CA2974609A1

CA2974609A1 - Plastic pallet

Info

Publication number: CA2974609A1
Application number: CA2974609A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Lyle Meyer
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2017-07-27
Filing date: 2017-07-27
Publication date: 2019-01-27

Abstract

A plastic pallet and method of construction that permits plastic pallets of numerous different sizes and options to be easily produced from only a very small inventory of parts and without requiring a user to purchase or construct numerous different shapes and sizes of molds in order to produce a wide variety of pallets of various shapes, sizes and options.

Description

PATENT APPLICATION
PLASTIC PALLET
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention (Technical Field):
[0001] Embodiments of the present invention relate to plastic pallets and a method for the manufacture thereof.
Description of Related Art:

[0002] Although pallets have been in use for a long time, conventional wooden pallets suffer from various issues, including their susceptibility to rot, they are attacked by wood-eating pests, the wood can crack and bow with age and with changes in humidity, and the strength of wooden pallets changes as the wood ages and as decay occurs. While plastic pallets have been known for a while, such pallets are typically formed as a single continuous molded product. As such, to provide pallets of numerous dimensions and sizes, numerous molds must be created and subsequently stored. This makes it expensive to quickly and inexpensively provide customized pallet sizes ¨ particularly for customized pallets where small quantities are desired.

[0003] Although a few plastic pallets are known that can be formed from individual components, such known plastic pallets typically rely on an interference-fit or other self-securing method of attachment between the various components. Therefore, the strength of such connections are only as strong as the plastic connectors that are integrally formed therein. In addition, the size of the pallets cannot be adjusted without limitation. This is because the connection between two components can only occur where an integral connector has already been formed.

[0004] There is thus a need for a plastic pallet and method of construction which permits plastic pallets to be formed to any size and which can be accomplished with only a few basic components; and which further can rely on stronger metal fasteners for the connections between the components instead of weaker and limiting integrally-formed plastic connectors.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

[0005] An embodiment of the present invention relates to a plastic pallet having a plastic top plate, two or more plastic stringers, the plastic stringers having at least one stiffener cutout, at least one bottom board, at least one stiffener extending between the two or more plastic stringers, the stiffener having first and second end portions and wherein the first end portion of the stiffener is disposed in the stiffener cutout of a first of the two or more plastic stringers and the second end portion of the stiffener is disposed in the stiffener cutout of a second of the two or more plastic stringers; and a first plurality of fasteners securing the bottom boards to the stringers. The first plurality of fasteners can be metal screws. The plastic pallet can also have a second plurality of metal screws securing the plastic top plate to the two or more plastic stringers. Optionally, the top plate and/or at least one of the bottom boards can include a textured pattern formed on at least one side. In one embodiment, the stringers can be integrally formed in the plastic top plate. The top plate can have a plurality of corner pieces projecting from a top thereof. The plastic pallet of claim 1 further having a first IBC cage attached thereto.

[0006] An embodiment of the present invention also relates to a plastic pallet having a plastic top plate with two or more integrally formed stringers, at least one bottom board, and a first plurality of metal fasteners securing the bottom boards to the stringers. The plastic pallet can also have an IBC
cage attached to a top thereof and the plastic top plate can include a void formed at a location below the IBC cage ¨ particularly below a location of a valve of an IBC bottle. A method for forming a plastic pallet including forming a plastic top plate with two or more integral plastic stringers with a single pressure mold and attaching at least one plastic bottom board to the two or more integral plastic stringers with a plurality of metal fasteners. Forming a plastic top plate can include cutting the plastic top plate to a desired size after it is molded. Attaching at least one bottom board can include attaching at least one bottom board to the two or more integral plastic stringers with a plurality of metal fasteners having metal screws. At least one of the metal screws is preferably screwed into the bottom board and an integral plastic stringer within a short enough time-period to cause heat from friction of the screwing operation to reach a temperature on at least a portion of the screw that is greater than a melting point of the plastic bottom board or of the plastic stringer, thus resulting in localized melting of plastic to the screw.
11, ___________

[0007] An embodiment of the present invention also relates to a plastic pallet having a plastic top plate with one or more barrel retention spaces formed thereon, the one or more barrel retention spaces defined at least partially by one or more plastic corner pieces and one or more plastic barrel spacers disposed on the plastic top plate, two or more plastic stringers, at least one bottom board disposed on the two or more plastic stringers, and a first plurality of fasteners securing the at least one bottom board to the two or more stringers. The plastic pallet can include four barrel retention spaces on the plastic top plate. The plastic pallet can optionally comprise five barrel retention spaces formed on the plastic top plate.

