [fragment]
LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.331B
Purity based on LC-MS 96%
(double peaks due to regioisomers).
LRMS (m/z): 2676 [M-2]2-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.231B
Trivalent linker-(blocked DBC0)-BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Intermediate 25 (Figure 27):
methyltetrazine-BNA oligo To Thio1-13-ApoB BNA oligo disulfide (20 mg, 4.17 pmol) was added a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate with 5.0 mM TCEP (2.00 mL, 10.0 pmol). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was filtered by using a centrifugal filter with a molecular weight cut-off of 3000 Da (5000 x g for 30 min, 4x 0.50 mL). Next, the residue solution was diluted with 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate (3.00 mL) and the resulting mixture was directly added to a solution of (E)-1-(4-((2-(6-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoyl)hydrazineylidene)methyl)benzamido)-N-(4-(6-methy1-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)benzyl)-,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-amide ( 7.22mg, 9.16 pmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 1 hour the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight to yield the crude title product as a pink fluffy solid. To the crude product was added a 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (2:1, v/v, 2.00 mL) and the resulting solution was subjected to preparative LC-MS.1A Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (20.3 mg, 89%) as a pink fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 93% (broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 1817 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 0.593 Intermediate 26 (Figure 27):
(blocked DBC0)-TCO-trivalent GaINAc A solution of 1-azido-3,6,9-trioxaundecane-11-ol (2.17 mg, 9.88 p.mol) in DMF
(0.50 mL) was added to DBCO-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (14.6 mg, 4.94 p.mol. The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was submitted to preparative MP-LC)c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (10.00 mg, 64%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 98%.
LRMS (m/z): 1750 [fragment]
LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.331B
75 Trivalent linker-(blocked DBC0)-BNA oligo-trivalent GaINAc (blocked DBC0)-TCO-trivalent GaINAc (10.0 mg, 3.15 pmol) and Methyltetrazine-BNA oligo (10.0 mg, 1.83 pmol) were dissolved in a solution of 20 mM ammonium bicarbonate/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 3 hours the reaction mixture was frozen and lyophilized overnight. The crude product was dissolved in 20 mM
ammonium bicarbonate (1 mL) and the resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative LC-MS.1B
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (11.3 mg, 72%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 95%
(multiple (broad) peaks due to regioisomers).
LRMS (m/z): 2149 [M-4]4-, 2866 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.921A
dendron(-L-S01861)4-amine (molecule 15) N,1\l'-((9S,19S)-14-(6-aminohexanoy1)-1-mercapto-9-(3-mercaptopropanamido)-3,10,18-trioxo-4,11,14,17-tetraazatricosane-19,23-diy1)bis(3-mercaptopropanamide) formate (2.73 mg, 3.13 pmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 20 mM NH4HCO3with 0.5 mM
TCEP/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 3.00 mL). Next, S01861-EMCH (29.2 mg, 0.014 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.3B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (12.3 mg, 43%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 97%.
LRMS (m/z): 1517 [M-6]6-, 1821 [M-5]5-, 2276 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.395A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc (Figure 33A-C) and dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide (molecule 19) The dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide is synthesized based on dendron(SPT001)4-NH2 (molecule 15, Figure 33B) wherein this amine dendron was treated with azido-PEG4-NHS ester (molecule 18) in DMF with DIPEA as a base.
Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (molecule 22 in Figure 33C) Trivalent GaINAc-azide (36.5 mg, 21.6 pmol; molecule 21 in Figure 33C) was dissolved in a solution of potassium carbonate (5.97 mg, 43.2 pmol) in water (1.00 mL) and acetonitrile (1.00 mL). Next, a 1.0 M
trimethylphosphine solution in THF (216 pL, 216 pmol) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 45 min the reaction mixture was evaporated in
ammonium bicarbonate (1 mL) and the resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative LC-MS.1B
Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (11.3 mg, 72%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 95%
(multiple (broad) peaks due to regioisomers).
LRMS (m/z): 2149 [M-4]4-, 2866 [M-3]3-LC-MS r.t. (min): 2.921A
dendron(-L-S01861)4-amine (molecule 15) N,1\l'-((9S,19S)-14-(6-aminohexanoy1)-1-mercapto-9-(3-mercaptopropanamido)-3,10,18-trioxo-4,11,14,17-tetraazatricosane-19,23-diy1)bis(3-mercaptopropanamide) formate (2.73 mg, 3.13 pmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 20 mM NH4HCO3with 0.5 mM
TCEP/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 3.00 mL). Next, S01861-EMCH (29.2 mg, 0.014 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 1.5 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.3B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (12.3 mg, 43%) as a white fluffy solid.
Purity based on LC-MS 97%.
LRMS (m/z): 1517 [M-6]6-, 1821 [M-5]5-, 2276 [M-4]4-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.395A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc (Figure 33A-C) and dendron(-L-S01861)8-trivalent GaINAc synthesis Dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide (molecule 19) The dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide is synthesized based on dendron(SPT001)4-NH2 (molecule 15, Figure 33B) wherein this amine dendron was treated with azido-PEG4-NHS ester (molecule 18) in DMF with DIPEA as a base.
Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (molecule 22 in Figure 33C) Trivalent GaINAc-azide (36.5 mg, 21.6 pmol; molecule 21 in Figure 33C) was dissolved in a solution of potassium carbonate (5.97 mg, 43.2 pmol) in water (1.00 mL) and acetonitrile (1.00 mL). Next, a 1.0 M
trimethylphosphine solution in THF (216 pL, 216 pmol) was added and the resulting mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 45 min the reaction mixture was evaporated in
76 vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (9:1, v/v, 1 mL).
The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.25 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (36.1 mg, 98%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
LRMS (m/z): 1662 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.621A
Trivalent GaINAc-DBCO (molecule 23 in Figure 33C) Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (17.4 mg, 10.2 pmol; molecule 22) and DBCO-NHS
(6.14 mg, 15.3 pmol; molecule 10 in Figure 33C) were dissolved in a solution of NMM (2.24 pL, 20.3 pmol) in DMF
(0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (8:2, v/v, 1 mL). The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (14.2 mg, 72%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96%.
LRMS (m/z): 1950 [M-1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.8615 dendron(-L-501861)8-azide Dendron(-L-S01861)8-amine (19.6 mg, 1.08 pmol) and 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-y1 1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-oate (4.17 mg, 10.8 pmol) were dissolved in DMF (1.50 mL). Next, DIPEA (1.87 pL, 10.8 pmol) was added and the mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.45 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (11.7 mg, 59%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 92%
(very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2316 [M-8]8-,): 2647 [M-7]7 [C-MS r.t. (min): 4.291A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc (molecule 24 in Figure 33C) synthesis Dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide (2.50 mg, 0.266 pmol; synthesis depicted in Figure 33A-C, molecule 19 in Figure 33C) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO (1.56 mg, 0.799 pmol; molecule 23 in Figure 33C)) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.45 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.74 mg, 91%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 86% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2832 [M-4]4 LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.071A
Dendron(-L-S01861)s-trivalent GaINAc synthesis
The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.25 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (36.1 mg, 98%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100%.
LRMS (m/z): 1662 [M-1]1-LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.621A
Trivalent GaINAc-DBCO (molecule 23 in Figure 33C) Trivalent GaINAc-amine formate (17.4 mg, 10.2 pmol; molecule 22) and DBCO-NHS
(6.14 mg, 15.3 pmol; molecule 10 in Figure 33C) were dissolved in a solution of NMM (2.24 pL, 20.3 pmol) in DMF
(0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in water/acetonitrile (8:2, v/v, 1 mL). The resulting solution was directly subjected to preparative MP-LC.2c Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (14.2 mg, 72%) as a white solid. Purity based on LC-MS 96%.
LRMS (m/z): 1950 [M-1]1 LC-MS r.t. (min): 1.8615 dendron(-L-501861)8-azide Dendron(-L-S01861)8-amine (19.6 mg, 1.08 pmol) and 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-y1 1-azido-3,6,9,12-tetraoxapentadecan-15-oate (4.17 mg, 10.8 pmol) were dissolved in DMF (1.50 mL). Next, DIPEA (1.87 pL, 10.8 pmol) was added and the mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.45 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (11.7 mg, 59%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 92%
(very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2316 [M-8]8-,): 2647 [M-7]7 [C-MS r.t. (min): 4.291A
Dendron(-L-S01861)4-trivalent GaINAc (molecule 24 in Figure 33C) synthesis Dendron(-L-S01861)4-azide (2.50 mg, 0.266 pmol; synthesis depicted in Figure 33A-C, molecule 19 in Figure 33C) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO (1.56 mg, 0.799 pmol; molecule 23 in Figure 33C)) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.45 Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.74 mg, 91%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 86% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2832 [M-4]4 LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.071A
Dendron(-L-S01861)s-trivalent GaINAc synthesis
77 Dendron(-L-S01861)a-azide (2.50 mg, 0.135 pmol) and trivalent GaINAc-DBCO
(0.79 mg, 0.405 pmol;
molecule 23 in Figure 33C) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature.
