CA3014760A1 - Stabilizing methods for coating seeds with biological materials - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for coating seeds with biological materials such as bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts and molds), parasites, recombinant vectors, and viruses. The method comprises (a) applying a moistening liquid to seeds to moisten seeds, wherein the moistening liquid comprises a moistening polymer, and (b) coating the moistened seeds with an effective amount of a dry composition, wherein the dry composition comprises biological materials, one or more disaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, one or more polysaccharides, one or more carboxylic acid salts, and one or more hydrolyzed proteins. The coated seeds may have an initial water activity (Aw) below 0.4, and the microorganisms on the coated seeds have initial viability of at least 5 logs of colony forming units per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed). Also provided are coated seeds.

Description

STABILIZING METHODS FOR COATING SEEDS WITH BIOLOGICAL
MATERIALS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
62/297,228, filed February 19, 2016, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The preservation of the structure and function of biological materials during long-term storage at high temperature and humidity is of fundamental importance to the food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Sensitive biological materials, such as proteins, enzymes, cells, bacteria, fungi and viruses must often be preserved for long-term storage for later use. Although many methods have been tried for stabilizing biological materials in storage, many are not suitable for sensitive bioactives, such as live or attenuated bacteria, fungi and viruses. For example, traditional freeze-drying combines the stresses due to both freezing and drying. The freezing step of this process can have undesirable effects, such as the denaturation of proteins and enzymes, and rupture of cells.
A need exists for stabilizing compositions that are useful for providing superior stabilization and preservation of a wide range of biological materials over extended periods of time at elevated temperatures and various degrees of humidity, such as those encountered during shipping and storage of the biological materials, while still retaining a significant amount of activities upon rehydration.
A need also exists for stabilizing compositions that can be used in tableting applications without excessive loss of activities of biological materials, many of which are sensitive to the high pressures and temperatures encountered during tableting.
A need further exists for stabilizing compositions that can be effectively applied to seeds. It has been known for many years that legume seeds need to be inoculated with the right type of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (i.e., Rhizobia spp.) to promote nodulation and robust plant growth. The traditional practice involves applying biological materials like Rhizobia onto seeds right before planting the seeds or to the soil in which the seeds will be planted at the time of planting. Such "just-in-time application" is based on the limited stability of Rhizobia on seeds or in various powder and/or liquid formulations. In practice, the stabilized Rhizobia may also be placed onto seeds that have already been treated with insecticides and

- 2 -fungicides and coated with specific polymers. Historically, efforts to develop Rhizobia formulations that exhibit long-term stability (either in-pack or on-seeds) have met with limited success. Currently available liquid seed coating Rhizobia formulations have a number of drawbacks including the high cost of shipping liquids, the potential for spill and the costly cleanup of these type formulations. Further, currently available seed coating Rhizobium formulations require manual mixing of an "extender" liquid with the Rhizobium broth for improved stability. Mixing liquids can be time consuming and can lead to errors of scale (e.g., underloading or overloading the "extender" liquid or Rhizobium broth). There remains a demand for methods for coating seeds with biological materials such as Rhizobia that remain stable under stressful conditions weeks and even months.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to stabilizing compositions for coating seeds with biological materials and methods for preparing and using thereof and the coated seeds.
A method for coating seeds comprising biological materials, e.g., live microorganisms, recombinant vectors, antibodies, or enzymes, is provided. The method comprises applying a moistening liquid to seeds to moisten seeds, and then coating the moistened seeds with an effective amount of a dry composition. The moistening liquid comprises a moistening polymer. The dry composition comprises biological materials, about 10-50% (w/w) one or more disaccharides, about 10-80% (w/w) one or more oligosaccharides, about 0.1-10% (w/w) one or more polysaccharides, about 0.5-20% (w/w) one or more carboxylic acid salts, and about 0.5-40% (w/w) one or more hydrolyzed proteins. The coated seeds have an initial water activity (Aw) below 0.4, for example, below 0.35.
The biological materials, such as live microorganisms, on the coated seeds may have initial viability of at least 5 logs of colony forming units per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed).
The dry composition may be prepared by a drying method comprising combining the biological materials, the one or more disaccharides, the one or more oligosaccharides, the one or more polysaccharides, the one or more carboxylic acid salts, and the one or more hydrolyzed proteins in an aqueous solvent to form a viscous slurry, rapidly freezing, e.g., snap-freezing, the slurry in liquid nitrogen to make solid frozen particles in the form of beads, droplets or strings, primary drying the solid frozen particles under vacuum at a temperature above the freezing temperature of the solid frozen particles to form a primary dried formulation, and secondary drying the primary dried formulation under full vacuum at a temperature of at least 20 C for a time sufficient to reduce the water activity (Aw) of the

- 3 -resulting dry composition to below 0.3. In the drying method, the primary drying step may be carried out under vacuum above 2000 mTORR at a temperature of about 20 C
for at least about 16 hours. The secondary drying step may be carried out at a temperature of about 40 C
for at least about 15 minutes. The dry composition may be prepared by a drying method comprising combining the biological materials, the one or more disaccharides, the one or more oligosaccharides, the one or more polysaccharides, the one or more carboxylic acid salts, and the one or more hydrolyzed proteins in an aqueous solvent to form a viscous slurry;
and freeze drying or spray drying the slurry to form a dry powder.
According to the present method, the biological materials on the coated seeds may be stable for at least about 3 months. In a particular embodiment of this type the biological materials are microorganisms that have a viability loss of no more than about 1 log of CFU/g seed. In some embodiments, the biological materials on the coated seeds may be stable for at least about 1 year. In a particular embodiment of this type the biological materials are microorganisms that have a viability loss of no more than about 2 logs of CFU/g seed.
The moistening liquid may be applied to the seeds in an amount no more than about 1 ml per 100 grams of seeds. The moistening polymer in the moistening liquid may be selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP). In one embodiment, the moistening liquid is an aqueous solution having 0.25-1% (w/w) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
The coating method may further comprise reducing the particle size of the dry composition before the coating step. The dry composition may have a particle size of less than about 1000 The biological materials of the seeds may be microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), parasites, or viruses, recombinant vectors, antibodies, or enzymes.
The bacteria may be nitrogen fixing bacteria. The nitrogen fixing bacteria may be rhizobia.
The one or more disaccharides may be selected from the group consisting of trehalose, sucrose, lactose, and a mixture thereof.
The one or more oligosaccharides may be selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, inulin, maltodextrins, dextrans, fructo-oligosaccharides (FO
S), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and a mixture thereof.
The one or more oligosaccharides may consist of a cyclodextrin.
The one or more polysaccharides may be selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), carboxy-methyl-cellulose, pectin, salts of alginic acid,

- 4 -hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose, carrageenan, gellan gum, guar gum, gum acacia, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan and chitosan derivatives, collagen, polyglycolic acid, starches, modified starches, and a mixture thereof.
The one or more hydrolyzed proteins may be selected from the group consisting of hydrolyzed casein, hydrolyzed whey protein, hydrolyzed pea protein, hydrolyzed soy protein, and a mixture thereof.
The carboxylic acid may be selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, and glutamic acid.
For each of the coating methods of the present invention, the resulting coated seed is provided.
A seed coated with biological materials, e.g., live microorganisms, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, carboxylic acid salts, hydrolyzed proteins and a moistening polymer is provided. The coated seed has an initial water activity (Aw) below 0.4. The microorganisms on the seeds may have initial viability of at least 5 logs of colony forming units per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed). The microorganisms may be bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), parasites, or viruses. The bacteria may be nitrogen fixing bacteria.
The nitrogen fixing bacteria may be rhizobia. The biological materials on the coated seeds may be stable for at least 3 months. In a particular embodiment of this type the biological materials are microorganisms that have a viability loss of no more than 1 log of CFU/g seed.
The biological materials on the coated seeds may be stable for at least 1 year. In a particular embodiment of this type the biological materials are microorganisms that have a viability loss of no more than 2 logs of CFU/g seed. The moistening polymer may be selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows acceleration stability of commercially available probiotic bacteria and probiotic bacteria in dry composition of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the effect of various molar ratios between the glass enhancers and carbohydrates mixture in the composition on probiotic stability (L. paracasei) under accelerated storage conditions (37 C and 33%RH).

- 5 -FIG. 3 shows the effect of the composition of the current invention on storage stability of the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus. The stability of the dry probiotic bacteria was tested at accelerated storage conditions of 24 C and 33%RH for 537 days.
FIG. 4 shows the effect of various glass enhancers compounds on storage stability of .. the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus. The stability of the dry probiotic bacteria was tested at accelerated storage conditions of 24 C and 43%RH for 180 days.
FIG. 5 shows the effect of various protein hydrolysate/sugar ratios on storage stability (35 C and 43%RH) of the probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium lactis.
FIG. 6 shows pH optimization for maximum stability of the probiotic L.
rhamnosus (acceleration storage conditions at 40 C and 33%RH for 8 weeks).
FIG. 7 shows visual observations of different dried compositions containing various matrices and glass forming agents as frozen solid bead according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows microscopic observations of different dried compositions containing various matrices and glass forming agents as frozen solid bead according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows the effect of L. rhamnosus culture form as fresh, frozen beads or dry powder cultures on its initial CFU counts in a dry composition.
FIG. 10 shows the effect of freezing temperature of a composition containing L.
rhamnosus as frozen solid beads in liquid nitrogen or -80 C deep freezer and as non-frozen viscous slurry at +4 C on the bacterial initial CFU counts in the dry composition. Results show only the effect of freezing temperature of the slurry with no additional step of purging before drying.
FIG. 11 shows the effect of freezing temperature of a composition containing Bifidobacterium animalis as frozen solid beads in liquid nitrogen and as non-frozen viscous slurry at +4 C on the bacterial initial CFU counts in the dry composition.
Results show only the effect of freezing temperature of the slurry with no additional step of purging before drying.
FIG. 12 shows the effect of purging duration under vacuum of frozen solid beads on initial CFU counts of L. rhamnosus in a dry composition.
FIG. 13 shows a drying profile in a freeze drier of the composition according to the method of the invention.

WO 2017/143130 PC1'/US2017/018280

- 6 -FIG. 14 shows process and drying losses of L. rhamnosus in compositions and drying methods of the invention.
FIG. 15 shows stability trends of dry probiotic bacteria, L. rhamnosus composition in storage at 40 C and 33% relative humidity.
FIG. 16 shows shelf storage stability at 40 C and 43% RH of commonly freeze dried L. acidophilus sp. or after formulating in the composition and methods of the present invention.
FIG. 17 shows shelf storage stability at 40 C and 43% RH and 30 C and 60% RH
commonly freeze dried L. rhamnosus sp. or after formulating in the composition and methods of the present invention.
FIG. 18 demonstrates the effect of compression in tablet press on viability and storage stability at 40 C and 43% RH of the probiotic L. rhamnosus stabilized and protected in the composition of the present invention.
FIG. 19 shows the effect of tableting with a mixture of multivitamin and minerals and storage exposure at 40 C and 43% RH on the viability of the probiotic L.
rhamnosus stabilized and protected in the composition of the present invention.
FIG. 20 illustrates the effect of compression in tablet-press on the activity of protease and lipase enzymes in a free form or protected in the composition of the present invention.
The enzymes were tableted either individually or mixed in equal amount and then tableted.
FIG. 21 shows images of (A) a freeze dried stabilizing composition and (B) a vacuum dried stabilizing composition. The vacuum dried stabilizing composition shows a glassy, amorphous nature.
FIG. 22 shows a seed coated with (A) a glassy, amorphous vacuum dried composition, (B) a freeze dried composition, or (C) a liquefied freeze dried composition.
FIG. 23 shows the extended stability of Rhizobia on soybean seeds coated with vacuum dried compositions 43A, 43A-1, 43B and 43B-1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
DEFINITIONS
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a protein"
includes singular protein or a combination of two or more proteins; reference to "enzyme",

- 7 -"bacteria", "fungi", "yeasts", "molds", viruses", etc., includes singular or mixtures of several types, and the like.
In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.
"Bioactive ingredient," "bioactive material" and "biological material" all refer to microorganisms, recombinant vectors, enzymes, non-enzyme proteins including antibodies, or ingredients that permit biological activity. Bioactive materials suitable for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to peptides, proteins, enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, antibodies, drugs, vaccines, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), bacteria (probiotic or otherwise), soil microbes, parasites (e.g., coccidia, toxiplasma, cryptosporidium), viruses, vectors [including recombinant vectors, such as recombinant bacterial vectors, recombinant RNA particles, and recombinant viral vectors such as recombinant herpes virus of turkey (HVT)] that optionally can encode one or more proteins that serve as antigens for a pathogen, and proteins, including recombinant proteins that serve as the antigen itself, antibodies, =
and/or cell suspensions. The biological material may be live.
"Biological composition" refers to preparations, which are in such a form as to permit the biological activity of the bioactive ingredients or agents to be unequivocally effective.
"Glass enhancer," "glass enhancing compound," and "glass forming agent" are used interchangeably herein to denote a chemical compound with the ability to form amorphous or glassy structure below a critical temperature, the glass transition temperature (Tg). During the formation of glassy structure, biological substances can become embedded within the glass structure. Glass enhancers suitable for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, include salts of organic acids such as lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, and the like. Salts may include cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and the like. Other useful glass enhancers include proteins, protein hydrolysates, polypeptides and amino acids. A combination of glass forming agents is also contemplated within a single composition. The process used to obtain a glassy structure for the purposes of this invention is generally a solvent sublimation and/or evaporation technique. Ideally, compounds that are GRAS compounds are preferred over those that are not GRAS.
"Sugars" refers to saccharides predominantly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Useful saccharides include reducing and non-reducing sugars and sugar alcohols and disaccharides. Two monosaccharides linked together form a disaccharide.
The two

- 8 -monosaccharides used to form a disaccharide can be the same or different.
Examples of disaccharides which can be used in the composition of the present invention include sucrose, trehalose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose. Sulfated disaccharides may also be used.
"Carbohydrates" or "polyhydroxy compound" refers to saccharides predominantly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A saccharide typically composed of a sugar backbone of repeating structural units linked in linear or non linear fashion, some of which contain positively or negatively charged chemical groups. The repeating units may range from two to several million. Useful saccharides include reducing and non reducing sugars and sugar alcohols, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, water soluble polysaccharides and derivatives thereof. Two monosaccharides linked together form a disaccharide.
The two monosaccharides used to form a disaccharide can be the same or different.
Examples of disaccharides which can be used in the carbohydrates mixture of the present invention include, sucrose, trehalose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose. Sulfated disaccharides may also be used. Small number of monosaccharides linked together (typically from three to twenty) .. form an oligosaccharide. The monosaccharides used to form an oligosaccharide can be the same or different components sugars. Examples of oligosaccharides suitable for use include, inulin, maltodextrins, dextrans, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and combinations thereof. Large number of monosaccharides linked together (typically more than twenty) form a polysaccharide. The monosaccharides used to form a polysaccharide can be the same or different components sugars. Examples of polysaccharides suitable for use include, but are not limited to, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and hypromellose; soluble starches or starch fractions, xanthan gum, guar gum, pectins, carrageen, galactomannan, gellan gum, including any derivatives of these, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), carboxy-methyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, salts of alginic acid, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (14PMC), gum acacia, locust bean gum, chitosan and chitosan derivatives, collagen, polyglycolic acid, starches and modified starches and cyclodextrins.
"Hydrolyzed protein" refers to protein that has been subjected to partial or full acid or enzymatic hydrolysis to yield a hydrolyzed protein having a molecular weight of from about 1 kDa to about 50 kDa. In some embodiments, referred to herein as "extensively hydrolyzed protein", at least 20% of the protein substrate is converted into peptides having molecular masses from 200 to 2000 dalton. The hydrolyzed protein has approximately the same amino acid composition as full protein and may be obtained from any number of commercial

- 9 -sources. Being hypoallergenic, hydrolyzed protein may advantageously be used in certain food for hyper sensitive consumers such as infants and elderly.
A "stable" formulation or composition is one in which the biologically active material therein essentially retains its physical stability, chemical stability, and/or biological activity upon storage. The terms "formulation," "formula" and "compositions" are used herein interchangeability. Stability can be measured at a selected temperature and humidity conditions for a selected time period. Trend analysis can be used to estimate an expected shelf life before a material has actually been in storage for that time period. In a particular aspect of the present invention, live microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), parasites, and viruses, stability is defined based on the loss of viability of live microorganisms, for example, about 1 or a predetermined log of colony forming units per gram CFU/g for bacteria and fungi (e.g., molds or yeasts) or plaque forming units per gram (PFU/g) for viruses, in a formulation or on seeds under predefined conditions, for example, temperature, humidity and time period.
As used herein, a "stable" biological material that when coated on to a seed, as taught herein, remains efficacious for 1 month. In particular embodiments the stable biological material is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for at least 1 month. In other particular embodiments the stable biological material is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for 1 to 2 months. In still other particular embodiments the stable biological material is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for at least 2 months.
In yet other particular embodiments the stable biological material is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for 3 months. In still other particular embodiments the stable biological material is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for 2 to 3 months. In still other particular embodiments the stable biological material is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for at least 3 months. In more particular embodiments a stable biological material when coated on to a seed remains efficacious is for 3 to 6 months. In a particular embodiment of this type the stable pathogen antigen is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for at least 6 months. In still more particular embodiments biological material antigen when coated on to a seed remains efficacious is for 6 to 12 months. In a particular embodiment of this type the stable pathogen antigen is coated on to a seed and remains efficacious for at least 1 year. In yet more particular embodiments biological material antigen when coated on to a seed remains efficacious is for 1 to 3 years.