[0008] An embodiment of the present invention also relates to a plastic pallet having a plastic top plate with a first IBC cage disposed thereon, two or more plastic stringers, at least one bottom board disposed on the two or more plastic stringers, and a first plurality of fasteners securing the at least one bottom board to the two or more stringers. The bottom board can be sized to sit inside of a second IBC
cage. The top plate can have a void formed at a location below an outlet of an IBC bottle when the IBC
bottle is disposed in the IBC cage. Optionally, the bottom board can include an opening that aligns with an inlet of a second IBC bottle when the second IBC bottle is disposed in the second IBC cage when the plastic pallet is placed atop the second IBC cage.

[0009] An embodiment of the present invention relates to a plastic pallet having a plastic top plate with at least one elevated nub disposed on a top thereof, the elevated nub having a thickness of at least 1/4 inch; two or more plastic stringers; at least one bottom board disposed on the two or more plastic stringers, the at least one bottom board having at least one nub-opening that is disposed directly below the elevated nub, the nub-opening having a length and width which are at least as large as a respective length and width of the elevated nub; and a first plurality of fasteners securing the at least one bottom board to the two or more stringers. The at least one elevated nub can include at least four elevated nubs and the at least one bottom board can include at least four nub-openings. A first of the plastic pallets can be stackable onto a second of the plastic pallets and the elevated nubs of the second plastic pallet fit in and are received up into the nub-openings of the first plastic pallet, thus locking the first plastic pallet to the second plastic pallet and preventing the first plastic pallet from sliding off the second plastic pallet. The plastic pallet can have at least one tag molded into the top plate. The elevated nub can comprise a thickness of at least 1/2 inch. The elevated nub can be a separate piece of material that is attached to the top plate with a fastener and/or the elevated nub can be molded onto the top plate.
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[0010] An embodiment of the present invention also relates to a plastic pallet having a plastic top plate with two or more integrally formed stringers, at least one bottom board, and a first plurality of metal screws securing the bottom boards to the stringers. The plastic pallet can include an intermediate bulk container ("IBC") cage attached to a top thereof and the plastic top plate can include a void formed at a location below the IBC bottle/tank when it is disposed in the IBC cage.

[0011] An embodiment of the present invention also relates to a method for forming a plastic pallet including attaching a plastic top plate to two or more plastic stringers; and attaching at least one bottom board to the two or more plastic stringers with a plurality of metal fasteners. Optionally, attaching a plastic top plate to two or more plastic stringers can include integrally forming the two or more plastic stringers into the plastic top plate. The method can include forming the plastic top plate from a compression mold and the at least one bottom board can be at least partially formed from the compression mold. The method can include at least partially forming the at least one bottom board by cutting it to a desired size.

[0012] Objects, advantages and novel features, and further scope of applicability of the present invention will be set forth in part in the detailed description to follow, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following, or may be learned by practice of the invention.
The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
BRIEF, DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating one or more preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a drawing which illustrates an under-side of a pallet having bottom boards according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a drawing which illustrates an underside of a pallet without bottom boards;

