CA3145507A1 - Clinical methods and pharmaceutical compositions employing ampa receptor antagonists to treat glioblastoma and other cancers - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are compositions and methods employing AMPA Receptor (AMPR) antagonist compounds to treat AMPAR positive cancers in mammalian subjects. In certain detailed embodiments the AMPAR antagonist is a Perampanel compound, effective to mediate potent oncolytic effects to prevent or reduce the severity or recurrence of a variety of cancer forms, including central nervous system (CNS) cancers.

Description

CLINICAL METHODS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS
EMPLOYING AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
TO TREAT GLIOBLASTOMA AND OTHER CANCERS
5 Technical Field The invention relates to drugs and clinical methods tor treating cancer in mammalian subjects. More specifically the invention relates to treating dioblastoma and other cancers that are positive for expression of AMPA-receptors.
10 Cross-Reference To Related Applications This application is related to and claims the priority benefit of prior US
Provisional Patent Application No. 62/703.952. filed July 27. 2018. and prior US
Provisional Patent Application No. 62/796.032. tiled January 23. 2019. each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Background of the Invention Cancer remains a principal mortality risk in human populations, with available drugs and treatment methods falling well short of goals to effectively treat and manage all forms of cancer in diverse patients. Today cancer persists as the second leading cause of death in the United States and in other developed nations. The US
National Cancer Institute (NCI) reported 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide and 14.1 million new cases diagnosed in 2012. New cancer diagnoses are projected to rise globally to roughly 24 million by 2030.
According to current NCI statistics. an estimated 1.735.350 new eases of cancer will have been diagnosed and 609.640 cancer deaths tolled in the US for the year 2018.

The economic burdens of diagnosing and treating cancer on healthcare systems around the world arc enormous. Ns ith estimated national expenses for cancer care in the United States in 2017 approaching $150 billion. Cancer health costs will continue to rise as mean population age and cancer prevalence increase, and more expensive treatments are adopted as standards of care.

Conventional treatments for cancer typically involve a combination of surgery.
chemotherapy, radiation and hormonal therapy. Each of these treatment modalities imposes significant morbidity and added risks, tbr example adverse metabolic and reproductive impacts on healthy cells. immunosuppression and attendant increased risks of infection_ and many other adverse health conditions that attend the rigors and insults &conventional cancer 35 therapy.

Despite considerable advances in detection and treatment of cancer over the past several decades. conventional treatments like surgery-, chemotherapy and radiation often achieve only modest improvements in survival, while imposing significant adverse impacts on quality of life¨raising questions about cost-effectiveness and overall clinical benefits of such treatments.
In view of the foregoing there persists a dire and compelling need in the medical arts for alternative tools and methods to prevent, treat and clinically manage cancer.
Glioblastoma (GUM) is a high-grade cancer of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by a highly invasive and treatment resistant phenotype. Patients almost always relapse after an either initially successful surgical resection with or without cherno- and radiotherapy (Ishiuchi et al, 2007). GUM tumors often exhibit resistance to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which resistance may be acquired during a course of treatment (Ishiuchi et al, 2007).
Ternozolomide (TM7.) is a DNA methylating agent that is the current standard of care drug for treating GUM. TM/ mediates anti-cancer effects through genotoxie activity_ and is etTective in GBM treatment due in part to the drug's ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Prasad et al. 2011). Unfortunately, TM/. shows limited efficacy for long-term treatment of GUM, and many patients appear to be refractory to TMZ treatment.
While considerable research has been attempted to elucidate the pathophysiology of OBM, a vast majority of drugs tested against GUM are unable to pass the BBB to yield sufficient drug levels in the brain to mediate anti-cancer effects (Liu et al.
2015).
Previous reports have suegested a role for glutamate in the proliferation and migration of glioma cells_ in a manner similar to glutamate function in neuronal development (Rzeski et al, 2001: Ishiuchi et al. 2002). Tumors of the CNS that release glutamate may cause eytotoxieity and cell death in neighboring neurons. which is postulated to facilitate cancer invasion into neighboring tissues (Ttikano et al_ 2001). Glutamate positive tumors may also grow at an enhanced rate. potentially implicating glutamate signaling as an important mechanism in the etiology of GUM (Takano et al. 2001).
Among many types of known glutamate receptors ((iRs). the AM PA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) may be overexpressed in certain types of cancer, including some forms of CNS cancers (Liu eta!, 2015) and non-CNS cancers (Steptilak et al, 2007:
Herner et al. 2011:
Romeling et al. 2014: Hu et al_ 2014). AMPAR activation may be linked to increased cancer cell invasiveness (Pia et al_ 2008). proliferation. andior activation of the 113K/AktlinTOR
signaling axis (Ishiuchi et al. 2007). The 1313K/A ktimIOR signaling axis has been implicated

2 in chemotherapy- resistance in GBMõ and available drugs reported to disrupt this pathway, such as raparnyein. do not penetrate the BBB. GUM cancer stern cells (suspected to be capable of re-establishing tumors after ablation with surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy) may express strikingly high amounts of functional AMPARs (Oh eta!, 2012).
In view of the foregoing, a compelling need exists in the art for new drugs and therapeutic methods for treating cancer. Related needs are unmet for new drugs for treating refractory or treatment-resistant forms of cancer, including cancers of the CNS. For CNS
cancers, particularly brain cancers such as Cif3M. there is a particularly urgent need for anti-cancer drugs capable of transiting the BBB to yield effective drug concentrations within protected CNS compartments. most notably within the brain.
Summary of Exemplar\ Embodiments of the Invention The instant invention satisfies the foregoing needs and fulfills additional objects and advantages by providing novel AMPAR antagonist drugs effective to treat AMPAR
positive cancers and AMPAR dependent cancers_ including AM PAR positive and AMPAR
dependent cancers of the central nervous system (CNS). In exemplary,' embodiments the invention provides compositions and methods employing a novel anti-cancer drug.
Perampanel (PMP) [2-(2-oxo-1-pheny1-5-pyridin-2-y1-1.2-dihydropyridin-3-y1) benzonitrile], heretofore reported for limited clinical use as an antispasmodic drug.
AMPA receptor antagonists have been investigated for antiseizure activity both preclinically and clinically, with mixed success. The prototypical competitive AMPA
receptor antagonist 2.3-dihydroxy--6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzoll1 quinoxaline (NBOX) showed activity in maximal electroshock (M NS) and pentylenetetnizole (PTl)--induced seizure models (Yamaguchi et al.. 1993). but has poor solubility. resulting in precipitation in the kidney at therapeutic plasma levels. Derivatives of NBOX with polar constituents have shown improved solubility, but these molecules exhibit reduced blood¨brain barrier (13B13) penetration (Weiser, 2005). Prototypical noncompetifive AMPA receptor antagonists. such as 2.3-benzodiazepine-type compounds. have shown weak in vitro efficacy compared with competitive antagonists (Weiser. 2005). Talampanel. a recently developed noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist. has been evaluated in a number of clinical trials (I
lowes ez. Bell, 2007). but has a relatively short half-life militating- against its potential clinical utility (Langan et al., 2003). More recently. Steinhoff et al.. 2013. reported beneficial activity of Peramplanelõ a noncompetitive. selective AMPA receptor antagonist, as an antiepileptic drug undergoing clinical study for refractory partial-onset seizures.

3 According to the surprising discoveries herein, peramplanel (PMP) has now been identified to possess novel and potent anti-cancer activity. Within the coin positions and methods of the invention. PMP. along with its active analogs and derivatives, and other selected AMPAR antagonists disclosed herein. potently inhibit AMPAR positive and 5 AMPAR dependent cancers, including CNS cancers such as GUM.
The invention provides novel compositions and methods for treating cancer using AMPAR antagonist compounds such as PMP to reduce or prevent the occurrence.
remission.
growth. severit_v and/or one or more adverse svmptom(s) of AMPA-receptor positive cancers in mammalian subjects, including humans. In illustrative embodiments. the AMPAR
10 antagonist comprises a PMP compound (including anti-cancer effective chemical analogs, derivatives, conjugates, solid crystalline forms. solvates and/or different salt forms of a PMP
compound). which is clinically effective as an anti-cancer agent to treat or prevent cancer in mammalian subjects. In exemplary embodiments. PMP is administered to a human patient presenting with an AMPAR positive cancer condition in a delivery mode, formulation and 15 dosage sufficient to alleviate one or more symptoms of the targeted cancer condition in the patient In certain embodiments the PMP compound is perampanel [2-(2-oxo-l-phenyl-5-pyridin-2-yl-I.2-dihydropyridin-3-y1) benzonitrile] formulated in a biologically acceptable composition for administration to a human subject.
20 In related embodiments. novel clinical methods are provided herein employing a peramplanel or related compound administered to a mammalian subject, wherein the peramplanel compound exerts oncolytie effects against a targeted cancer cell or tumor sufficient to kill a targeted cell or tumor. reduce size of a tumor. impair tumor growth.
prevent or reduce cancer invasiveness, reduce or delay cancer recurrence, and/or alleviate one 25 or more symptoms associated with the treated cancer condition.
In more detailed embodiments. peramplanel and related compounds are employed in effective anti-cancer methods for treating glioblastotna (GUM). The peramplanel compound is administered to a mammalian subject with current or prior diagnosis of (IBM
in a dosage Ibrin. amount and regimen sufficient to prevent or reduce the occurrence.
severity, recurrence 30 and/or related symptoms of GIIM in the subject. In related embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions and delivery methods are provided that yield surprisingly high therapeutic concentrations of the peramplanel compound in a CNS compartment of the subject. e.g., in the brain, yielding potent anti-CNS-cancer therapeutic effects.

4 In other detailed embodiments. a peramplanel compound is administered with a secondary therapeutic agent in combinatorial Ibrinulations or coordinate treatment methods to yield desired therapeutic advantages. In exemplary embodiments, a peramplanel compound is coordinately administered with a second anti-cancer drug to treat cancer, whereby anti-

5 cancer efficacy is enhanced and/or adverse side effects are reduced. In one illustrative embodiment, peramplanel is coordinately administered with temozolomide (TMZ) to treat GBM, pancreatic cancer, or another form of cancer. In another embodiment, peramplanel is coordinately administered with eisplatin to treat an AMPAR positive cancer, for example an AMPAR positive pancreatic cancer. In other exemplary embodiments, peramplanel is 10 coordinately administered with hydroxyurea to treat an AMPAR positive cancer. In other embodiments, peramplanel is coordinately administered with Carmustine (BCNU) to treat an AMPAR positive cancer.
In related treatment methods a peramplanel compound is coordinately administered before or after a conventional cancer treatment. Ibr example surgery, chemotherapy or 15 radiation treatment, with or I.% ithout a secondary anti-cancer agent or other secondary therapeutic drug.
In other detailed aspects of the invention, methods and compositions arc provided employing a peramplanel compound to reduce oncogenic activity by disrupting a glutamate-induced cancer potentiation process (e.g.. glutamate-stimulated cancer cell proliferation.
20 tumor growth, cancer invasion or other cancer-potentiation activity).
In yet additional embodiments of the invention, AMPAR antagonist compounds are employed in novel clinical methods and compositions to treat lung cancers, breast cancers, pancreatic cancers, liver cancers. colorectal cancers and other forms and symptoms of cancer conditions in human subjects.
Brief Description of the Drawing5 Figure I is a related graph series documenting the effects of PMP on T98G GBM
cell viability. Dose-response curve of A) PMP on cell viability B) Interactions with PMP and TMZ. Data are presented as mean +/- SEM o12 or more independent experiments performed 30 in quadruplicate. ANOVA, P<0.00 I for PMP suggesting a significant dose-dependent response. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 t-test_ compared to vehicle-treated control or singular drug treatment. +p<0.05. king's synergy test, demonstrating significant synergistic interaction.
Figure 2 is a related graph series documenting the effects of PMP on Pane I
cell viability. Dose-response curve of: A) PMP on cell viability: B) Interactions with PMP and 3uM cisplatim C) Effects of glutamate on panel cell viability: and D) Interactions between glutamate and PMP. Data are presented as mean 4-/- SEM of 2 or more independent experiments performed in quadruplicate. ANOVA. P<0.00 I for PMP and glutamate, indicating a significant dose-dependent response. *p<0.05. **p<0.0 I. t-test, compared to vehicle-treated control or singular drug treatment. -hp<0.05, 4-Fp<0.01, king's synergy test, demonstrating significant synergistic interaction. *p<0.01. t-test, compared to viability of glutamate- or PMP-treated cells alone.
Haim! 3 is a flow chart illustrating seven candidate anti-cancer chemical derivatives (D I 4)7) of peramplanel (PMP), wherein PMP is modified according to known methods of conventional rational design chemistry, to yield new candidate compounds for testing to determine anti-cancer activity and other beneficial properties.
Detailed Description of Exemplary Embodiments of the Invention The invention provides AMPAR antagonist.. compounds exemplified by peramplanel (PMP), shown to be surprisingly effective in treating cancers. including CNS
cancers, in mammalian subjects. Among the discoveries presented here. peramplanel is shown to exert potent. direct oncolytic effects against cancer cells in assays accepted to predict clinical anti-cancer activity in human subjects. More specifically the examples below show that PMP
potently disables viability of CNS and non-CNS cancers. as demonstrated by direct oncolytic effects against glioblastorna (613M) and pancreatic cancer cells. Related studies Further evince that peramplanel exerts surprisingly potent_ additive or synergistic anti-cancer effects in coordinate use with other chemotherapeutic drugs.
The clinical methods and pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the invention provide novel tools to treat, prevent and clinically manage a wide range of cancers in mammalian subjects, including humans. Any type and form of cancer occurring in humans and veterinary subjects may be amenable to treatment according to the teachings herein, including, but not limited to: central nervous system (CNS) cancers including various forms of brain cancer: lung cancer; prostate cancer: breast cancer: skin cancers_ for example melanoma: liver cancer: thyroid cancer: esophageal cancer: sarcomas: colon and rectal cancers: bladder cancer: gall bladder cancer: stomach cancer: renal cancer:
ovarian cancer:
uterine cancer: cervical cancer: non-I lodgkin's lymphoma: acute myelogenous leukemia (AML): acute lymphocytic leukemia: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CU..):
my,eloma:
mesothelioma: pancreatic cancer. Hodgkin's disease: testicular cancer:
Waldenstrotn's disease: head/neck cancer: cancer oldie tongue. viral-induced malignancies (e.g., cancers