- 10 -In a particular embodiment a stable biological material is an enzyme, e.g., a lipase or a protease, that retains at least 10% to 90% of its enzyme activity. In a related embodiment a stable biological material is an enzyme that retains at least 25% to 80% of its enzyme activity. In another embodiment a stable biological material is an enzyme, that retains at least 40% to 60% of its enzyme activity. "Viability" with regard to bacteria or fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), refers to their ability to form a colony (CFU or Colony Forming Unit) on a nutrient media appropriate for the growth of the bacteria or fungi. Viability, with regard to viruses, refers to their ability to infect and reproduce in suitable host cells, resulting in the formation of a plaque (PFU or Plaque Forming Unit) on a lawn of host cells.
"Ambient" room temperatures or conditions are those at any given time in a given environment. Typically, the ambient room temperature is about 22-25 C, the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 760 Torr or 1 atmosphere, and the ambient relative humidity is about 30-50% in winter and about 40-65% in summer, which can be readily measured and may vary depending on the time of year, weather and climatic conditions, altitude, etc. All measurements (e.g., water activity) are made under ambient conditions (i.e., ambient temperature, ambient atmospheric pressure, and ambient humidity) unless indicated otherwise.
"Water activity" or "Aw" in the context of dried formulation compositions, refers to the availability of water and represents the energy status of the water in a system. It is defined as the vapor pressure of water above a sample divided by that of pure water at the same temperature. Pure distilled water has a water activity of exactly one, i.e., Aw=1Ø
"Relative Humidity" or "RH" in the context of storage stability refers to the amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature. Relative humidity is usually less than that required to saturate the air and expressed in percent of saturation humidity.
"Dry" and variations thereof refer to a physical state that is dehydrated or anhydrous, i.e., substantially lacking liquid. Drying includes for example, spray drying, fluidized bed drying, lyophilization, and vacuum drying. A material such as a formulation is dry if its water activity is low, for example, no more than about 0.4, 0.35, 0.3, 0.2 or 0.1.
"Lyophilize" or freeze drying refers to the preparation of a composition in dry form by rapid freezing and dehydration in the frozen state (sometimes referred to as sublimation).
Lyophilization takes place at a temperature which results in the crystallization of the sugars.
This process may take place under vacuum sufficient to maintain frozen product, in some embodiments lower than about <2000 mTORR.

- 11 -"Primary water removal" or "primary drying" step or "liquid drying", with regard to processes described herein, refers to the dehydration drying that takes place from the time of thawing the frozen particles to the point where secondary drying starts.
Typically, the bulk of primary drying takes place by extensive evaporation, while the product temperature remained significantly lower than the temperatures of the heat source. This process may take place under vacuum sufficient to maintain thawed product, in some embodiments greater than about >2000 mTORR.
"Secondary drying", with regard to processes described herein, refers to a drying step that takes place at temperatures of the formulation near the temperature of the heat source.
This process may take place under vacuum sufficient to reduce the water activity of a formulation, in some embodiments less than about <1000 mTORR. In a typical formulation drying process, a secondary drying step reduces the water activity of the formulation to an Aw of 0.3 or less.
As used herein, "rapidly freezing" is a process by which a composition is very quickly lowered in temperature, generally to about -70 C or below. This can be accomplished by any number of methods with the key objective being to freeze the composition fast enough to prevent the liquid it contains, e.g., water, from crystalizing to form ice.
Rapidly freezing compositions that contain live and/or active constituents, e.g., live bacteria, parasites, proteins, or viruses, generally aids in maintaining the activity/stability of the live and/or active constituent(s). In particular embodiments, the process of rapid freezing includes contacting a composition with liquid nitrogen. In particular embodiments the rapidly freezing method is performed by snap freezing.
As used herein, a "vaccine" is a composition that is suitable for application to an animal (including, in certain embodiments, humans) which upon administration to the animal induces an immune response strong enough to minimally aid in the protection from a clinical disease arising from an infection with a wild-type micro-organism, i.e., strong enough for aiding in the prevention of the clinical disease, and/or preventing, ameliorating, or curing the clinical disease. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the use of the term vaccine includes multivalent vaccines. Vaccines of the present invention can be particularly made for and administrated to: humans; or any other animal, including canines, felines, horses, swine, poultry, e.g., chickens or turkeys, ruminants, e.g., cattle or sheep, and aquatic animals such as fish, depending on the antigen and the pathogen that the vaccine is intended to aid in the protection from.

- 12 -As used herein, a "multivalent vaccine" is a vaccine that comprises two or more different antigens. In a particular embodiment of this type, the multivalent vaccine stimulates the immune system of the recipient against two or more different pathogens.
As used herein, the terms "protect", "protecting", "provide protection to", "providing .. protection to", and "aids in the protection" do not require complete protection from any indication of infection. For example, "aids in the protection" can mean that the protection is sufficient such that, after challenge, symptoms of the underlying infection are at least reduced, and/or that one or more of the underlying cellular, physiological, or biochemical causes or mechanisms causing the symptoms are reduced and/or eliminated. It is understood that "reduced," as used in this context, means relative to the state of the infection, including the molecular state of the infection, not just the physiological state of the infection.
As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount" is an amount of a given antigen, e.g., live attenuated virus, which is sufficient to provide protection to and/or aid in the protection from the pathogen that the antigen is being administered to protect against, when provided in a single administration and/or when intended, provided as an initial administration with one or more subsequent booster administration(s).
As used herein, an "efficacious" vaccine comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a given antigen.
As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" is used adjectivally to mean that the modified noun is appropriate for use in a pharmaceutical product.
When it is used, for example, to describe an excipient in a pharmaceutical vaccine, it characterizes the excipient as being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not disadvantageously deleterious to the intended recipient.
The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Pharmaceutical acceptable carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and/or oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water or aqueous solution saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can be employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
As used herein, an "adjuvant" is a substance that is able to favor or amplify the cascade of immunological events, ultimately leading to a better immunological response, i.e., the integrated bodily response to an antigen. An adjuvant is in general not required for the immunological response to occur, but favors or amplifies this response.

- 13 -The present invention includes compositions and drying methods for preserving sensitive bioactive materials, such as peptides, proteins, hormones, nucleic acids, antibodies, drugs vaccines, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), bacteria (probiotic or otherwise), viruses and/or cell suspensions, in storage.
The compositions and drying methods of the present invention solve the problem of providing a cost effective and industrially scalable dry formulations containing sensitive bioactive materials, such as peptides, proteins, hormones, nucleic acids, antibodies, drugs, vaccines, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), bacteria, viruses and/or cell suspensions, with a significantly extended lifetime in the dry state. The invention provides a preservation composition comprising biological materials surrounded by amorphous glassy structure of highly soluble compounds. The invention further provides a method to improve the stability of the biological materials, including live microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds) and viruses, on seeds. The drying process may comprise: mixing the biological materials and other ingredients of the composition in a liquid slurry, snap-freezing said slurry in liquid nitrogen to form particles in the form of droplets, strings or beads, followed by drying the particles by evaporating the moisture under a regimen of reduced pressure while supplying heat to form a glassy dry composition.
The present invention is based on the remarkable discovery that biological materials can be protected in glassy structure while retaining substantial activity.
When the biological materials are combined with the composition mixture and dried according to the present invention a superior stability was achieved during extended time exposure to harsh temperature and humidity conditions. The present invention includes compositions containing biological materials, a mixture of soluble carbohydrates and glass enhancing carboxylic acid salts. The compositions of the invention are inherently different in their physical structure and function from non-viscous or concentrated sugary compositions that were simply dried under a typical freeze drying process. For example, U.S.
Pat. No.
6,919,172 discloses an aerosolized powder composition for pulmonary administration, which contains a mixture of various carbohydrates and sodium citrate. However, the composition described in the patent lacks the additional proteinous compound that is essential for added stability and for the formation of a desirable physical structure during drying of solutions having high concentration of sugars. The described composition in this patent also lacks viscosity or hydrogel structure, which allows an efficient drying of thawed or unfrozen solution for enhanced glass formation. In contrast, the composition and drying process of the

- 14 -present invention overcomes all these issues while achieving a superior stability of the biological materials. The prior art also lacks the additional carboxylic component that act in synergism with the hydrolyzed proteins to protect and stabilize the biological materials.
Enhanced glassy structure was usually achieved in the prior art by foaming or boiling the solution under vacuum to facilitate effective drying. The foaming step generally resulted in an extensive boiling and eruption of the solution that is an unavoidable consequence of the drying of unfrozen solution, and as a result, only a very low loading capacity of solution in a vial or a vessel can be achieved (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,087, in which the thickness of the final foamed product is less than 2 mm). The compositions and drying methods of the present invention avoid boiling and foaming of the formulation thereby enabling much higher loading of material per drying area and, as a result, can be easily scaled up to the production of large quantities of material without the use of specifically designed vessels and trays or equipment.
A wide range of biological materials can be used with the inventive composition to form an aqueous preservation medium according to the invention. This preservation medium can then be subjected to the drying processes of the present invention to make a stable dry powder of biological materials. These biological materials, include, without limitation:
enzymes, such as pancreatic enzymes, lipases, amylases, protease, phitase, lactate dehydrogenase; proteins, such as insulin; vaccines; viruses, such as adenovirus; cells, including prokaryotic cells (including bacteria and fungi) and eukaryotic cells, other biological materials, including drugs, nucleic acids, peptides, hormones, vitamins, carotenoids, minerals, antibiotics, microbiocides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, spermicides, antibodies and lipid vesicles.
Probiotic bacteria have been shown to benefit particularly from the compositions and drying methods of the present invention. The stable dry probiotic powder is prepared according to the compositions and methods of the invention including mixing fresh, frozen or dry cultures of probiotic bacteria with a mixture of carbohydrates and glass enhancing compounds, snap-freezing the viscous formulation in liquid nitrogen to form frozen solid droplets, strings or beads, and drying by initially applying sufficient vacuum to increase the formulation temperature above the freezing temperature and supplying a heat source of 20 C
and higher to facilitate primary water removal. Maintaining the temperature of the formulation above the freezing point can be accomplished by adjusting the vacuum and by conduction of heat to the formulation. To complete the drying process and further reduce the

- 15 -water activity of the formulation below Aw of 0.3 or lower, a secondary drying step is applied at maximum vacuum and at elevated temperature up to 70 C. Such a composition can remain stable in storage conditions of 40 C and 33%RII for 30 days or more, as shown in FIG. 15.
Live microorganisms such as probiotic bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds), parasites, and viruses in compressed tablets have been shown to benefit particularly from the compositions and drying methods of the present invention. The stable dry biological powder is prepared according to the compositions and methods of the invention including mixing fresh, frozen or dry cultures of single cell organisms with a mixture of sugars, hydrolyzed proteins and an antioxidant and potentially including additional amounts of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides and glass enhancing compounds, rapidly freezing, e.g., snap-freezing, the viscous formulation in liquid nitrogen to form frozen solid droplets, strings or beads, evaporating the water by initially applying sufficient vacuum to increase the formulation temperature above its freezing temperature and supplying a heat source of 20 C
and higher to facilitate primary water removal. Maintaining the temperature of the formulation above the freezing point can be accomplished by adjusting the vacuum and by conducting or radiating heat to the formulation. To complete the drying process and further reduce the water activity of the formulation below Aw of 0.3 or lower, a secondary drying step is applied at maximum vacuum and at elevated temperature up to 70 C.
Prior art seed treatments provide liquid compositions or applications containing biological materials. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,020,343 discloses a partially desiccated liquid inoculant, not a dry seed application. Liquid inoculants for seed treatments have the disadvantages of high shipping and storage costs and the potential for costly spills and time consuming cleanup. The present invention provide methods for applying seed treatment compositions comprising live microbials such as bacteria and fungi, such that the live microbials on the treated seeds are stabilized. Such seed treatments would not only improve crop yields and plant health, but also compliment or replace agricultural chemicals and fertilizers.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for producing seeds coated with stabilized biological materials, e.g., live microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi (e.g, yeasts or molds), parasites, and viruses, or recombinant vectors or proteins (including enzymes or antibodies) is provided. The method comprises applying a moistening liquid to seeds to moisten seeds and then coating the moistened seeds with an effective amount of a

- 16 -dry composition. The moistening liquid comprises a moistening polymer. The dry composition comprises a bioactive material such as live microorganisms (e.g., live bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses), one or more disaccharides, one or more oligosaccharides, one or more polysaccharides, one or more carboxylic acid salts, one or more hydrolyzed proteins.
The resulting coated seeds may have an initial water activity (Aw) below about 0.4, 0.35 or 0.3.
The seeds may be of any type. Examples of seeds include legume or non-legume seeds. Legume seeds include soybean seeds, peas, beans, alfalfa, clover, lentils, carob, peanuts and the like. Non-legume seeds include corn seeds, wheat, barley, rye, and cover crops like mustard, phacelia, daikon (radish) and the like. In some embodiments, the seeds are legume seeds.
The bioactive material, for example, microorganisms, of the present invention may include bacteria such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi such as yeasts and molds for disease and insect control, enhancing soil fertility and plant vigor. Examples .. of yeasts include Saccharomyces and methylotrophic yeasts, Debaromyces, Candida, mycorrhizalfiingi, Pitchia pastoris and Torulopsis; examples of molds include Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Glomus genera; examples of bacteria include the genera Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Kocuriaw, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus and Lactobacillus; and examples of viruses include Polydnaviruses, Retroviruses, Pararetroviruses, Herpesviruses, Paraviruses, Phages, Yeast viruses, Fungi viruses Plant viruses and soil viruses groups. Examples of soil bacteria include, but not limited to, aerobic and anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria, like Rhizobium, Frankia Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Clostridium. In some embodiments, the nitrogen fixing bacteria are rhizobia.
The bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds) or viruses on the coated seeds may have initial viability of at least about 4, 5, 6 or 7 logs of colony or plaque forming units per gram seeds (CFU/g seed or PFU/g seed).
The bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds) and viruses on the coated seeds may be stable under predefined conditions of temperature, humidity and time period, for example, a predetermined period of time of at least about 1, 2, 3, 6 or 12 months after treatment, with viability loss of no more than about 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0 or 0.5 logs of CFU/g or PFU/g

- 17 -seed. In some embodiments, the bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds) or viruses on the seeds are stable for at least about 3 months with viability loss of no more than about 1.2, 1.0, 0.5 logs of CFU/g or PFU/g seed. In other embodiments, the bacteria, fungi (e.g., yeasts or molds) or viruses on the seeds are stable for at least about 12 months or 1 year with viability loss of no more than about 3.0, 2.0 or 1.0 logs of CFU/g or PFU/g seed.
The term "effective amount" refers to an amount of the dry composition applied to the moistened seeds required to achieve a stated goal, i.e., producing seeds coated with stabilized biological materials such as live microorganisms. The effective amount of the dry composition may be selected to achieve certain stability of the biological materials on the seeds, for example, a predetermined viability loss (e.g., no more than about 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0 or 0.5 logs of CFU/g seed) over a predetermined period of time (e.g., at least about 1, 2, 3, 6 or 12 months). The effective amount of the dry composition comprising biological materials may vary depending upon the stated stability goal, the nature and the amount of each ingredient in the dry composition, and the seeds. The dry composition may be applied to seeds once or multiple times. For each application, at least about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 100 g of the dry composition is applied to 100 g seeds.
The moistening polymer in the moistening liquid may be selected to achieve a desirable initial water activity of coated seeds, for example, below about 0.4, 0.35 or 3.0, or desirable stability of the live microorganisms on the coated seeds with viability loss, for example, no more than about 3.0, 2.0, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0 or 0.5 logs of CFU/g seed at least about 1, 2, 3, 6 or 12 months after treatment. Suitable moistening polymers include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP).
Polyethylene glycols with MW range of 400-4000 (e.g., PEG 400 to PEG 4000), acrylates, polyurethanes and alginate polymers like sodium alginate, and calcium alginate may not be suitable.
The moistening liquid may be applied to the seeds in a small volume. For example, the moistening liquid is applied in no more than about 10, 5, 1 or 0.1 ml per 100 g of seeds.
In one embodiment, no more than 1 ml of the moistening liquid is applied to 100 g of seeds.
The moistening liquid may be applied to seeds once or multiple times.
The moistening polymer in the moistening liquid may be in an amount sufficient to protect or improve stability of the biological materials to be applied to the moistened seeds.
Such an amount of the moistening polymer may vary depending on the target stability of the microorganisms, for example, a predetermined viability loss (e.g., no more than about 3.0,

