CA2967822A1 - Water conservation using floating optically-reflective devices - Google Patents
Water conservation using floating optically-reflective devices Download PDFInfo
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- CA2967822A1 CA2967822A1 CA2967822A CA2967822A CA2967822A1 CA 2967822 A1 CA2967822 A1 CA 2967822A1 CA 2967822 A CA2967822 A CA 2967822A CA 2967822 A CA2967822 A CA 2967822A CA 2967822 A1 CA2967822 A1 CA 2967822A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G15/00—Devices or methods for influencing weather conditions
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
- E03B3/02—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from rain-water
- E03B3/03—Special vessels for collecting or storing rain-water for use in the household, e.g. water-butts
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Embodiments generally relate to methods and apparatuses for conserving water in a reservoir. In one embodiment, the method comprises deploying onto the top surface of water in a reservoir a floatable device with a wettable lower surface. The device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface. In one embodiment the first element comprises a plurality of highly reflective particles and the second element comprises a binder configured to hold the reflective particles together.
Description
WATER CONSERVATION USING FLOATING OPTICALLY-REFLECTIVE DEVICES
Cross References to Related Applications This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.
62/081,544, entitled "Water conservation using floating reflectors", filed on November 18, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full in this application for all purposes.
Background Conservation of water is a matter of great concern and interest, especially at times of ongoing or anticipated drought. Issues of potential environmental damage, human displacement, and overall costs are serious disincentives to infrastructural approaches such as constructing or expanding reservoirs or building dams. Evaporation due to absorption of incident sunlight by the water in existing reservoirs makes up a significant fraction of potentially avoidable water loss.
Simple surface covers, as currently used to prevent water loss in small ponds or swimming pools by physically blocking evaporation, can reduce gas exchange, block incident light and increase underlying water temperature, so even if such covers could be scaled up to reservoir-size, they would have very negative consequences to the ecosystem of the reservoir.
Covering the water surface using surface films of oils and hydrocarbon-based materials has also been proposed. This has the additional disadvantage of adding a non-aqueous liquid, and potential pollutant, to the reservoirs.
It is therefore desirable to provide a scalable method of reducing absorption of incident sunlight that allows adequate atmospheric gas exchange. The ability to keep underlying water temperature within a predetermined range, and to avoid permanently shading any particular region without introducing potential pollutants would be additional desirable features.
Summary The present invention includes a method for conserving water in a reservoir.
In one embodiment, the method comprises deploying onto the upper surface of water in a reservoir a floatable device with a wettable lower surface, wherein the device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface. In one embodiment, the first element comprises a plurality of highly reflective particles and the second element comprises a binder configured to hold the reflective particles together. In one embodiment the reflective particles comprise hollow glass spheres and the binder comprises a biodegradable bioplastic.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a cross section view illustrating a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface according to one embodiment.
Figure 2 is a top-down view illustrating a floatable high albedo wettable device according to another embodiment.
Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for using a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface to conserve water according to one embodiment.
Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for forming a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface according to one embodiment.
Figure 5 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for using a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface to cool a body containing water trapped in the form of ice, snow, or permafrost, according to one embodiment.
Detailed Description
Cross References to Related Applications This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No.
62/081,544, entitled "Water conservation using floating reflectors", filed on November 18, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full in this application for all purposes.
Background Conservation of water is a matter of great concern and interest, especially at times of ongoing or anticipated drought. Issues of potential environmental damage, human displacement, and overall costs are serious disincentives to infrastructural approaches such as constructing or expanding reservoirs or building dams. Evaporation due to absorption of incident sunlight by the water in existing reservoirs makes up a significant fraction of potentially avoidable water loss.
Simple surface covers, as currently used to prevent water loss in small ponds or swimming pools by physically blocking evaporation, can reduce gas exchange, block incident light and increase underlying water temperature, so even if such covers could be scaled up to reservoir-size, they would have very negative consequences to the ecosystem of the reservoir.
Covering the water surface using surface films of oils and hydrocarbon-based materials has also been proposed. This has the additional disadvantage of adding a non-aqueous liquid, and potential pollutant, to the reservoirs.