6 induced by SV40 virus), and other candidate types and forms of cancers that will be apparent to skilled artisans.
Subjects amenable to treatment mak have cancer of any stage of development and etiology, including, but not limited to, cancers marked by rapid increases in 5 cellular/histological abnormalities and/or elevated tumor marker expression in biopsies or blood samples_ rapid tumor proliferation and/or growth_ metastasis_ among other disease progression indicators, up to and including stage III and stage IV cancers, even refractory stage III and IV shown to be -treatment resistant cancers' (e.g., to effectively subjects with cancers, such as glioblastoma, persisting or relapsing after ineffective, conventional anti-10 cancer treatment(s) (e.g._ surgery. radiation and/or chemotherapy)). In exemplary embodiments of the invention an effective AMPAR antagonist drug such as PMP
effectively prevents or treats (i.e., reduces the severity, progression and/or adverse side effects of) cancer in treatment resistant subjects. defined as subjects presenting after one or more rounds of conventional oneotherapy (e.g.. chemotherapy. radiation.. surgery and/or hormonal therapy), 15 with actively progressing or unstable metastatic disease. In other embodiments the compositions and methods of the invention are useful for treating other "refractory- patients who ma k not otherwise tolerate or be lit for conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy.
Certain cancer types and disease conditions are contemplated herein to be particularly 20 amenable to treatment using the AMPAR antagonist drugs and methods of the invention. In certain embodiments. the AMPAR antagonist drugs and methods of the invention are particularly effective against -AMPAR dependent" cancers. As used herein the term -AMPAR dependent refers to cancers that distinctly overexpress AMPA receptors, or whose appearance. growth, and/or disease progression may otherwise be determined to be AMPAR-25 dependent. In more detailed aspects. "AMPAR-dependent" cancers are not limited to cancers whose occurrence, persistence or progression require abnormally elevated AMPAR
receptor expression or activity, indeed they may include cancers with normal or even subnormal expression of A MPARs. which through disease-associated changes in AMPAR
structure or function_ or any other disease-associated change affecting AMPAR metabolism or pathology.
30 are particularly susceptible to AMPA receptor interference or blockade using PMP or other candidate AMPAR drugs of the invention.
In this context, the use of AMPAR antagonist drugs exemplified by PMP, according to the teachings herein. effectively treats or prevents a wide range of cancers contemplated to represent -AMPAR-dependent cancersi including but not limited to brain cancer.
breast

7 cancer. colorectal cancer. hepatocellular cancer_ leukemia, melanoma, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer. renal cancer. and other candidate cancer types or cases determined to be clinically susceptible to AMPAR interference or blockade by PMP or another useful AMPAR
antagonist.
5 Each of the anti-cancer methods of the invention involves administration of a suitable, effective dosage amount of PMP or another useful AMPAR antagonist to a subject.
Typically, an effective amount will comprise an amount of the active compound (e.g.. PMP) which is therapeutically effective. in a single or multiple unit dosage form.
over a specified period of therapeutic intervention, to measurably alleviate the targeted cancer condition.
10 Within exemplary embodiments. PMP is used as the sole or primary active drug. In other embodiments. an intermediary or precursor compound to PMP. or a rationally-designed analog or derivative of PMP (i.e., a related compound having close structural and functional similarity to PMP) is employed. The PMP or other effective AMPAR antagonist is typically formulated in a pharmaceutical composition NN ith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable 15 carriers, excipients, vehicles. emulsifiers, stabilizers_ preservatives, buffers, and/or other additives that may enhance stability, delivery. absorption, half-life, efficacy, phannacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics, reduce adverse side effects, or provide other advantages for pharmaceutical use.
Anti-cancer effective dosage amounts of PMP and other effective. anti-cancer 20 AMPAR antagonists of the invention will be readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art, depending on clinical and patient-specific factors. Suitable effective unit dosage amounts of the active compounds for administration to mammalian subjects.
including humans. may range from a minimum daily dose of 1-2 am up to a maximum prospective dose between about 200-500 or 300-1.000 mg/day. or greater. In certain embodiments.
the anti-25 cancer effective dose is between about 2 mg-200 mu/day, in other embodiments between about 20-400 mg/day. 50-500 mg/day. 200-600 mg/day. or another anti-cancer effective dose or dosage range that can be adjusted based on patient specific factors to optimize efficacy and minimize adverse side effects. The PMP or other AMPAR antagonist may be administered in a single dose, or in the form of a multiple periodic dosing protocol_ for example in a dosing 30 regimen comprising from I to 5. or 2-3 doses administered per day. per week, or per month.
The amount. timing and mode of delivery of the anti-cancer compositions of the invention will be routinely adjusted on an individual basis, depending on such factors as patient weight, age. gender, and condition of the individual, the acuteness of the subject's disease and severity symptoms_ whether the administration is prophylactic or therapeutic,

8 prior treatment history (including e.g., any prior history and responsiveness to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment treatment) and on the basis of other factors known to effect drug delivery, absorption, phannacokinetics and efficacy. An effective dose or multi-dose treatment regimen for the instant AM PAR antagonist formulations will ordinarily be selected to approximate a minimal dosing regimen necessary and sufficient to substantially prevent or alleviate the cancer condition, and/or to substantially prevent or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with that condition.
A dosage and administration protocol will often include repeated dosing therapy over a course of several days or even one or more weeks, up to several months. or even a year or more. An effective treatment regime may also involve prophylactic dosage administered on a daily or multi-dose per day basis lasting over a course of days_ weeks, months or even a year or more.
Various assays and pre-clinical and clinical model systems can be readily employed to determine therapeutic effectiveness of the anti-cancer compositions and methods invention.
For example. these may detect/monitor a decrease in overt symptoms, such as pain (e.g., as measured using any of a variety of pain scales including. but not limited to.
the Visual Analog Seale. McGill Pain Questionnaire._ Descriptor Differential Scale. Faces Pain Scale, Verbal Rating Scale. Simple Descriptive Pain Scale. Numerical Pain Scale (N
PS). or Dolorimeter Pain Index). More detailed detection/monitoring may document, for example, a decrease in circulating tumor cells (CFCs). reduction in tumor size. collapse or disappearance of tumors. softening of tumors. liquefaction ofttimors, or a decrease in cytological or histochemical cancer markers, among many other conventional diagnostic indicia of cancer disease stasis. progression and/or remission.
Effectiveness of the anti-cancer methods and compositions of the invention are generally demonstrated by a decrease in incidence, severity and/or associated symptoms of cancer. which will typically involve a decrease of 5%. 10%. 25%. 30%. 50%, 75%. 90% or more in comparison to incidence/levels of the same diagnosed indicator/state, or attendant symptom(s) in suitable control subjects (or compared to known baseline or median data for like, treated or untreated subjects). For example. PMP-treated cancer patients will often exhibit a decrease in number or size of targeted tumors, a decrease in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or Cancer Stem Cells (C'S('s) in successive blood assays. and/or a decrease in one or more tumor-associated cytological. histoehemical or blood markers, during a course of treatment, of from 25%-30%. 50%. 75% or higher. 90% and up to total absence of the disease indicator(s) to a limit of detectability associated with the employed assay(s). Monitoring for

9 effective cancer prevention and treatment of the invention can employ any of a vast array conventional detection and monitoring tools and indicia. as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example. CTC monitoring using blood samples of' patients can utilize flow cytometry. immunobead capture. fluorescence microscopy, standard and density 5 centrifugation. cell culturing, and immunocytoeltemistry . Similarly, tumor monitoring can employ x-ray. MRI_ CT or PET scans. among other methods and tools. For economy these and other routine, well-known cancer disease detection and monitoring technologies will not be reiterated here.
As noted above, exemplary embodiments of the invention employ peramplanel (PMP)

10 as an anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound. Perampanel is structurally distinct from other AM PAR antagonists, which as a group show a great deal of structural diversity (for example. as illustrated in Table 1 comparing the structure of PMP to two other AMPAR
antagonists, Telampanel and NRQX.
15 Table I Diverse Chemical Structure of AMP.AR
Antagonists tIt4( o Nit 0=S =0 Fr N11., N
NBQX
CN
<
-1\
( Perampanet cr.) Tata m panel According to the discoveries herein. PMP potently reduces or prevents the occurrence, remission, growth and/or severity of targeted cancers in mammalian subjects, including humans. In certain embodiments. PMP is effective to prevent or treat (including to reduce one or more adverse symptom(s) on_ an AMPAR positive cancer in a human cell 5 population, tissue, organ or whole patient. For clinical use, effective anti-cancer compositions may comprise a prototypical PMP compound [2-(2-oxo-l-pheny1-5-pyridin-2-y1-1.2-dihydropyridin-3-y1) benzonitri le]. or any effective prodrug.
metabolite, analog.
derivative, conjugate, solid crystalline lbrrn, solvate and/or advantageous salt form of PMP
shown to be clinically effective as an anti-cancer agent.
10 In view of the disclosed potent anti-cancer effects of peramplanel (PMP). the invention further provides various chemical analogs and derivatives of PMP
that actively treat or prevent cancer_ and in certain cases provide additional clinical advantages, for example improved solubilit). enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration, prolonged half-life.
increased AM PAR antagonist activity, among other functional improvements.
15 Figure 3 provides a flow chart illustrating seven candidate anti-cancer chemical derivatives (Dl-D7) of peramplanel (PMP) contemplated for anti-cancer testing within the clinical methods herein. The illustrated compounds. Dl-D7 can be readily produced. along with many additional PMP analogs and derivatives, employing known methods of conventional rational design chemistry. Such routine design and synthesis efforts will yield a 20 diverse array of new candidate compounds for testing within the methods of the invention, to determine anti-cancer activity and other beneficial properties. In general terms. each of the available R groups identified within or attached to each of the aromatic rings of PMP can be altered (e.g.. by chemical deletion, substitution or addition) to yield new candidate PMP
derivative drugs as described. The exemplary derivatives shown in Figure 3 ¨
PMP DI may 25 be designed. tested and selected to have increased solubility. improved half-life, better delivery or penetration to desired targets or compartments (e.g.. to deliver an effective dose within a tumor mass, to transit the blood brain barrier (BBB) in anti-cancer effective amounts. to survive first pass metabolism and transport to a target organ in effective plasma concentration. etc.). According to the illustrative embodiments here. PMP
derivatives 1)2, 30 D3 and D4 are designed to have more hydrophilic character. whereby they will have improved BBB penetration and accumulate to an effective concentration greater in the CNS
to mediate clinical benefits of treating and/or preventing CNS related cancers such as GBM.
PMP D5 is designed to provide increased solubility for improved drug delivery.

bioavailability and clinical efficacy. PMP 1)6 is an exemplar prodrug (a glycine ester) of