Fig. 3 is a drawing which illustrates a pallet having a flat-top plate according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Figs. 4A, 4B, and 4C respectively illustrate top, bottom, and side-view drawings of a pallet according to an embodiment of the present invention having four stringers;
Figs. 5A, 5B, and 5C respectively illustrate top, bottom, and side-view drawings of a pallet according to an embodiment of the present invention having three stringers;
Figs. 6A, 6B, and 6C respectively illustrate top, bottom, and side-view drawings of a pallet having a plurality of spaced-apart top plates according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is a drawing which shows one embodiment of how the shaped surface of the leg can plug into or otherwise interact with the shaped surface of a top plate;
Fig. 8 is a drawing which shows an embodiment of the present invention wherein a plurality of legs are attached to a top plate;
Figs. 9A, 9B, and 9C respectively illustrate top, bottom, and side-view drawings of a pallet formed by a plurality of legs separating top plate from a base board;
Fig. 10 is a drawing of a mold for forming top plates according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 11 is a drawing of a pallet according to an embodiment of the present invention wherein a top surface of the top plate has faux boards formed therein;
Fig. 12A is a perspective view drawing of a stringer with cutouts to accommodate stiffeners;
Fig. 12B is a side-view drawing of a pallet with the ends of stiffeners exposed;
Fig. 13A, and 13B respectively illustrate a top and side view of a pallet with barrel spacers and corner pieces attached to the top plate to accommodate up to five barrels;
= _________ Fig. 13C is a drawing which illustrates a barrel spacer and corner piece for the embodiment of Fig. 13A;
Figs. 14A illustrates a top and side view of a pallet with barrel spacers and corner pieces attached to the top plate to accommodate up to four barrels;
Fig. 14B is a drawing which illustrates barrel spacers and a corner piece for the embodiment of Fig. 14A;
Fig. 14C is a drawing which illustrates a top view of a pallet with barrel spacers and corner pieces having straight sides;
Figs. 15A and 15B are drawings which illustrate an embodiment of an intermediate bulk container ("IBC") pallet according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 15C is a drawing which illustrates an IBC pallet stacked atop an IBC
according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 16 is a drawing which illustrates an embodiment of the present invention wherein stringers are integrally formed into a top plate;
Figs. 17A and 17B respectively illustrate top and bottom views of a nestable pallet according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 17C is a drawing which illustrates a side-view of the nestable pallet of Figs. 17A and 17B; and Fig. 17D is a drawing which illustrates a plurality of nestable pallets stacked together according to an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0014] Referring now to the drawings, an embodiment of the present invention relates to plastic pallet 10 having top plate 12, attached by fasteners 13 to stringers 14. The term "plastic" as used throughout this application is intended to include not only materials that are conventionally referred to as plastic materials, but also any other synthetic solid material, including not only materials that have a slightly elastic form, but also rigid, non-elastic materials, including but not limited to epoxies, glass-filled resins, combinations thereof and the like. In one embodiment, fasteners 13 are also preferably used to attach bottom boards 16 to stringers 14. In one embodiment, bottom boards 16 can be formed by cutting a piece of top plate material 12 into strips. Fasteners 13 are preferably metal fasteners and most preferably screws. Although carbon-steel screws can be used and will provide desirable results for numerous applications, in one embodiment, the screws are most preferably galvanized or stainless steel. In one embodiment, when using metal screws to attach one or more piece of pallet 10 together, the screw preferably generates heat from the friction of its installation and thus causes the plastic that immediately surrounds it to melt slightly and thus adhere to the screw. This therefore locks the screw in place and reduces the potential for the screw to gradually back out. In one embodiment, nails can be used for one or more of fasteners 13.

[0015] In one embodiment, bottom boards 16 can optionally be omitted (see Fig. 2). In a further embodiment, stringers 14 can have notches formed in them such that gaps for forks of a forklift are provided along the sides of pallet 10 (this configuration is typically referred to as a "4-way" pallet). In one embodiment, bottom boards 16 can comprise a plurality of boards that are parallel with one another. Alternatively, however, a single bottom board 16 can be provided. In this embodiment, bottom board 16 can be a duplicate of top plate 12, thus covering substantially the entire bottom of pallet 10. In one embodiment, a plurality of bottom boards 16 can be provided and each can be formed by cutting a strip of top plate material. For example, in one embodiment, a pair of top plates 12 can be formed, one of those top plates can be cut into strips and some or all of those strips can be used as bottom boards

16. In one embodiment, two stringers 14 can be provided. More preferably, three or four stringers can optionally be provided (see Figs. 4B and 5B respectively). In an alternative embodiment, any number of a plurality of stringers 14 can be provided. In one embodiment, one or more stringers can be wider at the top and the bottom such that the stringer comprises an I-beam cross-section, thus, stiffening the stringer and reducing lateral deflection while also providing a wider area at the top of the stringer to provide a larger area for its attachment to top plate 12.
[0016] In one embodiment, top plate 12 can comprise a standard width and length (for example, top plate 12 can optionally be about 48" wide by about 48" long). In this embodiment, for pallets that are longer than top plate 12, more than one top plate can be used. For example, if a user desires to have a pallet that is six feet long by three feet wide, a first top plate can be cut such that it is four feet by three feet. Then, a second top plate can be cut such that it is three feet by two feet. The two top plates can then be butted together to proved a top plate assembly that is six feet by three feet.
Likewise, if a pallet is desired that is four feet by twelve feet, three top plates 12, each measuring four feet by four feet, can be butted together and then stringers 14 can be connected thereto to form the desired pallet.