It is therefore desirable to provide a scalable method of reducing absorption of incident sunlight that allows adequate atmospheric gas exchange. The ability to keep underlying water temperature within a predetermined range, and to avoid permanently shading any particular region without introducing potential pollutants would be additional desirable features.
Summary The present invention includes a method for conserving water in a reservoir.
In one embodiment, the method comprises deploying onto the upper surface of water in a reservoir a floatable device with a wettable lower surface, wherein the device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface. In one embodiment, the first element comprises a plurality of highly reflective particles and the second element comprises a binder configured to hold the reflective particles together. In one embodiment the reflective particles comprise hollow glass spheres and the binder comprises a biodegradable bioplastic.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a cross section view illustrating a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface according to one embodiment.
Figure 2 is a top-down view illustrating a floatable high albedo wettable device according to another embodiment.
Figure 3 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for using a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface to conserve water according to one embodiment.
Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for forming a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface according to one embodiment.
Figure 5 is a flowchart illustrating the steps of a method for using a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface to cool a body containing water trapped in the form of ice, snow, or permafrost, according to one embodiment.
Detailed Description
2 The manner in which the present invention provides its advantages can be more easily understood with reference to Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1 shows a device with a high albedo upper surface 106. The device comprises a first element 102, which in the shown embodiment takes the form of a plurality of highly reflective particles, which provide the high albedo upper surface. In some embodiments the particles may be hollow glass particles, which may be spherical. In other embodiments, the particles may be porous and/or non-spherical. The lower surface of the device is wettable, such that when the device is positioned on the upper surface of a body of water, the water makes good contact with the device's lower surface, wetting it. The device further comprises a second element 104, which acts as a binder to hold the particles of the first element together. In some embodiments the second element may also be responsible for providing the device with a highly wettable lower surface 108. In these cases, the second element may be chosen in part for its ability to bind the particles together by making strong bonds to the particles' surfaces, and in part for characteristics enabling the resulting composite of particles and binder to exhibit high wettability. In other embodiments, the first element may be responsible for providing the device with a highly wettable lower surface.
In some embodiments, the wettability may be provided by a third element, not shown in Figure 1, rather than by the second element.
Wettability offers several advantages to the device. One is that it helps the device "cling"
to the water surface, so that it will be less likely to be lifted off or blown away in windy or stormy conditions. Another is that the underlying water can be drawn into the thickness of the device, penetrating to the upper surface, where gas exchange may occur with the overlying atmosphere. In some embodiments the device may comprise an element having high porosity, facilitating the water penetration and gas exchange. In some embodiments the high porosity element may be the same element as the second element
Figure 1 shows a device with a high albedo upper surface 106. The device comprises a first element 102, which in the shown embodiment takes the form of a plurality of highly reflective particles, which provide the high albedo upper surface. In some embodiments the particles may be hollow glass particles, which may be spherical. In other embodiments, the particles may be porous and/or non-spherical. The lower surface of the device is wettable, such that when the device is positioned on the upper surface of a body of water, the water makes good contact with the device's lower surface, wetting it. The device further comprises a second element 104, which acts as a binder to hold the particles of the first element together. In some embodiments the second element may also be responsible for providing the device with a highly wettable lower surface 108. In these cases, the second element may be chosen in part for its ability to bind the particles together by making strong bonds to the particles' surfaces, and in part for characteristics enabling the resulting composite of particles and binder to exhibit high wettability. In other embodiments, the first element may be responsible for providing the device with a highly wettable lower surface.
In some embodiments, the wettability may be provided by a third element, not shown in Figure 1, rather than by the second element.
Wettability offers several advantages to the device. One is that it helps the device "cling"
to the water surface, so that it will be less likely to be lifted off or blown away in windy or stormy conditions. Another is that the underlying water can be drawn into the thickness of the device, penetrating to the upper surface, where gas exchange may occur with the overlying atmosphere. In some embodiments the device may comprise an element having high porosity, facilitating the water penetration and gas exchange. In some embodiments the high porosity element may be the same element as the second element
3 In some embodiments, the entire lower surface of the device may be wettable.
In some cases, adequate cling and gas exchange may be achieved with a fraction of the lower surface significantly less than 100% being wettable.