After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.03 mg, 74%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2559 [M-8]8-, 2925 [M-7]7-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.181A
AntiCD71-saporin synthesis Custom CD71mab-saporin conjugate was produced and purchased from Advanced Targeting Systems (San Diego, CA). CD71 monoclonal antibody was purchased from InVivoMab, anti-human CD71 (OKT-9), BioXCell.
HSP27BNA, ApoB and ApoBscrambled, and ApoB#02 oligo sequences HSP27 (5'-GGCacagccagtgGCG-3') [SEQ ID NO: 1] (The antisense BNA (HSP27) was BNA, more specifically BNANc, with oligo nucleic acid sequence 5'-GGCacagccagtgGCG-3' according to Zhang et al. (2011) [Y Zhang, Z Qu, S Kim, V Shi, B Liao1, P Kraft, R Bandaru, Y Wu, LM
Greenberger and ID
Horak, Down-modulation of cancer targets using locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based antisense oligonucleotides without transfection, Gene Therapy (2011) 18, 326-333]), ApoB
(5'-GCCTCagtctgcttcGCACC-3') [SEQ ID NO: 2] and ApoBscrambied (5'-GGCCTctctacaccgCTCGT-3') [SEQ
ID NO: 3], and murine and human sequence-compatible ApoB#02 (5'-GCattggtatTCA-3') [SEQ ID NO:
12] BNA"c oligos were ordered with 5'-Thiol C6 linker at Bio-Synthesis Inc, with BNA bases in capitals, and fully phosphorothioate backbones. (Lewisville, Texas).
RNA isolation and gene expression analysis from human cell culture RNA from cells was isolated and analysed according to standard protocols (Biorad). qPCR primers that were used are indicated in Table A2.
Table A2. Primers used in qPCR are shown below:
Gene Primer Sequence (5'-3') HSP27 Forward GCAGTCCAACGAGATCACCA [SEQ ID NO: 4]
Reverse TAAGGCTTTACTTGGCGGCA [SEQ ID NO: 5]
ApoB Forward AGGGTCCGGGAATCTGATGA [SEQ ID NO: 6]
Reverse TGGGCACGTTGTCTTTCAGAG [SEQ ID NO: 7]
HBMS Forward CACCCACACACAGCCTACTT [SEQ ID NO: 8]
Reverse GTACCCACGCGAATCACTCT [SEQ ID NO: 9]
GUSB Forward GAAAATACGTGGTTGGAGAGCT [SEQ ID NO: 10]
Reverse CCGAGTGAAGATCCCCTTTTTA [SEQ ID NO: 11]
(0.79 mg, 0.405 pmol;
molecule 23 in Figure 33C) were dissolved in a mixture of water/acetonitrile (3:1, v/v, 1.00 mL). The reaction mixture was shaken for 1 min and left standing at room temperature.
After 2 hours the reaction mixture was subjected to preparative LC-MS.4B Fractions corresponding to the product were immediately pooled together, frozen and lyophilized overnight to give the title compound (2.03 mg, 74%) as a white fluffy solid. Purity based on LC-MS 100% (very broad peak).
LRMS (m/z): 2559 [M-8]8-, 2925 [M-7]7-LC-MS r.t. (min): 4.181A
AntiCD71-saporin synthesis Custom CD71mab-saporin conjugate was produced and purchased from Advanced Targeting Systems (San Diego, CA). CD71 monoclonal antibody was purchased from InVivoMab, anti-human CD71 (OKT-9), BioXCell.
HSP27BNA, ApoB and ApoBscrambled, and ApoB#02 oligo sequences HSP27 (5'-GGCacagccagtgGCG-3') [SEQ ID NO: 1] (The antisense BNA (HSP27) was BNA, more specifically BNANc, with oligo nucleic acid sequence 5'-GGCacagccagtgGCG-3' according to Zhang et al. (2011) [Y Zhang, Z Qu, S Kim, V Shi, B Liao1, P Kraft, R Bandaru, Y Wu, LM
Greenberger and ID
Horak, Down-modulation of cancer targets using locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based antisense oligonucleotides without transfection, Gene Therapy (2011) 18, 326-333]), ApoB
(5'-GCCTCagtctgcttcGCACC-3') [SEQ ID NO: 2] and ApoBscrambied (5'-GGCCTctctacaccgCTCGT-3') [SEQ
ID NO: 3], and murine and human sequence-compatible ApoB#02 (5'-GCattggtatTCA-3') [SEQ ID NO:
12] BNA"c oligos were ordered with 5'-Thiol C6 linker at Bio-Synthesis Inc, with BNA bases in capitals, and fully phosphorothioate backbones. (Lewisville, Texas).
RNA isolation and gene expression analysis from human cell culture RNA from cells was isolated and analysed according to standard protocols (Biorad). qPCR primers that were used are indicated in Table A2.
Table A2. Primers used in qPCR are shown below:
Gene Primer Sequence (5'-3') HSP27 Forward GCAGTCCAACGAGATCACCA [SEQ ID NO: 4]
Reverse TAAGGCTTTACTTGGCGGCA [SEQ ID NO: 5]
ApoB Forward AGGGTCCGGGAATCTGATGA [SEQ ID NO: 6]
Reverse TGGGCACGTTGTCTTTCAGAG [SEQ ID NO: 7]
HBMS Forward CACCCACACACAGCCTACTT [SEQ ID NO: 8]
Reverse GTACCCACGCGAATCACTCT [SEQ ID NO: 9]
GUSB Forward GAAAATACGTGGTTGGAGAGCT [SEQ ID NO: 10]
Reverse CCGAGTGAAGATCCCCTTTTTA [SEQ ID NO: 11]
78 Cell viability assay (MTS) After treatment the cells were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C before the cell viability was determined by an MTS-assay, performed according to the manufacturer's instruction (CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay, Promega). Briefly, the MTS solution was diluted 20x in DMEM without phenol red (PAN-Biotech GmbH) supplemented with 10% FBS. The cells were washed once with 200 pL/PBS well, after which 100 pL diluted MTS solution was added/well. The plate was incubated for approximately 20-30 minutes at 37 C. Subsequently, the OD at 492 nm was measured on a Thermo Scientific Multiskan FC plate reader (Thermo Scientific). For quantification the background signal of 'medium only' wells was subtracted from all other wells, before the cell viability percentage of treated/untreated cells was calculated, by dividing the background corrected signal of treated wells over the background corrected signal of the untreated wells (x 100).
Cell viability assay (CTG) After treatment the cells were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C before the cell viability was determined by a CTG-assay, performed according to the manufacturer's instruction (CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Cell Viability Assay, Promega). Briefly, the cell plate was first equilibarated to RT for 30 minutes. Next, to each well containing 120 pL treatment media 120 pL CTG solution was added. The plate briefly mixed (10 sec, 600 rpm) and incubated for approximately 10 minutes in the dark at RT.
Subsequently, the luminescence signal was measured on a Spectramax ID5 plate reader (Molecular Devices). For quantification, the background signal of 'medium only' wells was subtracted from all other wells before the cell viability percentage of treated/untreated cells was calculated by dividing the background corrected signal of treated wells over the background corrected signal of the untreated wells (x 100).
FACS analysis Cells were seeded in DMEM (PAN-Biotech GmbH) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (PAN-Biotech GmbH) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (PAN-Biotech GmbH), in T75 flasks at appropriate density for each cell-line and incubated for 72-96 hrs (5% CO2, 37 C), until a confluency of 90% was reached. Next, the cells were trypsinized (TrypIE Express, Gibco Thermo Scientific) to single cells, transferred to a 15 mL falcon tube, and centrifuged (1,400 rpm, 3 min). The supernatant was discarded while leaving the cell pellet submerged. 500.000 Cells were transferred to round bottom FACS tubes and the washed with 3 mL cold DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2+ free, 2% FBS). The cells were centrifuged at 1800 rpm, 3 min 4 C and resuspended in 200 pL cold DPBS (Mg2* and Ca2* free, 2%
FBS) or 200 pL antibody solution; containing 5 pL antibody in 195 pL cold DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2 free, 2%
FBS). PE anti-human CD71 (#334106, Biolegend) was used to stain the transferrin receptor, PE Mouse IgG2a, K Isotype Ctrl FC (#400212, Biolegend) was used as its matched isotype control. PE anti-human ASGPR1 (#130-122-963, Miltenyi) was used to stain the ASGPR1 receptor and PE Mouse IgG1, Isotype Ctrl (#130-113-762, Miltenyi) was used as its matched isotype control. Samples were incubated for 30 min. at 4 C.