- 18 -2.0, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0 or 0.5 logs of CFU/g seed) over a predetermined period of time (e.g., at least about 1, 2, 3, 6 or 12 months after treatment), the nature and the amount of each ingredient in the dry composition, and the seeds. For example, the moistening liquid may comprise about 0.25-1% (w/w) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), for example, about 0.4%
(w/w) PVA.
The dry composition may comprise biological materials, 10-50% (w/w) one or more disaccharides, 10-80% (w/w) one or more oligosaccharides, 0.1-10% (w/w) one or more polysaccharides, 0.5-20% (w/w) one or more carboxylic acid salts, 0.5-40%
(w/w) one or more hydrolyzed proteins. The disaccharide may be selected from the group consisting of trehalose, sucrose, lactose, and a mixture thereof. The oligosaccharide may be selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, inulin, maltodextrins, dextrans, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and a mixture thereof. The oligosaccharide may be a cyclodextrin. The polysaccharide may be selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), carboxy-methyl-cellulose, pectin, salts of alginic acid, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (1-IPMC), methyl cellulose, carrageenan, gellan gum, guar gum, gum acacia, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan and chitosan derivatives, collagen, polyglycolic acid, starches, modified starches, and a mixture thereof. The hydrolyzed protein may be selected from the group consisting of hydrolyzed casein, hydrolyzed whey protein, hydrolyzed pea protein, hydrolyzed soy protein, and a mixture thereof. The carboxylic acid may be selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, and glutamic acid.
The dry composition may be prepared by a drying method comprising: (i) combining the biological materials, the one or more disaccharides, the one or more oligosaccharides, the one or more polysaccharides, the one or more carboxylic acid salts, and the one or more hydrolyzed proteins in an aqueous solvent to form a viscous slurry; (ii) snap-freezing the slurry in liquid nitrogen to make solid frozen particles in the form of beads, droplets or strings, (iii) primary drying the solid frozen particles under vacuum at a temperature above the freezing temperature of the solid frozen particles to form a primary dried formulation, and (iv) secondary drying the primary dried formulation under full vacuum at a temperature of at least 20 C for a time sufficient to reduce the water activity (Aw) of the resulting dry composition to below about 0.4, 0.35 or 0.3. The primary drying step may be carried out under vacuum above 2000 mTORR at a temperature of 20 C for at least 16 hours.
The

- 19 -secondary drying step may be carried out at a temperature of 40 C for at least 15 minutes.
The drying method may further comprise reducing the particle size of the dry composition.
The dry composition may have a particle size of less than about 10,000, 5,000, 1,000 or 500 um. In one embodiment, the dry composition has a particle size of less than about 1,000 um.
In one embodiment, a method for coating agricultural seeds with a vacuum dried stabilizing composition is provided. The vacuum dried stabilizing composition comprises beneficial bioactive material (e.g., Bradyrhizobium japonicum). The vacuum dried stabilizing composition is applied to seeds, optionally protected with a moistening polymer coating. Extended stability of bioactive material Bradyrhizobium japonicurn (Rhizobia) on soybean seed is accomplished by using a dry application process.
COMPOSITIONS OF THE INVENTION
In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a carbohydrate mixture of di-, oligo- and poly-saccharides, in which the bioactive material is embedded.
Examples of a suitable polysaccharide, include but is not limited to, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), carboxy-methyl-cellulose, pectin, sodium alginate, salts of alginic acid, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose, carrageenan, gellan gum, guar gum, gum acacia, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan and chitosan derivatives, collagen, polyglycolic acid, starches and modified starches. Examples of a suitable oligosaccharide, include but is not limited to, cyclodextrins, fructans, inulin, FOS, maltodextrins, dextrans, etc.; and combinations thereof Examples of a suitable disaccharide, include but are not limited to, lactose, trehalose, sucrose, etc. In one particular embodiment, a suitable exemplary polysaccharide is sodium alginate or gellan gum. In another embodiments, the formulation comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 0.1-20% of sodium alginate.
In some embodiments, the carbohydrate mixture comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 0.1-10% polysaccharides, 1-10% oligosaccharides and 10-90%
disaccharides. In an additional embodiment, the carbohydrates mixture comprises di-, oligo-and poly-saccharides in a weight ratio of 10:0.1-4:0.1-2, or wherein the weight ratio of disaccharides/oligosaccharides/polysaccharides is from about 10:0.2:0.1 to about 10:2:1.
In some embodiments the disaccharide fraction in the carbohydrate mixture includes various sugars and sugar alcohols. Suitable disaccharides are ones that do not crystallize and/or damage or destabilize the biologically active material in the formulation at freezing temperatures (e.g., lower than -20 C) and during water removal. For example, bioactive material can be dried in the presence of glass forming sugars such as sucrose, lactose or

- 20 -trehalose to promote retention of molecular structure throughout the drying process and impart structural rigidity to the amorphous matrix in the dry state. A
suitable disaccharide would effectively replace water of hydration lost during drying, to prevent damage to cell membranes and denaturation of enzymes (see review by Crowe et al., 1998).
Other functions of the disaccharide in the composition can include protecting the bioactive material from exposure to damaging light, oxygen, oxidative agents and moisture. A suitable disaccharide must readily dissolve in a solution. Trehalose is a particularly attractive protectant because it is a non-reducing disaccharide found in plants and living organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi or invertebrates such as insects and nematodes) that remain in a state of dormancy during periods of drought. In some cases, it can be beneficial to include two or more different disaccharides such as a mixture of trehalose and sucrose to inhibit the formation of crystals, to enhance the stability of the dried bioactive material formulation in storage conditions for extended time periods and to reduce costs.
In some embodiments the oligosaccharide fraction in the carbohydrate mixture includes inulin, maltodextrins, dextrans, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and combinations thereof. The oligosaccharides mitigate several problems associated with the use of trehalose alone as a protectant for a variety of preserved biological materials. Although very effective in protecting the biological materials during dehydration and rehydration, trehalose alone as a stabilizer does not provide desirable storage stability for extended periods of time, especially at high temperatures and/or humid environments. This problem was resolved in the present invention with the addition of oligosaccharides, for example inulin, to the carbohydrate mixture.
A suitable exemplary mass ratio of the saccharides in the carbohydrates mixture is 10:0.1-10:0.1-2 disaccharides/oligosaccharides/polysaccharides and in some embodiments, wherein the weight ratio of disaccharides/oligosaccharides/polysaccharides is from about 10:0.2:0.1 to about 5:10:1. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate mixture comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 10-90% disaccharides, 1-10%
oligosaccharides and 0.1-10% polysaccharides. In other embodiments, the carbohydrates mixture comprises in percent by weight of total dry matter, 10-50% disaccharides, 10-80% oligosaccharides and 0.1-10%
polysaccharides.
In a particular embodiment, the formulation comprises a mixture of oligosaccharides.
The oligosaccharides mixture mitigates several problems associated with the use of a single

- 21 -oligosaccharide alone as a glass enhancing material in the composition.
Although very effective in elevating the glass transition temperature oligosaccharides tend to rapidly crystallize and precipitate and thereby fragmenting the glassy amorphous structure, especially at high temperatures and/or humid environments. This problem was resolved in the present .. invention with the addition of a mixture of oligosaccharides instead of a single type of oligosaccharide, in some embodiments a mixture of fructans and low DE
dextrins. In some embodiments, the carbohydrate mixture comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 5-40% fructans and 5-40% low DE dextrins.
One suitable composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 90% of a carbohydrate component including at least a di-, oligo- and poly-saccharide and a protein component comprising about 0.5% to about 40% of a hydrolyzed protein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30% to about 70% of carbohydrate component and about 10%
to about 40% of a glass enhancer component such as a protein hydrolyzed protein and carboxylic acid, wherein the carbohydrate component comprises about 10% to 90%
or from about 40% to 80% of a disaccharide; about 1% to about 10% or from about 5% to 10% of an oligosaccharide; and about 0.1 to about 10% or from about 5% to about 10% of a polysaccharide. The composition further comprises a salt of an organic acid which is considered to be another glass enhancer component and comprises between about 0.5% and 20% carboxylic acid, based on the total weight of the composition.
In an additional embodiment, the composition comprises a mixture of sodium alginate and oligosaccharides in a weight ratio of 1:1-10, or 1:1-5, of sodium alginate/oligosaccharides.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, composition is cross-linked with divalent metals ions to form a firm hydrogel. In some embodiments, the cross-linked hydrogel formulation is formed by atomizing or extruding the slurry in a bath containing divalent metal ions solution or by adding divalent metal ions directly into the slurry and allowing the formulation to harden and form a hydrogel. The hydrogel formulation is then flash frozen and dried according to the drying methods of the invention.
In other embodiments, the composition comprises significant amounts of glass enhancing compounds including salts of organic acids such as lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, and the like. Salts may include cations such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Examples include sodium citrate, sodium lactate, sodium maleate,

- 22 -magnesium glueonate, sodium ascorbate, and the like. Salts having high glass transition temperature (Tg) and high solubility are preferred. Exemplary organic acids include citric acid and its salts (e.g., sodium or potassium citrate, trisodium citrate dehydrate) and ascorbic acid and its salts (e.g., sodium ascorbate, potassium ascorbate, or magnesium ascorbate). For example, in some embodiments the composition of the invention includes a carbohydrates mixture of di-, oligo- and polysaccharides and ions of organic acid such as citric acid and/or ascorbic acid.
The amount of glass enhancers used in the composition will vary depending on the overall composition and its intended drying storage conditions. Generally, the amount of the glass enhancing compound in the composition is higher than two (2) percent by weight of total dry matter while the pH of the solution or dispersion is maintained slightly alkali (pH 7-7.5). Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the function of the glass enhancing compound at relatively high content as described herein is not only to contribute to the desirable amorphous and rigid glassy structure of the resulting dry composition, but also to protect the bioactive material from exposure to damaging light, oxygen, oxidative agents and moisture. A suitable exemplary composition comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 1-20% or about 2-10% of glass enhancing compound by weight of total dry matter.
Other suitable glass enhancers that are included in the composition to further increase its stability include proteins, protein hydrolysates, polypeptides and amino acids. These include gelatine, albumin, whey protein, soy protein, casein, caseinate, immunoglobulins, soy protein, pea protein, cottonseed protein or other food and dairy or vegetable proteins and/or their hydrolysates, or any other hydrolyzed protein. Examples of polyamino acids include polyalanine, polyarginine, polyglycine, polyglutamic acid and the like. Useful amino acids include lysine, glycine, alanine, arginine or histidine, as well as hydrophobic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, phenylalanine, etc.) and a methylamine such as betaine.
In some embodiments, casein or pea protein or hydrolyzed casein or hydrolyzed pea proteins, are used. In some embodiments the hydrolyzed proteins fraction in the composition mixture includes partially hydrolyzed or extensively hydrolyzed proteins, polypeptides and amino acids. As used herein, the extensively hydrolyzed proteins are those obtained by extensive enzymatic hydrolysis through the use of proteases for the modification (breakdown) of proteins. In some embodiments, hydrolyzed animal or vegetable proteins such as casein, whey, soy, or pea proteins, or extensively hydrolyzed casein or pea proteins.
Some embodiments employ extensively hydrolyzed proteins having over 80% short chain

- 23 -peptides with a molecular weight from about 1 kDa to about 50 kDa and at least 20% of the protein substrate is converted into peptides having molecular masses from 200 to 2000 dalton. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that a mixture resulting from a sugar and extensively hydrolyzed protein as described herein allows for faster drying and contributes to the desirable amorphous and rigid glassy structure of the resulting dry composition. An enzyme-hydrolyzed protein can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art or can be obtained from a commercial source. A suitable exemplary composition comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 5-40%
extensively hydrolyzed proteins.
A suitable exemplary total amount of proteins, hydrolyzed protein or extensively hydrolyzed proteins and amino acids in the dry composition is from about 1% to about 40%, or about 5% to about 40%, or about 10% to about 30% of the total mass of dry mixture.
It should be noted that the proper amount of the glass enhancers in the composition may depends on the desired characteristics of the dry composition. For example, a composition containing carbohydrate mixture and protein or protein hydrolysates can be used to enhance the chemical stability of a biological material while being stored under mild temperature and relative humidity, such as 25 C and 25% RH. The determination of the proper amount of glass enhancers, and particularly the relative ratio between the disaccharides and oligosaccharides, should be made according to the desired storage conditions. For example, a composition containing high ratio of disaccharide/oligosaccharides can be used to enhance the chemical stability of a biological material while being stored under mild temperature and relative humidity, such as 25 C and 25% RH. A composition containing low ratio of disaccharide/oligosaccharides can be used to enhance the chemical stability of a biological material while being stored under high temperature and relative humidity, such as 30 C and 40% RH or above.
Ascorbic acid ions may be preferred in some embodiments as glass enhancers to obtain added benefit of stabilizing at higher temperature and humidity exposure.
Alternatively, in some embodiments a combination of citrate and/or ascorbate ions with another glass enhancer, such as protein or protein hydrolysate, is more preferred.
In some embodiments the formulation comprises a mixture of sugars and hydrolyzed proteins, in which the bioactive material is embedded. Examples of suitable sugars include, but are not limited to, disaccharides such as lactose, trehalose, sucrose and a mixture thereof. Examples of suitable hydrolyzed proteins include, but are not limited to, extensively

- 24 -hydrolyzed gelatine, albumin, whey protein, soy protein, casein, caseinate, immunoglobulins, soy protein, pea protein, cottonseed protein or any other extensively hydrolyzed proteins from dairy, animal or plant origin and a mixture thereof. A suitable exemplary total amount of sugars in the dry composition is from about 10% to about 80% of the total mass of dry .. mixture, or from about 10% to about 60% of the dry mass.
In one exemplary embodiment, the glass forming agent comprises a mixture of a disaccharide and a hydrolyzed protein. In a particular embodiment, a suitable exemplary glass forming agent is a mixture of trehalose and hydrolyzed protein. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises, in percent by weight of total dry matter, 10-90%, of trehalose and .. 0.1-30% hydrolyzed protein, or 20-80% of trehalose and 0.1-20% hydrolyzed protein, or 40-80% of trehalose and 0.1-20% hydrolyzed protein.
Ideally, compounds that are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) compounds are preferred over those that are not GRAS. Others include an excipient salt such as magnesium sulfate; a polyol such as trihydric or higher sugar alcohols (e.g., glycerin, erythritol, glycerol, .. arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol, or mannitol); propylene glycol; polyethylene glycol; pluronics;
surfactants; and combinations thereof In some embodiments, the biological material comprises live microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., Aerobic bacteria, Thermophilic bacteria, Enterobacteria, Gram negative, Bacteria, Gram Positive bacteria, Lactic acid bacteria, Anaerobic bacteria, Mesophilic .. actinomycetes, or Thermophilic actinomycetes), fungi (e.g., molds or yeasts), parasite, viruses, or recombinant vector. Examples of suitable yeasts include Saccharomyces, Debaromyces, Candida, Pichia and Torulopsis; examples of suitable molds include Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor, Penicillium and Torulopsis; examples of suitable bacteria include genera Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Melissococcus, .. Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Kocuriaw, Staphylococcus, Peptostrepococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Micrococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella, Aerococcus, Oenococcus and Lactobacillus; and examples of suitable viruses include Polydnaviruses, Retroviruses, Pararetroviruses, Herpesviruses, Paraviruses, Phages, Bacteria viruses, Yeast viruses, Fungi viruses, Plant viruses and soil viruses.
Examples of suitable soil .. microorgansims include Azobacter, Pseudomonadaceae, Actinomycetes, Streptomycetaceae, gram negative Chemolithotropics, Bacillaceae, Norcardiaceae, Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, Zygomycetes, and a Nitrofying Bacteria Oxidizing type of microorganisms such as Nitrosomonas or Nitrobacter. Examples of suitable probiotic

- 25 -microorganisms include the following species and all culture biotypes within those species:
Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Bacillus coagulans, B. lentus, B. lichenifbrmis, B. mesentericus, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. natto, Bacteroides amylophilus, Bac. capillosus, Bac. ruminocola, Bac. suis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. animalis, B. breve, B. bifidum, B.
infantis, B.
lactis, B. longum, B. pseudolongum, B. thermophilum, Candida pintolepesii, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus cremoris, E. diacetylactis, E faecium, E. intermedius, E. lactis, E.
muntdi, E. thermophilus, Escherichia coli, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. alimentarius, L. amylovorus, L. crispatus, L. brevis, L. case 4 L.
curvatus, L. cello biosus, L. delbrueckii ss. bulgaricus, Lõfarciminis, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L.
helveticus, L. lactis, L.
plantarum, L. johnsonii, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. sakei, L. salivarius, Leuconostoc mesentero ides, P. cereviseae (damnosus), Pediococcus acidilactici, P.
pentosaceus, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Prop. shermanii, Saccharomyces cereviseae, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staph. xylosus, Streptococcus infantarius, Strep.
salivarius ss.
thermophilus, Strep. Thermophilus and Strep. lactis.
METHODS OF MAKING TIIE COMPOSITIONS
One suitable mixing process of the biological material and the composition is by adding the total dry composition mixture in a concentrate culture or media solution containing biological material. The weight mass of the biological material in the culture media is typically between about 5% and 30% w/v, or between about 10% and 20%
w/v. The added weight mass of the composition mixture in the culture media is typically between about 10% and about 60%, or between about 20% and 40%. The final solid content in the mixed slurry is from about 20% to about 60% and more specifically from about 30% to about 50%. In some embodiments, the solution is mixed at room temperature or slightly warmed to assist in solubilizing the materials in the viscous solution (e.g., from 20 C
to 40 C). In a variation of the present invention, the total amount of the carbohydrates mixture in the formulation is adjusted to achieve a desired formulation viscosity and density that allowed an efficient drying while avoiding rubbery formation or excessive foaming that may occurs during the drying step. A suitable exemplary slurry viscosity is from about 1,000 cP to about 500,000 cP, or from about 5,000 cP to about 300,000 cP. A desired viscosity and density of the final slurry can be achieved by any means known in the art, for example, slightly adjusting the amount of the polysaccharides in the carbohydrates mixture or by degassing or injecting gas such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon etc.