In some embodiments, the binding material may be dispensed with altogether, and the particles of the first element may be enclosed within a container such as a mesh bag. The shape and relative volume of the container with respect to the volume of the contained particles may be chosen such that when the device is allowed to float on a water surface, there are sufficient spaces between the particles to allow gas exchange to occur. Wettability may not be a relevant parameter in these embodiments.
In some embodiments, whether or not a binder is used, a container used to restrict the area over which the reflective particles spread may be a boom, such as those used to contain oil spills, rather than a more completely enclosing structure such as a mesh bag.
Figure 2 is a top-down view illustrating one embodiment 200 including floating reflective particles 202 whose spread over the surface of a body of water, indicated by dashed lines, is confined to a limited area by a floating boom 210.
It should be noted that the density and dimensions of the particles relative to the surfaces and dimensions of device 100 are not shown to scale in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 3 is a flowchart of the steps of a method 300 for using a device of the type shown in Figure 1 to conserve water in a reservoir. In step 302, a floatable device comprising a first element and a second element is obtained, the device having a wettable lower surface and a high albedo upper surface, the high albedo upper surface being provided by the first element. In step 304, the device is deployed onto the top surface of water in the reservoir.
Figure 4 is a flowchart of the steps of a method 400 for making a device of the type shown in Figure 1. At step 402, a first element with high reflectivity is obtained. At step 404, a second binding element is obtained. At step 406, the first and second elements are mixed
In some cases, adequate cling and gas exchange may be achieved with a fraction of the lower surface significantly less than 100% being wettable.
In some embodiments, the binding material may be dispensed with altogether, and the particles of the first element may be enclosed within a container such as a mesh bag. The shape and relative volume of the container with respect to the volume of the contained particles may be chosen such that when the device is allowed to float on a water surface, there are sufficient spaces between the particles to allow gas exchange to occur. Wettability may not be a relevant parameter in these embodiments.
In some embodiments, whether or not a binder is used, a container used to restrict the area over which the reflective particles spread may be a boom, such as those used to contain oil spills, rather than a more completely enclosing structure such as a mesh bag.
Figure 2 is a top-down view illustrating one embodiment 200 including floating reflective particles 202 whose spread over the surface of a body of water, indicated by dashed lines, is confined to a limited area by a floating boom 210.
It should be noted that the density and dimensions of the particles relative to the surfaces and dimensions of device 100 are not shown to scale in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 3 is a flowchart of the steps of a method 300 for using a device of the type shown in Figure 1 to conserve water in a reservoir. In step 302, a floatable device comprising a first element and a second element is obtained, the device having a wettable lower surface and a high albedo upper surface, the high albedo upper surface being provided by the first element. In step 304, the device is deployed onto the top surface of water in the reservoir.
Figure 4 is a flowchart of the steps of a method 400 for making a device of the type shown in Figure 1. At step 402, a first element with high reflectivity is obtained. At step 404, a second binding element is obtained. At step 406, the first and second elements are mixed
4
5 together, and shaped as desired. At step 408, the shaped mixture is exposed to an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to allow good binding to occur. At step 410, the resulting heated mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature, forming the desired device. In some embodiments, a temperature of 325 degrees Fahrenheit for 10 minutes has been found to be suitable for an experimental mixture involving hollow glass spheres and PLA -Polylactic acid or polylactide, a compostable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from corn. In this particular mixture, the glass spheres provide high reflectivity and wettability, while the PLA is attractive for its excellent binding properties, its non-toxicity, its biological derivation and compostability, and its brightness. Glass is also a very good choice for its innocuousness in the natural environment.
Examples of glass-based commercially available products that may be considered for the particles of the first element include perlite, an amorphous volcanic glass, 3MTM Glass Bubbles Kl, and Poraver beads formed from post-consumer recycled glass.
In the water conservation applications of most interest to the present invention, it is envisaged that a plurality of devices such as the one shown in Figure 1 may be deployed to float on the upper surface of the body of water of interest. It may be desirable to limit the fraction of the water surface area covered by these devices to well under 100%, in order to maintain adequate levels of gas exchange between the water and the overlying atmosphere. In one embodiment, the number of devices deployed may be chosen such that no more than 30% of the total water surface would be covered.
In some embodiments, each device may be formed to include one or more through holes that extend through the thickness to facilitate gas exchange between the underlying water and the overlying atmosphere.