Afterwards, the cells were washed 2x with cold DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2+ free, 2%
FBS) and fixated for 20 min at room temperature using a 2% PFA solution in DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2+ free, 2% FBS). Cells were
Cell viability assay (CTG) After treatment the cells were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C before the cell viability was determined by a CTG-assay, performed according to the manufacturer's instruction (CellTiter-Glo 2.0 Cell Viability Assay, Promega). Briefly, the cell plate was first equilibarated to RT for 30 minutes. Next, to each well containing 120 pL treatment media 120 pL CTG solution was added. The plate briefly mixed (10 sec, 600 rpm) and incubated for approximately 10 minutes in the dark at RT.
Subsequently, the luminescence signal was measured on a Spectramax ID5 plate reader (Molecular Devices). For quantification, the background signal of 'medium only' wells was subtracted from all other wells before the cell viability percentage of treated/untreated cells was calculated by dividing the background corrected signal of treated wells over the background corrected signal of the untreated wells (x 100).
FACS analysis Cells were seeded in DMEM (PAN-Biotech GmbH) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (PAN-Biotech GmbH) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (PAN-Biotech GmbH), in T75 flasks at appropriate density for each cell-line and incubated for 72-96 hrs (5% CO2, 37 C), until a confluency of 90% was reached. Next, the cells were trypsinized (TrypIE Express, Gibco Thermo Scientific) to single cells, transferred to a 15 mL falcon tube, and centrifuged (1,400 rpm, 3 min). The supernatant was discarded while leaving the cell pellet submerged. 500.000 Cells were transferred to round bottom FACS tubes and the washed with 3 mL cold DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2+ free, 2% FBS). The cells were centrifuged at 1800 rpm, 3 min 4 C and resuspended in 200 pL cold DPBS (Mg2* and Ca2* free, 2%
FBS) or 200 pL antibody solution; containing 5 pL antibody in 195 pL cold DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2 free, 2%
FBS). PE anti-human CD71 (#334106, Biolegend) was used to stain the transferrin receptor, PE Mouse IgG2a, K Isotype Ctrl FC (#400212, Biolegend) was used as its matched isotype control. PE anti-human ASGPR1 (#130-122-963, Miltenyi) was used to stain the ASGPR1 receptor and PE Mouse IgG1, Isotype Ctrl (#130-113-762, Miltenyi) was used as its matched isotype control. Samples were incubated for 30 min. at 4 C.
Afterwards, the cells were washed 2x with cold DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2+ free, 2%
FBS) and fixated for 20 min at room temperature using a 2% PFA solution in DPBS (Mg2+ and Ca2+ free, 2% FBS). Cells were
79 washed 1x with cold DPBS and resuspended in 1000 pL cold DPBS for FACS
analysis. Samples were analyzed with a Sysmex Cube 8 flow cytometry system (Sysmex) and FCS Express 7 Research edition software. Results of the FACS analyses are summarized in Table A3.
Table A3. Cell membrane receptor expression levels of ASPGR1 and CD71 of HepG2 and Huh7 cells Cell line expression expression level (MFI) level (MR) HepG2 8.8 74.7 Huh7 1.6 109 Mouse primary hepatocyte treatment Cryopreserved primary mouse hepatocytes (PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany) were thawed in hepatocyte thawing media (HTM, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany) and washed lx with hepatocyte wash media (HVVM, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany). Cells were re-suspended in hepatocyte plating media (HPM Ciyo, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany) at a density of approx. 0.275 x 106 cells/mi. Cells were seeded onto collagen-I coated plates at a density of 88.000 cells/well or 26.400 cells/well for the 48 or 96-well plates (Greiner BioOne). Cells were pre-cultured for 4-6 hrs at 37 C allowing for cell attachment to cell culture plates before the start of treatment. Plating medium was replaced by 315 pi or 108 pi assay media (MHM, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany), after which conjugates were added from a 10x concentrated stock solution in PBS, Plates were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C being harvested for gene expression and cell viability analysis.
Human primary hepatocyte treatment Cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain) were thawed in hepatocyte thawing media (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain). Cells were re-suspended in hepatocyte plating media (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain). Cells were seeded onto collagen-I coated plates at a density of 215.600 cells/well or 66.600 cellstwell for the 48 or 96-well plates (Greiner BioOne). Cells were pre-cultured for 4-6 hrs at 37 C allowing for cell attachment to cell culture plates before the start of treatment. Plating medium was replaced by 315 pl or 108 pl maintenance media (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain), after which conjugates were added from a 10x concentrated stock solution in PBS. Plates were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C being harvested for gene expression and cell viability analysis.
RNA isolation and gene expression analysis from primary mouse and human hepatocytes RNA from cells was isolated using TRI Reagent Solution (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Conversion into cDNA was performed using ScriptTM
cDNA Synthesis Kit (BioRad) using standard protocols. ApoB expression levels and levels of specific hepatocyte housekeeping genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR assays (qRT-PCR) using
analysis. Samples were analyzed with a Sysmex Cube 8 flow cytometry system (Sysmex) and FCS Express 7 Research edition software. Results of the FACS analyses are summarized in Table A3.
Table A3. Cell membrane receptor expression levels of ASPGR1 and CD71 of HepG2 and Huh7 cells Cell line expression expression level (MFI) level (MR) HepG2 8.8 74.7 Huh7 1.6 109 Mouse primary hepatocyte treatment Cryopreserved primary mouse hepatocytes (PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany) were thawed in hepatocyte thawing media (HTM, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany) and washed lx with hepatocyte wash media (HVVM, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany). Cells were re-suspended in hepatocyte plating media (HPM Ciyo, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany) at a density of approx. 0.275 x 106 cells/mi. Cells were seeded onto collagen-I coated plates at a density of 88.000 cells/well or 26.400 cells/well for the 48 or 96-well plates (Greiner BioOne). Cells were pre-cultured for 4-6 hrs at 37 C allowing for cell attachment to cell culture plates before the start of treatment. Plating medium was replaced by 315 pi or 108 pi assay media (MHM, PRIMACYT Cell Culture Technology GmbH, Germany), after which conjugates were added from a 10x concentrated stock solution in PBS, Plates were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C being harvested for gene expression and cell viability analysis.
Human primary hepatocyte treatment Cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain) were thawed in hepatocyte thawing media (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain). Cells were re-suspended in hepatocyte plating media (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain). Cells were seeded onto collagen-I coated plates at a density of 215.600 cells/well or 66.600 cellstwell for the 48 or 96-well plates (Greiner BioOne). Cells were pre-cultured for 4-6 hrs at 37 C allowing for cell attachment to cell culture plates before the start of treatment. Plating medium was replaced by 315 pl or 108 pl maintenance media (Cytes Biotechnologies S.L., Spain), after which conjugates were added from a 10x concentrated stock solution in PBS. Plates were incubated for 72 hr at 37 C being harvested for gene expression and cell viability analysis.
RNA isolation and gene expression analysis from primary mouse and human hepatocytes RNA from cells was isolated using TRI Reagent Solution (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Conversion into cDNA was performed using ScriptTM
cDNA Synthesis Kit (BioRad) using standard protocols. ApoB expression levels and levels of specific hepatocyte housekeeping genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR assays (qRT-PCR) using
80 iTaqm Universal SYBR Green Supermix (BioRad) and the Light Cycler 480 (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) with specific DNA primers, listed in Table A4. Analysis was done by the ACt method to determine ApoB expression relative to 2 hepatocyte-specific housekeeping control mRNAs.
Each analysis reaction was performed in triplicate.
Table A4. Primers used in qPCR analysis of mouse primary hepatocytes ApoB#02 Forward GCTAACACTAAGAACCAGAAGATC [SEQ ID NO: 13]
Reverse TGTCCGTCTAAGGATCCTGC [SEQ ID NO: 14]
Mm PPIA Forward GCGGCAGGTCCATCTACG [SEQ ID NO: 15]
Reverse GCCATCCAGCCATTCAGTC [SEQ ID NO: 16]
Mm SDHA Forward GAGGAAGCACACCCTCTCAT [SEQ ID NO: 17]
Reverse GGAGCGGATAGCAGGAGGTA [SEQ ID NO: 18]
In vivo tolerability and efficacy of trivalent GaINAc-conjudates in a C57BL/6J
model = Dose administration and in-life phase. Per group, 8 C57BL/6J male mice for treatment groups and 14 in vehicle control group, approximately 6 - 7 weeks at arrival and 8 ¨
9 weeks at dosing, were dosed. The compounds, formulated in PBS or PBS alone (vehicle) according to Table A5, were dosed at 5 ml/kg in the tail vain (intravenously, iv), with dose volumes corresponding to the individual bodyweights. Where applicable, trivalent GaINAc-S01861-EMCH was co-administered at 5 ml/kg in the tail vain (iv) right after the trivalent GaINAc-ApoB conjugate.