- 26 -The biological material slurry of the present invention is typically snap-frozen to between -30 C to -180 C, or the formulation is snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen by atomizing, dripping or injecting into liquid nitrogen bath. Collecting the particles, beads, strings or droplets from the liquid nitrogen bath and drying in a freeze drier or vacuum drier, or alternatively storing them in a deep freezer (between -30 C and -80 C) for later use in a frozen form or for later drying, e.g., by spray drying.
In general, the drying process techniques that are useful include spray drying; or evaporative drying of a non-frozen solution in a vacuum oven or centrifugal evaporator at temperatures above the freezing temperature of the slurry (-20 to 50 C.), followed by milling to desirable particle size. The resultant powder particles are glassy with a majority of the glassy materials coating the biological material. The advantage of coating the biological material with glassy materials is to increase physical stability of the product and reduction of deleterious intermolecular reactions within the particle. In a suitable exemplary embodiment, the frozen particles is loaded on trays and immediately transferred to a vacuum drying chamber where the drying process proceeds in three major steps including: (1) An optional, short purging and structure stabilizing step of the frozen particles under a vacuum pressure of less than <2000 mTORR, (2) Primary drying step under vacuum of more than >2000 mTORR and at a temperature above the freezing point of the slurry, and (3) Secondary and final drying step of the glassy amorphous material under full vacuum pressure and elevated temperature for a time sufficient to reduce the water activity of the dried formulation to 0.3 Aw or less.
In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the dried formulation is granulated with a mixture of molten fats to obtain enhanced preservation in short periods of exposure to extreme temperature and humidity conditions.
The dried and stable biological composition can be used directly as a flake, or ground into a powder and sieved to an average particle size from about 10 m to about 1000 jun.
The formulation can be administrated directly to an animal, including man, as a concentrated powder, as a reconstituted liquid, (e.g., a beverage), or it can be incorporated either in flake or powder form into an existing food or feed or agricultural product.
In some embodiments, compositions for the preparation of stable frozen or dry powder of biological materials according to the invention include a carbohydrate mixture and glass enhancer. Such materials, when mixed with the bioactive material, form beads strings or droplets in liquid nitrogen and can be efficiently dried in an amorphous glassy structure

- 27 -according to methods of the invention and to provide large quantities of stable dry compositions for storage and administration of said bioactive material. (See FIG. 7 and FIG.
8 for visual and microscopic observations and water activity (Aw) of different formulations after drying). The carbohydrates mixture provides structural stability to the formulation in high temperature and humidity such as above 30 C and 40% RH. and/or physical and chemical protective benefits to the bioactive materials and prevents or reduces the adverse effects upon reconstitution or rehydration.
The polysaccharide fraction in the carbohydrate mixture can provide thickening viscosity to the formulation and better control over the formulation density properties under vacuum and increased structural strength to the dried formulation compositions of the invention. (See FIG. 8 - Pictures 4, 4b, 4c for the glassy structure and dryness of that particular formulation). Suitable polysaccharides, particularly for live organisms, are water soluble gums, because of their distinctive characteristic to form viscous gel at mild temperatures. Gums at certain concentration were also found to effectively stabilize the formulation structure under vacuum, by providing appropriate viscosity and density to the formulation and allowing an effective drying of the formulation during the primary water removal step at a particular viscosity. Certain gums can also form hydrogels by cross-linking with divalent or multivalent cations (e.g., alginates, pectins, or chitosan) or by temperature or pH changes (e.g., gelatins, CMC, CAP, or gellan gum). Hydrogeled solutions would prevent problems associated with vacuum drying of unfrozen solutions. Gums at certain concentration were also found to effectively stabilize the formulation and facilitate the formation of an amorphous glassy structure and enhance drying profile under vacuum (see FIG. 7 - pictures 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, and FIG. 8 - 4c and FIG. 13).
Notably by viewing the pictures of FIG. 7 in combination with the results set forth below in Table 1, it is evident that samples 3b, 3c, 4, 5, and 6 were all dried sufficiently to provide some porosity in the amorphous glassy structures.

- 28 -Table I.
Visual Inspection of the Various Dry Compositions 1 2 3a 3b 3c 4 5 6 Dryness Not Dry Not Dry Not Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Porousness None None None Present Present Present None Partial Aw 0.847 0.923 0.916 0.216 0.183 0.376 0.171 0.112 Glass Structure None None None Partial Partial Present Partial Partial For example, a dry form of bioactive material can be formulated into a solution or suspension containing the composition powder mixture. The composition mixture can be dissolved into a warm aqueous solution with low shear agitation before cooling and mixing with the bioactive material. The bioactive material, such as cultured virus or bacterium, can be concentrated and separated from the culture media by centrifugation or filtration before re-suspension into the formulation. Alternatively, the totality or a portion of the water in the formulation is provided in the liquid of the concentrated biological material.
The suspension is maintained at a temperature slightly above room temperature and the dry composition powder mixture is slowly added to the warm (25 C to 40 C) suspension containing the biological material. The suspension is gently agitated in a planetary mixer until all components are fully dispersed or dissolved and uniform slurry is obtained.
The viscous slurry can be then cross-linked to form a hydrogel (depending on the polysaccharide properties) by adding metal ions or changing the temperature or pH of the slurry and then dried according to the drying methods of the invention.
Alternatively, the slurry can be snap-frozen by atomizing through a nozzle, dripping or injecting in dry ice or liquid nitrogen bath to form small particles or solid droplets strings or beads. The frozen solid particles can be stored in a deep freezer between -30 C and -80 C for later use as a stable frozen product or until drying. A suitable exemplary drying method is vacuum drying where the product temperature is maintained slightly above its freezing temperature. The frozen droplets or beads are placed on trays at a loading capacity from about 0.1 kg/sq ft to about 1.5 kg/sq ft and dried according to the method of the invention. In some embodiments, the drying process is initiated by a short purging step, which allows the product acclimation to initial temperature and structure of the frozen particles to relax and stabilize and excess air degassed. Typically, the purging step takes between 1 and 60 minutes depending on the product viscosity and tray loading. The beads or particles should remain in a solid frozen form during the entire purging step. The product temperature is then brought to above its

- 29 -freezing temperature and primary water removal step followed until all free water is evaporated from the product. Once the formulation temperature reached the desired temperature, heat is adjusted to maintain that temperature and the primary liquid drying step by evaporation is progressed. At this step the formulation is already thawed and accelerated water evaporation take place without any boiling or foaming. The drying process is completed with an additional secondary drying phase at maximum vacuum and elevated temperature.
Typical methods in the prior art involve extensive foaming and/or splattering and violent boiling that can be damaging to sensitive biologicals and cause difficulties for industrial scale up at high loading capacity (see for example U.S. Pat. No.
6,534,087, where the applied vacuum pressure result in violent boiling and foaming). However, the current compositions and methods avoid boiling or foaming of the formulation while achieving a significantly faster drying rate and enabling a high loading capacity of the formulation.
Additionally, a complete and efficient degassing of viscous liquid slurries is difficult and may require an extended period of time. These obstacles were all resolved in the present invention by using a suitable composition that allows an effective primary water removal while a glassy structure is formed without boiling and excessive foaming. The loading of solid frozen particles on a tray as oppose to slurry or viscous syrup allows much higher loading capacity per drying area on trays than was afforded according to the prior art.
In one suitable example of the present invention, the biological material is a live concentrate probiotic bacteria culture. A powder composition mixture in some embodiments contains 1-4% sodium alginate or gellan gum, 50-75% trehalose, 1-10% inulin or FOS, 10-20% protein hydrolysates, such as casein, whey, pea, soy or cottonseed hydrolysates and 1-10% sodium citrate or sodium ascorbate. The probiotic culture can be fresh, frozen or already dried in a form of dry powder.
In another suitable example of the present invention, the biological material is a live concentrate microorganism culture. A powder composition mixture is prepared by mixing 1-4% sodium alginate or gellan gum, 5-30% trehalose, 5-40% inulin, 5-40% low DE
maltodextrin, 10-30% extensively hydrolyzed protein, such as casein, whey, pea, soy or cottonseed protein. Additional 0.1-10% glass enhancers such as sodium citrate, sodium glutamate or sodium ascorbate may also be included in the composition, as an option. The microorganism or spore culture can be fresh, frozen or already dried in a form of dry powder.

30 PCT/US2017/018280 The composition mixture is added to the concentrated probiotic culture media to bring the solid content of the solution mixture to 40-60% (w/w) and the pH adjusted to 6.5-7.5 with phosphate or citrate ions. The solution is mixed at a temperature slightly above the room temperature (typically between 25 C -37 C) until all the components are completely dissolved. The viscous slurry is dripped in liquid nitrogen to form small droplets or beads which are then removed from the liquid nitrogen, packed in bags and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C until drying.
A typical drying method of live probiotic bacteria includes spreading the solid frozen beads on trays in a uniform layer at a loading capacity between 100-1500 g/sq ft, and the trays are immediately placed in a freeze drier. Vacuum is then applied at about 1000 mTORR or lower and depending on the freeze drier size and type of heat source, the shelf temperature adjusted to maintain the particles at about -20 to about-30 C. The solid frozen beads are allowed to purge for about 1 to about 60 minutes and vacuum adjusted to between 2000 and 10,000 mTORR and heat transfer increased to raise the formulation temperature to between -20 C and 0 C, or between -10 C and 0 C, typically about -10 C. These temperature and vacuum pressure conditions are maintained during the primary water removal step which may last from a few hours and up to 24 hours depending on the tray loading. At some point during the primary drying process, the rate of evaporation of solvent slows and the formulation temperature begins to increase due to excess supply of heat in the drying chamber. This point indicates the end of the primary drying step in this invention. As solvent is driven out from the formulation, the glass forming compounds in the solution become concentrated and thicker until it stops flowing as a liquid and form an amorphous and/or stable glassy structure.
A secondary drying step is then followed at maximum vacuum and formulation temperature between 30 C and 50 C. The purpose of the secondary drying step is to remove the remaining entrapped or bound moisture and provide a composition that is stable in storage for an extended period of time at ambient temperatures. The secondary drying step may last several hours and its ending point is when the formulation is completely dry and its water activity lower than 0.3 Aw.
The drying methods of the invention result in a biologically active material that is encased within an amorphous glassy structure, thereby preventing the unfolding or denaturation of proteins and significantly slowing molecular interactions or cross-reactivity, due to greatly reduced mobility of the compound and other molecules within the amorphous

- 31 -glassy composition. As long as the amorphous solid structure is maintained at a temperature below its glass transition temperature and the residual moisture remains relatively low, the probiotic bacteria can remain relatively stable. See FIG. 15. It should be noted that achieving a glassy structure is not a prerequisite for long term stability as some biological materials may fare better in a more crystalline state.
The dried glassy structure can be used en bloc, cut into desired shapes and sizes, or crushed and milled into a free flowing powder that provides easy downstream processing like wet or dry agglomeration, granulation, tableting, compaction, pelletization or any other kind of delivery process. Processes for crushing, milling, grinding or pulverizing are well known in the art. For example, a hammer mill, an air mill, an impact mill, a jet mill, a pin mill, a Wiley mill, or similar milling device can be used. A suitable exemplary particle size is less than about 1000 um and in some embodiments less than 500 um.
In another example of the present invention, the dry stable powder containing bioactive material is agglomerated with molten fats. The dry powder is placed in a planetary mixer at 40 C and molten fats such as cocoa butter, natural waxes or hydrogenated oil or a mixture thereof are slowly added to the warm powder under mixing and the mixture is cooled down to below the melting temperature of the fats while mixing continue until a visually uniform size of agglomerated powder is achieved. The weight mass of the molten fats mixture in the composition is between about 20% and about 70%, in some embodiments about 30-50%. The final product can be consumed in an agglomerated form or compressed in a tablet press machine and consumed in a tablet form.
In one particular example the dry powder is compressed in a tablet press machine to form a tablet in a desirable shape and size. The stable and dry biological composition is optionally mixed with a filler to adjust the potency of the tablet to a desirable dosage. The filler may include, but is not limited to, maltodextrin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, calcium carboxy-methylcellulose, colloidal silica dioxide, and combinations thereof.
Optionally, a disintegration-promoting agent is also included in the tableting mix. Examples of a disintegration-promoting agent may include, but are not limited to, sodium croscarmellosc, crospovidone (insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone), sodium starch gycolate, sodium starch glyconate, pregelatinized starch and the like. As used herein, the tableting mixture may optionally include flow agents. The flow agents may include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc state, stearic acid and fumed silica such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic fumed silica.

- 32 -Suitable methods for producing tablets from the stable biological composition and other tablet ingredients include standard press tableting methods, including those conventionally used for producing multi-layer tablets. Tableting compressing pressure of up to 50 kN/cm2, corresponding to a tensile strength below 100N (Erweka equipment) is preferable, however temperature exposure should be limited to below 60 C in those cases where the biological materials are live microorganisms.
The tablets may be designed to be swallowed whole, chewed or consumed as effervescent drink tablets. When the tablets disintegrate on consumption, whether in the mouth, in the drink or in the stomach, the biological material is exposed to other active materials from which they were held separate by the tablet structure. This may potentially harm the biological material if the local concentration of the damaging materials is too high.
It is therefore preferred in some embodiments that the disintegration of the biological active material is delayed to allow the contents of other active components in the tablet to be diluted and dispersed. This problem was resolved in the present invention by forming hardened or cross-linked structured composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the biological material remains intact within the composition matrix upon mixing in water. In some embodiments, the biological material is released unharmed from the composition matrix at a desired site of action along the digestive tract of the animal.
Tablets according to the invention may be packaged in such a way as to preserve their initial state of dryness within acceptable limits. This may involve packaging the tablets in a moisture impermeable compartment such as a tube or a blister pack or a container containing a desiccant agent such as silica gel for absorbing water so as to reduce the water activity within the container. For protection against oxygen such a pack may also contain an oxygen scavenger material such as FreshPaxe, AgelessTm, ascorbyl palmitate or other ascorbates, propyl galates or other gallates, alpha-tocopherol, magnesium or sodium sulfite, butylated hydroxyanisole or butylated hydroxytoluene and the like.
In another example of the present invention, a method for seed treatment using a stabilizing composition containing a biologically active material is provided.
The vacuum dried stabilizing composition is prepared by combining various ingredients with a bioactive material (e.g., Bradyrhizobium japonicum) to make a dry powder for seed application.
The method for preparing the vacuum dried stabilizing composition may comprise:
(a) Combining a bioactive material (e.g., Bradyrhizobium japonicum, commercially available from ABM as a liquid aqueous slurry) with other ingredients, (b) Snap-freezing the slurry in

- 33 -liquid nitrogen to form a solid, (c) Primary drying by water removal at vacuum > 2000 mTORR, and (d) Secondary drying at maximum vacuum to water activity, typically below 0.3. The vacuum drying process produces a powder which appears physically distinct from a freeze dried stabilizing composition (FIG. 21B and FIG. 22A). Applying the vacuum dried stabilizing composition to seeds enhances the stability of the bioactive material (e.g., Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on the coated seeds (Table 2).
The vacuum dried stabilizing composition can be reduced in particle size to become a dry powder for efficient and homogeneous application to seeds by conventional methods.
Processes for crushing, milling, grinding or pulverizing are well known in the art. For example, a hammer mill, an air mill, an impact mill, a jet mill, a pin mill, a Wiley mill, or similar milling device can be used. Typically, for seed coating, the particle size of the dry composition may be less than about 250 microns, 100 microns or 25 microns.
The vacuum dried stabilizing composition comprising a bioactive material (e.g., Bradyrhizobium japonicum) may be applied to seeds, by adding the dry powder of the composition portionwise and sticking the composition to the seeds that are further protected with a moistening polymer coating. The seeds may be processed in seed treatment equipment known in the art, for example, a drum or bowl treater. The process can be either in batches or continuous. Useful moistening polymers for seed coating may include polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cellulose acetate pthlate (CAP) and the like. PVA is preferable for its cost and ease of application to seeds. A dilute aqueous polymer solution or slurry is preferably used to stick the vacuum dried stabilizing composition to the seed. The dilute aqueous polymer solution may be added to the seeds followed by the portionwise or metered addition of the vacuum dried stabilizing composition. The aqueous polymer solution is preferably less than 1.0% (w/w) polymer to water and more preferably less than about 0.5% (w/w) polymer to water. Less than 10 ml aqueous polymer solution per kg seed may be applied to the seeds to stick the dried stabilizing composition. The PVA
barrier coat has been found to be advantageous to ensure longer survival term of Rhizobia (e.g., greater than 1 month), otherwise, the bacteria may quickly die when applied to bare seeds.
PVA has been found effective for improving stability of bacteria on coated seeds. This dual formulation technology of polymer coating and vacuum dried stabilizing composition is also applicable for coating other bacterial species or other biological materials onto seeds for improved stability. The PVA level in the solution cannot be too high, otherwise the seeds will be tacky and the coating will be uneven. Likewise, the PVA level onto the seeds is desirable to be low

- 34 -(e.g., about 0.25-1%) to ensure physical separation of the seeds from each other as well as fast drying.
PVA in the present invention may function both as a sticking agent and a barrier coating. Some acrylates and polyurethanes are toxic to the bacteria and are not desirable for use in seed application. Additionally, commercially available seed coating polymers used to reduce attrition for crop protection chemicals like fungicides and insecticides may be useful in seed coating according to the present invention. Useful commercial seed coatings may include the Disco Ag (Incotec) and Semkote (Croda) line of seed treatment polymers. The vacuum dried stabilizing composition may be specially formulated with various high Tg sugars (e.g., trehalose), which enable fast drying and render the seeds less sensitive to the effects of moisture. It is desirable to mix the bacteria with ingredients known to stabilize and protect the bacteria under desiccation stress.
There is a strong need in the art to develop non-sticky coating formulations that do not require the addition of mica, talc, or silicates, as these generate unhealthy dust levels when the seeds are put through the planting equipment. The present approach avoids the use of these powders and renders a coating of Rhizobia onto the seeds without the generation of nuisance dust.
The vacuum dried stabilizing seed coating may deliver a minimum Rhizobia CFU/g seed of 1 x 105, which may be stable for at least three months depending on packaging and storage humidity level.
The compositions and methods described herein stabilize the biological materials and preserve its activity for an extended storage period at above ambient temperature and relative humidity. For example, the compositions are tested for stability by subjecting them at elevated temperature (e.g., 40 C) and high humidity (e.g., 33% RH, or 43% RH) and measuring the biological activity of the formulations. As an example for live probiotic bacteria, results of these studies demonstrate that the bacteria formulated in these compositions are stable for at least 60 days. Stability is defined as time for one log CFU/g potency loss. Such formulations are stable even when high concentrations of the biologically active material are used. Thus, these formulations are advantageous in that they may be shipped and stored at temperatures at or above room temperature for long periods of time.
The present invention also provides coated seeds prepared according to the coating methods of the present invention.