It some embodiments, each deployed device may be allowed to float freely over the water surface. However, there may be advantages to constraining the motion of the device to some extent. Prevailing wind and currents may act to drive all the devices towards one end of the reservoir, maybe even piling them up against the banks, so reducing coverage to below the desired levels. Even if the devices remain separate, so that the total covered volume remains constant, there may be negative consequences to aquatic life if one portion of the water surface is continuously kept shaded. Another problem is the practical consideration of how difficult it may be to gather up a large number of freely floating devices when desired, for example, prior to removing and/or replacing them.
These problems may be addressed by designing the floatable device to include a central member that can be attached to a restraining or anchoring device that in turn is attached either to the bed of the reservoir, or the shore, or a dock. The attachment may be fully rigid, hinged or pivoting, or even flexible, for example with some sort of rubbery connecting member. Portions of the floatable device other than the central member may themselves be attached to the central member by rigid, hinged, pivoting, or flexible means. In all these cases, the resulting constrained area of movement will enable the devices to be relatively easily accessed for removal or replacement, and will avoid the potential weather-driven concentration of devices at one portion of the reservoir. In some embodiments where non-rigid attachments as discussed above are used, there will be the additional advantage that small movements of the high albedo surface responsive to wind and currents can occur and will typically "average out" the shading of the underlying water.
The methods and apparatus described herein may also be advantageous in applications other than the water conservation of immediate interest as described. One example is to help stabilize permafrost, with a possible side benefit of preventing release of methane (a powerful greenhouse gas). Other possibilities include snow stabilization, avalanche prevention, maintaining lower temperatures in glacial melt ponds, and in flood control.
The materials used must be carefully selected for appropriate levels of safety, to humans and the environment as a whole, in any and all such deployment locations.
Figure 5 is a flowchart of the steps of a method 500 for using a device of the type shown in Figure 1 to cool a body containing water trapped in the form of ice, snow, or permafrost. In step 502, a floatable device comprising a first element and a second element is obtained, the device having a wettable lower surface and a high albedo upper surface, the high albedo upper
Examples of glass-based commercially available products that may be considered for the particles of the first element include perlite, an amorphous volcanic glass, 3MTM Glass Bubbles Kl, and Poraver beads formed from post-consumer recycled glass.
In the water conservation applications of most interest to the present invention, it is envisaged that a plurality of devices such as the one shown in Figure 1 may be deployed to float on the upper surface of the body of water of interest. It may be desirable to limit the fraction of the water surface area covered by these devices to well under 100%, in order to maintain adequate levels of gas exchange between the water and the overlying atmosphere. In one embodiment, the number of devices deployed may be chosen such that no more than 30% of the total water surface would be covered.
In some embodiments, each device may be formed to include one or more through holes that extend through the thickness to facilitate gas exchange between the underlying water and the overlying atmosphere.
It some embodiments, each deployed device may be allowed to float freely over the water surface. However, there may be advantages to constraining the motion of the device to some extent. Prevailing wind and currents may act to drive all the devices towards one end of the reservoir, maybe even piling them up against the banks, so reducing coverage to below the desired levels. Even if the devices remain separate, so that the total covered volume remains constant, there may be negative consequences to aquatic life if one portion of the water surface is continuously kept shaded. Another problem is the practical consideration of how difficult it may be to gather up a large number of freely floating devices when desired, for example, prior to removing and/or replacing them.
These problems may be addressed by designing the floatable device to include a central member that can be attached to a restraining or anchoring device that in turn is attached either to the bed of the reservoir, or the shore, or a dock. The attachment may be fully rigid, hinged or pivoting, or even flexible, for example with some sort of rubbery connecting member. Portions of the floatable device other than the central member may themselves be attached to the central member by rigid, hinged, pivoting, or flexible means. In all these cases, the resulting constrained area of movement will enable the devices to be relatively easily accessed for removal or replacement, and will avoid the potential weather-driven concentration of devices at one portion of the reservoir. In some embodiments where non-rigid attachments as discussed above are used, there will be the additional advantage that small movements of the high albedo surface responsive to wind and currents can occur and will typically "average out" the shading of the underlying water.