[0017] In one embodiment, top plate 12 can be cut into strips and spaced apart such that there are gaps in top plate 12 once pallet 10 is constructed (See Fig. 6A). In one embodiment, top plate 12 can have a shaped surface on one or both major surfaces thereof. For example, as best illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8, top plate 12 can have square recesses 22 formed by raised ribs 24. Of course other shapes and designs of shaped surface of top plate 12 can be used and will provide desirable results. In one embodiment, for example, one or both sides of top plate 12 can have various shapes and/or textured patterns formed therein. The term "textured pattern" as used throughout this application is intended to mean an anti-slip and/or friction and/or friction-inducing pattern intentionally formed onto a surface that comprises a height and/or depth of at least 1/16 of an inch, and more preferably comprising a height and/or depth of at least 1/8 of an inch, and most preferably comprising a height and/or depth of at least about 1/4 of an inch. The term "textured pattern" thus includes ribbed structures, a waffle pattern, a diamond-shaped pattern, or shaped surface patterns or textures and includes but is not limited to the grid pattern illustrated in some of the drawings. In one embodiment, a company logo or other image can be formed into the top surface of top plate 12. In yet a further embodiment, as best illustrated in Fig. 11, the top surface of top plate 12 can have faux boards 30 formed therein. Because in one embodiment, bottom boards 16 are formed by cutting a top plate 12 into strips, bottom boards 16 can also thus comprise these same textured patterns formed therein.

[0018] By providing a top plate 12 having a smooth first major surface and a shaped second major surface (for example a smooth top and a shaped bottom), a user can apply top plate 12 such that either the smooth side is up or such that the smooth side is down. This permits further customization of the resulting pallet for a particular good to be moved or shipped thereon. For example, powdered or liquid goods that are stored in a bag will benefit from shipping them on pallets having the shaped surface facing up because the bag can conform to the shaped surface, thereby helping to lock the bag in place and inhibiting the bag and its contents from sliding about on the pallet. Because some embodiments of the present invention also form bottom boards 16 from the same material that top plate 12 is formed from, the resulting plastic pallet can further be customized for a particular application by attaching bottom boards with the shaped surface side down or the smooth side down.

[0019] In one embodiment, as best illustrated in Fig. 7-9C, legs 18 can be provided to be used in place of stringers 14. In this embodiment, leg 18 most preferably comprises shaped surface 20 on its upper and/or lower surfaces. In this embodiment, shaped surface 20 most preferably comprises a shape and dimensions which permit shaped surface 20 to engage recesses 22 and/or protrusions 24 of top plate 12. Fastener 13, which is most preferably a metal screw, is used to secure leg 18 to top plate 12. The engageable arrangement between 20, 22, and 24, permits a stronger connection between legs 18 and top plate 12. For example, when used in its intended operating position, lateral forces experienced by leg 18 are received and distributed to ribs 24 of top plate 12, whereas without the engageable surfaces, metal fastener 13 would have to receive and transfer all of the lateral force. In one embodiment, legs 18 can have one or more protrusions as part of its shaped surface 20. In a preferred embodiment, legs 18 can have four protrusions as part of its shaped surface 20. In one embodiment, both end surfaces of legs 18 comprise a shaped surface.

[0020] Although pallet 10 can be formed simply by attaching legs 18 to top plate 12 with fasteners 13, such as that illustrated in Fig. 8, in one embodiment, bottom boards 16 are also preferably used to increase the strength and rigidity of the resulting pallet 10. See for example, Figs. 9A-9C. As best illustrated in Fig. 9B, in one embodiment, bottom boards 16 can be formed simply by cutting large voids in a piece of material that matches top plate 12 (in the case of Fig.
9B, four large rectangular voids have been cut into bottom board 16).

[0021] As best illustrated in Fig. 10, in forming top plate 12, mold 26 is preferably used. The protrusions on the mold result in recesses 22 (see Fig. 7). In one embodiment, wherein pallets 10 are to be formed with stringers 14, a solid structure, such as a board or other strip of material, can be secured to mold 26 at the location of where stringers 14 are desired to be attached to the resulting top plate 12.
Then, plastic material is applied to mold 26 and allowed to harden. When the resulting top plate is removed from the mold, the top plate has a recess formed along the location of where the strip of material was attached. The stringer can then be placed down into that recess and, if the strip of material had a width substantially similar to that of the stringer, the stringer will fight snugly into the recess. This helps to better secure stringer 14 to top plate 12, thereby resulting in a more durable plastic pallet. In one embodiment, however, recesses 22 are not formed into top plate 12. In this embodiment, stringers 14 are simply attached to top plate 12.