- 35 -The present invention further provides a seed coated with biological materials, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, carboxylic acid salts, hydrolyzed proteins and a moistening polymer is provided. The coated seed may have an initial water activity (Aw) below 0.4. The microorganisms on the coated seed may have initial viability of at least 5 logs of colony forming units per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed). The microorganisms may be bacteria, fungi, viruses or yeasts. The bacteria may be nitrogen fixing bacteria. The nitrogen fixing bacteria may be rhizobia. The microorganisms on the coated seeds may be stable for at least 3 months with viability loss of no more than 1 log of CFU/g or PFU/g seed. The microorganisms on the coated seeds may be stable for at least 1 year with viability loss of no more than 2 logs of CFU/g or PFU/g seed. The moistening polymer may be selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP).
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1. Preparation of a dry and stable composition Basic carbohydrates mixture. About 70 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 5 g of instant Inulin (Cargill Minneapolis, MN) and about 3 g of sodium alginate (ISP
Corp., Wayne, NJ) were uniformly mixed in dry form.
Basic glass enhancers mixture. About 17 g of casein hydrolysate or pea hydrolysate (ultra filtrated hydrolysates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) and 5 g of sodium citrate or sodium ascorbate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were uniformly mixed in dry form.
Stabilization of probiotic bacteria. Fresh concentrate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus.
(100 ml at 10% solids, direct from fermentation harvest) was added in a blender and maintained at 35 C. About 78 g of basic carbohydrates mixture and about 22 g of the basic glass enhancer mixture were slowly added to the probiotic culture and mixing was carried out at 35 C for 10 minutes. The viscous slurry was then transferred to a vessel having a perforated bottom and allowed dripping into a bath containing liquid nitrogen.
The beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen and immediately transferred to drying.
Drying of the frozen beads containing probiotic bacteria. The frozen beads were spread on a tray at a loading capacity of 200 g/sq ft and immediately placed on a shelf in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). Vacuum was then adjusted to between 2000-2700 mTORR and shelf temperature raised to +30 C. These temperature and vacuum pressure settings were maintained for 5 hours. Optionally, the temperature of the frozen beads was acclimatized to about -20 C before initiating the primary liquid drying by applying

- 36 -a vacuum pressure at about 1000 mTORR and allowing the solid frozen beads to purge for about 10 minutes. The primary drying step was then followed by adjusting the vacuum pressure to between 2000-2700 mTORR and shelf temperature raised to +30 C.
These temperature and vacuum pressure settings were maintained for 5 hours. A
secondary drying .. step was then followed at full vacuum (150-200 mTORR) and shelf temperature maintained at between 30 C and 50 C for additional 3 hours. The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured by a Hygropalm Awl instrument (Rotonic Instrument Corp., Huntington, NY.) at Aw = 0.23.
EXAMPLE 2. Storage stability of the dry probiotic bacteria FIG. 1 shows the storage stability under two different accelerated storage conditions of 40 C and 33%RH and 30 C and 43%Rti of dry stable probiotic bacteria from Example 1 and commercially available dry probiotic bacteria (Culturelle, Amerifit, Inc., Cromwell, CT).
The commercial probiotic bacteria completely lost its viability within the first few weeks under the accelerated storage conditions, while the dry composition of the probiotic bacteria of the present invention lost only 1.18 logs after 60 days at 30 C and 43%RH
and only 1.09 logs at 40 C and 33%RH.
EXAMPLE 3. Scale-up production of stable dry composition containing probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rharnnosus Lactobacillus rharnnosus (400 g frozen concentrate from a commercial source) was thawed at 37 C in a jacketed dual planetary mixer (DPM, lqt, Ross Engineering, Inc., Savannah, GA,) and the solid content adjusted to 10% solids wt with distilled water). About 212 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 20 g of instant Inulin (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 12 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ), about 136 g of casein hydrolysate (ultra filtrated hydrolysates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) and about 20 g of sodium ascorbate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were uniformly mixed in dry form. The powders mixture was slowly added to the probiotic culture and mixing was carried out at 40 RPM and

37 C for 10 minutes. The slurry was then transferred to a vessel having a perforated bottom and allowed to drip into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C for several weeks.
For drying, the frozen beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity ranging from 500 up to 1500 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). A primary liquid drying step was started by adjusting the vacuum pressure to between 2000-2700 mTORR and product temperature raised and stabilized between -10 and -5 C. Over time (about 10-16 h) the product temperature increased to about 20 to 25 C at which point a secondary drying step initiated at maximum vacuum (150-200 mTORR) and product temperature maintained at between 30 to 40 C for additional 14 hours.
The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured at 0.23 Aw.
EXAMPLE 4. Scale-up production of stable dry composition containing probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium lactis Bifidobacterium lactis (400 g frozen concentrate from a commercial source) was thawed at 37 C in a jacketed dual planetary mixer (DPM, lqt, Ross Engineering, Inc., Savannah, GA.). About 212 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 20 g of instant Inulin (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 12 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) and about 20 g of sodium ascorbate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were uniformly mixed in dry form.
The powders mixture was slowly added to the probiotic culture. About 136 g of pea hydrolysate (ultra filtrated hydrolysates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) was dissolved in 80 g distilled water and the mixture shortly microwaved or warmed in a water bath to 60 C until complete dissolution and then cooled down to about 35 C. The dry mix powder and the solution containing pea protein hydrolysate were added to the probiotic concentrate and mixing was carried out at 40 RPM and 37 C for 20 minutes. The slurry was then transferred to a vessel having a perforated bottom and allowed to drip into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C for several weeks.
For drying, the frozen beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity of 800 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). A primary liquid drying step was started by adjusting the vacuum pressure to between 2000-2700 mTORR and product temperature raised and stabilized between -10 and -5 C.
Over time (about 10-16 h) the product temperature increased to about 20 to 25 C at which point a secondary drying step initiated at maximum vacuum (150-200 mTORR) and product temperature maintained at between 30 to 40 C for additional 14 hours. The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured at 0.23 Aw.

- 38 -EXAMPLE 5. Preparation of a hydrogel formulation containing probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium lactis Concentrated probiotic slurry of Bifidobacterium lactis is prepared according to Example 1. To the basic formulation, 0.5 g of dibasic calcium phosphate is added, followed by 0.5 g of gluconolactone. The slurry is allowed to harden at room temperature over the next 2 hours to form a solid hydrogel. The firm gel is sliced to thin and long threads, using a commercially available slicer/shredder. The thin threads are directly loaded on trays in wet form or snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and loaded on a tray at a loading capacity of 500g/sq ft and placed in a freeze drier for drying as described in Example 3. The water activity (Aw) of the formulation is 0.05 (Measured by HygroPalm Awl, Rotonic Huntington, NY).
The dry formulation is further ground to fine powder using standard hammer milling equipment and sieved through 50-250 micron screens.
EXAMPLE 6. Optimization of the molar ratio between the glass enhancers and carbohydrates mixture Several compositions containing various molar proportions of glass enhancers and carbohydrates mixture were prepared according to Example 1. A concentrated culture of the probiotic bacteria L. paracasei was obtained from a commercial source and prepared in a dry composition as described in Example 1 except that the slurry was immediately loaded on trays in wet form without snap-freezing and purging steps. The slurry was dried in primary and secondary stages as described in Examples 1 and 3 except that the shelf temperature was raised to 40 C during primary and secondary drying stages. The stable powder was subjected to acceleration storage conditions at 37 C and 33%RH for 84 days. FIG. 2 shows the effect of various molar ratios on the stability of the dried bacteria. Results suggested that optimal molar ratio between the glass enhancers and the carbohydrates mixture is about 0.12-0.15.
EXAMPLE 7. Effect of the composition of the current invention on storage stability of the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus A composition containing carbohydrates mixture and glass enhancers mixture as described in Example 1 was prepared. A concentrated culture of the probiotic bacteria L.
acidophilus was obtained from a commercial source and prepared in a dry composition as described in Examples 1 and 3 and the stable powder was subjected to acceleration storage conditions at 24 C and 33%RH for 537 days. FIG. 3 demonstrates the superior stability of the probiotic formulated with the composition of the current invention.
Results show that the

- 39 -probiotic viability reduced by only 0.18 log over 537 days of shelf storage under the specified conditions.
EXAMPLE 8. Effect of various glass enhancers compounds on storage stability of the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus Several composition containing carbohydrates mixture as described in Example 1 and glass enhancers mixture containing casein hydrolysate and sodium citrate or sodium ascorbate or a combination of both were prepared. A concentrated culture of the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus was obtained from a commercial source and prepared in a dry composition as described in Example 1 except that the slurry was immediately loaded on trays in wet form without snap-freezing and purging steps. The slurry was dried in primary and secondary stages as described in Examples 1 and 3 and the stable powder was subjected to acceleration storage conditions at 24 C and 43%RH for 180 days. FIG. 4 shows the effect of various glass enhancing compounds on the stability of the dried bacteria.
Results suggested that a significant better stability was obtained by the inclusion of additional glass enhancer on top of the protein hydrolysate. In particular, the inclusion of equal amounts of sodium acetate and sodium ascorbate provided the most stable composition.
Results from both Examples 5 and 6 also suggested that various glass enhancers may be more effective or even may act as a destabilize depending on the bacterial strain.
EXAMPLE 9. Effect of various protein hydrolysate/sugar ratios on storage stability of the probiotic bacteria Btfidobacterium lactis Several compositions containing carbohydrates mixture and glass enhancers as described in Example 1 and compositions containing equal amounts but at various ratios of pea hydrolysate/trehalose with or without sodium ascorbate were prepared. A
concentrated culture of the probiotic bacteria Bilidobacterium lactis was obtained from a commercial source and prepared in a dry composition as described in Examples 1 and 3 and the stable powder was subjected to acceleration storage conditions at 35 C and 43%RH for 7 weeks.
FIG. 5 shows the effect of 1:4, 1:2.5 and 1:1.5 ratios of pea hydrolysate/trehalose with or without sodium ascorbate on the stability of the dried bacteria. Results suggested that a significant better stability was obtained at increasing ratios of pea hydrolysate/trehalose. In particular, a ratio of 1:1.5 pea hydrolysate/trehalose provided more stable composition.
Inclusion of sodium ascorbate at higher pea hydrolysate/trehalose ratio resulted in superior stability compared to sodium ascorbate excluded formulations.
EXAMPLE 10. pH optimization for maximum stability of the probiotic L.
rhamnosus

- 40 -Several compositions containing carbohydrates mixture and glass enhancers as described in Example 1 at different pHs were prepared. A concentrated culture of the probiotic bacteria L. rhamnosus was obtained from a commercial source and prepared in a dry composition as described in Examples 1 and 3. The stable powder was subjected to acceleration storage conditions at 40 C and 33%RH for 8 weeks. FIG. 6 shows the pH effect of the slurry on the stability of the dried bacteria. Results suggested that optimal stability was achieved at neutral pH (-7).
EXAMPLE 11. Stable dry powder containing an enzyme A hydrogel formula containing 40 weight percent of phitase (BASF, GmBH) is prepared by mixing 400 g of the carbohydrates mixture and 200 g of the glass enhancers mixture as described in Examples 1 and 4 and 400 g of phitase in 1000 ml of water. The shredded hydrogel formulation is snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and dried in a vacuum oven at a primary and secondary drying temperature of 50 C. For determination of loading and storage stability of the dried formula: a dry sample is accurately weighed (<100 mg) in a microcentrifuge tube. A 200 pi portion of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added.
The formulation is dissolved in the DMSO buffer by vortexing. To this sample, 0.8 ml of a solution containing 0.05 N NaOH, 0.5% SDS and 0.075 M Citric acid (trisodium salt) is added. The tubes are sonicated for 10 min at 45 C, followed by a brief centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Aliquots of the clear DMSO/Na0H/SDS/Citrate solution are taken into wells of a microplate and analyzed for protein content using the Bradford assay method.
The stability of the stable enzyme dry composition after exposure to 95 C for 20 min is significantly higher than a dry enzyme without the composition of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 12. Stable dry powder containing an infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) vaccine Concentrated slurry of ISAV vaccine (Novozymes, Denmark) is prepared according to Example 4 except that 20 ml 4% chitosan solution in 0.5% acetic acid was added to the slurry containing the ISAV vaccine concentrate, the carbohydrates mixture and the glass enhancers. 0.5 g of dibasic calcium phosphate is added, followed by 0.5 g of gluconolactone.
The slurry is allowed to harden at room temperature over the next 2 hours to form a solid hydrogel. The firm gel is sliced to thin and long threads, using a commercially available slicer/shredder. The thin threads are directly loaded on trays in wet form or snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and loaded on a tray at a loading capacity of 1500g/sq ft and placed in a freeze drier for drying as described in Example 3. The water activity (Aw) of the formulation is

- 41 -0.25. The dry formulation is further ground to fine powder using standard hammer milling equipment and sieved through 50-150 micron screens. The stable dry ISAV
composition is used for oral vaccination by top coating a commercial feed with the dry composition and feeding to Atlantic salmon fish.
EXAMPLE 13. Preparation of invasive species bait Pelleted bait for specifically targeted invasive species according to the present invention is prepared containing a pesticide. 200 g of a formulation as described in Example 9 is prepared and added to 200 gm of water. To this solution is added 90 gm of Rotenone and 0.5 gm of calcium phosphate dibasic, followed by 0.5 gm of gluconolactone. The slurry is immediately spray dried in a standard industrial pray drier, and the dry formulation is used for targeting specific invasive species without deleterious effect of the toxin on the environment or close-by ecosystems.
EXAMPLE 14. Preparation of a protected plant probiotic formulation A biological control agent such as Rhizobacteria is prepared in dry composition according to Example 4. The effectiveness of the dry Rhizobacteria composition is evaluated on lettuce growth under gnotobiotic conditions. Doses of 100 mg of Rhizobacteria dry composition per plant are inoculated into jars with sand and planted with pre-germinated (24 h) lettuce seedlings. A nutrient dose of 5 ml of sterilized Hoagland solution is applied to the plants in the jar. Jars are arranged randomly in growth chamber maintained at 28 C with 12 h photoperiod. During every 7 days interval after inoculation, plants and adhering sand are carefully removed from the jars. Roots are washed in sterile phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and measurement of root length is recorded.
EXAMPLE 15. Preparation of a dry and stable probiotic substance Basic formulation. A 75 g portion of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, MN) and 22 g of extensively hydrolyzed casein (Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) were uniformly mixed with 3 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) in dry form. Fresh concentrate of Lactobacillus acidophilus (100 ml containing at least 10% solids, direct from fermentation harvest) was added in a blender and maintained at 35 C. The dry mix of the gum, sugar and hydrolyzed protein was slowly added to the probiotic culture and mixing was carried out at 35 C for 10 minutes. The viscous slurry was then transferred to a vessel having a perforated bottom and allowed to drip into a bath containing nitrogen. The beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen and immediately transferred to drying.

- 42 -Drying of the frozen beads of the basic formulation. The frozen beads were evenly spread on a tray at a loading capacity of 100 g/sq ft and immediately placed on a shelf in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). Vacuum pressure was then applied at 1000 mTORR and the solid frozen beads were allowed to purge for 10 minutes.
Vacuum was then adjusted to 2700 mTORR and shelf temperature raised to +30 C. These temperature and vacuum pressure were maintained for 3 hours. A secondary drying step was then followed at full vacuum (150-200 mTORR) and shelf temperature raised to 30 C for additional 2 hours.
The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured by a Hygropalm Awl instrument (Rotonic Instrument Corp., Huntington, NY.) at Aw = 0.23.
EXAMPLE 16. Stable dry composition containing probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG
Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG (500 g frozen concentrate from a commercial source) was thawed at 37 C in a jacketed dual planetary mixer (DPM, lqt, Ross Engineering, Inc.
Savannah, GA,). Two glass forming agents; trehalose (387 g, Cargill Minneapolis, MN) and extensively hydrolyzed casein (83 g, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) were homogenously mixed in dry form with two matrix forming agents; sodium alginate (15 g, ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) and instant Inulin (25 g, Cargill Minneapolis, MN). The dry mix was slowly added to the thawed probiotic bacteria and mixing was carried out at 40 RPM and 37 C for 10 minutes. The viscosity of the slurry was adjusted to 12,000 Cp by the addition of 50-200 ml of water. The slurry was then transferred to a vessel having a perforated bottom and allowed to drip into a vessel containing liquid nitrogen. The beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C for several weeks.
For drying, the frozen beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity ranging from 100 up to 500 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). Vacuum pressure was applied at 1000 mTORR and shelf temperature adjusted to +20 C. The solid frozen beads were allowed to purge for a time period ranging from 1 to 30 minutes. The purging step was followed by a primary drying step after adjusting the vacuum pressure to 2700 mTORR and shelf temperature raised to +30 C. These temperature and vacuum pressure were maintained for 12 hours. A secondary drying step was then followed at full vacuum (150-200 mTORR) and shelf temperature maintained at 30 C for additional 4 hours. The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured at 0.23 Aw. FIG. 13 shows the drying profile of the probiotic formulation.