The methods and apparatus described herein may also be advantageous in applications other than the water conservation of immediate interest as described. One example is to help stabilize permafrost, with a possible side benefit of preventing release of methane (a powerful greenhouse gas). Other possibilities include snow stabilization, avalanche prevention, maintaining lower temperatures in glacial melt ponds, and in flood control.
The materials used must be carefully selected for appropriate levels of safety, to humans and the environment as a whole, in any and all such deployment locations.
Figure 5 is a flowchart of the steps of a method 500 for using a device of the type shown in Figure 1 to cool a body containing water trapped in the form of ice, snow, or permafrost. In step 502, a floatable device comprising a first element and a second element is obtained, the device having a wettable lower surface and a high albedo upper surface, the high albedo upper
6 surface being provided by the first element. In step 304, the device is deployed onto the top surface of the body.
The term "reservoir" is used in this application to refer to any body of water with an upper surface exposed to incident sunlight. As such, it includes man-made reservoirs and naturally occurring lakes and other similar bodies that could be considered to be water sources for human use.
The term "wettable" as a characteristic of a material surface is used in this application to mean hydrophilic or able to be easily and thoroughly wetted by water. The contact angle between water and a wettable surface is less than 90 degrees, possibly even 0 degrees.
The terms "highly reflective" and "high albedo" are used in this application to mean having a reflectivity over the visible spectrum greater than15% (which is higher than the average reflectivity of an exposed water surface to incident sunlight) and preferably greater than 90%.
Values in these reflectivity ranges are significantly greater than the average reflectivity of water to incident sunlight.
Embodiments of the present invention thus enable the environmentally benign generation and deployment of high albedo devices to areas in which the resulting cooling of the surface (e.g.
water, permafrost, snow, ice etc) in the vicinity of the deployment may be highly beneficial.
The above-described embodiments should be considered as examples of the present invention, rather than as limiting the scope of the invention. Various modifications of the above-described embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Accordingly, the present invention is to be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.
The term "reservoir" is used in this application to refer to any body of water with an upper surface exposed to incident sunlight. As such, it includes man-made reservoirs and naturally occurring lakes and other similar bodies that could be considered to be water sources for human use.
The term "wettable" as a characteristic of a material surface is used in this application to mean hydrophilic or able to be easily and thoroughly wetted by water. The contact angle between water and a wettable surface is less than 90 degrees, possibly even 0 degrees.
The terms "highly reflective" and "high albedo" are used in this application to mean having a reflectivity over the visible spectrum greater than15% (which is higher than the average reflectivity of an exposed water surface to incident sunlight) and preferably greater than 90%.
Values in these reflectivity ranges are significantly greater than the average reflectivity of water to incident sunlight.
Embodiments of the present invention thus enable the environmentally benign generation and deployment of high albedo devices to areas in which the resulting cooling of the surface (e.g.
water, permafrost, snow, ice etc) in the vicinity of the deployment may be highly beneficial.
The above-described embodiments should be considered as examples of the present invention, rather than as limiting the scope of the invention. Various modifications of the above-described embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Accordingly, the present invention is to be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.
7
Claims (20)
1. A method for conserving water in a reservoir, the method comprising:
deploying onto the top surface of water in a reservoir a floatable device with a wettable lower surface;
wherein the device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface.
deploying onto the top surface of water in a reservoir a floatable device with a wettable lower surface;
wherein the device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first element comprises a plurality of highly reflective particles and wherein at least one of the first element and the second element provides the device with the wettable lower surface.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the second element comprises a binder configured to hold the reflective particles together.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the second element comprises a binder configured to hold the reflective particles together.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the reflective particles comprise hollow glass particles.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the binder comprises a biodegradable or compostable material.
5. The method of claim 5 wherein the biodegradable or compostable material is PLA.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a central member configured to be non-rigidly attached to an anchoring device.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the upper surface of the device comprises a plurality of similarly shaped templates, each template non-rigidly attached to the central member.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the non-rigid attachment of the templates to the central member comprises the binder.
9. A method for cooling a body containing water trapped in the form of ice, snow, or permafrost, the method comprising:
deploying onto an upper surface of the body a floatable device with a wettable lower surface;
wherein the device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface.
deploying onto an upper surface of the body a floatable device with a wettable lower surface;
wherein the device comprises a first element and a second element, the first element providing the device with a high albedo upper surface.