[0022] As best illustrated in Figs. 12A and B, in one embodiment, stringers 14 can comprise one or more cut-outs 32 to accommodate stiffeners 34. In one embodiment, stiffeners 34 are preferably disposed near the edges of top plate 12 and preferably span the entire width of the pallet. In this --41kw.sw~vormwm.w.... ROKIM010.1 101.1111,04NOWW.P.104 -embodiment, stiffeners 34 preferably comprise strips of material. For example, in one embodiment, a stiffener can have a width of about two inches to about six inches, and more preferably about four inches. In one embodiment, stiffener 34 can comprise a thickness of from about 1/2 of an inch to about two inches and most preferably a thickness of from about one inch to about 1.5 inches. Other dimensions can be used to accommodate any particular application. In one embodiment, as best illustrated in Fig. 12B, stiffener 34 can be disposed in a location where one portion of a top plate abuts another portion of a top plate. In one embodiment, stiffener 34 is preferably formed from a plastic material. In one embodiment, top plate 12 is preferably attached to stiffener 34 via one or more fasteners 13.

[0023] Referring now to Figs. 13A-13C, in one embodiment, pallet 10 can be configured to provide barrel retention spaces 36 to hold barrels by attaching barrel spacers 38 and corner pieces 40 to top plate 12. Optionally, pallet 10 can be configured to hold one or more barrels, and most preferably four or five barrels in a standing configuration (i.e. with the primary axis of each barrel placed perpendicular to top plate 12). Fig. 13A illustrates an embodiment of pallet 10 configured to accommodate up to five barrels via five barrel retention spaces 36. In one embodiment, barrel spacers 38 and corner pieces 40 can be attached to top plate 12 via one or more fasteners. Of course, in one embodiment, barrel spacers 38 and corner pieces 40 can optionally be formed into a single continuous piece of material such that they are all connected together (for example, by forming the single continuous piece of material as a molded plate with barrel retention spaces 36 formed therein). In an alternative embodiment, only barrel spacers 38 or corner pieces 40 can be provided. In addition, although Fig. 13C illustrates a most preferred shape for each of barrel spacers 38 and corner pieces 40 for a pallet 10 configured to accommodate five barrels, different shapes can optionally be used for one or both of barrel spacers 38 and/or corner pieces 40 and will provide desirable results. For example, the curves and spacing between them as illustrated on barrel spacer 38 can have a different radius and/or spacing such that any one or more of barrel spaces 36 can have a different diameter from any other of the barrel spacers. In one embodiment, top plate 12 can have barrel spacers 38 and/or corner pieces 40 formed directly its upper surface. For example, top plate 12 can have increased thickness where barrel spacers 38 and/or corner pieces 40 are desired. This can optionally be done by molding or milling barrel retention spaces 36 into top plate 12.

[0024] Figs. 14A and B illustrate an embodiment wherein four barrel retention spaces 36 are provided on pallet 10 via barrel spacers 38 and 42, and corner pieces 40. In this embodiment, central barrel spacer 42 is preferably disposed at or near a center of top plate 12.

[0025] As best illustrated in Fig 14C, barrel spacers 38, corner pieces 40 and central barrel spacer 38, if provided, can comprise one or more straight sides. In this figure barrels 43 are illustrated as being disposed in barrel retention spaces 36 (not shown because they are covered by barrels 43).
Optionally one or more of barrel spacers 38, corner pieces 40, and central barrel spacer 42 can be formed from more than one piece. For example, in one embodiment, central barrel spacer 42 can be formed from a plurality of elongated pieces that are arranged to form a square or another shape as illustrated in Fig. 14C. In one embodiment, four corner pieces 40 could optionally be used in place of central barrel spacer 42. Although Figs. 13A-14C illustrate an embodiment wherein corner pieces 40 can be used in conjunction with barrel spacers 38 and/or 42 in order to form barrel retention spaces 36, corner pieces 40 can be applied to any other pallet to help prevent its contents (regardless of whether it is barrels or not) from shifting off of the pallet when it is in transit. In addition, one or more strips of material can be attached with fasteners or formed onto any desired location on the top plate 12 to prevent contents from easily sliding off of the pallet. For example, in one embodiment, four strips of material can be attached or formed along the perimeter of top plate 12.