11 PMP D5. which will be rapidly hydrolyzed into PMP DS in the blood by plasma glycine esterases. thus providing the contemplated prodrug benefits in addition to increased solubility. PMP D7 and 138 are likewise more hydrophilic derivatives of PMP
which will penetrate the BBB and accumulate in effective concentrations for anti-cancer drug effects in 5 the CNS.
In other exemplary PMP derivative and analog design. each R group may be modified to a same. or different. derivative or analog R group identity. Rational design chemical alterations to PMP can include alterations wherein an original PMP R group is altered to a new structural identity selected from, for example: a substituted or unsubstituted lower 10 hydrocarbon including an alkyl. alkenyl. alkanoyl. alkynyl. aryl. aroyl.
aralkyl, alkylamino, aryloxy, hydrogen, carboxyl. nitro, thioalkoxy,-. thioaryloxy. thiol, cycloalkenyl cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl. heteroaryl. aralkyl, amino acid. peptide_ dye. fitiorophore, carbohydrate or polypeptide; a hydrogen. hydroxyl. sulfyhydryl, fluorine, methyl, ethyl, propyl, benzyl, 2-bromovinyl amino. hydroxymethyl. methoxy. halogen. pseudohalogen. cyano, carboxyl, 15 nitro_ thioalkoxy. thioaryloxy, or thiol: a substituted or unsubstituted lower hydrocarbon containing 1 to 20 carbons such as alkoxyearbonyl. allkoxycarbonylamino.
amino, amino acid. aminocarbonyl. arninocarbonyloxy. aralkyl, aryloxy, carboxyl.
cycloalkenyl. alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl. aryl. heteroaryl. aralkyl. amino acid, peptide, dye, tluorophore, carbohydrate or polypeptide: a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen:
and/or an 20 integral member of a new 5. or 6. member exocyclic ring structure, among other alterations where feasible to Yield a viable test candidate derivative. In more detailed embodiments, one or more R group(s) of PMP can be modified to a hydrogen. hy-droxyl, sulfyhydryl. benzyl. 2-bromoyinyl amino, hydroxymethyl. methoxy. halogen. pseutiohalogen, cyano.
carboxyl, nitro, thioalkyl. thioaryl, thiol, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbons containing 1 to 20 25 carbons. alkoxy.icarbonyl. alkoxycarbonylamino. amino4 amino acid, aminocarbonyl, aminoearbonyloxy. aryloxy. carboxyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl. substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl. peptidyl. dye.
fluorophore.
carbohydrate or polypeptidyl. azido, nitrite. substituted benzoyl or hydroxyl substituted with 30 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon containing 1 to 20 carbons_ and/or an alkanoyl of a main chain of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, among many other contemplated derivative changes obtainable and testable according to the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
Within additional aspects of the invention, combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods are provided that employ an effective amount of PMP or another anti-

12 cancer effective AM PAR antagonist compound or composition, and one or more secondary or adjunctive agent(s) combinatorially formulated or coordinately administered with the AMPAR antagonist compound or composition to yield an enhanced anti-cancer composition or method. Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods in this 5 context employa PMP compound in combination with the one or more secondary anti-cancer, anti-viral, and/or immune-stimulatory effective agents or drugs.
Exemplary combinatorial formulations and coordinate treatment methods of the invention employ PMP or another anti-cancer effective A M PAR antagonist compound or composition in combination with one or more secondary or adjunctive anti-cancer effective 10 agents. for example one or more chemotherapeutic agents. Employing general terminology for "chemotherapeutic drugs and adjunctive anti-cancer therapies", these secondary agents/therapies for use within the invention may include any anti-cancer or anti-proliferative agent. agents that destroy or -'reprograrn- cancer cells, agents that destroy blood vessels associated with neoplasms or hyperproliferative conditions and other classes of drugs 15 harmful to neoplastic cellular targets. In this regard. useful chemotherapeutics and adjunctive therapies for use within the invention include. but are not limited to:
(1) Tubulin depolyrnerizing agents like toxoids:
(2) DNA damaging agents and agents that inhibit DNA synthesis:
(3) Anti-metabolics:
20 (4) Anti-angiogenic agents and vascular disrupting agents (VDAs);
(5) Anti-cancer antibodies:
(6) Endocrine cancer therapies:
(7) Immuno-modulators;
(8) Ilistone deacetylase inhibitors:
25 (9) Inhibitors of signal transduction:
( 10) Inhibitors of heat shock proteins:
(11) Retinoids:
(12) Growth Factors and Modulators of growth factor receptors:
( 13) Anti-mitotic compounds:
30 (14) Anti-inflammatory agents such as COX inhibitors: and (15) Cell cycle regulators (eg, check point regulators and telomerase inhibitors).
In related embodiments. coordinate anti-cancer treatment methods of the invention can include coordinate administration of one or more anti-cancer AMPAR
antagonist

13 compounds with a secondary anti-cancer agent selected from az.acitidine.
bevacizumab.
bortezomib. capecitabine, cetuximab. clofarabine. dasatinib, decitabine, doeetaxel, emend.
erlotinib hydrochloride. exemestane_ fulvestrant. gefitinib. ueincitabine hydrochloride, irnati nib mesylate. imiquimod. lenalidomide. letrozole nelarabine.
oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, 5 docetaxel, paliferm in. panitumumab. pegaspargase_ pemetrexed di sodium, rituximab, sorafenib tosylate, sunitinib malate, tamoxifen citrate, targretin, temozolomide, thalidomide, and/or topotecan hydrochloride. Additional contemplated secondary anti-cancer effective agents in this context include. but are not limited to. interleukin-2.
interferon a. filgrasten_ G-CSF, epoetin alla, erythropoietin. oprelvekin.
trastuzumab, vorinostat. antibiotics, 10 coenzyme q. palladium lipoic complexes including, for example_ poly-MVAK.
antineoplastins, cartilage_ hydrazine sulfate; milk thistle, electrolytes such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate. sodium bicarbonate_ and potassium bicarbonate;
oxidizing agents. including. but not limited to. cesium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium orotate and potassium aspartate: immunoulobulins, colostrum: and vitamin and mineral supplements, 15 including but not limited to. zinc chloride. magnesium chloride, pyridoxine, vitamin B- 12, B
complexes_ folic acid, sodium ascorbate_ and probiotics. Additional secondary therapies may include conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy. and/or surgery.
In certain illustrative embodiments directed to treatment of glioblastorna (GBM), pancreatic cancer and other AMPAR-dependent types/forms of cancer. the AMP or other 20 AMPAR antagonist is coordinately administered with temozolomide (TMZ).
In related embodiments, the PMP or other AMPAR antagonist is coordinately administered with eisplatin to treat an AMPAR-dependent cancer, for example an AMPAR-positive pancreatic cancer. In other exemplary embodiments. an anti-cancer effective PMP or other AMPAR
antagonist compound is coordinately administered with hydroxyurea to treat an AMPAR
25 positive cancer. In other embodiments. the PMP or other AMPAR antagonist is coordinately administered with Carmustine (BCNIJ) to treat an AMPAR positive cancer.
In other coordinate methods and compositions, anti-cancer effective AMPAR
antagonist administration is combined with a secondary anti-cancer agent or therapy, e.g., selected from a transcription inhibitor (e.g._ Terameprocol). a telomere disrupting agent (e.g., 30 TREI inhibitors such as ETP-4707). an inhibitor of a gene splicing protein (e.g., a PRMT5 inhibitor), an indoleamine 2_ 3, dioxegenase (ID()) inhibitor. lapatinib ditosylate enzyme blocker. anti-cancer antibodies. antibody fragments and related -biologics1 for example Adavosertib. tumor treating fields, and radiation. alone or in any combination with other secondary or adjunctive cancer agents and treatments described herein.

14 In related embodiments. coordinate anti-cancer treatment methods of the invention can include coordinate administration of one or more anti-cancer AMPAR
antagonist compounds, such as PMP_ in combination with one or a plurality of any combination of secondary therapeutic agent(s) or therapy(ies) selected from: NMDA antagonists such as 5 memantine for the treatment of various cancer anti PO- I /MI.- I therapy:
CSF I R inhibitors such as PLX3397 and PLX5622: cannabinoid drugs: anti-rnalarials such as mefloquine.
primaquine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine: Riluzole/troriluzole treatment:
antihistamines such as clemastine: biguanides such as metforrnin or phenformin: anti-cancer biologics such as Pembrolizumab or Nivolumab: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSR1s): tricyclic 10 antidepressants (TCAs): AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators (Ampakines):
levetiracetam (Keppra). and other agents. therapies and combinations contemplated herein.
Within exemplary embodiments, typical drug doses or combinatorial drug doses (median or average doses among a treated patient class) may include, for example, peramplanel administered at about 12mg/day (exemplary range 5-50 mg/day), Memantine at

15 about 20 mg/day. (exemplary ranee 5-75 mg/day). R I tin)) e at about 50mg/day (exemplary range 10-100 mg/day). PLX3397 at about 1000 mg/day (exemplary range 300 2500 mg/day).
Anti-malarials at about 250 mg every other day (exemplary range 50-200 mg/day or every other day), Metformin at about 2 g/day (exemplary range 300 mg-4 g/day).
Pembrolizumab at about 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks (exemplary range 0.05-10 mtz/kg every 1-4 weeks), Nivolumab 20 at about 3 me/kg every 2 weeks (exemplary range 1-5 mg/kg, every 1-3 weeks).
Levctiracetain at about 500 mg twice a day. Clemastine lumarate at about 2.5 mg per day.
(exemplary range 1-5 lug per day), Escitalopram at about 20 mg./day (exemplary range 5-75 mg/day). sertraline at about 200 mg/day (exemplary ranee 50-800 mg/day), fluoxetine at about 20 mg/day (exemplary range 5-200 mg/day). Imipramine hydrochloride at about 25-50 25 mg/day (exemplary range 2-400 mg/day), Ampakines at about 900rng/day, with high impact ampakincs at about 100/day (exemplary range 25 me-1.5 g/day): CUD at about 100-mg/day. (exemplary range 20-1000 mg/day.): IIIC at about 5- 1 00 mg/day (exemplary range 1-800 mg/day): Ketamine/hydroxynorketamine at about 5-500mg/day (exemplary range mg/day). Disulfiram at about 50-500 me/dak (exemplary range 20-1500 me/day).
or any 30 combination of the foregoing drugs/doses.
In more detailed aspects of the invention employing coordinate treatment with Ampakines. operable ampakines can be selected from a wide variety of known ampakine compounds. Ampakines. while structurally diverse as a whole, show many shared structural and functional features within classes. Roth between and within known ampakine classes, useful drug candidates operable within the anti-cancer methods and compositions of the invention can be identified, selected and proven effective according to the detailed teachings 5 and guidance herein. Following these teachings, anti-cancer active ampakines can be selected among positive allosterie A MPA receptor modulators from within a variety of known ampakine groups. Among the ampakine classes from which operable ampakine candidates for use within the invention can be selected include ainpakines generally classified as: sulfonamide compounds and derivatives, (bis)stilfonamide compounds and derivatives, N-10 substituted sulfonamide compounds and derivatives: heterocyclic sulfonamide compounds and derivatives: heterocycly1 sulfonamide compounds and derivatives: alkenyl sulfonamide compounds and derivatives; cycloalkenvl sulfonamide compounds and derivatives;

cyclopentyl sulfonamide compounds and derivatives: cycloalkylfluoro sulfonamide compounds and; aeetylenic sulfonamide compounds and derivatives; 2-propane-sulfonamide 15 compounds and derivatives: 2-aminobenzenestilfonamide compounds and derivatives:
benzoyl piperidinc and benzoyl compounds and derivatives: pyrrolidine compounds and derivatives: benzoxazine ring compounds and derivatives: acylbenzoxazine compounds and derivatives: carbonvlbenzoxazine compounds and derivatives; substituted 23-benzodiazepin-4-one compounds and derivatives: amidophosphate: monotluoralkyl compounds and 20 derivatives; substituted quinazoline compounds and derivatives;
quainoxaline compounds and derivatives; 2-ethoxy-4.43-(propane-2-sullonylamino)-thiophen-2-y11-biphenyl-4-carboxylic and derivatives; p3;rrole and pyrazole compounds and derivatives: thiadiazine compounds and derivatives; benzofurazan compounds and derivatives: benzothiazidc compounds and derivatives: substituted 5-oxo-5.6.7.8-tetrahydro-4H-l-benzopyran and benzothiopyran 25 compounds and derivatives; benzoxazepine compounds and derivatives;
among known classes of compounds comprising AMPA receptor modulator compounds prospectively useful within the invention.
According to the teachings and examples presented herein, anti-cancer effective ampakines effective within the invention are selected and characterized from among various 30 structural classes of ampakincs, for example, to demonstrate low impact convulsant risk and therapeutically effective anti-cancer activity. In illustrative embodiments provided herein, ampakines from the known class of benzoftirazan ampakine compounds and derivatives (e.g..
as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6.110.935: and 6,313.115: and PCT Int'l Pub.
No.