Animals were weighed weekly and clinical observations were performed 2 ¨ 3 times daily within the first 48 hrs, and at least once daily thereafter until study end.
= Sampling of serum, liver, and kidney tissue. Blood was sampled before dosing (predose) and at 24 hrs, 72 hrs, 196 hrs, and at 336 hrs post dose, and serum was generated from the collected blood for biomarker analysis, using standard procedures. At the post-dose timepoints of 24 hrs and 72 hrs, 3 animals per timepoint per treatment group and 6 animals in the vehicle control group were sacrificed to collect terminal bleeds and liver, kidney and mesenteric lymph node tissues for further analyses. at end of study at 336 his, the remaining 2 animals (4 in the control group) per group were sacrificed. One half of the liver and one kidney was frozen and used for tissue RNA analysis.
Each analysis reaction was performed in triplicate.
Table A4. Primers used in qPCR analysis of mouse primary hepatocytes ApoB#02 Forward GCTAACACTAAGAACCAGAAGATC [SEQ ID NO: 13]
Reverse TGTCCGTCTAAGGATCCTGC [SEQ ID NO: 14]
Mm PPIA Forward GCGGCAGGTCCATCTACG [SEQ ID NO: 15]
Reverse GCCATCCAGCCATTCAGTC [SEQ ID NO: 16]
Mm SDHA Forward GAGGAAGCACACCCTCTCAT [SEQ ID NO: 17]
Reverse GGAGCGGATAGCAGGAGGTA [SEQ ID NO: 18]
In vivo tolerability and efficacy of trivalent GaINAc-conjudates in a C57BL/6J
model = Dose administration and in-life phase. Per group, 8 C57BL/6J male mice for treatment groups and 14 in vehicle control group, approximately 6 - 7 weeks at arrival and 8 ¨
9 weeks at dosing, were dosed. The compounds, formulated in PBS or PBS alone (vehicle) according to Table A5, were dosed at 5 ml/kg in the tail vain (intravenously, iv), with dose volumes corresponding to the individual bodyweights. Where applicable, trivalent GaINAc-S01861-EMCH was co-administered at 5 ml/kg in the tail vain (iv) right after the trivalent GaINAc-ApoB conjugate.
Animals were weighed weekly and clinical observations were performed 2 ¨ 3 times daily within the first 48 hrs, and at least once daily thereafter until study end.
= Sampling of serum, liver, and kidney tissue. Blood was sampled before dosing (predose) and at 24 hrs, 72 hrs, 196 hrs, and at 336 hrs post dose, and serum was generated from the collected blood for biomarker analysis, using standard procedures. At the post-dose timepoints of 24 hrs and 72 hrs, 3 animals per timepoint per treatment group and 6 animals in the vehicle control group were sacrificed to collect terminal bleeds and liver, kidney and mesenteric lymph node tissues for further analyses. at end of study at 336 his, the remaining 2 animals (4 in the control group) per group were sacrificed. One half of the liver and one kidney was frozen and used for tissue RNA analysis.
81 Table A5. Experimental design in vivo tolerability and efficacy of trivalent GaINAc-coniugates Group Conjugate Dose Relative BNA dose Co-administered trivalent [ring/kg] administered [mg/kg] GaINAc-dose [mg/kg]
1 PBS (vehicle) n/a 0 2 ApoBBNA#02 0,1 0,1 3 ApoBBNA#02 1 1 4 ApoBBNA#02 2 2 (GaINAc)3- 0.1 0.058 ApoBBNA#02 6 (GaINAc)3- 1 0.58 ApoBBNA#02 7 (GaINAc)3- 0.01 0.0058 5 ApoBBNA#02 8 (GaINAc)3- 0.1 0.058 5 ApoBBNA#02 5 Biomarker RNA analysis in liver tissue The mRNA was isolated from frozen liver tissue using TRIzol Reagent (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Conversion into cDNA was performed using iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit (BioRad). ApoB expression levels and levels of specific liver housekeeping genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR assays (gRT-PCR) using iTaqT" Universal SYBR
Green Supermix (BioRad) and the Light Cycler 480 (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) with specific DNA
primers, listed in Table A5. Analysis was done by the ACt method to determine ApoB expression relative to 2 liver-specific housekeeping control mRNAs. Each analysis reaction was performed in triplicate.
Table A6. Primers used in qPCR analysis of liver tissue ApoB#02 Forward GCTAACACTAAGAACCAGAAGATC [SEQ ID NO: 13]
Reverse TGTCCGTCTAAGGATCCTGC [SEQ ID NO: 14]
Mm RSP17 Forward GTGCGAGGAGATCGCCATTA [SEQ ID NO: 19]
Reverse ATCCGCTTCATCAGATGCGT [SEQ ID NO: 20]
Mm SDHA Forward GAGGAAGCACACCCTCTCAT [SEQ ID NO: 17]
Reverse GGAGCGGATAGCAGGAGGTA [SEQ ID NO: 18]
Biomarker analysis ApoB protein ApoB protein levels in mouse serum was determined using an ApoB ELISA
(ab230932, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), according to the manufacturer's instruction. Note that no samples were analysed from
1 PBS (vehicle) n/a 0 2 ApoBBNA#02 0,1 0,1 3 ApoBBNA#02 1 1 4 ApoBBNA#02 2 2 (GaINAc)3- 0.1 0.058 ApoBBNA#02 6 (GaINAc)3- 1 0.58 ApoBBNA#02 7 (GaINAc)3- 0.01 0.0058 5 ApoBBNA#02 8 (GaINAc)3- 0.1 0.058 5 ApoBBNA#02 5 Biomarker RNA analysis in liver tissue The mRNA was isolated from frozen liver tissue using TRIzol Reagent (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Conversion into cDNA was performed using iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit (BioRad). ApoB expression levels and levels of specific liver housekeeping genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR assays (gRT-PCR) using iTaqT" Universal SYBR
Green Supermix (BioRad) and the Light Cycler 480 (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) with specific DNA
primers, listed in Table A5. Analysis was done by the ACt method to determine ApoB expression relative to 2 liver-specific housekeeping control mRNAs. Each analysis reaction was performed in triplicate.
Table A6. Primers used in qPCR analysis of liver tissue ApoB#02 Forward GCTAACACTAAGAACCAGAAGATC [SEQ ID NO: 13]
Reverse TGTCCGTCTAAGGATCCTGC [SEQ ID NO: 14]
Mm RSP17 Forward GTGCGAGGAGATCGCCATTA [SEQ ID NO: 19]
Reverse ATCCGCTTCATCAGATGCGT [SEQ ID NO: 20]
Mm SDHA Forward GAGGAAGCACACCCTCTCAT [SEQ ID NO: 17]
Reverse GGAGCGGATAGCAGGAGGTA [SEQ ID NO: 18]
Biomarker analysis ApoB protein ApoB protein levels in mouse serum was determined using an ApoB ELISA
(ab230932, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), according to the manufacturer's instruction. Note that no samples were analysed from
82 1 mg/kg ApoB#02 and 0.01 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-ApoB#03 + 5 mg/kg (GaINAc)3-S0861 groups at 336 hours.
Biomarker analysis cholesterol LDL-cholesterol was measured in mouse serum, using an LDL-cholesterol specific two-step AU480 assay kit, respectively, from Beckman Coulter, with a photometric measurement according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Biomarker analysis cholesterol Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels was measured using an AU480 assay kit from Beckman Coulter (photometric measurements), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Biomarker analysis cholesterol LDL-cholesterol was measured in mouse serum, using an LDL-cholesterol specific two-step AU480 assay kit, respectively, from Beckman Coulter, with a photometric measurement according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Biomarker analysis cholesterol Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels was measured using an AU480 assay kit from Beckman Coulter (photometric measurements), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Claims (57)
1. Saponin conjugate comprising at least one saponin covalently linked to a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises at least one N-acetylgalactosamine (GaINAc) rnoiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR
comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesrnosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, wherein the at least one saponin is selected from monodesrnosidic triterpenoid saponins and bidesmosidic triterpenoid saponins.