- 43 -The viability losses after freezing the slurry at different temperatures (+4 C, -80 C
and -180 C) and after the drying process including preparation of frozen beads, and drying in a freeze-drier are presented in FIG. 10, FIG. 11 and FIG. 14. Viability losses for the entire process were generally lower than <1 log depending on the type of bacterial culture (frozen or dry cultures) and on the freezing temperature of the viscous slurry.
Results show that snap-freezing of the probiotic bacteria in liquid nitrogen (-180 C) was a less damaging process than freezing at -80 C.
FIG. 12 and FIG. 15 show the effect of various purging time periods ranging from 0 min (no purging) to 30 min on initial counts of probiotic bacteria in the dry composition and on storage stability under accelerated storage conditions of 40 C and 33%RH.
Results suggest that a longer purging time generally improves the bacterial initial count in the dry formulation but had no effect on storage stability of the probiotic formulation.
EXAMPLE 17. Trehalose (752 g, Cargill Minneapolis, MN), extensively hydrolyzed Pea protein (167g, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ), sodium alginate (30 g, ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) and instant Inulin 50 g, Cargill Minneapolis, MN) were homogenously blended in dry form. The dry mix was slowly added to 1000 ml hot de-ionized water at 80 C in a jacketed dual planetary mixer (DPM, lqt, Ross Engineering, Inc., Savannah, GA,) and mixing was carried out at 40 RPM for 10 minutes. The mixture temperature was reduced to 37 C C
and 100 g dry powder of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG obtained from a commercial source was slowly added and mixing continued for 20 minutes. The slurry was then extruded through a 2 mm orifice needle into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The /strings/beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C for several weeks. For drying, the frozen strings/beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity ranging from100 to 500 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY) and dried as described in Example 16. All formulations were contentedly retained within the tray and no splattering or foaming was observed in all loading levels. The formulation was completely dried even at the higher loading capacity and water activity measured at 0.26 Aw and lower for all samples.
EXAMPLE 18. Preparation of a hydrogel formulation containing probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium sp.
Concentrated probiotic slurry of BOdobacterium sp. is prepared according to Example 15. To the basic formulation, 0.5 g of dibasic calcium phosphate is added, followed by 0.5 g of gluconolactone. The slurry was allowed to harden at room temperature over the

- 44 -next 2 hours to form a solid hydrogel. The firm gel was sliced to thin and long threads, using a commercially available slicer/shredder. The thin threads are snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and loaded on a tray at a loading capacity of 700g/sq ft and placed in a freeze drier for drying as described in Example 16. The water activity (Aw) of the formulation was 0.05 (Measured by HygroPalm Awl, Rotonic Huntington, NY). The dry formulation was further ground to fine powder using standard hammer milling equipment and sieved through 50-250 micron screens.
EXAMPLE 19. Allergen free composition containing probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus Trehalose (752 g, Cargill Minneapolis, MN), extensively hydrolyzed Pea protein (167g, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ), sodium alginate (30 g, ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) and instant Inulin 50 g, Cargill Minneapolis, MN) were homogenously blended in dry form.
The dry mix was sterilized by slowly adding to 1000 ml hot de-ionized water at 80 C in a jacketed dual planetary mixer (DPM, lqt, Ross Engineering, Inc., Savannah, GA,) and mixing was carried out at 40 RPM for 10 minutes until smooth and clear slurry is formed. The mixture temperature was reduced to 37 C and 1000 g frozen beads containing Lactobacillus acidophilus obtained from a commercial source was slowly added and mixing continued for 10 minutes. The slurry was then extruded through a 2 mm orifice needle into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The /strings/beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C for several weeks.
For drying, the frozen strings/beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity of 1000 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY) and dried as described in Example 16. The initial CFU counts of the probiotic bacteria in the dry composition was 10.53 logs/g, and viability loss after 42 days storage under accelerated storage conditions of 40 C and 33VORH was 0.69 log CFU/g.
EXAMPLE 20. Infant formula containing the dry formulation of the present invention A stable dry formulation containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus was prepared according to Example 16 followed by sieving into two particle size groups (above 50 ram and below 150 rim). An infant formula was prepared by mixing 99.9 g of Nutramigen (Mead Johnson;
Evansville, IL) with 0.1 g of the dry formulation particles in the size range between 50 rAM
and 150 rim). The final product contains about 108 cfu of Lactobacillus rhamnosus per 100 g infant formula.

- 45 -EXAMPLE 21. Probiotic supplement containing the stable dry formulation of the invention A stable dry composition containing Lactobacillus acidophilus is formulated into oral dosage forms, such as tablets, caplets, or capsules. Orange flavored tablets containing 99.9 g of a compression agent (dextrose) and 0.1 g of the dry formulation particles in the size range between 50 m and 150 )1M are prepared by direct compression on a rotary machine using a 1/2" round standard concave tooling. The final product contains about 108 cfu/unit dose.
Hardness of the tablets is in the range of 8-10 kp and disintegration times is approximately 20 seconds. The compressed tablets are packaged into 180 cc HDPE bottles of 100 tablets each and exposed to controlled temperature/humidity of 40 C/33%RH. The product is subjected to monthly microbiological stability testing over a period of 12 months or until a reduction in the assay count below 1 x 106/ unit dose is observed.
EXAMPLE 22. A functional beverage drink containing the stable dry formulation of the present invention A dry mix containing (% by weight) 71% sucrose, 14% maltodextrin, 10% inulin, 2%
dextrose, 1% citric acid anhydrous, 0.3% gum acacia, 0.3% flavors, 0.3%
Tricalcium phosphate and 0.1% dry probiotic formulation particles ( L. acidophilus) in the size range between 50 vim and 250 ptm is prepared. The final product contains about 109 cfu/unit dose (30g dry mix). The product is packaged in small aluminum foil bags (30g unit dose/bag) for drinking by stirring in 340 mil water. The stability of the probiotic bacteria in the beverage dry mix is subjected to monthly microbiological stability testing over a period of 12 months or until a reduction in the assay count below 1 x 107/ unit dose is observed.
EXAMPLE 21 Preparation of probiotic pet food A commercially available pelleted pet food for dogs is dried in a convection oven to a water activity of 0.1, and then coated with the stable probiotic dry formulation prepared as described in Example 17. The dry pellets are sprayed with about 5% of fat-based moisture barrier (a mixture of 40% chicken fat, 40% cocoa butter and 20% beeswax), mixed in a drum tumbler with the dry powder formulation (usually 0.1-0.5% of total pet food that provides a dosage of 10⁸ CFU/g), and finally sprayed with additional coat of the fat-based moisture barrier, The total amount of coating is about 15% (of the pet food). Coating time is about 30 min.

- 46 -EXAMPLE 24. Preparation of fish feed with several probiotic microorganisms Pelleted feed for fish according to the present invention is prepared with a mixture of several probiotics. A stable dry probiotic formulation containing a mixture of L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis is prepared as described in Example 15. A
commercially available starter feed for salmon (Zeigler Bros., Gardners, PA) is first dried in a convection oven to a water activity of 0.1, and then coated with the probiotics formulation in a drum tumbler. The pellets (1000 g) are first sprayed with about 5% by weight of fat-based moisture barrier (a mixture of 40% fish oil, 40% cocoa butter and 20%
beeswax), then mixed with 1 g of the stable dry probiotic formulation (to attain a dosage of 107 cfu/g feed), and finally sprayed with additional coat of the fat-based moisture barrier. The total amount of coating is about 10% (of the fish feed).
EXAMPLE 25. Stable dry powder containing an enzyme A hydrogel formula containing 40 weight percent of Savinase (Novozymes, Denmark) is prepared by mixing 600 g of the formulation described in Example 18 and 400 g of savinase in 1000 g of water solution. The shredded hydrogel formulation is snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and dried in a vacuum oven at a formulation drying temperature of 50 C. For determination of loading and storage stability of the dried formula: a dry sample is accurately weighed (<100 mg) in a microcentrifuge tube. 200 I of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added. The formulation is dissolved in the DMSO buffer by vortexing. To this sample, 0.8 ml of a solution containing 0.05 N NaOH, 0.5% SDS and 0.075 M Citric acid (trisodium salt) is added. The tubes are sonicated for 10 min at 45 C, followed by a brief centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Aliquots of the clear DMSO/Na0H/SDS/Citrate solution are taken into wells of a microplate and analyzed for protein content using the Bradford assay method.
The storage stability of the stable enzyme formulation is significantly higher than a dry enzyme without the formulation of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 26. Stable dry powder containing vitamin A
A formulation containing 30 weight percent of Vitamin A is prepared by mixing g instant inulin, 320 g maltodextrin DE-1 (Tate & Lyle, London, UK), 50 g sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Ashland Aqualon Functional Ingredients, Wilmington, DE), 10 g sodium ascorbate and 300 g of vitamin A crystalline (BASF Corp., Florham Park, NJ) in 1000 g water. The wet formulation is spray-dried in a Mobile-Minor spray drier (GEA
Process Engineering Inc., Columbia MD) at inlet and outlet temperature of 180 C and 80 C, respectively or snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, then spread on trays at a loading capacity of

- 47 -1000g/sq ft and dried as described in Example 16. The vitamin-A composition is stable (>80%) at 40 C and 75% RH for 3 months.
EXAMPLE 27. Preparation of carotenes in a protected formulation having enhanced bioavailability A formulation that protects and enhances the bioavailability of carotenes that would otherwise be subject to oxidation by other ingredients in a feed during storage or after feeding an organism is prepared according to the formulation and the method of the present invention. A formulation containing 6 g of water soluble chitosan (LSK
BioPartners, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah) is dissolved in 200 g water. To this solution is added 90 g of natural astaxanthin (NaturoseTM, Cyanotech Corp., Kailua-Kona, HI) and the slurry is atomized or extruded into a bath containing 5% sodium tripolyphosphate. The hydrogeled microparticles or strings are allowed to harden at room temperature over 4 hours. The particles are removed from the cross-linking bath, washed with water and mixed with a dry blend of 90 g sucrose and 10 g extensively hydrolyzed casein. The sugar/protein loaded particles are snap-frozen and immediately placed on trays at 500 g/sq ft and lyophilized in a freeze dryer until water activity reduced to less than 0.3. The dry formulation is further milled to the desired size distribution and packaged.
EXAMPLE 28. Preparation of invasive species bait Pelleted bait for specifically targeted invasive species is prepared according to the present invention. 200 g of a formulation containing a pesticide as described in Examplel is prepared and added to 200 gm of water. To this solution is added 90 gm of Rotenone and 0.5 gm of calcium phosphate dibasic, followed by 0.5 gm of gluconolactone. The slurry is allowed to harden at room temperature over 2 hours. The firm gel is sliced to thin and long threads through a slicer/shredder. The thin threads are loaded on a tray and placed in a freeze dryer. Shelf temperature is set at -30 C and the formulation allowed freezing before full vacuum is applied and shelf temperature rose to +60 C for over-night drying.
The dry formulation is ground to the appropriate size distribution for the bait size specification for the specific species targeted.
EXAMPLE 29. Preparation of a protected pesticide in a water insoluble formulation A protected granular formulation of a pesticide that would otherwise be subject to decomposition by other ingredients in a formulation during storage or after application in the environment is prepared with the formulation and the method of the present invention. A
formulation containing 6 g of pectin and 102 g sucrose is added to 200 g water. To this

- 48 -solution is added 90 g of a dry formulation of a sensitive pesticide and a mixture containing 1.5 g of calcium phosphate dibasic and 0.5 g of calcium chloride, followed by 0.85 g of gluconolactone. The slurry is allowed to harden at room temperature over 4 hours, and then sliced to thin, long threads through a slicer/shredder. The thin threads are loaded on trays and dried in a freeze dryer to reach a water activity of 0.1. The dry formulation is further milled to the desired size distribution and packaged.
EXAMPLE 30. Preparation of a protected plant probiotic formulation A biological control agent such as Rhizobacteria is prepared in dry composition according to Example 18. The effectiveness of the dry Rhizobacteria composition is evaluated on lettuce growth under gnotobiotic conditions. Doses of 100 mg of Rhizobacteria dry composition per plant are inoculated into jars with sand and planted with pre-germinated (24 h) lettuce seedlings. A nutrient dose of 5 ml of sterilized Hoagland solution is applied to the plants in the jar. Jars are arranged randomly in growth chamber maintained at 28 C with 12 h photoperiod. During every 7 days interval after inoculation, plants and adhering sand are carefully removed from the jars. Roots are washed in sterile phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and measurement of root length is recorded.
EXAMPLE 31. Production of Stable dry composition containing probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus (DSM-20356) Frozen bacterial concentrate (10 g obtained from a local fermentation process) was thawed at 37 C in a water bath and the solid content adjusted to 10% solids wet wt with distilled water). About 5 g of hydrolyzed pea protein (ultra filtrated hydrolisates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) is completely dissolved in 50 g warm water and added to the thawed bacterial culture. About 2.5 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 5 g of instant Inulin, about 5 g maltodextrin DE-1(Cargill Minneapolis, MN) and about 1.5 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) were uniformly mixed in dry form. The powders mixture was slowly added to the bacterial culture and mixing was carried out using a small spatula at 37 C for 20 minutes. The slurry was then allowed to drip into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C until dry.
For drying, the frozen beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity ranging from 500 up to 1500 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). A primary liquid drying step was started by adjusting the vacuum pressure to between 2000-2700 mTORR and product temperature raised and stabilized

- 49 -between -10 -5 C. Over time (about 10-16 h) the product temperature increased to about 20-25 C at which point a secondary drying step initiated at maximum vacuum (150-mTORR) and product temperature maintained at between 30-40 C for additional 14 hours.
The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured below 0.3 Aw. The formulation was grounded using a commercially available hammer mill and particles sieved to below 100 micron.
The viability of the stable probiotic bacteria along with a commonly freeze dried powder of the bacterial was monitored on a weekly basis following standard procedures of dilution and plating on LMRS agar plates. FIG. 16 shows that after 14 days at 40 RH, the stability of the probiotic bacteria that formulated in the composition of the present invention was two (2) logs higher than the stability of commonly freeze dried bacteria.
These results demonstrate that the stability of probiotic bacteria is dramatically improved in high humidity and non-refrigerated storage conditions when using the compositions and methods of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 32. Production of stable dry molten fats agglomerated composition containing probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus (DSM-20356) Ten (10) g of a dry powder composition was produced as described in Example 31.
The dry powder was placed in a beaker in a 40 C water bath. 10 g of molten fats mixture containing eight (8) portions of cocoa butter and two (2) portions of stearate (27-Stearine, Loders Croklaan, Channahon, IL) were slowly added to the warm powder under mixing. The mixture was cooled down to 10 C while mixing was continued until a visually uniform size of agglomerated powder was achieved.
EXAMPLE 33. Shelf storage stability at 40 C and 43% RH or 30 C and 60% RH of a dry composition containing probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp.
Ten (10) g of a dry powder composition containing the probiotic bacterial Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. (obtained from a local fermentation source) was produced as described in Example 31. The dry stable composition was placed in a desiccator and exposed to 40 C and 43% RI-I or 30 C and 60% RH. The viability of the stable probiotic along with a commonly freeze dried powder of the bacteria was monitored on a weekly basis following standard procedures of dilution and plating on LMRS agar plates. FIG. 17 shows that after 14 days at 40 C and 43% RH, the stability of the probiotic bacteria that was formulated in the composition of the present invention was three (3) logs higher than the stability of commonly freeze dried bacteria. After 7 days at 30 C and 60% RH, the stability of the probiotic bacteria

- 50 -that was formulated in the composition of the present invention was also three (3) logs higher than the stability of commonly freeze dried bacteria. These results demonstrate that the stability of probiotic bacteria is dramatically improved in high humidity non-refrigerated storage conditions when using the compositions and methods of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 34. Production of animal feed containing stable dry composition containing probiotic bacteria against pathogenic microorganisms About 10 kg of commercially available animal feed for either steers or chickens is top coated in a drum tumbler with 3% oil mixture containing one portion of the ground biological material as described in Example 31 or 32 and two (2) portions of plant oil such as corn oil.
.. The CFU count of the probiotic bacteria is 1E9/g feed. The coated feed is placed in a 43%
relative humidity chamber at 40 C and after 14 days storage in these extreme conditions; the viability loss of the probiotic bacteria is less than one (1) log of the initial CFU. Another coated feed is placed in a 33% relative humidity chamber at 30 C and after six (6) month storage in these conditions; the viability loss of the probiotic bacteria is less than one (1) log of the initial CFU. These example demonstrates that microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus sp., used for treating various animals including companion animals, can be preserved in the composition and drying methods of the present invention and then coated on feeds for long term storage on shelf or for at least two (2) weeks in a feeding hopper under typical humid and temperature conditions that uncoated feed is stored.
EXAMPLE 35. Production of Stable dry composition containing unicellular fungi S.
cerevisiae Fresh bakery yeast paste (100 g obtained from a local distributor) is placed in a water bath at 10 C. About 50 g of hydrolyzed pea protein (ultra-filtrated hydrolisates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) is completely dissolved in 500 g warm water. The solution is cooled to 10 C
and added to the yeast paste while mixing. About 25 g of sucrose (obtained from a local grocery store), about 50 g of instant Inulin, about 50 g maltodextrin DE-1(Cargill Minneapolis, MN), about 12 g of sodium ascorbate (Sigma) and about 15 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) are uniformly mixed in dry form. The powders mixture is slowly added to the yeast culture and mixing is carried out at 40 RPM and 10 C
for 20 minutes. The slurry is then transferred to a vessel having a perforated bottom and allowed to drip into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The beads are then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C for several weeks. Drying and milling are carried out as described in Example 31.