16 W09835950) were screened and developed to identify operable drug candidates within the compositions and methods of the invention. From these investigations exemplary anti-cancer benzolurazan candidates 1-(benzoliirazan-5-ylcarbony1)-4,4-difluoropiperidine, and 4-(benzofurazan-5-ylearbonyft and 1-(benzolurazan-5-ylcarbonyl)morpholine.
Within 5 additional compositions and methods of the invention, low impact ampakines are selected for combinatorial treatment methods of the invention from another ampakine group known collectively as -di-substituted amide ampakines.- These ampakines were first described by Cortex (now RespireRx). as detailed in USSN 12/451515, US Publication No.
US2010/0120764, and PCT/1JS/2008/00627 (incorporated herein in their entirety.
for all 10 purposes). Exemplary di-substituted amide ampakines for use within the invention include N-Methyl-N-tetrahydro-211-p) ran-4-y1-[2.1.3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide ("CX1739-), Trans-4-[(2.1.3-benzoxadiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)(methypaininojcyclohexyl glycinate hydrochloride (CX1942 ); and. N-(4-trans-hydroxycyclohex)-1)-N-methy142.1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide (CXI763). Within related embodiments of the invention, 15 useful low impact. anti-cancer ampakines are selected and demonstrated to be active according to the teachings herein_ having the exemplary annpakine structure I.
below:
A
20 NA herein:
W is oxygen_ sulfur or C11=01:
X, Y and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of-N. or -CR.
wherein:
R is 1-1, -Br. -0_ -F. -CN. -NO7, -010. -SRI. -NRH, -C1-C6 branched or un-branched 25 alkyl_ which may be un-substituted or substituted, wherein:
R' is H, -C1-C6 branched or tin-branched alkyl which_ may be un-substituted or substituted.
F - 0 or S.

17 A is I-1, or -C1-C6 branched or un-branched alkyl, which may be un-substituted or substituted_ -C2-C6 branched or un-branched alkenyl. which may be un-substituted or substituted, -C2-C6 branched or un-branched alkynyl. which may be un-substituted or substituted, -C3-C7 cycloalkyl which may be tin-substituted or substituted, -5 alkylcycloalkyl which may be un-substituted or substituted, aryl or heterocycle which may be un-substituted or substituted. alkylaryl which may be un-substituted or substituted. alkylheterocycle which may be tin-substituted or substituted n=0. I. 2. 3_ 4. 5. or 6:
is a -C3-C7 cycloalkyl_ which may be un-substituted or substituted, a -C4-C7 10 azacycloalkyl. which may be tin-substituted or substituted, a C7-C10 bicycloalkyi which may be un-substituted or substituted, a -C7-C10 azabicycloalkyl which may be tin-substituted or substituted. aryl which may be un-substituted or substituted or a heterocycle which may be un-substituted or substituted:
13 is -C=. C-R3, 0, N. S. ('-0. S-0 or SO2.
15 Fr is I-1. a halogen (preferabl) 1--). Oft 0-alkyl, cyano. or a -CI-C6 alkyl group which is un-substituted or substituted and which optionally, forms a C3-C.7 cycloalkyl group with D: and D is absent when 13 is 0. S. 5-0, C:J:0 or SO2. or if present. is bonded to B
when 13 is - C. -C-R" or N, and is II. a halogen (preferably F). Rh, a -Ci-C6 branched or un-20 branched alkyl. which may he un-substituted or substituted and which optionally, Forms a (71-C7 cycloalkyl group with Ra. a -C2-C6 branched or un-branched alkenyl, which may be un-substituted or substituted, a -C2-C6 branched or un-branched alkynyl, which may be tin-substituted or substituted. a -C3-C7 cycloalkyl which may be un-substituted or substituted. an aryl which may be tin-substituted or substituted , a 25 heterocycle which may be un-substituted or substituted. a -C2-C7 carboxyalkyl which may be un-substituted or substituted. a carboxyaryl which may be un-substituted or substituted, a earboxyheteroaryl which may be un-substituted or substituted. a -Ci-C7 sulfony lalkyl i.shich may be un-substituted or substituted. a sullony-laryl which may be un-substituted or substituted or a sullonylheteroaryl which may be un-substituted or 30 substituted. or when B is -C-Ra. R" and D optionally form a -N-Re or a =N-OW
group with B. wherein Re is 14 or an unsubstituted or substituted C1-C7 alkyl group, or

18 when B is ¨C-R". R" and D optionally form a ¨14-Re or a ¨N-ORe group with B.
wherein Re is H or an unsubstituted or substituted CI-C7 alkyl group: and Rb is H, a -CI-C7 alkyl group which ma v he branched or un-branched. un-substituted or substituted or a -C2-C7 acvl group which may be un-substituted or substituted.
Other exemplary ampakines useful within the combinatorial methods herein include include compounds according to formula II below:

/N, 10 )n 0\
A

wherein:
A is -C1-C6 branched or un-branched alkyl, which may be un-substituted or substituted. a C3-C7 cycloalkyl which may be un-substituted or substituted;
n is O. I _ 1 or 3:
B is C-R". 0 or C-0:
R" is ELF. -OH or alkyl and D is absent (when B is 0). is H or OH when Ra is H or alkyl, or is F when R is F, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. solvate. or polyinorph thereof.
Yet additional exemplary ampakines for use within the invention include compounds according to formula III below:

0\
A
I II
w herein:
A is a C1-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or on-substituted:
B is C-ie. 0 or C-0:
Ra is H. F. -011 or alkyl and D is absent (when B is 0). is 1-1 or OH when R" is II or alkyl. or is F when R" is F. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

19 Other exemplary ampakines for use within the invention include compounds according to formula IV below:

lb¨. III

IV
wherein:
A is a C1-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or tin-substituted.
n is 0. I or 2. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. solvate. or polymorph thereof Other exemplary embodiments include compounds according to formula V
below:

N____4110 A
V
15 wherein:
A is a (21-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or un-substituted.
is It F. or CI-C4 alkyl.
R2 is It F. Cl\i. a heterocycle which may be substituted or un-substituted or OR3.
R3 is H. CI-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or un-substituted, or a

20 pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

Other exemplary ampakines for use within the invention include compounds according to formula VI below:
OH

71, IN
0\

A
V I
5 wherein:
A is a C1-C6 alkyl which may he substituted or tin-substituted.
R. is H. or C i-C4 alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.
Other exemplary ampakines for use within the invention include compounds 10 according to formula VII below:
0 Cr-D
/

Me VII
wherein:
B is C-R", 0 or C=0:
15 R" is 11, F. -OH or alkyl and D is absent (when B is 0). is 11 or 011 when 113 is 11 or alkyl, or is F when Rd is F. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt_ solvate_ or poly morph thereof Other exemplary ampakines for use within the invention include compounds according to formula VIII below:
CreD

20 Me VIII
µ herein:
B is C-R". 0 or CO:
R" is H. F. -01-1 or alkyl and

21 D is absent (when B is 0). is H or Oil when R" is 11 or alkyl. or is F when Ra is F. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate. or polyrnorph thereof.
Other exemplary ampakincs for use within the invention include compounds according to formula IX below:

0 )JR4 N
/

A
IX
wherein:
A is a C1-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or un-substituted, RI is H. or CI-Cr alkyl.
R2 is H. or a C1-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or un-substituted.
R3 is II. or a C -Co alkyl which may he substituted or un-substituted.
R4 is II. or a C1-C6 alkyl which may be substituted or un-substituted, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or polymorph thereof.
In more detailed embodiments, anti-cancer active compounds are selected from compounds of Formulas I -IX above that are already isolated and characterized, selected from: Al-Cycloheptyl-N-methy1[2.1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide:
Dimethylcyclohexyl-N-methy142. I .31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Methyl-N-spirol_2.51oct-6-y142. l.3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Cyc lohexyl-N-methy1-[2.1.3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Cyclopentyl-N-methyl-[2,1,3 I-benzoxad iazo le-carboxamide: N-Cyclobutyl-N-methyl-I2.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-C)clohexy1-12.1.3.1-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxarnide: N-Cyclopenty1-1-2.1.31-benzoxadiazole-carboxamide: N-Cyclobtity1-12, I .31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(c is-4-Cyanocy c lohexyl)-N-rinethyl-[2. I .3 I-be nzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N-(lrans-4-CyanocyclohexyI)-N-methyl-[2.1,3I-benzoxadiazolc-5-carboxam ide: N-Methyl-N-tetrahydro-211-pyran-4-y1-12.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide (CXI739): N-D3-Methyl-N4etrahydro-2H-pyran-4-y112. I .31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-y1)-12,1.3-1-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(Tetrahydro-211-pyran-3-y1)12,1.3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Methyl-N-(tetrahydro-21/-pyran-3-y1)42,1.31-berizoxacliazole-5-carboxamide: .11-Fthyl-N-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-y142.131-

22 be nzoxad azo le-5-ca rboxami de: N-Cy-clohexyl-N-ethy142.1,3J-benzoxadiazole-carboxam ide:N-(Cyc lohexylmethyl)-N-methy142.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide; N-Benzy1-N-methyl-[2,1,311-benzoxad iazolc-5-carboxamide: N-Methy 1-N-(tetrahydroluran-2-ylmethy1)12.1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-M ethy 1-N-pyrid n-3-y142.1,3]-5 benzoxad iazo le-5-earboxami de: N-Methyl-N-pheny1-12,1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide N-Cyclopropyl-N-tetrahydro-211-pyran-4-y142,1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-earboxamide N-Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl-N-(2.2.2-trif1uoroethy1)42.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxarnide:
tert-Buty1-44([2_ I .31-benzoxadiazol-5-ylearbonyl)(methyl)amino]pipericline-1-carboxylate:
N-Methyl-N-piperidin-4-y1-12.1.31-ben7oxadiazole-5-carboxam ide hydrochloride:
N-Methyl-10 N-(1-rnethylpiperidin-4-y1)-[2.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N-(1-Acetylpiperid i n-4-y1)-N-methy112,1.3]-benzoxad azole-5-carboxam ide: N-( -Formylpiperidin-4-y1)-N-methyl-[2,1.311-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Methyl-N-I 1-( methylsulfonyl]
piperidin-4-y1)-[2.1.3 I-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Methy 1-N-(tetrahydro-21-1-pyran-4-y1)42,13]-benzothiadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N'-Meth?..:1-N-(tetrahyd ro-211-thiopy ran-4-y1)42,1.31-15 benzoxadiazole-5-earboxamide: N-Methyl-N-(1-oxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-y1)-[2.1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-earboxamide: N-Methyl-N-(1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-5/1)-[2,1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Methyl-N-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylquinoxaline-6-carboxam ide: N-Methyl-N-(4-oxocyclohexy1)[2.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide; N44-(Hyd roxy im ino)cyclohexyll-N-rnethyl-I 2.1.3[-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide:
N
20 (Methoxyimino)eyelohexy1J-N-rnethy112.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide;
N-(4,4-Dill uoroeyc lohexyl)-N-methy142. I .31-benzoxad iazole-5-carboxam ide: N-(4-fluoroc ye lohex-3-en-l-y1)-N-methy142.1.31-bentoxad iazol e-5-ca rboxam idc: N-(4-trans-H)droxycyclohexy1)42. I _31-benzoxacliazole-5-carboxam ide: N-(irans-4-1-1ydroxy-4-methylcyclohexy1)-12.1.3J-bentoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(cis-4-11vdroxy-4-25 methylcyclohexyl)-N-methyl-[2.1.3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N-(trctus-4-1 lydroxy-4-methyleye lohexyl)-N-m ethy142.1.3]-benzoxadiazolc-5-carboxam ide: N-(cis-4-Hydroxy-4-ethylcyc1ohexyl)-N-methy1-12.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N-(irans--4-Hydroxv-4-ethylcyclohexy.1)-N-meth y112.1_3 [-benzoxad iazo le-5-carboxam ide: N-(cis-4-Ethyny1-4-hydroxy eye lohexyl )-N-methyl-I 2.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(eis-4-But-3-en-1-30 y1-4-hytlroxycyclohexyl)-N-methy1[2.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide:
N-(trarts-4-But-3-en-l-y1-4-hvdroxycyc lohexyl )-N-methy142.1.3]-benzoxad iazole-5-carboxa m ide: N-(4-trans--1-lyd roxycyc lohexyl)-N-methy142_1_3]-benzoxad iazole-5-earboxam ide (CX1763): N-(4-1rans-1-1ydroxycyc1ohexy1)-N-1)3-rnethy142.1.3 I-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(irans-4-Metho\vevelohexyl)-AlmetIn142_131-bentoxadiazole-5-carboxamide:

23 Methoxycyclohexyl)-N-methy1[2A131-benzoxadiazole-5-carbothioamide; N-(4-cis-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-N-methyl-12,1.3 I-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide; N-Methyl-N-ftran.s--4-(211-tetrazol-2-y0cyclohexy1112,1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxarnide: N-(irans-4-Azidocycbahexyl)-N-Inethyl-[2..1,3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N'-(trans-4-5 Aminocyclohexyl)-N-methy1-12.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide; N-(cis-3-Hydroxycyclohexy1)-N-methyl-I2.1.31-benzoxad iazole-5-carboxamide: N-(irans-3-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-N-met1iy112,1,3 J-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-M et hyl-N-(3-oxocyclohexy1)12.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N-Methyl-N-(3.3-d i Iluorocyc lohexyl )-[2.1.31-benzoxad iazole-5-carboxamide: N--(2-H yd roxycye lohexyl)-N-10 methyl-42.1.3 J-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxam ide: N-Methyl-N-(2-oxocyclohexy1)42.1,31-benzoxadiazolc-5-carboxamide: N-Methyl-N-(2,2-difluorocyclohexyl)-12,1,3)-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide; N-(2-Hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-y1)42.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-(2-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-y1)12,1,3]-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: N-Methyl-N-(2-oxotetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-)=1)-[2. I ,31-benzoxadiazole-5-15 carboxamide; N-(2-Hyd roxytetrahydro-2 H-pyran-4-y1)-N-methy142, 1.3]-benzoxad iazo carboxamide; trans-4-[(2.1.3-Benzoxadiazo1-5-ylcarbonyl)(methyl)amino]cyclohexyl N,N-dimethyl glycinate hydrochloride: tratts-4-[(2.1.3-Benzoxadiazol-5-ylcarbonyl)(methyl)amino]cyclohexyl L-alaninate hydrochloride: N- (R)-Tetrahydrofuran-3-y1-12.1.3-1-benzoxad iazole-5-earboxam ide; N-M ethy 1-N-(R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-y142,1,3]-20 benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide: treurs-4-[(2.13-Benzoxadiazol-5-ylcarbonyliOnethyDaminolcyclohcxyl glycinate hydrochloride; N-2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl-[2,1.31-benzoxad iazole-5-carboxam ide: N-Methy1-N-2-(4-morpholiny pethy142,1,31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxamide hydrochloride; N-Methyl-N-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-y1-1.2,1.3]-benzoxacliazole-5-carbothioamide (CX 1739): 1rans-41(2,1,3-Benzoxad iazol-5-25 ylcarbonyl)(methyparninolcyclohexyl L-valinate hydrochloride: irans-4-[(2,1.3-Benzoxadiazo1-5-ylcarbonyl)(methyl)aminol-1-methylcyclohexylN.N-dimethyl glycinate hydrochloride: N-Methy1-N-tetrahydro-2thpyran-4-ylrnethy142.1.31-benzoxadiazole-5-carboxani ide: and trans-4-[(2. 1.3-13enzoxad iazo I-5-y learbony I
)(methyl)amino1-1-methylcyclohexyl glycinate hydrochloride (C X1942 ).
30 Within additional compositions and methods of the invention, low impact ampak Ines are emploNed in the methods and compositions of the invention, selected from yet additional ampakine groups. including -"bicyclic amide ampakines.- Among the many.
bicyclic amide ampakines candidates for use within the invention are the following exemplary species: 8-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-8-y1([2.1.31-benzoxadiazol-5-y1)methanone:

24 ([2,1,3]-13enzoxadiazol-5-ylcarbony1)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1 loctan-3-one: t2, I
.3]-Benzoxadiazol-5-y1(3.3-difluoro-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1joct-8-yl)methanone:
ench12,1,3]-Benzoxadiazol-5-y1(3-hydroxy-8-atabicyclo[3.2.1loct-8-y1)inethanone; aro-12.13k Bertioxadiazol-5-y,r1(3-hydroxy-8-azabicyclol 3.2.1 loct-8-yflinethanone; 2-Azabicy-clol 2.2.1 11iept-2-y1(12.13-benzoxadiazol-5-y1)methanone: 1-Azabicyclo[2.2.11hept-1-y1(12,1.31-benzoxadiazo I-5-y Dinethanone: 2-Azabicyclo12.2.2]oct-2-y1([2, I
.31-benzoxadiazol-5-yl)methanone: 12. I .3]-13enzoxadiazol-5-v1(5.6-dichloro-2-azabicyclo[2.2.11hept-2-yl)nriethanone. Additional bicyclic amide ampakines for prospective use within the anti-cancer methods and compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to. the following exemplary species: [2.1.31-13enzoxadiazol-5-y1(3-11uoro-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-en-8-y1)methanone: 2 -Az_abicyc lo12.2.11hept-5-en-2-y1([2.1,3]-benzoxadiazol-5-yl)methanone: R-2-Azabicyclo[2.2.11hept-5-en-2-v1([2.1.31-benzoxadiazol-5-yl)methanone: S-2-Azabicyclo[2.2.11hept-5-en-2-y1(12. I 31-benzoxadiazol-5-yl)methanone; and [2.1.3]-13enzoxadiazo1-5-y1(2-oxa-5azab1cyc10[2.2.11hept-5-yl)rnethanone.
Yet additional ampakinc compounds for use within the invention will be selected according to the teachings herein_ using known AMPA receptor modulator compounds, reagents, preparative methods and other tools as disclosed in the following publications, each of which is incorporated herein for all purposes: PCT Intl Pub. No. WO
94/02475 and related U.S. Pat. Nos. 5.773.434. 5,488,049, 5,650.409, 5,736,543, 5347.492.
5,773.434, 5,891_876. 6,030,968. 6.274,600, 6.329.368. 6.941159_ and 7.026,475; U.S. Pat.
Pub. No. 20020055508: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6.174.921 6301816. 6358.981, 6.362,230, 6.500.865_ 6,515,026. and 6.552.086: PCI Intl Pub. Nos. WO 0190057. WO
0190056, WO
0168592. WO 0196289. WO 02098846. WO 0006157. WO 9833496_ WO 0006083. WO
0006148. WO 0006149. WO 9943285. and WO 9833496: W00194306: U.S. Pat. No.
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6,124.278. and PCT Int'l Pub. No. W09951240: PCT Int'l Pub. No. W003045315;
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Additional description and background pertaining also to specific positive allosteric AMPA receptor modulators, their preparation_ use and selection within the compositions and methods of the invention_ is provided in the following references, incorporated herein in toto for all purposes: For bervolurazan compounds-PCI
patent application PCT/US98/02713. United States patent application Serial No.
08/800,108. now United States Patent 6.110,935. United States patent application Serial No.
09/355,139, now United States Patent 6,313,115, United States patent application. Serial No.
09/834,349;
United States patent application, Serial No. 09/845_128. now United States Patent 6,730,677;
For di-substituted amide ampakines-PCT patent application PCT/US2008/00627 I, United States patent application Serial No. 12/451_5 15. now United States Patent 8,013,003. United States patent application. Serial No. 13/226.146_ now issued United States Patent 8.404482, and United States patent application_ Serial No. 13/755_210. now issued United States Patent 8.642.633; For bicyclic amide aunpakines-PCT patent application PCT/U52008/009508, United States Provisional patent application. Serial No. 60/964_362: United States patent application, Serial No. 12/657.908_ now United States Patent 8_ [19.631 United States patent application. Serial No. 12/733.073. now United States Patent 8,263,591. United States patent application. Serial No. 13/348,171. now United States Patent 8.507.482. United States patent application. Serial No. 13/557.681. United States patent application. Serial No. 12/657,924.
now United States Patent 8.168.632, PCT patent application PCT/US2010/000255, and United States Provisional patent application, Serial No. 61/206.642: For bicyclic amide ampakines-PCT patent application PCT/US2010/000254. and United States Provisional patent application. Serial No. 61/206_642: For 3-Substituted-I 1,2.3-113enzotriazinone ampakines-PCT Patent application PCl/US2007/026415. United States Provisional patent application, Serial No. 60/878.626_ United States patent application. Serial No. 12/448_770, PCT patent application PCT/US2007/026416_ United States Provisional application. Serial No. 60/878_503_ United States Provisional patent application_ Serial No.
60/921,433. and United States patent application. Serial No. 12,448.784, now United States Patent 8,173,644:
For 3-substituted 1.2,3-triazin-4-one and 3-substituted 1.3-pyrimidinone ampakines-PCT
patent application PCT/US2008/010877. United States Provisional patent application. Serial No.60/994,548. and United States patent application. Serial No. 12/733,822;
For benzoxazine 5 ampakines-PCT patent application PC1/U598/27027, and United States patent application, Serial No. 08/998.300. now United States Patent 5.985.871: for Acylbenzoxatines ampakines- PCT patent application. Serial No. PCT/US99/07325. and United States patent application 09/054.916, now United States Patent 6.124.278: for Benzoyl Piperidinc/Pyrrolidinc ampakines PCI patent application PCT/US96/07607, and United 10 States patent application Serial No. 08/458367. Filed 2 June 1995. now United States Patent 5,650.409: For betrzoxazine ampakines-PCT patent application. Serial No, PCT/US97/05184, United States patent application. Serial No. 08/624,335. now United States Patent 5,736,543, PCT patent application PCT/US93/06916. and United States patent application, Serial No.
07/919.512. now United States Patent 5_961447; and for carbonylbenzoxazine ampakines-15 PCT patent application PCT/U502/37646. United States Provisional patent application. Serial No. 60/333334. and United States patent application Serial No. 10/495.049. now United States Patent 7,799,913. Each of the foregoing classes and distinct structural groups of ampakine compounds disclosed in the above references are suitable for evaluation to determine operability within the methods and compositions of the invention.
Persons of 20 ordinary skill in the art will recognize that these various compound groups, while being structurally diverse, share common functional characteristics of positive allosteric AMPA
receptor modulation, as described here, and that because of these common functional characteristics, the compounds can be evaluated and determined for their operability according to the inventive discoveries and teachings herein. According to the Examples and

25 other guidance provided here. anti-cancer effective ampakines. for example, can be selected and demonstrated for beneficial. clinical use without undue experimentation.
To practice coordinate administration methods of the invention, the anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound is co-administered, simultaneously or sequentially.
in a coordinate treatment protocol with one or more of the secondary or adjunctive 30 therapeutic agents contemplated herein. Thus. in certain embodiments the anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound is administered coordinately with a conventional cancer chemotherapeutic agent using separate formulations or a combinatorial formulation.
Coordinate administration may be done simultaneously or sequentially in either order, and there may be a time period while only one or both (or all) active therapeutic agents individually and/or collectively exert their therapeutic activities. A
distinguishing aspect of all such coordinate treatment methods is that the anti-cancer effective AMPAR
antagonist compound exerts at least some measurably distinct anti-cancer therapeutic activity, yielding a distinct clinical response. in addition to any complementary clinical response provided by the 5 secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent. Often. the coordinate administration of the anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound with the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent will yield improved anti-cancer therapeutic or prophylactic results in the subject beyond a therapeutic or prophylactic effect elicited by the secondary or adjunctive therapeutic agent alone, which benefit contemplates both direct effects, as well as indirect effects.
10 The anti-cancer effective AM VAR antagonist compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered by any means that achieve the contemplated anti-cancer therapeutic or prophylactic purpose. Suitable routes of administration for the compositions of the invention include. but are not limited to, oral, buccal, nasal, aerosol, topical. transderrnal. mucosa'. injectable, and intravenous, as well as 15 all other practicable delivery routes. devices and methods.
The anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compounds of the present invention may be formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier appropriate for the particular mode of administration employed. Dosage forms of the compositions of the invention include excipients recognized in the art of pharmaceutical compounding as being suitable for 20 the preparation of dosage units as discussed herein. Such excipients include, without limitation. solvates. buffers, binders, fillers, lubricants. emulsifiers, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavorings. preservatives, wetting agents. disintegrants.
effervescent agents and other conventional pharmaceutical excipients and additives.
Anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compounds of the invention will often be 25 formulated and administered in an oral dosage form_ optionally in combination with a carrier and/or other additive(s). Suitable carriers for pharmaceutical formulation of oral dosage forms include. for example. inicrocrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, fructose, glucose, dextrose, or other sugars. di-basic calcium phosphate_ calcium sulfate_ cellulose, methylcellulose. cellulose derivatives. kaolin_ mannitol. lactitol. maltitol.
xvlitol. sorbitol, or 30 other sugar alcohols, dry starch. dextrin. maltodextrin or other polysaccharides, inositol_ or mixtures thereof. Exemplary unit oral dosage forms include ingestible and sublingual liquids, tablets. capsules. and films_ among other options, which may be prepared by any conventional method known in the art. optionally including additional ingredients such as release modifying agents. glidants. cornpression aides. disintegrants.
lubricants. binders.