2. Saponin conjugate of claim 1, wherein the saponin comprises an aglycone core structure selected from the group consisting of:
2a1pha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
16alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
hederagenin (23-hydroxy oleanolic acid);
16alpha,23-dihydroxy oleanolic acid;
gypsogenin;
quillaic acid;
protoaescigenin-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-22-acetate;
23-oxo-barringtogenol C-21,22-bis(2-methylbut-2-enoate);
23-oxo-barringtogenol C-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-16,22-diacetate;
digitogenin;
3,16,28-trihydroxy oleanan-12-en;
gypsogenic acid, and derivatives thereof, preferably the saponin comprises an aglycone core structure selected from quillaic acid and gypsogenin or derivatives thereof, more preferably the saponin aglycone core structure is quillaic acid or a derivative thereof.
2a1pha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
16alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid;
hederagenin (23-hydroxy oleanolic acid);
16alpha,23-dihydroxy oleanolic acid;
gypsogenin;
quillaic acid;
protoaescigenin-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-22-acetate;
23-oxo-barringtogenol C-21,22-bis(2-methylbut-2-enoate);
23-oxo-barringtogenol C-21(2-methylbut-2-enoate)-16,22-diacetate;
digitogenin;
3,16,28-trihydroxy oleanan-12-en;
gypsogenic acid, and derivatives thereof, preferably the saponin comprises an aglycone core structure selected from quillaic acid and gypsogenin or derivatives thereof, more preferably the saponin aglycone core structure is quillaic acid or a derivative thereof.
3. Saponin conjugate of claim 1 or 2, wherein = the saponin comprises a saccharide chain bound to the aglycone core structure, which is selected frorn group A:
GIcA-, Glc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara-, Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨ -3)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-[Glc-(1¨>4)]-GIcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Xyl-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)]-Glc-(1¨>4)-Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, and derivatives thereof, or = the saponin comprises a saccharide chain bound to the aglycone core structure, which is selected frorn group B:
G lc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨ 2)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-, Rha-(1¨>2)-[Ara-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)]-Rha-, Ara-, Xyl-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ -2)-[R1-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R1 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R2-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R2 is 4Z-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-3,4-di-OAc-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R3-(-4)]-3-0Ac-Fuc- wherein R3 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, (Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨>3)-(Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨ 4)-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1¨>2)-[4-0Ac-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1-4)]-(Rha- or Fuc-), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Ara/Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha/Fuc-(1-4)-[Glc/Gal-(1¨>2)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R4-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R4 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ 2)-[R5-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R5 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-R ha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-, 6-0Ac-Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3-0Ac-Rha-(1¨>3)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3-10Ac--Rha-(1¨>3)]-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1-4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-4-0Ac-Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3,4-di-OAc-Qui-(1 ¨ 4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, 6-0Ac-Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-4-0Ac-Qui-(1-4)1-Fuc-, Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-40Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-40Ac-Fuc-, Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R6-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R6 is 5-045-0-Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R7-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R7 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R8-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R8 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R9-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R9 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R10-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R10 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R11-(¨>3)]-Fuc- wherein R11 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R12-(¨>3)]-Fuc- wherein R12 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid) Glc-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>6)]-Gal-, and derivatives thereof, Or = the sapon in is a bidesmosidic triterpene glycoside comprising a first saccharide chain selected from the group A bound to the aglycone core structure and comprising a second saccharide chain selected from the group B bound to the aglycone core structure.
GIcA-, Glc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara-, Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨ -3)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-[Glc-(1¨>4)]-GIcA-, Glc-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Xyl-(1¨>2)-Ara-(1¨>3)-[Gal-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Gal-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)]-Glc-(1¨>4)-Gal-, Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>2)]-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨ 2)-Glc-(1¨)2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Ara-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1¨>4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Rha-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Glc-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, Xyl-(1-4)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-Gal-(1¨>2)-Fuc-(1¨>2)-GlcA-, and derivatives thereof, or = the saponin comprises a saccharide chain bound to the aglycone core structure, which is selected frorn group B:
G lc-, Gal-, Rha-(1¨ 2)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-, Rha-(1¨>2)-[Ara-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)]-Rha-, Ara-, Xyl-, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ -2)-[R1-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R1 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R2-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R2 is 4Z-Methoxycinnamic acid, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-3,4-di-OAc-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R3-(-4)]-3-0Ac-Fuc- wherein R3 is 4E-Methoxycinnamic acid, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-4-0Ac-Fuc-, (Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨>3)-(Ara- or Xyl-)(1¨ 4)-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1¨>2)-[4-0Ac-(Rha- or Fuc-)(1-4)]-(Rha- or Fuc-), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Gal-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Ara/Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha/Fuc-(1-4)-[Glc/Gal-(1¨>2)]-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R4-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R4 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨ 2)-[R5-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R5 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-R ha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-4-0Ac-Fuc-, 6-0Ac-Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1¨>4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3-0Ac-Rha-(1¨>3)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3-10Ac--Rha-(1¨>3)]-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Qui-(1-4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-4-0Ac-Qui-(1¨>4)]-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[3,4-di-OAc-Qui-(1 ¨ 4)]-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, 6-0Ac-Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Glc-(1¨>3)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-Fuc-, Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Xyl-(1¨>3)-4-0Ac-Qui-(1-4)1-Fuc-, Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-40Ac-Fuc-, Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[Rha-(1¨>3)]-40Ac-Fuc-, Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R6-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R6 is 5-045-0-Rha-(1¨>2)-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R7-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R7 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api/Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-[Glc-(1¨>3)]-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R8-(-4)]-Fuc- wherein R8 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R9-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R9 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R10-(¨>4)]-Fuc- wherein R10 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Api-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R11-(¨>3)]-Fuc- wherein R11 is 5-045-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid), Xyl-(1¨>3)-Xyl-(1-4)-Rha-(1¨>2)-[R12-(¨>3)]-Fuc- wherein R12 is 5-0-[5-0-Ara/Api-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-octanoic acid) Glc-(1¨>3)-[Glc-(1¨>6)]-Gal-, and derivatives thereof, Or = the sapon in is a bidesmosidic triterpene glycoside comprising a first saccharide chain selected from the group A bound to the aglycone core structure and comprising a second saccharide chain selected from the group B bound to the aglycone core structure.
4. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-3, wherein the saponin is selected from the group consisting of: Quillaja bark saponin, dipsacoside B, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D, macranthoidin A, esculentoside A, phytolaccagenin, aescinate, AS6.2, NP-005236, AMA-1, AMR, alpha-Hederin, NP-012672, NP-017777, NP-017778, NP-017774, NP-018110, NP-017772, NP-018109, NP-017888, NP-017889, NP-018108, SA1641, AE X55, NP-017674, NP-017810, AG1, NP-003881, NP-017676, NP-017677, NP-017706, NP-017705, NP-017773, NP-017775, 8A1657, AG2, 801861, GE1741, 801542, S01584, S01658, S01674, 801832, S01862, S01904, QS-7, QS1861, QS-7 api, QS1862, QS-17, QS-18, QS-21 A-apio, QS-21 A-xylo, QS-21 B-apio, QS-21 B-xylo, beta-Aescin, Aescin la, Teaseed saponin l, Teaseedsaponin J, Assamsaponin F, Digitonin, Primula acid 1 and AS64R, stereoisomers thereof, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof, preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of QS-21, a QS-21 derivative, S01861, a S01861 derivative, SA1641, a SA1641 derivative, GE1741, a GE1741 derivative and combinations thereof, more preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of a QS-21 derivative, a S01861 derivative and combinations thereof, most preferably the saponin is a S01861 derivative.
5. Saponin conjugate of claim 3 or 4, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein i. the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group which has been derivatised;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations i., ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group which has been derivatised;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations i., ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.
6. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-5, wherein the saponin is any one or more of: S01861, SA1657, GE1741, SA1641, QS-21, QS-21A, QS-21 A-api, QS-21 A-xyl, QS-21B, QS-21 B-api, QS-21 B-xyl, QS-7-xyl, QS-7-api, QS-17-api, QS-17-xyl, Q51861, QS1862, Quillajasaponin, Saponinum album, QS-18, Quil-A, Gypl , gypsoside A, AG1, AG2, S01542, S01584, S01658, S01674, S01832, S01904, stereoisomers thereof, derivatives thereof and combinations thereof, preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of QS-21, a QS-21 derivative, S01861, a S01861 derivative, SA1641, a SA1641 derivative, GE1741, a GE1741 derivative and combinations thereof, more preferably the saponin is selected from the group consisting of a QS-21 derivative, a 801861 derivative and combinations thereof, most preferably the saponin is a S01861 derivative.
7. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-6, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative of the quillaic acid saponin or the gypsogenin saponin of claim 2 and is represented by Molecule 1:
wherein 15 Ai represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, more preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety;
Az represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably 20 Az represents a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3, more preferably Az represents a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3 and Az comprises at least one acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group, such as one, two, three or four acetoxy groups, wherein at least one of Ai and Az is not hydrogen, preferably both Ai and Az are an oligosaccharide chain;
25 and R is hydrogen in gypsogenin or hydroxyl in quillaic acid;
wherein the saponin derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position C23 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised;
ii. the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai, when Ai represents a saccharide chain 30 selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised; and iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of Az, when Az represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
as defined in claim 3 and Az comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been 35 derivatised.
wherein 15 Ai represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, more preferably Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety;
Az represents hydrogen, a monosaccharide or a linear or branched oligosaccharide, preferably 20 Az represents a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3, more preferably Az represents a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3 and Az comprises at least one acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group, such as one, two, three or four acetoxy groups, wherein at least one of Ai and Az is not hydrogen, preferably both Ai and Az are an oligosaccharide chain;
25 and R is hydrogen in gypsogenin or hydroxyl in quillaic acid;
wherein the saponin derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position C23 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised;
ii. the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai, when Ai represents a saccharide chain 30 selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised; and iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of Az, when Az represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
as defined in claim 3 and Az comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been 35 derivatised.
8. Saponin conjugate of claim 7, wherein Al represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety and wherein the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai has been derivatised and/or wherein A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3 and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group and wherein at least one acetoxy group of A2 has been derivatised.
9. Saponin conjugate of claim 7 or 8, wherein the saponin represented by Molecule 1 is a bidesmosidic triterpene sapon in.
10. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 7-9, wherein the sapon in derivative corresponds to the saponin represented by Molecule 1 wherein at least one, preferably one or two, more preferably one, of the following derivatisations is present:
i. the aldehyde group at position C23 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised by;
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with 1\1411-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N4K-maleirnidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii. the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai, when Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu-AMPD or a S01861-Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; and iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of A2, when A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
as defined in claim 3 and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation.
i. the aldehyde group at position C23 of the quillaic acid or gypsogenin has been derivatised by;
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with 1\1411-maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N4K-maleirnidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii. the carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety of Ai, when Ai represents a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3 and Ai comprises or consists of a glucuronic acid moiety, has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu-AMPD or a S01861-Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; and iii. one or more, preferably all, of acetoxy group(s) of one saccharide moiety or of two or more saccharide moieties of A2, when A2 represents a saccharide chain selected from group B
as defined in claim 3 and A2 comprises at least one acetoxy group, has/have been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation.
11. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 7-10, wherein Ai is Gal-(12)-[Xyl-(13)]-GlcA and/or A2 is Glc-(13)-Xyl-(134)-Rha-(12)-[Xyl-(13)-4-0Ac-Qui-(14)]-Fuc, preferably the sapon in represented by Molecule 1 is 3-0-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(12)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(13)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(143)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(144)- alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(142)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(143)-40Ac-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl-(144)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside, more preferably the saponin is any one or more of:
S01861, GE1741, SA1641 and QS-21, or a derivative thereof, most preferably S01861 or a derivative thereof.
S01861, GE1741, SA1641 and QS-21, or a derivative thereof, most preferably S01861 or a derivative thereof.
12. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 5-11, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein i. the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by:
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-[ -maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N4K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleirnide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu-AMPD or a S01861-Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a Glu-AEM;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.;
preferably, the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with EMCH wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol.
- reduction to an alcohol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a S01861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH, wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
- transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-[ -maleimidopropionic acid] hydrazide (BMPH) wherein the maleimide group of the BMPH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol; or - transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N4K-maleimidoundecanoic acid] hydrazide (KMUH) wherein the maleimide group of the KMUH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol;
ii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) or N-(2-aminoethyl)maleirnide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AMPD such as a QS-21-Glu-AMPD or a S01861-Glu-AMPD or a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a Glu-AEM;
iii. the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group B as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising an acetoxy (Me(C0)0-) group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydroxyl group (HO-) by deacetylation; or iv. the saponin derivative comprises any combination of derivatisations ii. and iii., preferably any combination of two derivatisations of derivatisations i., ii. and iii.;
preferably, the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with EMCH wherein the maleimide group of the EMCH is optionally derivatised by formation of a thioether bond with mercaptoethanol.
13. Saponin conjugate of claim 12, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative wherein the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure comprising an aldehyde group which has been derivatised by transformation into a hydrazone bond through reaction with N-c-maleimidocaproic acid hydrazide (EMCH), therewith providing a saponin-Ald-EMCH such as a 501861-Ald-EMCH or a QS-21-Ald-EMCH;
the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; or the saponin derivative comprises a combination of derivatisations i. and ii.
the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety which has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM), therewith providing a saponin-Glu-AEM such as a QS-21-Glu-AEM or a S01861-Glu-AEM; or the saponin derivative comprises a combination of derivatisations i. and ii.
14. Saponin conjugate of claim 12, wherein the saponin derivative comprises an aglycone core structure wherein the aglycone core structure comprises an aldehyde group and wherein the saponin derivative comprises a saccharide chain, preferably a saccharide chain selected from group A as defined in claim 3, the saccharide chain comprising a carboxyl group, preferably a carboxyl group of a glucuronic acid moiety, which glucuronic acid moiety has been derivatised by transformation into an amide bond through reaction with N-(2-aminoethyl)maleimide (AEM).
15. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-12, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative represented by Molecule 2:
or wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative represented by Molecule 3:
or wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative represented by Molecule 3:
16. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-15, wherein the at least one saponin and the ligand for ASGPR are covalently linked directly or via at least one linker.
17. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-16, wherein the GaINAc moiety is bound to the saponin S, preferably via a saponin linker Ls, as shown in formula (I1)s:
18. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-16, wherein the GaINAc moieties are each separately covalently bound via the oxygen on position "1" of the GaINAc moiety to a central bridging moiety B, which effectively forms a bridge between the GaINAc moieties and the saponin moiety, preferably via a saponin moiety linker Ls, as shown in formula (111)s:
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, LS is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, LS is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
19. Saponin conjugate of claim 18, wherein the GaINAc moieties are bound to the bridging moiety B via GaINAc linkers LGAL as shown in formula (IV)s:
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
wherein n is an integer larger than or equal to 2, preferably n is 3, Ls is a saponin moiety linker and S is the saponin moiety.
20. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 17-19, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding a saponin to GaINAc as in formula (II)s or to the bridging moiety B as in formula (III)s and (IV)s.
21. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 17-20, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein Lsi is a precursor of the sapon in moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to GaINAc or to the bridging moiety B and Ls2 is a precursor of the saponin moiety linker Ls which is covalently bound to the saponin moiety.
22. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 17-21, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between at least a first precursor Lsi covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, wherein the coupling reaction is selected from the group consisting of an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, a carbonyl reaction of the non-aldol type and an addition to a carbon-carbon double bond, preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition, a thiol maleimide coupling, a Staudinger reaction, a nucleophilic ring-opening of strained heterocyclic electrophiles, more preferably wherein the coupling reaction is an azide-alkyne cycloaddition or a thiol maleimide coupling.
23. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 17-22, wherein the saponin moiety linker Ls is the result of a coupling reaction between a first precursor LS1 covalently bound to GaINAc or the bridging moiety B, the first precursor Lsi comprising an azide: and a second precursor Ls2 covalently bound to the saponin moiety, the second precursor LS2 comprising an alkyne and preferably comprising a hydrazon resulting from a hydrazide/aldehyde coupling to an aldehyde of the saponin moiety.
24. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 21-23, wherein the structure for the precursor LS1 is the following azide of formula (XVII):
wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3, more preferably a represents 2, or wherein the structure for the precursor Lsi comprises the following azide of formula (XVIII):
wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9.
wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3, more preferably a represents 2, or wherein the structure for the precursor Lsi comprises the following azide of formula (XVIII):
wherein c represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably c represents an integer in the range of 5-15, more preferably c represents 9.
25. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 21-24, wherein the structure for the precursor L52 comprises the following hydrazone with formula (XIX):
wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer in the range of 2-6, more preferably a represents 4, and wherein Lsza represents an alkyne-containing moiety.
wherein a represents an integer larger than or equal to 0, preferably a represents an integer in the range of 2-6, more preferably a represents 4, and wherein Lsza represents an alkyne-containing moiety.