-51 -EXAMPLE 36. Spray drying of stable dry composition containing unicellular fungi S.
cerevisiae Yeast slurry is prepared as described in Example 34. The slurry is further diluted with cold (10 C) distilled water to obtain a viscosity of about 1000-2000 cP. The diluted slurry is spray dried (Mobile Minor spray drier, GEA Niro Inc., Columbia, MD), using an inlet/outlet temperature setup of180 C/60 C.
EXAMPLE 37. Coating of corn seeds with stable dry composition containing unicellular fungi About 10 kg of commercially available corn seeds is top-coated at 40 C in a drum tumbler with 3% molten oil mixture containing one portion of the ground biological material as described in Example 34 or Example 35 and two (2) portions of plant oil such as palm or coconut oil. The yeast CFU count is 1E8/g seed. The coated seeds are placed in a 60%
relative humidity chamber at 30 C and after three (3) months storage in these extreme conditions, the viability loss of the yeast is less than one (1) log of the initial CFU. This example demonstrates that microorganisms used as agriculture inoculums such as various strains of Penicillium sp. can be preserved in the composition and drying methods of the present invention and then coated on grains for long term storage under typical humid and temperature conditions that uncoated seeds are stored.
EXAMPLE 38. Preparation of a hydrogel composition containing probiotic bacteria BOdobacterium sp.
Concentrated probiotic slurry of Bifidobacterium sp. is prepared according to Example 31. To the powders mixture, 5 g of dibasic calcium phosphate is added.
The powders mixture is added to the probiotic culture under mixing followed by 5 g of gluconolactone. The slurry is allowed to harden at room temperature over the next two (2) hours to form a solid hydrogel. The firm gel is sliced to thin and long threads, using a commercially available slicer/shredder. The thin threads are directly loaded on trays in wet form or snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and loaded on a tray at a loading capacity of 500g/sq ft and placed in a freeze drier for drying as described in Example 31. The dry formulation is ground to fine powder using standard hammer milling equipment and sieved through 50-micron screen.
EXAMPLE 39. Production of Stable cultured milk containing probiotic bacteria One hundred (100) gram pasteurized plain culture milk (Dannon, obtained from a local grocery store) is added with one half (0.5) gram cross-linked powder containing stable

- 52 -probiotic as described in Example 37. The initial CFU count in the culture milk is 1E9/g culture milk. The cultured milk is stored in a refrigerator at 4 C for six (6) weeks. The viability loss of the probiotic bacteria in the refrigerated culture milk is less than one (1) log of the initial CFU. This example demonstrates that probiotic bacteria such as various strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can be preserved in the composition and drying methods of the present invention. Then the probiotic bacteria in the compositions can be fully hydrated and remain active in dairy products for extended period of time under typical conditions that unpreserved probiotic bacteria will not survive.
EXAMPLE 40. Stable dry composition containing an enzyme A hydrogel formula containing 40 weight percent of phitase (Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) is prepared by mixing 250 g of the powder mixture as described in Example 34 and 200 g of phitase in 500 ml of water solution containing about 50 g hydrolyzed pea protein. The shredded hydrogel formulation is snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and dried in a vacuum oven at a primary and secondary drying temperature of 50 C. For determination of loading and storage stability of the dried composition: a dry sample is accurately weighed (<100 mg) in a microcentrifuge tube. 200 ul of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS0) is added. The formulation is dissolved in the DMSO buffer by vortexing. To this sample, 0.8 ml of a solution containing 0.05 N NaOH, 0.5% SDS and 0.075 M Citric acid (trisodium salt) is added. The tubes are sonicated for 10 min at 45 C, followed by a brief centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 10 min.
Aliquots of the clear DMSO/Na0H/SDS/Citrate solution are taken into wells of a microplate and analyzed for protein content using the Bradford assay method. The stability of the stable enzyme dry composition after exposure to 95 C for 20 mm is significantly higher than a dry enzyme without the composition of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 41. Stable dry composition containing a plant biological control agent A biological control agent such as Rhizobacteria is prepared in dry composition according to Example 34. The effectiveness of the dry Rhizobacteria composition is evaluated on lettuce growth under gnotobiotic conditions. Doses of 100 mg of Rhizobacteria dry composition per plant are inoculated into jars with sand and planted with pre-germinated (24 h) lettuce seedlings. A nutrient dose of 5 ml of sterilized Hoagland solution is applied to the plants in the jar. Jars are arranged randomly in growth chamber maintained at 28 C with 12 h photoperiod. During every 7 days interval after inoculation, plants and adhering sand are carefully removed from the jars. Roots are washed in sterile phosphate buffer (pH 7.0),

- 53 -and measurement of root length is recorded. Lettuce seedlings treated with Rhizobacteria composition show enhanced growth than untreated seedlings.
EXAMPLE 42. Production of tablets containing stable dry composition of the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp.
Frozen bacterial concentrate (10 g obtained from a local fermentation process) was thawed at 37 C in water bath and the solid content adjusted to 10% solids wet wt with distilled water. About 5 g of hydrolyzed pea protein (ultra-filtrated hydrolisates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) was completely dissolved in 50 g warm water and added to the thawed bacterial culture. About 5 g of trehalose (Cargill Minneapolis, MN) and about 2.5 g of sodium ascorbate were uniformly mixed in dry form. Optionally, about 5 g of instant Inulin, about 5 g maltodextrin DE-1 (Cargill Minneapolis, MN) and about 1.5 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) were also added to form viscous slurry at a desirable viscosity of about 50,000 cP and to further enhance to glassy structure of the dry material. The powders mixture was slowly added to the bacterial culture and mixing was carried out at 37 C for 20 minutes. The viscous bacterial suspension was then slowly dripped into a liquid nitrogen bath. The frozen beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in a sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C until drying.
For drying, the frozen beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity ranging from 500 up to 1500 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). A primary moisture removal step was started by adjusting the vacuum pressure to between 2000-2700 mTORR and allowing the product temperature to rise and stabilizes between minus -10 -5 C. Over time (about 10-16 h) the product temperature increased to about 20-25 C at which point a secondary drying step initiated at maximum vacuum (50-200 mTORR) and product temperature maintained at between 30-45 C
for additional 14 hours. The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured below 0.3 Aw. The formulation was milled using a coffee grinder and particles sieved to below 250 micron.
For tableting, the dry and stable probiotic composition (100 mg) was mixed with 400 mg of maltodextrin DE-1 containing 2% w/w magnesium stearatc and 2% w/w hydrophilic fumed silica (AEROSIL 200, Evonik Industries) and compressed in hand held pill press equipment (using a 'A" tablet diameter housing). Similar tablets containing commonly freeze dried powder of the probiotic bacteria (free probiotic) were also prepared and used for comparison with tablets containing protected probiotic bacteria.

- 54 -The viability before and after tableting and during storage in 40 C and 43% RH
of the stable probiotic bacteria along with free probiotic was monitored on a weekly basis, following standard procedures of dilution and plating on LMRS agar plates.
FIG. 18 shows that the free probiotic bacteria lost over a log of viability in the tableting process whereas the viability of protected bacteria remained essentially the same after the tableting process. After 14 days storage in 40 C and 43% RH, the viability of the probiotic bacteria that formulated in the composition of the present invention, was slightly reduced by about 0.3 logs while the viability of commonly freeze dried bacteria reduced further by about 0.6 logs.
These results demonstrate that the composition and methods of the present invention provide a significant protection against compression pressure and associated heat during tableting of probiotic bacteria and during storage in high humidity and non-refrigerated storage conditions.
EXAMPLE 43. Preparation of multivitamins/probiotic tablets containing stable dry composition of the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp.
The protection of the compositions and methods as disclosed herein was then further explored in tablets containing multivitamin ingredients. Ten (10) g of a dry powder composition was produced as described in Example 42. For tableting, the dry and stable probiotic composition (100 mg) was mixed with 400 mg of commercially available multivitamins powder (Centrum , Pfizer) containing 2% w/w magnesium stearate and 2%
w/w hydrophilic fumed silica (AEROSIL 200, Evonik Industries) and compressed in hand held pill press equipment (using a 'A" tablet diameter housing). Similar tablets containing commonly freeze dried powder of the probiotic bacteria (free probiotic) were also prepared and used for comparison with tablets containing protected probiotic bacteria.
The resultant tablets were then tested for total probiotic count. The results are shown in FIG. 19.
As shown in FIG. 19, the free probiotic bacteria lost over two (2) logs of viability in the tableting with multivitamin ingredients process whereas the viability of protected bacteria reduced by less than a log. After 14 days storage in 40 C and 43% RH, the viability of the probiotic bacteria that formulated in the composition of the present invention remained essentially the same while the viability of commonly freeze dried bacteria plummeted by additional three (3) logs. These results demonstrate that the composition and methods of the present invention also provide a significant protection to sensitive biological materials from other damaging compounds in the tablet mix, thereby allowing the admixing in one tablet a variety of biological materials without affecting their overall potency.
EXAMPLE 44. Tableting of a stable dry composition containing protected enzymes

- 55 -Dry and stable compositions containing a protease or a lipase (both from Sigma) were prepared as described in Example 42. The final dry compositions contained 10%
protease or lipase, 40% trehalose, 20% extensively hydrolyzed pea protein, 10% sodium ascorbate. In addition, 6% sodium alginate and 14% inulin were also included in the composition.
For tableting, the dry enzyme compositions (50 mg each) were mixed with 450 mg of maltodextrin DE-1 containing 2% w/w magnesium stearate and 2% w/w hydrophilic fumed silica and compressed in hand held pill press equipment (using a Y2" tablet diameter housing).
Tablets containing equal amounts of both protected enzymes were also prepared by mixing and 25 mg protease and 25 mg lipase with 450 mg maltodextrin DE1 mix. Similar tablets containing dry powder of the enzyme in a free form (free enzyme or a mixture of both) were also prepared and used for comparison with tablets containing the protected enzymes.
The remaining activity of protease and lipase after tableting relative to their activity in the powder mix before tableting was determined according to methods known in the art using Azocasein and pNP-palmitate as substrates, respectively.
As shown in FIG. 20, tableting free protease either alone or in combination with free lipase resulted in about 40% loss of activity whereas the protected protease did not lose any activity when tableted alone and only about 17% when tableted in a mix with protected lipase. Tableting free or protected lipase did not result in any significant loss of activity however, tableting free lipase in the presence of free protease resulted in 64% loss of activity, whereas tableting protected lipase in the presence of protected protease resulted in only 33% loss of activity. These results demonstrate that the composition and methods of the present invention provide a significant protection against compression pressure and associated heat during tableting of enzymes. Results also show that the composition and methods of the present invention provide protection from other digesting enzymes in the tablet mix, thereby allowing the admixing in one tablet a variety of desired enzymes without affecting their overall activity.
EXAMPLE 45. Tableting of animal feed containing stable dry composition containing probiotic bacteria against pathogenic microorganisms The protection of the compositions and methods as disclosed herein is further explored in tablets containing animal feed ingredients. About 100 g of dry and stable compositions containing the probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus sp. is prepared and dried as described in Example 42. The final dry compositions contained 10% dry bacterial cell

- 56 -biomass, 54% trehalose, 20% extensively hydrolyzed pea protein, 10% sodium ascorbate. In addition, 6% sodium alginate is also included in the composition.
About 10 kg of commercially available dog food or chicken finished feed pellets is air dried over night at 40 C and then finely ground to free flowing powder. The stable dry probiotic composition is mixed with the feed powder and compressed in hand held pill press equipment (using 1/8-7/8" pill diameter housings) to form about 200-2000 mg size pills containing about ten (10) billion live cells per gram feed. For chicken treatment, the probiotic feed pills is slowly poured into 100 kg of standard commercial feed while mixing.
The treated finished feed is ready to feed the birds and to boost resistance to pathogens such as salmonella. For stability testing the probiotic pills are placed in a 43%
relative humidity chamber at 40 C and after 14 days storage in these extreme conditions, the viability loss of the probiotic bacteria is less than one (1) log of the initial CFU. This example demonstrates that microorganisms used for treating various animals including companion animals such as various Lactobacillus sp. can be protected in the composition and drying methods of the present invention and then compressed in a tablet press and be provided with standard feeds in a typical feeding hopper under typical humid and temperature conditions.
EXAMPLE 46. Preparation of fizzy effervescent beverage tablets containing stable dry composition of probiotic bacteria About 10 g powder of dry and stable compositions containing the probiotic bacteria L.
acidophilus sp. or Bifidobacterium sp. is prepared and dried as described in Example 42 and 45.
Effervescent tablets such as Alka Seltzer , Fizzies or sports drinks are finely ground to free flowing powder. The stable dry probiotic composition is mixed with the effervescent powder and compressed in hand held pill press equipment (using 'A" tablet diameter housing) to form about 2000 mg size tablets containing about ten (10) billion live cells per tablet. For stability testing the probiotic effervescent tablets are placed in a 43%
relative humidity chamber at 33 C and after 90 days storage in these extreme conditions, the viability loss of the probiotic bacteria is less than one (1) log of the initial CFU. This example demonstrates that sensitive biological materials such as live probiotic bacteria can be protected and stabilized in the composition and drying methods of the present invention and then compressed in a tablet press and stored under harsh consumption conditions of humidity and temperature.

- 57 -EXAMPLE 47. Preparation of tablets containing stable dry composition of probiotic bacteria for treating vaginal infections such as yeast or bacterial vaginosis About 15 g powder of dry and stable compositions containing the probiotic bacteria L.
acidophilus sp. is prepared and dried as described in Examples land 4.
The dry probiotic composition is blended with74 g lactose, 10 g corn starch, 0.5 g magnesium stearate, 0.01 g sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 0.01 g polyvinylpyrrolidine and 0.01 g hydrophobic fumed silica and mixed for 15 minutes. The powdered mixture is compressed in hand held tablet press equipment. The weight of resulting tablet is about 1.5 g. Maximum tablet hardness is 6 to 8 kg. The tablet disintegrated in water in about 30 seconds.
EXAMPLE 48. Production of oil suspension containing stable dry composition of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus (DSM-20356) Frozen L. acidophilus concentrate (200 g obtained from a local fermentation process) was thawed at 37 C in a water bath and added with 200 g of 3% hydrolyzed pea protein (ultra filtrated hydrolisates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) solution. The bacteria suspension was centrifuged at 4000g for 15 min (Sorvall RC-5B, Du-Pont Company, Wilmington, DE) and supernatant decanted. The bacteria precipitate was brought up to the original weight (200g) with 3% hydrolyzed pea protein solution. Additional 50 g of hydrolyzed pea protein was completely dissolved in 80 g warm water, pH adjusted to 9 with 20% NaOH
solution and added to the bacterial culture. Eighty five point six (85.6) g of sucrose (obtained from a local market), 30 g of Cyclodextrin-7 (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), 20 g sodium ascorbate (Sigma) and 15 g of sodium alginate (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) were uniformly mixed in dry form. The powders mixture was slowly added to the bacterial culture and mixing was carried in a 1 qt planetary mixer (Charles Ross & Son Company, Hauppauge, New York) at 37 C for minutes. The slurry was then slowly dripped into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The frozen beads were then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C until drying.
For drying, the frozen beads were evenly spread on trays at a loading capacity ranging from 500 up to 1500 g/sq ft and the trays placed on shelves in a freeze drier (Model 25 SRC, Virtis, Gardiner, NY). A primary drying step was started by adjusting the vacuum pressure to between 2000-2700 mTORR and product temperature raised and stabilized between -and -5 C. Over time (about 10-16 h) the product temperature increased to about 20-25 C at which point a secondary drying step initiated at maximum vacuum (100-150 mTORR) and

- 58 -product temperature maintained at between 30-40 C for additional 14 hours. The formulation was completely dried and its water activity measured below 0.3 Aw.
The formulation was milled using a commercially available hammer mill and particles sieved to below 250 micron.
The viability of the stable composition of the probiotic bacteria was tested at 40 C
and 43% RH for 14 days in a dry powder form or in corn oil suspension (1g dry powder mixed in 100g oil) or after coating lOg oil suspension on 45g chicken feed pellets (the feed pellets were first acclimated in 33% RH humidity chamber for two weeks). After 14 days incubation at 40 C and 43% RH, the probiotic bacteria lost only 0.5 logs of CFU/g when kept in a dry form, 0.34 logs when mixed in oil suspension and 0.65 logs when coated on chicken feed. These results demonstrate that the viability of the probiotic bacteria is preserved in various feed applications after 14 days exposure in high humidity and non-refrigerated storage conditions when using the compositions and methods of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 49. Production of Stable dry composition containing live phages against .. Vibrio anguillarum Concentrated live phages culture (100 g obtained from a manufacturer) is placed in a jacketed planetary mixer at 10 C. About 50 g of hydrolyzed pea protein (ultra filtrated hydrolisates, Marcor, Carlstadt, NJ) is completely dissolved in 300 g warm water. The solution is cooled to 10 C and added to the phages culture while mixing. One hundred seventy four (174) g of sucrose (obtained from a local market), 60 g of Cyclodextrin-7 (Cargill Minneapolis, MN), 40 g sodium ascorbate (Sigma) and 30 g of sodium alginate (ISP
Corp., Wayne, NJ) are uniformly mixed in a dry form. The powders mixture is slowly added to the phage culture and mixing is carried in a 1 qt planetary mixer at 10 C
for 20 minutes.
The slurry is then slowly dripped into a bath containing liquid nitrogen. The frozen beads are then removed from the liquid nitrogen, placed in sealed aluminum foiled bag and stored in a deep freezer at -80 C until drying. Drying and milling are carried out as described in Example 48. Ten (10) grams of dry composition powder is mixed with 100 g of fish oil and the suspension coated on 10 kg Atlantic salmon feed pellets. The coated feed is then stored in under typical warehouse storage conditions. The viability of the pages in the fish feed is preserved after 14 days exposure in high humidity and non-refrigerated storage conditions when using the compositions and methods of the present invention.