[0026] In one embodiment, as best illustrated in Figs. 15A-C, pallet 10 can be configured to accommodate or incorporate an intermediate bulk container ("IBC") 44 and its accompanying space frame 45. In this embodiment, frame 45 is preferably attached to top plate 12 via a plurality of fasteners 13. In this embodiment, pallet 10 is preferably sized such that one or more ¨
and most preferably all of stringers 14 - are positioned such that fasteners 13 that attach frame 45 to top plate 12 will pass down into stringers 14 (see Fig. 15A). In this embodiment, a pair of stringers 14 are preferably disposed on the sides of pallet 10 ¨ of course wider stringers 14 could also optionally be used on each respective left and right side of pallet 10 in lieu of a pair of stringers 14. In this embodiment, top plate 12 preferably comprises cutout 48 beneath outlet 50 of IBC, thus providing increased access to outlet 50. Bottom board 16 preferably comprises notched corners 46 and most preferably all of bottom boards 16 (for embodiments where a plurality of bottom boards 16 are used) of a pallet are preferably positioned and/or cut such that the outside perimeter of bottom boards 16 comprise dimensions that are smaller than the inside perimeter of frame 45. Thus, when a first pallet 10 comprising IBC 44 is placed atop a second pallet 10 comprising IBC 44, bottom boards 16 preferably rest inside of frame 45 of IBC 44 of the first pallet, thus locking the top pallet onto the bottom IBC and preventing the top pallet from sliding and/or shifting during transport (see Fig. 15C which illustrates bottom boards 16 nestled down within frame 45 of the lower pallet). In this embodiment, stringers 14 preferably extend further than bottom boards 16 so that when stacked atop an IBC, the stringers rest on frame 45 of IBC 44. Thus, the entire weight of the top pallet and its contents are transferred down through its stringers and onto the frame of the lower IBC. In one embodiment, an opening can be disposed in a bottom board 16 at a location that 4.4411F te,B.1010.144.WIPAW ¨

aligns with a top inlet and fill cap for an IBC. Thus, when a top pallet is stacked atop a lower IBC, the fill cap and inlet that projects above the lower IBC will not be pressed against by the bottom boards of the top pallet.

[0027] Referring now to Fig. 16, in one embodiment, stringers 14 can be integrally formed into top plate 12. As used throughout this application, the term "integrally formed" is intended to include any manner of forming two items together from a single continuous piece of material or separate materials without the use of adhesives or fasteners or an interference fit. Thus, the term "integrally formed" can include two items molded together in a single mold and can include two items formed together by milling down a single piece of material. In this embodiment, stringers 14 and top plate 12 are most preferably all molded together in a single mold, thus forming a single, continuous piece of material. This embodiment of the integrally-formed stringers 14 can be used in all of the previously described embodiments wherein stringers 14 are attached to top plate 12, however, fasteners 13 are of course not needed to secure stringers 14 to top plate 12 when they are integrally formed.
Thus, the integrally-formed stringers can be used in all of pallets of Figs. 1-6 and 11-15C. Thus, one or more bottom boards 16 can be attached to the integrally formed stringers. In addition, one or more of the stringers 14 can be made wider or more narrow than one or more other stringers 14. For example, in one embodiment, the outside stringers on the left and right of Fig. 16 can be made twice as thick as the inside stringer if desired for a particular application. As with the embodiment of Figs. 12A and B, one or more cutouts can be disposed or formed in the integrated stringers such that one or more stiffeners 34 can be slid therethrough and then secured to top plate 12, for example via one or more fasteners. Alternatively, top plate 12 can optionally comprise stiffeners 34 integrally formed such that stiffeners 34 extend between two or more of stringers 14 ¨ particularly at or near the edge of top plate 12.