26. Saponin conjugate of claim 25, wherein Lsza comprises less than 20 carbon atoms, preferably Lsza represents a moiety according to formula (XX):
27. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 18-26, wherein the bridging moiety is a compound of formula (XV):
wherein the oxygen atoms of the compound of formula (XV) are bound to GaINAc or to the GaINAc linkers LGAL, and the nitrogen atom of the compound of formula (XV) is bound to the saponin moiety linker Ls.
wherein the oxygen atoms of the compound of formula (XV) are bound to GaINAc or to the GaINAc linkers LGAL, and the nitrogen atom of the compound of formula (XV) is bound to the saponin moiety linker Ls.
28. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 19-27, wherein LGAL represents any chemical moiety suitable for covalently binding GaINAc to the bridging moiety B.
29. Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 19-28, wherein LGAL comprises 2-25 carbon atoms, preferably 7-15 carbon atoms, more preferably 11 carbon atoms and wherein LGAL
comprises at least one, preferably two amide moieties.
comprises at least one, preferably two amide moieties.
30 Saponin conjugate of any one of claims 19-29, wherein LGAL is a compound according to formula (XVI):
(XVI)
(XVI)
31. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 17-30, wherein the ligand for ASGPR is the (GaINAc)3Tris represented by Molecule l':
or wherein the ligand for ASGPR is mono-GaINAc represented by Molecule II':
or wherein the ligand for ASGPR is mono-GaINAc represented by Molecule II':
32. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-31, wherein the at least one saponin is covalently bound to Molecule l' or Molecule II' of claim 31 via a linker represented by Molecule III':
wherein the hydrazide moiety of Molecule III formed a covalent hydrazone bond with an aldehyde group in the saponin, and wherein the dibenzocyclooctyne group formed a covalent bond with the azide group of Molecule l' or Molecule II'.
wherein the hydrazide moiety of Molecule III formed a covalent hydrazone bond with an aldehyde group in the saponin, and wherein the dibenzocyclooctyne group formed a covalent bond with the azide group of Molecule l' or Molecule II'.
33. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-32, wherein the at least one saponin is covalently bound to the ligand for ASGPR via at least one cleavable linker.
34. Saponin conjugate of claim 33, wherein the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage under acidic conditions, reductive conditions, enzymatic conditions and/or light-induced conditions, and preferably the cleavable linker comprises a cleavable bond selected from a hydrazone bond and a hydrazide bond subject to cleavage under acidic conditions, and/or a bond susceptible to proteolysis, for example proteolysis by Cathepsin B, and/or a bond susceptible for cleavage under reductive conditions such as a disulfide bond.
35. Saponin conjugate of claim 33 or 34, wherein the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage in vivo under acidic conditions such as for example present in endosomes and/or lysosomes of mammalian cells, preferably human cells, preferably the cleavable linker is subject to cleavage in vivo at pH 4.0 ¨ 6.5, and more preferably at pH 5.5.
36. Saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-35, wherein the conjugate comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 32, 64, 128 or 1-100 saponin moieties, or any number of saponin moieties therein between, such as 7, 9, 12 saponin moieties.
37. Pharmaceutical combination comprising:
- a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-36 and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and - a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
- a first pharmaceutical composition comprising the saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-36 and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and - a second pharmaceutical composition comprising a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR, wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
38. Pharmaceutical composition comprising:
- the saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-36;
- a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
- the saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-36;
- a second conjugate of an effector molecule and a ligand for ASGPR wherein the ligand for ASGPR preferably comprises at least one GaINAc moiety, preferably three or four GaINAc moieties, more preferably the ligand for ASGPR comprises or consists of (GaINAc)3Tris, or a third conjugate of an effector molecule and a binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, and optionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.
39. Pharmaceutical combination of claim 37 or pharmaceutical composition of claim 38, wherein the effector molecule comprises or consists of at least one of a small molecule such as a drug molecule, a toxin such as a protein toxin, an oligonucleotide such as a BNA, a xeno nucleic acid or an siRNA, an enzyme, a peptide, a protein, or any combination thereof, preferably, the effector molecule is a toxin, an enzyme or an oligonucleotide.
40. Pharmaceutical combination of claim 37 or 39, or pharmaceutical composition of claim 38 or 39, wherein the ligand for ASGPR comprises or is (GalNAc)3Tris, and/or wherein the ligand for ASGPR and the effector molecule are conjugated via a covalent bond, preferably via at least one linker.
41. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-40 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-40, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide selected from any one or more of a(n): short interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), anti-hairpin-shaped microRNA (miRNA), single-stranded RNA, aptamer RNA, double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA), anti-microRNA (anti-miRNA, anti-miR), antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), DNA, antisense DNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA), bridged nucleic acid (BNA), 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic Acid (BNANC), BNA-based siRNA, and BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide (BNA-AON).
(dsRNA), anti-microRNA (anti-miRNA, anti-miR), antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), DNA, antisense DNA, locked nucleic acid (LNA), bridged nucleic acid (BNA), 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic Acid (BNANC), BNA-based siRNA, and BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide (BNA-AON).
42. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-41 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-41, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide selected from any one or more of a(n): anti-miRNA, a BNA-AON or an siRNA, such as BNA-based siRNA, selected from chemically modified siRNA, metabolically stable siRNA and chemically modified, metabolically stable siRNA.
43. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-42 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-42, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing any one of genes:
apolipoprotein B (apoB), HSP27, transthyretin (TTR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1), antithrombin 3 (AT3), glycolate oxidase (GO), complement component C5 (CC5), X gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV), S gene of HBV, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and/or is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an aberrant miRNA.
apolipoprotein B (apoB), HSP27, transthyretin (TTR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1), antithrombin 3 (AT3), glycolate oxidase (GO), complement component C5 (CC5), X gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV), S gene of HBV, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and/or is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an aberrant miRNA.
44. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-43 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-43, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide, preferably an siRNA
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing gene apolipoprotein B (apoB).
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, silencing gene apolipoprotein B (apoB).
45. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-44 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-44, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of any one of proteins:
apoB, HSP27, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, expression product of X gene of HBV, expression product of S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, or is capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, antagonizing or restoring an miRNA function such as inhibiting an oncogenic miRNA (onco-miR) or suppression of expression of an onco-miR.
apoB, HSP27, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, expression product of X gene of HBV, expression product of S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH, or is capable of, for example when present inside a mammalian cell, antagonizing or restoring an miRNA function such as inhibiting an oncogenic miRNA (onco-miR) or suppression of expression of an onco-miR.
46. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-45 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-45, wherein the effector molecule is an oligonucleotide, preferably an siRNA
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of protein apoB.
such as a BNA-based siRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide such as a BNA-based antisense oligonucleotide, for example an AON based on 2'-0,4'-aminoethylene bridged nucleic acid, capable of, preferably when present inside a mammalian cell, targeting an mRNA involved in expression of protein apoB.
47. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-46 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-46, wherein the effector molecule is or comprises a toxin which toxin comprises or consists of at least one molecule selected from any one or more of a peptide, a protein, an enzyme such as urease and Cre-recombinase, a proteinaceous toxin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, and/or a bacterial toxin, a plant toxin, more preferably selected from any one or more of a viral toxin such as apoptin; a bacterial toxin such as Shiga toxin, Shiga-like toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE) or exotoxin A of PE, full-length or truncated diphtheria toxin (DT), cholera toxin; a fungal toxin such as alpha-sarcin; a plant toxin including ribosome-inactivating proteins and the A
chain of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins such as dianthin e.g dianthin-30 or dianthin-32, saporin eg saporin-S3 or saporin-S6, bouganin or de-immunized derivative debouganin of bouganin, shiga-like toxin A, pokeweed antiviral protein, ricin, ricin A chain, modeccin, modeccin A chain, abrin, abrin A
chain, volkensin, volkensin A
chain, viscumin, viscumin A chain; or an animal or human toxin such as frog RNase, or granzyme B or angiogenin from humans, or any fragment or derivative thereof; preferably the protein toxin is dianthin and/or saporin, and/or comprises or consists of at least one of a toxin targeting ribosome, a toxin targeting elongation factor, a toxin targeting tubulin, a toxin targeting DNA
and a toxin targeting RNA, more preferably any one or more of emtansine, pasudotox, maytansinoid derivative DM1, maytansinoid derivative DM4, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE, vedotin), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF, mafodotin), a Calicheamicin, N-Acetyl-y-calicheamicin, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, a benzodiazepine, a CC-1065 analogue, a duocarmycin, Doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracyl (5-FU), mitoxantrone, a tubulysin, an indolinobenzodiazepine, AZ13599185, a cryptophycin, rhizoxin, methotrexate, an anthracycline, a camptothecin analogue, SN-38, DX-8951f, exatecan mesylate, truncated form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE38), a Duocarmycin derivative, an amanitin, a-amanitin, a spliceostatin, a thailanstatin, ozogamicin, tesirine, Amberstatin269 and soravtansine, or a derivative thereof.