10. A method of forming a floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface, the method comprising:
providing a plurality of particles having a high reflectivity to incident light over a large solid angle of incidence;
providing a binder;
mixing the binder with the plurality of particles;
forming the mixture of binder and particles to a predetermined shape; and exposing the shaped mixture to a predetermined temperature or through a predetermined sequence of temperatures for a predetermined time to form the device;
wherein the device comprises a wettable lower surface.
providing a plurality of particles having a high reflectivity to incident light over a large solid angle of incidence;
providing a binder;
mixing the binder with the plurality of particles;
forming the mixture of binder and particles to a predetermined shape; and exposing the shaped mixture to a predetermined temperature or through a predetermined sequence of temperatures for a predetermined time to form the device;
wherein the device comprises a wettable lower surface.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the plurality of particles comprises hollow glass particles.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the binder comprises a biodegradable or compostable material.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the biodegradable or compostable material is PLA.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein the predetermined shape comprises a central member configured to be non-rigidly attached to an anchoring device attached to the bed of a reservoir.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the predetermined shape comprises a plurality of similarly shaped templates, each template attached to the central member.
16. A floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface, the device comprising:
a plurality of highly reflective particles; and a binder is configured to hold the reflective particles together;
wherein the device comprises a high albedo upper surface and a wettable lower surface.
a plurality of highly reflective particles; and a binder is configured to hold the reflective particles together;
wherein the device comprises a high albedo upper surface and a wettable lower surface.
17. The device of claim 16 wherein the reflective particles comprise hollow glass particles.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the binder comprises PLA.
19. The device of claim 16 further comprising a central member configured to be attached to an anchoring device attached to one of the bed of a reservoir, the shore of a reservoir, and a reservoir dock.
20. A floatable high albedo device with a wettable lower surface, the device comprising:
a plurality of highly reflective particles; and a container at least partially enclosing the plurality of highly reflective particles.
a plurality of highly reflective particles; and a container at least partially enclosing the plurality of highly reflective particles.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201462081544P | 2014-11-18 | 2014-11-18 | |
| US62/081,544 | 2014-11-18 | ||
| PCT/US2015/061235 WO2016081545A1 (en) | 2014-11-18 | 2015-11-18 | Water conservation using floating optically-reflective devices |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2967822A1 true CA2967822A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
Family
ID=56014484
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2967822A Abandoned CA2967822A1 (en) | 2014-11-18 | 2015-11-18 | Water conservation using floating optically-reflective devices |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20170362800A1 (en) |
| AU (2) | AU2015350038B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2967822A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2016081545A1 (en) |
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| US20100282860A1 (en) * | 2007-11-15 | 2010-11-11 | Field Leslie A | Systems for environmental modification with climate control materials and coverings |
| US8882552B2 (en) * | 2007-12-29 | 2014-11-11 | Kal Karel Lambert | Biophysical geoengineering compositions and methods |
| US7922913B2 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2011-04-12 | Rousseau Research, Inc. | Removing oil from surface using dry amorphous silica product with inert carrier |
| US8936085B2 (en) * | 2008-04-15 | 2015-01-20 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Sealing by ball sealers |
| US9060931B2 (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2015-06-23 | The Invention Science Fund I, Llc | Compositions and methods for delivery of frozen particle adhesives |
| US8702459B2 (en) * | 2010-02-02 | 2014-04-22 | Weener Plastik Gmbh | Floating technical hollow body and method of manufacture |
-
2015
- 2015-11-18 CA CA2967822A patent/CA2967822A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-11-18 WO PCT/US2015/061235 patent/WO2016081545A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-11-18 AU AU2015350038A patent/AU2015350038B2/en active Active
- 2015-11-18 US US15/527,134 patent/US20170362800A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2019
- 2019-10-31 AU AU2019257496A patent/AU2019257496B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2019257496A1 (en) | 2019-11-21 |
| AU2019257496B2 (en) | 2021-09-09 |
| WO2016081545A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
| AU2015350038A1 (en) | 2017-07-06 |
| AU2015350038B2 (en) | 2019-10-10 |
| US20170362800A1 (en) | 2017-12-21 |
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| EEER | Examination request |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |
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