[0028] Referring now to Figs. 17A-17D, in one embodiment, pallet 10 comprises elevated nubs 54 which preferably project above the rest of top plate 12. Although the height of nubs 54 can be provided to have any desired height, in a preferred embodiment, nubs 54 preferably project from about 1/4 inch to about 1.5 inches above top plate 12, and more preferably from about 1/2 inch to about 3/4 inch above top plate 12 and most preferably about 5/8 inch above top plate 12.
Although Fig. 17A illustrates nubs 54 as comprising a square shape, nubs 54 can comprise any desirable shape for any particular application. Nubs 54 preferably permit cargo, such as large bags of bulk products to be placed onto top plate 12 and settle around nubs 54, thus helping to prevent such cargo from slipping off pallet 10 while in transit. As best illustrated by the dashed lines of Fig. 17A, nubs 54 most preferably align to fall inside of openings 56 on bottom boards 16. As such, when two empty pallets are stacked atop one another (see Fig. 17D), nubs 54 of the bottom pallet preferably project up into openings 56 in the bottom of the 'eel* ____________________ A¨,õ41110Winwm. , OPPP.P0.-Mil.M.PMPPOIPPP,PWA=cappyp p ?c, St4ppnp P =

top pallet, thus nesting the two pallets together and preventing the top pallet from sliding off the bottom pallet when in transit. Openings 56 are also preferably provided to permit load-bearing wheels of pallet jacks to pass therethrough so that pallet 10 can be easily moved via a conventional pallet jack.
Optionally, bottom board 16 can be formed form a single board or from a plurality of smaller boards.
One or more tags 58 can optionally be formed into or onto top plate 12. Tags 58 can comprise text and/or graphics. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, one or more tags 58 can comprise a company logo and/or product description or product number. =

[0029] Optionally, as best illustrated in Fig. 17C, the end portion of stringers 14 can be tapered slightly such that they are longer at the top than at the bottom. Likewise, as best illustrated in Fig. 17C, top plate 12 can be slightly longer than bottom board 16. This tapered configuration can help reduce the possibility for the bottom edge of the pallet and or the bottom end of stringer 14 to snag on items, such as product stacked on immediately adjacent pallets or the top plates of the immediately adjacent pallets. In one embodiment, nubs 54, top plate 12, stringers 14, and/or tags 58 can all be molded in a single mold at the same time as a single continuous piece of material, as was also described in relation to Fig. 16. In this embodiment, one or more bottom boards, most preferably with openings 56 formed therein can then be attached to the bottom of stringers 14 via fasteners ¨
preferably metal fasteners, and most preferably via metal screws. Of course, one or more of nubs 54, top plate 12, stringers 16, and/or tags 58 can be formed individually and subsequently attached together ¨
for example using one or more fasteners. For example, in one embodiment, nubs 54 can be attached to top plate 12 via one or more fasteners. In one embodiment, as best illustrated on Fig. 17B, the width of top plate 12 can be molded wide so that it overhangs the outside stringers 14 and bottom board 16.
As such, a user can provide one mold that forms a top plate that overhangs the bottom boards and stringers and the user can then trim one or both sides of the overhanging portion to reduce the width of the pallet to a desirable width, thereby producing pallets of various sizes from a single mold. In one embodiment, said fasteners are separate components from the various other pieces and are not formed from a portion of the top plate, bottom plate or stringers.

[0030] Note that in the specification and claims, "about" or "approximately" means within twenty percent (20%) of the numerical amount cited.

[0031] Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results.
Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents.

Claims

-14-What is claimed is:

1. A plastic pallet comprising:
a plastic top plate;
two or more plastic stringers, said plastic stringers comprising at least one stiffener cutout;
at least one bottom board;
at least one stiffener extending between said two or more plastic stringers, said stiffener comprising first and second end portions and wherein said first end portion of said stiffener is disposed in said stiffener cutout of a first of said two or more plastic stringers and said second end portion of said stiffener is disposed in said stiffener cutout of a second of said two or more plastic stringers; and a first plurality of fasteners securing said bottom boards to said stringers.

2. The plastic pallet of claim 1 wherein said first plurality of fasteners comprises metal screws.

3. The plastic pallet of claim 2 further comprising a second plurality of metal screws securing said plastic top plate to said two or more plastic stringers.

4. The plastic pallet of claim 1 wherein said top plate comprises a textured pattern formed on at least one side.

5. The plastic pallet of claim 1 wherein at least one of said bottom boards comprises a textured pattern formed on at least one side thereof.

6. The plastic pallet of claim 1 wherein said stringers are integrally formed in said plastic top plate.

7. The plastic pallet of claim 1 wherein said top plate comprises a plurality of corner pieces projecting from a top thereof.