flavor enhancers, sweeteners and/or preservatives (e.g.. stearic acid, magnesium stearate, talc, calcium stearate. hydrogenated vegetable oils, sodium benzoate. leucine carbowax.
magnesium lauryl sulfate, colloidal silicon dioxide. glyeeryl monostearate, colloidal silica, silicon dioxide, and glyceryl monostearate). Oral dosage forms may further include an 5 enteric coating that dissolves after passing through the stomach, for example, a polymer agent, methacrylate copolymer. cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP).
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (11PMCP).. polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP).
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate suceinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate trimeliitate.
hydroxypropyl methylcellu lose succinate. cellulose acetate succinate. cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, 10 cellulose propionate phthalate_ cellulose acetate rnaleate_ cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate. copolymer of methylmethacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate.
copolymer of methyl acrylate. methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez ES series). and natural resins such as zein, shellac and copal collophorium.
15 If desired. oral, mucosal. gastric. transdermal. topical and injectable compositions of the invention can be administered in a controlled release form by use of such well known technologies as slow release carriers and controlled release agents.
In certain embodiments the anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound is administered to patients in an injectable or intravenous (iv) formulation and delivery mode.
20 In illustrative aspects a therapeutic unit dosage of PMP is formulated in a physiological solution amenable for injection or iv delivery to human subjects. for example in an aqueous buffered solution such as saline. Alternative formulations of anti-cancer effective AMPAR
antagonist compounds for administration to patients intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally can include nonaqueous sterile injectable solutions and 25 optionally contain anti-oxidants. buffers. bacteriostats and/or solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the subject, as well as aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and/or thickening agents.
Additional injectable compositions and formulations of the invention may include polymers and other controlled deliver) additives or carriers for extended release following administration.
30 Parenteral preparations may be solutions, dispersions or emulsions suitable for such administration. Extemporaneous injection solutions. emulsions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders. granules and tablets. Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit, daily sub-dose. or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound and/or active ingredient(s).
In some embodiments, localized delivery of anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compounds may be achieved by injecting the parenteral formulation directly into an area surrounding a cellular malignancy, directly into a tumor_ into the vasculature supplying a malignancy itself, or into a pleural or peritoneal cavity or cerebrospinal compartment proximal or fluidly 5 connected to a targeted malignancy.
In certain embodiments the methods and compositions of the invention may employ a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound, for example an acid addition or base salt of a PMP compound, derivative or analog.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic and organic acid 10 addition salts. Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts.
for example, hydrochloride. hydrobromide. hydroiodide. sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, and hydrogen phosphate salts. Additional pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to. metal salts such as sodium salts, potassium salts, cesium salts and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salts. magnesium salts and the like;
15 organic amine salts such as triethylamine salts, pyridine salts.
picoline salts, ethanolarnine salts, triethanolamine salts. dicyclohexylamine salts. N1,1\l'-dibenzylethylenediamine salts and the like; organic acid salts such as acetate, citrate, lactate, succinate.
tartrate. maleate.
fumarate. mandelate, acetate. dichloroacetate. trilluoroacetate, oxalate, and formate salts;
sulfonates such as methancsulfbnate. benzenesullonate. and p-toluenesulfonate salts; and 20 amino acid salts such as arginate, asparginate, glutamate_ tartrate_ and gluconate salts.
Suitable base salts are formed from bases that form non-toxic salts. for example aluminum, calcium_ lithium_ magnesium. potassium, sodium, zinc and diethanolamine salts.
In related embodiments, optional salt forms of an anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist coin pound will yield enhanced properties. e.g., improved stability. solubility, tolerability, etc.
25 In other detailed embodiments. the methods and compositions of the invention employ prodrugs of the anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound, e.g., prodrugs of a PMP compound or derivative, or of an intermediary compound, or precursor compound of a PMP compound or derivative. As contemplated herein, prodrugs of anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compounds can include the active compound reversibly linked (e.g., 30 covalent]) bonded) to any carrier compound or moiety that functions to release the active anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonist compound in vivo (for example to effectively mediate delivery, of more active drug. to enhance in vivo half-life of the drug. or otherwise enhance phannacokineties or pharmacodynamics of the drug following administration.

Examples of prodrugs useful within the invention include esters or amides with hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl as a substituent, among many other prodrug constructs known in the art.
The invention will also be understood to encompass methods and compositions comprising biologically active metabolites and in vivo conversion products of the anti-cancer 5 effective AMPAR antagonist compound (either generated in vivo after administration of the compound, or directly administered in the form of the metabolite or conversion product itself). Such secondary active products may result for example from oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like. of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes.
10 Example I
Dose-Dependent Anti-Cancer Activity of Exemplary AMPAR Antagonist Perampanel (PMP) T9G (Cilioblastoma) and Pane- I (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) were obtained from ATCC. They were maintained in DM EM media (ATCC) and supplemented with 10% HIS
15 (ATCC) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin and maintained in an incubator at 37 C with 95%
air and 5% CO,.
Reagents PMP was purchased from Medkoo and dissolved in DMSO.
Temozolomide, cisplatin and glutamate were purchased from Sigma and dissolved in complete media on the day of treatment.
20 Cancer Cell Viability Assays T98G or Panel cells were seeded in quadruplicate at a density of 6.000 cells/well in complete DMEM and incubated overnight. T98G
cells were then treated with increasing concentrations of PMP and temozolomide for 72 hours.
Alternatively. panel cells were treated with PMP. cisplatin or glutamate for 48 hours.
Following this incubation. 15u1_, MIS solution (Promega) was added to each well and 25 incubated for a further 2 hours. Plates were read at 490nM using the Fl.x808 microplate reader. Absorbance values of wells with only media were subtracted out as background control. Data were normalized to vehicle-treated cells.
Data analysis Data were analyzed using Microsoft excel using a student's t-test.
One-way ANOVA were also performed using Statplus. King's Synergy formula was used to 30 look far synergistic interactions among PMP and chemotherapies. Alpha value was set at p=0.05.
Results The data presented here unexpectedly reveal that AMPAR antagonists.
exemplified by peramplanel (PMP). induce dose-dependent reductions in cell viability of T98G cells (Fig Ia. ANOVA p<0.0001). The surprisingly potent oneolytic effects of peramplanel are mediated in part by antagonistic activity against A MPAR physiology in AM PAR
positive cancer cell targets. Perampanel exhibited significant inhibitory activities against GRM
cancer cell viability, even at concentrations of 1-10uM. demonstrating the clinical utility of 5 this drug at relevant plasma levels for effective cancer chemotherapy.
PMP additively complements anti-cancer effects of ternozolomide (TMZ) at 30uM, and synergistically potentiates TMZ anti-cancer efficacy at I00uM (Fig lb).
Previous work with pancreatic cancer has suggested that ampakines may be able to reduce cell viability. Thus. the results provided here demonstrating that PMP
dose-10 dependently reduces Panel cell viability (ANOVA p=0.0013). with significant reduction of cell viability seen at 100uM (Fig 2a). are particularly surprising. Although I
OuM PMP did not appear to exert potent oncolytic effect alone at this concentration_ it did significantly enhance oncoly sis in combination with the drug cisplatin. Accordingly, PMP
will be clinically effective to improve cancer treatments of this and other chemotherapeutic agents 15 (Fig 2b). 100uM PMP and 3uM cisplatin also synergistically reduced pancreatic cancer cell viability (Fig 2b).
In yet additional working examples provided here, PMP effectively disrupted the oneogenic activity of exogenous glutamate. thereby inhibiting glutamate-potentiated pancreatic cancer activation (e.g.. as demonstrated by impairment of cancer cell 20 proliferation). In these studies. glutamate concentrations of 100-1000uM
elicited a dose-dependent acceleration of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation (Fig 2c). In test samples panel cells were exposed to ImM glutamate for 15 minutes prior to the addition of PMP to cell culture media. Perampanel addition 15 minutes follow" 11 e. glutamate exposure was sufficient to profoundly disrupt oncogenic activities of glutamate (Hg 2d).
Example!!
Dose-Dependent Anti-Cancer Activity of An Exemplar., AMPAR Antagonist, Perampanel (PMP) Potent anti-cancer efficacy of PMP compounds and other etTective AM PAR
30 antagonists is readily demonstrated using a range of animal models that are well known and wideb. accepted in the art as predictive or anti-cancer activity in humans.
One such model employs subcutaneous xenografts of tumor cells into useful study animals such as mice, to study efficacy of candidate anti-cancer drugs in reducing growth or proliferation of xenoffalted tumor cells in test versus control subjects. These studies can include monitoring of a range of indicia of therapeutic efficacy. for example to demonstrate a dose-dependent decrease (e.g.. based on average values observed in test versus control subjects) in xenografted tumor number, tumor size. tumor metastases, tissue histological and/or biochemical cancer markers (e.g.. from biopsy or necropsy-) blood cancer markers. mortality.
etc. As used herein. cancer "markers- refers to any biomolecule. such as a growth factor, genetic regulatory protein. eytokine_ hormone. receptor. etc.. whose presence.
expression, structure, level or activity is correlated with cancer incidence, severity.
progression, or another etiologic or therapeutic factor indicative of cancer growth. metabolic activity, metastasis. etc.
In useful study protocols relating to central nervous system (CNS) cancers such as glioblastoma (GUM). conventional xenograft study designs may be modified to include intracranial xenografting, to better capitulate clinical conditions of CUM
(see, for example, Ozawa et al.. 2010). In one exemplary study protocol employed herein, modified from Ozawa et al._ we employ 198G cells. a GUM cell line expressing the enzyme MGMT, which functions to repair DNA damage from temozoiomide (Mt). rendering this cell type intrinsically resistant to TMZ chemotherapy. These cells are engineered to express the bioluminescent enzyme luciferase to allow in vivo xenograft detection and quantification. A
study total of 24 mice are used, divided into four study groups of 6 members per group. The mice are anesthetized using ketamine/zylazine on a warming plate to maintain core body temperature. Once anesthetized. the scalp is swabbed with chlorohcxidine and a sagittal incision is made over the parieto-occipital bone. about lem long on the left side. The exposed skull is cleaned using a cotton swab with 3% hydrogen peroxide.
Xenograft cells are provided at a concentration of 300.000-500.000 cells in 3u1_, serum-free media, and this cell suspension is drawn into a syringe and injected at a depth of 3mm into the cortical tissue.
The injection is carried out slowly, over a period of one minute. to localize the xenografted cells focally to specific brain region and prevent dissemination of the cells into the ventricles and spinal cord. After injection., the skull is cleaned with 3% hydrogen peroxide and sterile bone wax is to the incised skull defect. The scalp is drawn over the skull and stapled closed.
Buprenorphine is optionally administered for post-operative pain relief, and recovery time is about 30 minutes.
One week after injection the study subjects are divided into 4 groups and bioluminescent monitoring of the xenografts begins. Group 1 mice receive placebo saline for the duration of the experiment. Group 2 receives 20rng/kg/day TMZ. Group 3 receives 5 or lOmg/kg/day PMP depending on what dose produces a partial effect in monotherapy experiments. Group 4 is a combination group that receives both the TMZ and PMP

treatments. Mice are bioluminescent monitored every 4 days during the study, for example using D-luciferin and an in vivo imaging system such as IVIS-200 (PerkinElmer.
Inc, Norwalk Connecticut) to measure bioluminescent photon release as a quantitative indicator of 5 tumor growth.
These and related studies will demonstrate that PMP and other anti-cancer effective AMPAR antagonists according to the teachings herein potently prevent and treat AMPAR
positive CNS cancers, including CiBM. in mammalian subjects. Particular results will demonstrate a dose-dependent reduction in overall luminescence over an effective course of 10 AMPAR antagonist treatment, correlated with reduced tumor size, reduced tumor cell number and/or reduced xenograft proliferative and/or metastatic capacity mediated by the anti-cancer AMPAR antagonist. for example PMP. PMP and other selected AMPAR
antagonist will also significantly decrease tumor cell survival, viability and proliferation, and increase correlated indicia including time to tumor doubling and tripling, as well as subject 15 survival (e.g.. by time and/or numbers of subjects). in addition to mediating significant therapeutic benefits corresponding to all other anti-cancer activity indicators described herein above In more detailed in vivo protocols. PMP will exhibit significant inhibitory activity against GBM xenograft cell viability, proliferative capacity, tumor growth and metastases at 20 concentrations of I-10uM or greater, i.e.. at plasma levels that are safe and effective for cancer chemotherapy.
In other detailed aspects. PMP will be shown to be combinatorially effective to complement anti-GUM effects of secondary anti-cancer drugs and treatments, for example temozolomide (TMZ). In certain embodiments. PMP will complement. potentiate or even 25 synergistically enhance anti-cancer activities of other drugs. for example to significantly increase overall anti-cancer effects in combination with Tmz, compared to anti-cancer effects mediated by =I'MZ, alone. In these embodiments the combinatorial use of PMP and TMZ, e_g.. at therapeutic dosage levels of PMP between about 30uM-100uMõ
provides for enhanced efficacy of TMZ and lower TMZ dosages with reduced TMZ-associated side 30 effects. an exemplary model of coordinate treatment that will be demonstrable across a range of combinations of AMPAR antagonists and secondary/adjunctive anti-cancer agents and therapies.
In related illustrative protocols the efficacy of anti-cancer AMPAR
antagonists such as PMP is demonstrated in combinatorial usage with a PRMT5 inhibitor, such as EPZ015666.