- 59 -EXAMPLE 50. Seeds coated with dry stabilizing compositions Three (3) different drying methods were used to make dry stabilizing compositions having the same ingredients, including Bradyrhizobium japonicurn, for coating soybean seeds. Rhizobia stability on the coated seeds was compared.
Preparation of Encap-3 dry powder. The following commercially available formulation ingredients were added to a zip lock bag and mixed: 47.0g Trehalose, 15 g Cyclodextrin-7, 3g Sodium Alginate, 5g Sodium Ascorbate, 5g Ferulic Acid and 25g Pea Protein Hydrolyzate to give a dry powder, the plastic zip lock bag was closed and the ingredients combined by shaking the bag for 10 seconds.
Preparation of a concentrated Rhizobium suspension. 300 ml of a commercially available suspension of Rhizobium (i.e., Bradyrhizobium jacponicum) (America's Best Inoculant, Advanced Biological Marketing, Van Wert, OH) was centrifuged (Fisher Centrific) for 20 minutes at 8000rm and the top 270 ml decanted.
Preparation of liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate. The bottom 30 ml concentrated Rhizobium suspension was added to 10 g Encap-3 dry powder in a 50 ml Falcon tube, and vortexed for ¨ 10 seconds.
Preparation of vacuum dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition. The liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate was vacuum dried as follows: (a) snap freezing the liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate in liquid nitrogen to make solid frozen particles in the form of beads, droplets or strings, (b) primary drying the solid frozen particles at a shelf temperature of 20 C under vacuum above 2000 mTORR for 16 hrs, and (c) secondary drying at a shelf temperature of 40 C and full vacuum for 15 minutes to reduce the water activity to below 0.3 Aw. The resulting vacuum dried stabilizing composition (FIG. 21B) was used to coat soybean seeds.
Coating seeds with a vacuum dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition.
About 1 ml of a 0.4% Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was sprayed onto 100g commercially available soybean seeds (Asgrow) in a drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater, Gustafson LLC, Skopee, MN) to moisten the seed surface. 0.5g of the vacuum dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition was added to the moistened seeds portionwise with tumbling. The coated soybean seeds were tumbled for four minutes, poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes, then packaged in an aluminum foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. A resulting dried seed is illustrated in FIG.

- 60 -22A. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting dried coated seeds was measured to be 0.358 at 28.4 C.
Preparation of a freeze dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition. The liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate prepared as described above was freeze dried as follows: (a) snap freezing the liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate in liquid nitrogen to form solid frozen particles, beads, droplets or strings, (b) primary drying the solid frozen particles, beads, droplets or strings under full vacuum (e.g., ¨190 Torr) for 16 hrs with a shelf temperature of 20 C, and (c) secondary drying at a shelf temperature of 40 C
and under full vacuum for 1 hr to reduce the water activity to below 0.3 Aw. The resulting freeze dried stabilizing composition (FIG. 21A) was used to coat soybean seeds.
Coating seeds with a freeze dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition.
About 1 ml of a 0.4% Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was sprayed onto 100g commercially available soybean seeds (Asgrow) in a drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater) to moisten the seed surface. 0.5g of the freeze dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition was added to the moistened seeds portionwise with tumbling. The coated soybean seeds were tumbled for up to four minutes, poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes, then packaged in an aluminum foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. A resulting dried seed is illustrated in FIG, 22B. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting dried coated seeds was measured to be 0.367 at 28.4 C.
Coating seeds with a liquefied freeze dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition. About 1 ml of a 0.4% Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was sprayed onto 100g commercially available soybean seeds (Asgrow) in a drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater) to moisten the seed surface. 0.5g of the freeze dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition was dispersed and liquefied in 5m1deionized water.
The liquefied freeze dried stabilizing composition was added to the moistened seeds dropwise by pipet with tumbling. The coated seeds were tumbled for four minutes, poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes, then packaged in an aluminum foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. A resulting dried seed is illustrated in FIG. 22C. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting dried coated seeds was measured to be 0.367 at 28.6 C.
The viability of the Rhizobium on the seeds coated with the vacuum dried, freeze dried or liquefied freeze dried Encap-3/Rhizobium stabilizing composition was determined based on the Colony Forming Units (CFU) per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed). The initial

- 61 -viability (T=0) of the bacteria on the coated seeds and the bacteria viability at 120 days (T=120) after storage at ambient temperature (e.g., 25 C) were determined as summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Rhizobia Stability on Coated Seeds Encap-3/Rhizobium Log CFU/g seed Log CFU/g seed Log Loss Stabilizing Composition at T=0 at T=120 Vacuum Dried 7.73 6.63 1.1 Freeze Dried 7.26 5.76 1.5 Liquefied Freeze Dried 7.05 4.87 2.18 EXAMPLE 51. Vacuum dried stabilizing compositions Four (4) vacuum dried stabilizing compositions comprising Rhizobium (e.g., Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were prepared and used to coat soybean seeds.
1. Coated Seeds 43A
A Encap-3 dry powder was prepared as described in Example 50. A concentrated Rhizobium suspension was prepared as follows: 50 ml of a commercially available suspension of Rhizobium (America's Best Inoculant, Advanced Biological Marketing, Van Wert, OH) was centrifuged (Fisher Centrific) for 20 minutes at 8000rm and the top 45 ml was decanted. The bottom 5 ml concentrated suspension was then added to 5g Encap-3 dry powder in a 50 ml Falcon tube and vortexed for ¨ 10 seconds.
The resulting liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate was dried as follows: (a) snap freezing the liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate in liquid nitrogen to form solid frozen particles, beads, droplets or strings, (b) primary drying the solid frozen particles, beads, droplets or strings under vacuum above 2000 mTORR for 12 hrs with a shelf temperature of 20 C, and (c) then secondary drying at a shelf temperature of 40 C under full vacuum for 15 minutes to reduce the water activity to below 0.3 Aw. The resulting vacuum dried stabilizing composition was used to coat soybean seeds.
About 1 ml of a 0.4% Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was sprayed onto 100g commercially available soybean seeds (Asgrow) in a drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater, Gustafson LLC, Skopee, MN) to moisten the seed surface. 2.0 g of a vacuum dried stabilizing composition was added to the moistened seeds portionwise with tumbling. The coated soybean seeds were tumbled for four minutes, and poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes. Then, 50 g dried coated seeds were packaged in an aluminum

- 62 -foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting dried coated seeds 43A was measured to be 0.321 at 20.1 C.
2. Coated Seeds 43A-1 50 g of the coated soybean seeds 43A were returned to the drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater, Gustafson LLC, Skopee, MN) and further dried for 5 minutes using a hair dryer. The seeds were then poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes, packaged in an aluminum foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting further dried coated seeds 43A-1 was measured to be 0.296 at 20.3 C.
3. Coated Seeds 43B
A Encap-3 dry powder was prepared. The following commercially available formulation ingredients were added to a zip lock bag and mixed: 47.0g Trehalose, 15 g Cyclodextrin-7, 3g Sodium Alginate, 5g Sodium Ascorbate, 5g Ferulic Acid and 24g Pea Protein Hydrolyzate and lg dried soybean roots to give a dry powder, the plastic zip lock bag was closed and the ingredients combined by shaking the bag for 10 seconds.
50 ml of a commercially available suspension of Rhizobium (America's Best Inoculant, Advanced Biological Marketing, Van Wert, OH) was centrifuged (Fisher Centrific) for 20 minutes at 8000rm and the top 45 ml was decanted. The bottom 5 ml concentrated suspension was then added to 5g Encap-3 dry powder in a 50 ml Falcon tube.
The resulting liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate was dried as follows: (a) snap freezing the liquid Encap-3/Rhizobium concentrate in liquid nitrogen to form solid frozen particles, beads, droplets or strings, (b) primary drying the solid frozen particles, beads, droplets or strings under vacuum above 2000 mTORR for 12 hrs with a shelf temperature of 20 C, and (c) then secondary drying at a shelf temperature of 40 C under full vacuum for 15 minutes to reduce the water activity to below 0.3 Aw. The resulting vacuum dried stabilizing composition was used to coat soybean seeds.
About 1 ml of a 0.4% Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was sprayed onto 100g commercially available soybean seeds (Asgrow) in a drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater, Gustafson LLC, Skopee, MN) to moisten the seed surface. 2.0 g of a vacuum dried stabilizing composition was added to the moistened seeds portionwise with tumbling. The coated soybean seeds were tumbled for four minutes, and poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes. Then, 50 g dried coated seeds were packaged in an aluminum

- 63 -foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting dried coated seeds 43B was measured to be 0.321 at 20.1 C.
4. Coated Seeds 43B-1 50 g of the dried coated soybean seeds 43B were returned to the drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater, Gustafson LLC, Skopee, MN) and further dried for 5 minutes using a hair dryer. The seeds were then poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes, packaged in an aluminum foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting further dried seeds 43B-lwas measured to be 0.296 at 20.3 C.
The Rhizobia stability on the coated seeds 43A, 43A-1, 43B and 43B-1 was determined over time at 0, 50, 90 or 120 days after storage at ambient temperature (e.g., 25 C) (FIG. 23). The coated seeds 43A, 43A-1, 43B and 43B-1 having slight variations in the coating materials and the initial water activity (Aw) showed an average of 0.45 log loss of CFU/g seed in microbial viability at 120 days after treatment. The trend line analysis predicts an average of 1.34 log loss of CFU/g seed at 360 days after treatment.
EXAMPLE 52. Seeds coated with dry stabilizing compositions The following method was used to make dry stabilizing compositions having the same ingredients, including Penicillium bilaii, commercially available for coating cotton seeds.
Preparation of Encap-3 dry powder. The following commercially available formulation ingredients were added to a zip lock bag and mixed: 47.0g Trehalose, 15 g Cyclodextrin-7, 3g Sodium Alginate, 5g Sodium Ascorbate, 5g Ferulic Acid and 25g Pea Protein Hydrolyzate to give a dry powder, the plastic zip lock bag was closed and the ingredients combined by shaking the bag for 10 seconds. As a result, Encap-3 dry powder was prepared.
Preparation of liquid Encap-3/fungi concentrate. To 10 g Encap-3 dry powder in a 50 ml Falcon tube was added 10 ml of a concentrated fungi broth containing Penicillium bilaii and then vortexed for ¨ 10 seconds.
Preparation of vacuum dried Encap-3/fungi stabilizing composition. The liquid Encap-3/fungi concentrate was vacuum dried as follows: (a) snap freezing the liquid Encap-3/fungi concentrate in liquid nitrogen to make solid frozen particles in the form of beads, droplets or strings, (b) primary drying the solid frozen particles at a shelf temperature of 20 C
under vacuum above 2000 mTORR for 16 hrs, and (c) secondary drying at a shelf

- 64 -temperature of 40 C and full vacuum for 15 minutes to reduce the water activity to below 0.3 Aw. The resulting vacuum dried stabilizing composition was used to coat cotton seeds.
Coating seeds with a vacuum dried Encap-3/fungi stabilizing composition. About ml of a 0.4% Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) aqueous solution was sprayed onto 100g commercially available cotton seeds (e.g., McGreary Grain Inc., Lancaster, PA) in a drum tumbler (Gustafson Batch Lab Seed Treater, Gustafson LLC, Skopee, MN) to moisten the seed surface. 0.5g of the vacuum dried Encap-3/fungi stabilizing composition was added to the moistened seeds portionwise with tumbling. The coated cotton seeds were tumbled for four minutes, poured onto a flat pan to air dry for 30 minutes, then packaged in an aluminum foil lined pouch and sealed for storage and long term stability testing. The initial water activity (Aw) of the resulting dried coated seeds was measured to be 0.4 at 20 C.
The term "about" as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a percentage, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of +20%
or 10%, more preferably 5%, even more preferably 1%, and still more preferably 0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate.
All documents, books, manuals, papers, patents, published patent applications, guides, abstracts, and other references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims (37)

What is claimed:

1. A method for coating seeds with biological materials, comprising (a) applying a moistening liquid to seeds to moisten seeds, wherein the moistening liquid comprises a moistening polymer, and (b) coating the moistened seeds with an effective amount of a dry composition, wherein the dry composition comprises biological materials, 10-50% (w/w) one or more disaccharides, 10-80% (w/w) one or more oligosaccharides, 0.1-10% (w/w) one or more polysaccharides, 0.5-20% (w/w) one or more carboxylic acid salts, and 0.5-40%
(w/w) one or more hydrolyzed proteins, and wherein the coated seeds have an initial water activity (Aw) below 0.4.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological materials are microorganisms selected from the group consisting of bacteria and fungi, wherein the microorganisms on the coated seeds have initial viability of at least 5 logs of colony forming units per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed).

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry composition is prepared by a drying method comprising combining the biological materials, the one or more disaccharides, the one or more oligosaccharides, the one or more polysaccharides, the one or more carboxylic acid salts, and the one or more hydrolyzed proteins in an aqueous solvent to form a viscous slurry;
(ii) rapidly freezing the slurry in liquid nitrogen to make solid frozen particles in the form of beads, droplets or strings, (iii) primary drying the solid frozen particles under vacuum at a temperature above the freezing temperature of the solid frozen particles to form a primary dried formulation, and (iv) secondary drying the primary dried formulation under full vacuum at a temperature of at least 20°C for a time sufficient to reduce the water activity (Aw) of the resulting dry composition to below 0.3.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry composition is prepared by a drying method comprising combining the biological materials, the one or more disaccharides, the one or more oligosaccharides, the one or more polysaccharides, the one or more carboxylic acid salts, and the one or more hydrolyzed proteins in an aqueous solvent to form a viscous slurry;
and (ii) freeze drying or spray drying the slurry to form a dry powder.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial water activity (Aw) of the coated seeds is below 0.35.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological materials are bacteria.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological materials are fungi.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological materials are viruses.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological materials are yeasts.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the microorganisms on the coated seeds are stable for at least 3 months with viability loss of no more than 1 log of CFU/g seed.

11. The method of claim 2, wherein the microorganisms on the coated seeds are stable for at least I year with viability loss of no more than 2 logs of CFU/g seed.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the moistening liquid is applied to the seeds in an amount no more than 1 ml per 100 grams of seeds in step (a).

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the moistening polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP).

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the moistening liquid is an aqueous solution having 0.25-1% (w/w) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

15. The method of clam 3, wherein step (iii) is carried out under vacuum above 2000 mTORR at a temperature of 20°C for at least 16 hours.

16. The method of claim 3, wherein step (iv) is carried out at a temperature of 40°C for at least 15 minutes.

17. The method of claim 3, wherein the drying method further comprises reducing the particle size of the dry composition.

18. The method of claim 1, where the dry composition has a particle size of less than about 1000 p.m.

19. The method of claim 6, wherein the bacteria are nitrogen fixing bacteria.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the nitrogen fixing bacteria are rhizobia.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more disaccharides are selected from the group consisting of trehalose, sucrose, lactose, and a mixture thereof.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more oligosaccharides are selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, inulin, maltodextrins, dextrans, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), and a mixture thereof.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more oligosaccharides consist of a cyclodextrin.

24. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more polysaccharides are selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), carboxy-methyl-cellulose, pectin, salts of alginic acid, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), methyl cellulose, carrageenan, gellan gum, guar gum, gum acacia, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan and chitosan derivatives, collagen, polyglycolic acid, starches, modified starches, and a mixture thereof.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more hydrolyzed proteins are selected from the group consisting of hydrolyzed casein, hydrolyzed whey protein, hydrolyzed pea protein, hydrolyzed soy protein, and a mixture thereof.

26. The method of claim 1, wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, and glutamic acid.

27. A seed coated by the method of any one of claims 1-26.

28. A seed coated with biological materials, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, carboxylic acid salts, hydrolyzed proteins and a moistening polymer, wherein the coated seed has an initial water activity (Aw) below 0.4.

29. The seed of claim 28, wherein the biological materials are microorganisms selected from the group consisting of bacteria and fungi, and wherein the microorganisms on the coated seeds have initial viability of at least 5 logs of colony forming units per gram of seeds (CFU/g seed).

30. The seed of claim 29, wherein the bacteria are nitrogen fixing bacteria.

31. The seed of claim 30, wherein the nitrogen fixing bacteria are rhizobia.

32. The seed of claim 28, wherein the biological materials are fungi.

33. The seed of claim 28, wherein the biological materials are viruses.

34. The seed of claim 28, wherein the biological materials are yeasts.

35. The seed of claim 29, wherein the microorganisms on the coated seeds are stable for at least 3 months with viability loss of no more than 1 log of CFU/g seed.

36. The seed of claim 29, wherein the microorganisms on the coated seeds are stable for at least 1 year with viability loss of no more than 2 logs of CFU/g seed.

37. The seed of claim 28, wherein the moistening polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cellulose acetate pthalate (CAP).