8. The plastic pallet of claim 1 further comprising a first IBC cage attached thereto.

9. A plastic pallet comprising:
a plastic top plate comprising two or more integrally formed stringers;
at least one bottom board; and a first plurality of metal fasteners securing said bottom boards to said stringers.

10. The plastic pallet of claim 9 wherein said first plurality of metal fasteners comprise metal screws.

11. The plastic pallet of claim 9 further comprising an IBC cage attached to a top thereof and wherein said plastic top plate comprises a void formed at a location below said IBC cage.

12. A method for forming a plastic pallet comprising:
forming a plastic top plate with two or more integral plastic stringers with a single pressure mold; and attaching at least one plastic bottom board to the two or more integral plastic stringers with a plurality of metal fasteners.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein forming a plastic top plate further comprises cutting the plastic top plate to a desired size after it is molded.

14. The method of claim 12 wherein attaching at least one bottom board comprises attaching at least one bottom board to the two or more integral plastic stringers with a plurality of metal fasteners comprising metal screws.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein at least one of the metal screws is screwed into the bottom board and an integral plastic stringer within a short enough time-period to cause heat from friction of the screwing operation to reach a temperature on at least a portion of the screw that is greater than a melting point of the plastic bottom board or of the plastic stringer, thus resulting in localized melting of plastic to the screw.

16. A plastic pallet comprising:
a plastic top plate comprising one or more barrel retention spaces formed thereon, said one or more barrel retention spaces defined at least partially by one or more plastic corner pieces and one or more plastic barrel spacers disposed on said plastic top plate;
two or more plastic stringers;
at least one bottom board disposed on said two or more plastic stringers; and a first plurality of fasteners securing said at least one bottom board to said two or more stringers.

17. The plastic pallet of claim 16 wherein said first plurality of fasteners comprises metal screws.

18. The plastic pllet of claim 16 wherein said plastic pallet comprises four barrel retention spaces on said plastic top plate.

19. The plastic pallet of claim 16 wherein said plastic pallet comprises five barrel retention spaces formed on said plastic top plate.

20. A plastic pallet comprising:
a plastic top plate comprising a first IBC cage disposed thereon;
two or more plastic stringers;
at least one bottom board disposed on said two or more plastic stringers; and a first plurality of fasteners securing said at least one bottom board to said two or more stringers.

21. The plastic pallet of claim 20 wherein the first plurality of fasteners comprises metal screws.

22. The plastic pallet of claim 20 wherein said bottom board is sized to sit inside of a second IBC
cage.

23. The plastic pallet of claim 20 wherein said top plate comprise a void formed at a location below an outlet of an IBC bottle when the IBC bottle is disposed in said first IBC cage.

24. The plastic pallet of claim 20 wherein said bottom board comprises an opening that aligns with an inlet of a second IBC bottle when said second IBC bottle is disposed in said second IBC cage when said plastic pallet is placed atop said second IBC cage.

25. A plastic pallet comprising:
a plastic top plate comprising at least one elevated nub disposed on a top thereof, said elevated nub comprising a thickness of at least 1/4 inch;
two or more plastic stringers;
at least one bottom board disposed on said two or more plastic stringers, said at least one bottom board comprising at least one nub-opening that is disposed directly below said elevated nub, said nub-opening comprising a length and width which are at least as large as a respective length and width of said elevated nub; and a first plurality of fasteners securing said at least one bottom board to said two or more stringers.

26. The plastic pallet of claim 25 wherein said first plurality of fasteners comprises a plurality of metal screws.

27. The plastic pallet of claim 25 wherein said at least one elevated nub comprises at least four elevated nubs and wherein said at least one bottom board comprises at least four nub-openings.

28. The plastic pallet of claim 25 wherein a first of said plastic pallets is stackable onto a second of said plastic pallets and wherein said elevated nubs of said second plastic pallet fit in and are received up into said nub-openings of said first plastic pallet, thus locking said first plastic pallet to said second plastic pallet and preventing said first plastic pallet from sliding off said second plastic pallet.

29. The plastic pallet of claim 25 further comprising at least one tag molded into said top plate.

30. The plastic pallet of claim 25 wherein said elevated nub comprises a thickness of at least 1/2 inch.

31. The plastic pallet of claim 25 wherein said elevated nub is a separate piece of material that is attached to said top plate with a fastener.

32. The plastic pallet of claim 25 wherein said elevated nub is molded onto said top plate.