As recently reported by Braun et al (2017). high grade aliomas may be dependent on deletion of detained introns of oncogenic transcripts for sustained growth and survival. PRMT5 ensures proper splicing of these introns to become mature transcripts useful for production of various oncogenic proteins. Inhibition of PRMT5 with [PZ015666 reportedly mediates 5 oncostatic effects against GBM. In one illustrative study here, the foregoing intraeranial xenograft study design is adapted to include one individual test group of 6 mice receiving 100mg/kg/day EPZ015666. one group treated with I Omg/kg/day PMP. and a combinatorial group treated with both EPZ015666 and PMP. Bioluminescent imaging and other measures of anti-cancer efficacy will demonstrate that PMP is anti-cancer effective alone, and 10 combinatorially effective (e.g.. complementary, additive. potentiating or synergistic) in coordinate administration with EPZO I 5666.
In other illustrative protocols of the invention the efficacy of anti-cancer AMPAR
antagonists such as PMP is demonstrated in combinatorial methods with tumor treating fields. Recent studies report that electrical fields using insulated electrodes applying 15 frequencies of 200kliz can inhibit cell cycle progression in GBM cells (see. e.g., Kirson et al.
2007; and Stupp et al. 2015). In an exemplary study here. the intracraniai xenograft protocol is adapted to include one individual test group of 6 mice receiving an external insulated electrode closest to the area of the xenograk applying a 200kIlz current for the duration of the study, one group treated with 10mg/kg/day PMP. and a combinatorial group treated with 20 both therapies. Bioluminescent imaging and other measures of anti-cancer efficacy will demonstrate that PMP is anti-cancer etTective alone and combinatorially effective in coordinate administration with tumor treating fields.
In other exemplary protocols of the invention the efficacy of anti-cancer AMPAR
antagonists such as PMP is demonstrated in combinatorial therapies employing proteins that 25 interfere with telomere function of tumors. for example the TRF I
inhibitor [TP-47037. Due to rapid proliferation of most tumors. tumor cells are particularly vulnerable to DNA damage that can result in cell death. Telomeres are the caps of chromosomes made of repetitive DNA. which serve to prevent protein-coding DNA loss or damage during cell division.
Several proteins are implicated in maintaining telomeres. one of which is a protein designated 30 TRH. Recent studies report that pharmacological or genetic ablation of this TRF I reduces tumor formation and growth in animal models (see, e.g._ Bejarano et al. 2017).
In one report.
75mg/kg of ETP-47037 prevented tumor growth in mice.. In an illustrative protocol here. the intracranial xenograft protocol above is adapted to include one test group of mice receiving a therapeutic dosage of 75mg/kg of VIP-47037. one group treated with I
Orng/kg/day PMP. and a combinatorial group treated with both therapies. Bioluminescent imaging and other measures of anti-cancer efficacy VIII demonstrate that PMP is anti-cancer effective alone and combinatorially effective in coordinate administration with ETP-47037.
Additional studies are contemplated to show that combinatorial treatment with PMP provides for lower dosing of the ETP-47037 to achieve the same or greater clinical benefits, with fewer side effects (e.g.. wherein a comparable. partial anti-cancer effect as exhibited by 75mg/kg is observed in combination with PMP at reduced effective dosages of ETP-47037 of 25-50mg/kg or lower).
In another exemplary combination treatment model of the invention, the efficacy of anti-cancer AMPAR antagonists such as PMP is demonstrated in coordinate protocols with a transcription inhibitor, such as terameprocol. Terameprocol is a global transcription inhibitor that affects proliferation. apoptosis and drug resistance, currently being clinically evaluated for treatment of GBM (Grossman et al. 2012). In one representative study the intracranial xenograft study includes one test group of mice treated with 20mg/kg/day Terameprocol. one group treated with 10mg/kg/day,. PMP. and a combinatorial group treated with both therapies.
Bioluminescent imaging and other measures of anti-cancer efficacy will demonstrate that PMP is anti-cancer effective alone and combinatorially effective in coordinate administration with Terameprocol. Additional studies will show that combinatorial treatment with PMP
provides for lower dosing ofTerameprocol to achieve the same or greater clinical benefits.
with fewer side effects.
In yet additional combinatorial treatment methods of the invention, the efficacy of anti-cancer AMPAR antagonists such as PMP is demonstrated in coordinate protocols with NEK2 inhibitors. Recent studies report that EZH2 is vital for maintaining glioma stem cells, a subset of glioma cells that are responsible for chemo- and radiotherapy resistance due to their ability to regenerate new tumor cells after existing tumor cells are destroyed. NEK2 is responsible for guarding EZH2 against premature breakdown, allowing EZH2 to exert a longer and more robust oncogenic effect. Recent studies report that an inhibitor of NEK2, Cmp3a. exerts anti-cancer effects as demonstrated by prolongation of cancer survival time in mice (Wang et al. 2017). According to the modified study protocol here one group of mice receives I Oing.kg 'day Cmp3a. one group received IOm/kg/day PMP. and a combinatorial group is treated with both therapies. Bioluminescent imaging and other measures of anti-cancer efficacy will demonstrate that prvir is anti-cancer effective alone and combinatorially effeetke in coordinate administration with NEK2 inhibitors such as Cmp3a.
Additional studies will show that combinatorial treatment with PMP provides for lower dosing of NEK3 inhibitors to achieve the same or greater clinical benefits, with fewer side effects.

Example III
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Standard Of Care (SOC), Glioma Treatment 5 In exemplary clinical protocols of the invention, anti-cancer effective AMPAR
antagonist treatment will be combined with secondary anti-cancer therapy comprising standard of care (SOC) glioma treatments. In one illustrative example, patients are initially treated with SOC maximal safe surgical resection_ followed by an aggressive SOC
chemoradiation protocol. For the first 6 weeks of treatment, patients receive 75mg/m2/day of 10 Temozolomide (Temodar) starting one hour prior to radiation treatment.
Patients additionally receive 200cGy focal radiation per day for the First live days of the week over a 6 week timespan (30 fractions). for a total of 60Gy radiation. Radiation targets the tumor area as well as surrounding edema plus a I em margin. I month after the last radiation treatment, patients are administered I 50-200mg/m2/day, temozolomide for the first 5 days of every 15 month followed by 3 weeks rest as well as antiemetie prophylaxis treatment as needed.
Treatments are stopped ifplatelet count drops below I00.000/uL. or if there is evidence of disease progression or severe treatment-related toxicity (Grossman et at 2009). In combination with the SOC glioma treatment outlined above, patients receive 8mg peramplanel orally 1 hour prior to the first radiation session. Perampanel is further 20 administered once per day, and weekly titrated up 2 mg/day until patients receive the maximally tolerated approved dose (mTD) of 12 mg (Gidal et al, 2015) (though this range can be adjusted up or down based on patient-specific tolerance and other clinical factors determined by the managing physician). Within illustrative methods for treating GBM, patients receive the MT[) throughout an initial 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month 25 SOC rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar.
Patients are maintained on perampanel treatment as determined by the managing physician, unless disease progression or evidence of perarnplanel-related toxicity is observed_ Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-glioma therapy.
30 Example IV
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Levetiracetam Co-Treatment In additional clinical examples_ patients are treated concomitantly with an AMPAR
antagonist such as peramplanel and Levetiracetam (Keppra). which has been shown to augment temozolonnide efficacy (13obustue et al. 2010) and reduce aggression-related adverse events in patients taking perampanel (Kanemura et al, 2019: Kim et al. 2015).
Patients are administered perampanel as described above along with 500mg levetiracetam 1 hour prior to the first radiation session. Levetiracetam is administered twice a day. the second time being at night before bed. Within illustrative methods for treating GBM, patients receive 200-500mg levetiracetam twice a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients continue to receive leveliracetain and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example V
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with NMDA Receptor Antagonist Co-Treatment In other clinical protocols useful within the invention, patients are treated concomitantly with an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, such as memantine. Memantine has been reported to exert anti-cancer effects, possibly by abrogating constitutively active growth pathways in cancer (Stepulak et al, 2005: Maraka et al, 2019).
Patients receive perampanel along with 5-20mg memantine orally prior to the first radiation session. Within illustrative methods for treating GBM. perampanel and memantine are administered once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on memantine and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
In addition to memantine. ketamine. an NMDA-antagonist used in the setting of pharrnacoresistant depression. may also be used. Ketamine is given at doses ranging from 5-500mg/day and started prior to the first radiation session. Ketamine and its active metabolite hydroxynorketamine (Zanos et al. 2016) may provide anti-cancer benefits (Malsy et al.
2015). and will be a beneficial adjunct within the methods of the invention, for example to complement standard of care + perampanel treatments.

Example VI
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Riluzole/Troriluzole Co-Treatment Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as 5 perampanel coordinately administered with Riluzole/ troriluzole (see.
e.g.. Khan et al, 2019).
Patients receive perampanel as above in coordinate treatment with with 20-50tng Riluzole/troriluzole orally prior to the first radiation session. Within illustrative methods for treating GBM. perampanel and Rilwole/troriluzole are administered once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the I month rest period, and while patients are 10 taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on Riluzole/troriluzole and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed.
Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example VII
15 Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antamonists In Combination with CSF1R Inhibitors Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF I R) inhibitor such as PLX3397 (plexidartinib) or PLX5562 (see. e.g., Yan et al, 2017; Butowski 20 et al. 2016). Patients are administered perampanel as above in coordinate treatment with 100-1000 mg PLX3397 orally prior to the first radiation session. Within illustrative methods for treating GUM. perarnpanel and PLX3397 are administered together or separately once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on PLX3397 and 25 perampancl unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed.
Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol .µ ill show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy. While CSH R
inhibition is reported to provide pre-clinical anti-cancer benefitsresults (Patwardhan et al, 2014: Yan et al. 2017: Quail et al_ 2016). most pre-clinical models of different types of 30 cancer demonstrate acquired resistance throughout this treatment (Patwardhan et al.. 2014;
Quail et al. 2016). In particular. for brain cancer, it has been shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I ) induces glioma rebound in CSH R inhibitor-treated mice (Quail et al, 2016).

Surprisingly. AMPA-glutanaate antagonism according to the methods described here will negate oncogenic effects of !GEL and AMPA-glutamate antagonism will complement with CSF I R inhibition to lower tumor burden in co-treated subjects. In more detailed aspects of the invention, it is noted that P'EX3397 may inhibit PDGFRB signaling in cancer 5 (Patwardhan et al. 2014). and that PDGF'RB reportedly coordinates an anti-oxidant program in cancer through NRF2 transcription (Yang et al. 2018; Nanjaiah et al. 2019).
On this basis, according to the teachings herein. PLX3397 will be beneficially combined with glutamate antagonists like memantine. within AMPAR antagonist methods of the invention, to bolster combined efficacy by suppressing an anti-oxidant program, e.g., in glioma cells.
10 Example VIII
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Anti-Malarial Drugs Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with one or more anti-malarial drugs such as 15 chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine. prima/wine and mefloquine (see. e.g., Johnson et al, 2015;
Liu et al, 2016: Maraka et al, 2019). In exemplary protocols. patients receive perampanel as above along with 250mg mefloquine orally prior to the first radiation session.
Within illustrative methods for treating GBM. Metloquine is administered once every two days throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the I month rest period, and while 20 patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the anti-malarial and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed.
Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example VIX
25 Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Metformin/Phenformin Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with metformin (see, e.g.. Benjamin et al.. 2016:
Maraka et al. 2019). Patients receive perampanel as above along with 500-2000mg 30 metformin orally prior to the first radiation session. In exemplary protocols for treating GBM, peranapanel and metformin are administered once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period., during the I month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the metform in and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or 5 other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example X
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with PD-I Inhibitor Treatment Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as 10 perampanel coordinate!) administered with anti-cancer biologics including programmed cell death protein I (PD-1) inhibitors, such as pembroliitimab or nivolumab (see, e.g., Nghiem et al. 2016: Motzer et al. 2015). Resistance to PD- I antagonism has been attributed to TNF-a production in the tumor microenvironment (Neubert et al. 2018). Since Ampa-glutamate antagonism has been shown to reduce TNF-a secretion in a model of intraventricular 15 hemorrhage (Dohare et al. 2016). AMPAR antagonist treatment according to the invention will augment the efficacy of PD- I inhibitors. In exemplary protocols, patients are administered perampanel as above, in conjunction with I-3mg/kg pembrolizumabinivolumab intravenously prior to the first radiation session. Within illustrative methods for treating GBM. patients then receive pembrolizumabinivolumab every 2 weeks throughout the first 6-20 week treatment period. during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Treatment is continued thusly unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity appears. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
25 Example XI
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with PD- I Inhibitor + CSF I R Inhibitor Treatment Within more detailed examples. AMPAR antagonists such as perampanel are coordinately administered with PD- I inhibitors, and also with CSF I R
inhibitors. Notably, 30 while PD-I inhibitors reportedl) exhibit robust efficacy in some patients, they appear to have little to no therapeutic effects in other patients. Recently. it has been suggested that CSF I