chain of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins such as dianthin e.g dianthin-30 or dianthin-32, saporin eg saporin-S3 or saporin-S6, bouganin or de-immunized derivative debouganin of bouganin, shiga-like toxin A, pokeweed antiviral protein, ricin, ricin A chain, modeccin, modeccin A chain, abrin, abrin A
chain, volkensin, volkensin A
chain, viscumin, viscumin A chain; or an animal or human toxin such as frog RNase, or granzyme B or angiogenin from humans, or any fragment or derivative thereof; preferably the protein toxin is dianthin and/or saporin, and/or comprises or consists of at least one of a toxin targeting ribosome, a toxin targeting elongation factor, a toxin targeting tubulin, a toxin targeting DNA
and a toxin targeting RNA, more preferably any one or more of emtansine, pasudotox, maytansinoid derivative DM1, maytansinoid derivative DM4, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE, vedotin), monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF, mafodotin), a Calicheamicin, N-Acetyl-y-calicheamicin, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, a benzodiazepine, a CC-1065 analogue, a duocarmycin, Doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, docetaxel, 5-fluorouracyl (5-FU), mitoxantrone, a tubulysin, an indolinobenzodiazepine, AZ13599185, a cryptophycin, rhizoxin, methotrexate, an anthracycline, a camptothecin analogue, SN-38, DX-8951f, exatecan mesylate, truncated form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin (PE38), a Duocarmycin derivative, an amanitin, a-amanitin, a spliceostatin, a thailanstatin, ozogamicin, tesirine, Amberstatin269 and soravtansine, or a derivative thereof.
48. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-47 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-47, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is a ligand for a cell-surface molecule or an antibody comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule or at least one domain or fragment thereof comprising the binding site.
49. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-48 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-48, wherein the third conjugate is any one or more of: an antibody-toxin conjugate, a receptor-ligand - toxin conjugate, an antibody-drug conjugate, a receptor-ligand - drug conjugate, an antibody-nucleic acid conjugate or a receptor-ligand - nucleic acid conjugate.
50. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-49 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-49, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is capable of binding to any one of cell-surface molecules:
CD71, CA125, EpCAM(17-1A), CD52, CEA, CD44v6, FAP, EGF-IR, integrin, syndecan-1, vascular integrin alpha-V beta-3, HER2, EGFR, CD20, CD22, Folate receptor 1, CD146, CD56, CD19, 0D138, CD27L receptor, PSMA, CanAg, integrin-alphaV, CA6, CD33, mesothelin, Cripto, CD3, CD30, 0D239, CD70, CD123, CD352, DLL3, CD25, ephrinA4, MUC1, Trop2, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, HER3, CD74, PTK7, Notch3, FGF2, C4.4A, FLT3, C038, FGFR3, CD7, PD-L1, CTLA4, CD52, PDGFRA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), preferably any one of: HER2, CD71, ASGPR and EGFR, more preferably CD71.
CD71, CA125, EpCAM(17-1A), CD52, CEA, CD44v6, FAP, EGF-IR, integrin, syndecan-1, vascular integrin alpha-V beta-3, HER2, EGFR, CD20, CD22, Folate receptor 1, CD146, CD56, CD19, 0D138, CD27L receptor, PSMA, CanAg, integrin-alphaV, CA6, CD33, mesothelin, Cripto, CD3, CD30, 0D239, CD70, CD123, CD352, DLL3, CD25, ephrinA4, MUC1, Trop2, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, HER3, CD74, PTK7, Notch3, FGF2, C4.4A, FLT3, C038, FGFR3, CD7, PD-L1, CTLA4, CD52, PDGFRA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), preferably any one of: HER2, CD71, ASGPR and EGFR, more preferably CD71.
51. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37 or 39-50 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-50, wherein the binding molecule comprising a binding site for a cell-surface molecule, comprised by the third conjugate, is or comprises any one of: an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody such as a human monoclonal antibody, an IgG, a molecule comprising or consisting of a single-domain antibody, at least one VHH domain, preferable a camelid VH, a variable heavy chain new antigen receptor (VNAR) domain, a Fab, an scFv, an Fv, a dAb, an F(ab)2 and a Fcab fragment.
52. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37, 39-51 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-51, for use as a medicament.
53. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37, 39-51 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-51, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of any one or more of genes: apoB, TTR, PCSK9, ALAS1, AT3, GO, CC5, X gene of HBV, S gene of HBV, AAT and LDH.
54. Pharrnaceutical combination of any one ofthe claims 37, 39-51 or 53 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-51 or 53, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or health problem in which an expression product is involved of gene apoB.
55. Pharmaceutical combination of any one of the claims 37, 39-51 or pharmaceutical composition of any one of the claims 38-51, or pharmaceutical combination or pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 53, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a cancer, an infectious disease, a viral infection, hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperoxaluria, haemophilia A, haemophilia B, AAT
related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR-mediated amyloidosis, hereditary TTR amyloidosis (hATTR), complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease.
related liver disease, acute hepatic porphyria, TTR-mediated amyloidosis, hereditary TTR amyloidosis (hATTR), complement-mediated disease, hepatitis B infection, or an auto-immune disease.
56. Pharmaceutical combination for use of claim 53, 54 or 55 or pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 53, 54 or 55, wherein the saponin is a saponin derivative, preferably a QS-21 derivative or an S01861 derivative of any one of the claims 4-15.
57. ln vitro or ex vivo method for transferring the second conjugate or the third conjugate of any one of the claims 37-51 from outside a cell to inside said cell, preferably subsequently transferring the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate of any one of the claims 37-51 into the cytosol of said cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing a cell which expresses ASGPR on its surface, and, when the third conjugate is to be transferred into the cell, which expresses the cell-surface molecule for which the third conjugate comprises a binding molecule for binding to said cell-surface molecule, the cell preferably selected from a liver cell, a virally infected cell and a tumor cell;
b) providing the second conjugate or the third conjugate of any one of the claims 37-51 for transferring into the cell provided in step a);
c) providing the saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-36;
d) contacting the cell of step a) in vitro or ex vivo with the second conjugate or the third conjugate of step b) and the saponin conjugate of step c), therewith effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate from outside the cell into said cell, and preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell, or preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of at least the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell.
a) providing a cell which expresses ASGPR on its surface, and, when the third conjugate is to be transferred into the cell, which expresses the cell-surface molecule for which the third conjugate comprises a binding molecule for binding to said cell-surface molecule, the cell preferably selected from a liver cell, a virally infected cell and a tumor cell;
b) providing the second conjugate or the third conjugate of any one of the claims 37-51 for transferring into the cell provided in step a);
c) providing the saponin conjugate of any one of the claims 1-36;
d) contacting the cell of step a) in vitro or ex vivo with the second conjugate or the third conjugate of step b) and the saponin conjugate of step c), therewith effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate from outside the cell into said cell, and preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell, or preferably therewith subsequently effecting the transfer of at least the effector molecule comprised by the second conjugate or the third conjugate into the cytosol of said cell.
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PCT/NL2021/050384 WO2021261992A1 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2021-06-18 | Conjugate of galnac and saponin, therapeutic composition comprising said conjugate and a galnac-oligonucleotide conjugate |
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CA3183885A1 true CA3183885A1 (en) | 2021-12-30 |
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CA3183885A Pending CA3183885A1 (en) | 2020-06-24 | 2021-06-18 | Conjugate of galnac and saponin, therapeutic composition comprising said conjugate and a galnac-oligonucleotide conjugate |
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US (1) | US20230263897A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4171641A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2023532040A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20230043114A (en) |
CN (1) | CN116234582A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2021295358A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3183885A1 (en) |
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CN116655715B (en) * | 2023-07-27 | 2023-10-20 | 北京炫景瑞医药科技有限公司 | GalNAc derivative, conjugate, composition and application thereof |
CN117563009A (en) * | 2023-09-01 | 2024-02-20 | 北京悦康科创医药科技股份有限公司 | GalNAc compound containing ribose ring or derivative structure thereof and oligonucleotide conjugate thereof |
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- 2021-06-18 JP JP2022580236A patent/JP2023532040A/en active Pending
- 2021-06-18 CA CA3183885A patent/CA3183885A1/en active Pending
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