and TN F-a secretion by tumor cells may stanch the efficacy of' PD-I therapy (Neubert et al, 2018). As disclosed herein, patients be treated with a combination of AMPAR
antagonists PD-1 inhibitors and CSF I R inhibitors (e.g.. with perampancl, pembrolizumab.
and PLX3397) will benefit by reduced CSF1 signaling in the tumor mieroenvironment, combined with 5 ampa-glutannate antagonist repression of `INF signaling (see, e.g..
Dohare et al, 2016).
negating PD-1 inhibitor resistance to yield enhanced clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
,Exaniple XII
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with 10 Clemastine Fumarate Co-Treatment Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with clemastine fumarate (see, e.g., Diibbeling et al, 2013: Le Joncour et al. 2019). Patients are administered perm-vane' as above along with 0.5-2.68mg clemastine fumarate orally prior to the first radiation session. In illustrative protocols 15 for treating GBM, perampanel and clemastine are taken once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period_ during the I month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the clemastine fumarate and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed.
Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits 20 over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example XIII
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with SSRI Co-Treatment Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as 25 perampanel coordinately administered with one or more selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSR1s) (see. e.g.. Sun et al. 2018: Huang et al. 2011: I,in et al.
2010: Liu et al, 2015: Yuan et al. 2018: Raabe & Gentile. 2008). In exemplary protocols for treating CiBM, patients are administered perampanel along with the SSRI(s) orally prior to the first radiation session, then once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month rest 30 period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the SSRI and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example XIV
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with 5 TCA Co-Treatment Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with one or more tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (see, e.g._ Jahchan et al, 2013; Jeon et al. 2011: Raabe & Gentile, 2008;
Reynolds & Miller, 1988: Semagor et al_ 1989: Stoll et al. 2007). Patients receive perampanel along with the 10 TCA(s) orally prior to the first radiation session. In exemplary protocols for treating GBM, the perampanel and TCA are then each administered once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the I month rest period_ and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the TCA and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this 15 combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example XV
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Ampakine Co-Treatment 20 Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR
antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with one or more positive allosteric AMPA
receptor modulators (Ampakines). In exemplary protocols. patients are administered perampanenl in combination with one or more ampakines. such as 2.3.6a.7.8.9-hexahydro-1 I H-l.4-dioxino[2.3-glpyrrolo[2.1-b][ 1.3Jbenzoxa7ine-I 1-one (-CX614-) (see. e.g., Radin et al.
25 2018). Though ampakines are thought to augment AMPA-mediated currents in neurons, they have also been reported to induce AMPA receptor desensitization and down regulation via endocytosis and degradation after prolonged treatment (Jourdi et al_ 2005), whereby they may serve as functional antagonists. Within illustrative methods for treating GBM, patients are administered perampanel along with CX614 or another amplakine orally prior to the first 30 radiation session. then once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the ampakine(s) and perampanel unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Example XVI
Anti-Cancer Activity of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Cannabinoid Co-Treatment Additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with one or more cannabinoids, for example tetrahydroeannabinol (-111C) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) (see. e.g.. Scott et al, 2014; Mareu et al. 2010; Shrisastava et al. 2011). In exemplary protocols for treating GBM, patients are administered perampanel along with I 00-600mg CID and 1-100ing T-IC prior to the first radiation session. then once a day throughout the first 6-week treatment period, during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking maintenance Ternodar.
Patients are maintained on the cannabinoid and perampanel therapy unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicit) is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy. For treatment of GBM. cannabinoids have been reported to potent effects on glioma stem cells (Lepez-Valero et al_ 2018). Considering that AMPA
receptors are overexpressed on glionia stem cells (Oh et al. 2012). the combinatorial treatment methods and compositions described here w ill sensitize resistant tumor cells to the DNA-damaging effects of Ternodar and radiation therapy (McLendon et al_ 2006;
Chen et al, 2012) and thereby enhance clinical benefits. Further. cannabinoids reportedly exert oncolytic effects through induction of harmful reactive oxygen species (Shrivastava et al, 2011;
Nanjaiah et al, 2019). whereby the methods and compositions of the invention combining cannabinoids with glutamate antagonists will negate antioxidant defenses in cancer cells and enhance clinical benefits. particularly in elioma patients.
Example XVI
.Anti-Cancer Activitv of AMPAR Antagonists In Combination with Distil firam Co-Treatment Yet additional clinical methods of the invention employ an AMPAR antagonist such as perampanel coordinately administered with disulfirarn (see, e.g., Lun et al, 2016; Triscon et al, 2012). Disulfiram targets cancer stem cells and reportedly inhibits MGMT to boost efficacy of Temodar (Paranjpe et al. 2014). Within the methods of the invention, both 5 disulfiram and perampanel augment Temodar's efficacy and refine targeting of cancer cells, yielding surprisingly enhanced benefits for treating SOC treatment-resistant cancers. Within exemplary methods for treating GBM. patients are administered perampanel along with 50-500mu disulfiram orally prior to the first radiation session, then once daily throughout the first 6-week treatment period. during the 1 month rest period, and while patients are taking 10 maintenance Temodar. Patients are maintained on the perampanel and disulfiram unless disease progression or evidence of drug-related toxicity is observed. Subjects treated according to this combinatorial protocol will show substantially improved clinical benefits over SOC or other conventional anti-cancer therapy.
The instant description and examples are provided lor illustration, and those skilled in 15 the art will realize that the invention extends to additional embodiments and aspects following the teachings herein, and is therefore not limited except as by the appended claims.

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Claims (26)

What is Claimed:

1. A method for treating an AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive cancer in a mamrnalian subject comprising administering an anti-cancer effective amount of an AMPAR
antagonist compound to said subject.

2. The method of claim I. wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound is an allosteric AMPAR antagonist compound.

3. The method of claim 1. wherein thc AMPAR antagonist compound is a Perarnpanel (PMP) compound.

4. The method of clairn 3. wherein the PMP compound is an anti-cancer effective analog or derivative of PMP.

5. The method of claim I. wherein the AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive cancer is selected from an AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive brain cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer; skin cancer. liver cancer. thyroid cancer, esophageal cancer. sarcorna. colorectal cancer. bladder cancer. gall bladder cancer, stornach cancer, renal cancer_ ovarian cancer. uterine cancer. cervical cancer. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: acute rnyelogenous leukemia (AM1.). acute lyrnphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). rnyeloma. rnesothelioma. pancreatic cancer.
Hodgkin's disease. testicular cancer. Waklenstrom's disease. head/neck cancer, tongue cancer. or viral-induced cancer.

6. The method of claim I, wherein the AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive cancer is selected from an AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive glioblastoma (GBM). or cancer of the breast. pancreas lung or kidney.

7. The method of claim 1. wherein the AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive cancer is an AMPA Receptor (AMPAR) positive glioblastoma (GBM).

8. The method of claim I. wherein the AMPAR positive cancer is a glioblastoma (GBM).

9. The rnethod of claim I. wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound is Perampancl (PMP) formulated in an aqueous carrier for parenteral or intravenous administration.

10. The method of claim I. wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound is Perampanel (PMP) formulated in an oral dosage form.

11. The rnethod of clairn 1, wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound mediates a greater than 20% increase in cancer free survival for treated subjects compared to control subjects.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the AMPAR antagonist cornpound mediates a 50% or greater increase in cancer free survival for subjects compared to control subjects.

13. The method of claim 1. wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound mediates at least a 20% decrease in average size or number of primary tumors or metastases in treated subjects compared to control subjects.

14. The method of claim I_ wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound mediates a 20-50% or larger decrease in average size or number of primary tumors or metastases in treated subjects compared to control subjects.

15. The method of claim 1. wherein the A M PA R antagonist compound is Perampanel (PMP) or an anti-cancer effective prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative of PMP.

16. The method of claim I. further comprising coordinately administering a secondary anti-cancer agent or therapy to the subject.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the secondary anti-cancer agent or therapy is selected frorn tubulin depolyrnerizing agents. DNA damaging agents. inhibitors of DNA synthesis. anti-rnetabolics. anti-angiogenic agents, vascular disrupting agents (VDAs). anti-cancer antibodies, endocrine cancer therapies, immuno-modulators, histone deacetylase inhibitors. inhibitors of signal transduction. inhibitors of heat shock proteins. retinoids. growth factors. growth factor receptor modulators, anti-m itotic compounds. anti-inflammatory drugs. and cell cycle regulators.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the secondary anti-cancer agent or therapy is selected from anti-cancer chemotherapy. surgery and radiation.

19. The method of claim 16. further comprising coordinately adrninistering one or more secondary anti-cancer, chernotherapeutic agent(s) selected from azacitidine, bevaciaimah. bortezomib. eapecitabine. cetuxirnab. clofarabine, dasatinib, decitabine, docetaxel, emend, erlotinib hydrochloride, exemestane, fulvestrant, getitinib, gemcitabine hydrochloride. irnatinib rnesylate, imiquimod, lenalidomide, letrozole .
nelarabine. oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel. palifermin, paniturnumab.
pegaspargase, pernetrcxed disodiurn. rituximab. sorafenib tosylate sunitinib rnalate, tarnoxifen citrate. targretin. ternozolomide_ thalidomide. and/or topotecan hydrochloride.

20. The method of clairn 16. further comprising coordinately administering one or more secondary anti-cancer agents selected froin an interleukin. interferon, filgrasten, G-CSF. epoetin alfa. erythropoietin. and/or an anti-cancer antibody or antibody fragrnent.

21. The method of claim 16, wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound is Perampanel (PMP) or an anti-cancer effective prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative of PMP, and the secondary anti-cancer agent is selected from ternozolomide (TMZ), a transcription inhibitor, a telomere disrupting agent. an inhibitor of a gene splicing protein. an indolearnine 2. 3. dioxegenase (IDO) inhibitor, a lapa(inib ditosylate enzyme blacker. and an anti-cancer antibody or antibody fragment.

22. The method of elairn 16. wherein the AMPAR antagonist compound is Perampanel (PMP) or an anti-cancer effective prodrug. metabolite. analog or derivative of PMP, and the secondary anti-cancer therapy emplo) s tumor treating fields or radiation.

23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-cancer effective amount of an AMPAR antagonist compound and a secondary anti-cancer agent selected frorn a tubulin depolymerizing agent. a DNA darnaging agents. an inhibitor of DNA
synthesis, an anti-metabolic drug. an anti-angiogenic agent. a vascular disrupting agent (VDAs), and anti-cancer antibody or antibody fragment an anti-cancer cytokine_ an anti-cancer hormone, a histonc deacetylase inhibitor, a retinoid, a growth factor. a growth factor receptor modulator. an anti-mitotic compound, or a cell cycle regulator compound.

24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2ì wherein the secondary anti-cancer agent is selected from ternozolomide (TMZ). a transcription inhibitor. a telomere disrupting agent, an inhibitor of a gene splicing protein. an indoleamine 2. 3.
dioxegenase (IDO) inhibitor. a tapatinib ditosylate enzyme blocker. and an anti-cancer antibody or antibody fragment.

25. The method of claim 1. further comprising coordinately administering a secondary therapeutic agent or method to the subject selected from NMDA antagonists;
anti PD-1/PDL-1 therapy: CSF I R inhibitors; cannabinoid drugs; anti-malarials;
Riluzole/troriluzole treatment: antihistamines: biguanides: anti-cancer biologics:
SSRls: TCAs: Ampakines: levetiracetam, or a combination thereof.

26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 comprising an anti-cancer effective amount of an AMPAR antagonist compound and a secondary therapeutic agent selected from NMDA antagonists: anti PD-1/PDL-1 drugs; CSF1R inhibitors:
cannabinoid drugs; anti-rnalarials: Riluzoleltroriluzole: antihistamines:
biguanides;
anti-cancer biologics: SSR Is: TCAs: Arnpakines; levetiracetam, or a combination thereof.