CA2951182C - Fuel cell and fuel cell arrangement - Google Patents
Fuel cell and fuel cell arrangement Download PDFInfo
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- CA2951182C CA2951182C CA2951182A CA2951182A CA2951182C CA 2951182 C CA2951182 C CA 2951182C CA 2951182 A CA2951182 A CA 2951182A CA 2951182 A CA2951182 A CA 2951182A CA 2951182 C CA2951182 C CA 2951182C
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- fuel cell
- current collector
- edge region
- membrane
- electrical load
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0247—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
- H01M8/0273—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes with sealing or supporting means in the form of a frame
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
Disclosed is a fuel cell which comprises a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and also a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends substantially as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends further in the direction of an edge region of the membrane on the second side of the membrane than a first current collector edge region which is arranged on the first side of the membrane.
Description
Fuel cell and fuel cell arrangement Prior art It is known to use fuel cells in vehicles and mobile devices for converting chemical reaction energy into electrical energy. A fuel cell of this kind is the PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell).
DE 103 93 467 T5 discloses, for example, a typical design of a PEM fuel cell of this kind. The PEM fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode arrangement with a solid polymer membrane and two electrodes which are arranged on opposite sides of the solid polymer membrane, that is to say an anode and a cathode. In this case, the electrodes have a shorter longitudinal extent in comparison to the solid polymer membrane, so that the edges of the solid polymer membrane project beyond the area of the electrodes.
A plurality of these PEM cells are typically connected to one another in series in order to achieve module voltages which are as high as possible. Therefore, a single faulty cell can lead to breakdown of the entire module. The level of reliability and service life of PEM cells can be severely affected when there are high cathode potentials and high diffusion leakage rates of oxygen from the cathode to the anode. Relatively high cathode potentials and therefore an increased irreversible degradation of the membrane can be expected particularly in the edge region of the cells, in which edge region lower current densities prevail. Degradation of the membrane can lead to the formation of holes within the membrane and breakdown of the module.
Disclosure The object of selected embodiments is to provide a fuel cell which has a relatively high level of reliability and a relatively long service life.
Certain exemplary embodiments provide a fuel cell comprising a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends substantially as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends
DE 103 93 467 T5 discloses, for example, a typical design of a PEM fuel cell of this kind. The PEM fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode arrangement with a solid polymer membrane and two electrodes which are arranged on opposite sides of the solid polymer membrane, that is to say an anode and a cathode. In this case, the electrodes have a shorter longitudinal extent in comparison to the solid polymer membrane, so that the edges of the solid polymer membrane project beyond the area of the electrodes.
A plurality of these PEM cells are typically connected to one another in series in order to achieve module voltages which are as high as possible. Therefore, a single faulty cell can lead to breakdown of the entire module. The level of reliability and service life of PEM cells can be severely affected when there are high cathode potentials and high diffusion leakage rates of oxygen from the cathode to the anode. Relatively high cathode potentials and therefore an increased irreversible degradation of the membrane can be expected particularly in the edge region of the cells, in which edge region lower current densities prevail. Degradation of the membrane can lead to the formation of holes within the membrane and breakdown of the module.
Disclosure The object of selected embodiments is to provide a fuel cell which has a relatively high level of reliability and a relatively long service life.
Certain exemplary embodiments provide a fuel cell comprising a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends substantially as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends
2 further in the direction of an edge region of the membrane on the second side of the membrane than a first current collector edge region which is arranged on the first side of the membrane.
Certain other exemplary embodiments provide a fuel cell comprising: a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane, and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side of the membrane, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends further in the direction of an edge region of the membrane on the second side of the membrane than a first current collector edge region which is arranged on the first side of the membrane, wherein the first current collector comprises a first current collector edge region and at least one first current collector central region, and wherein the second current collector (14) comprises the second current collector edge region and at least one second current collector central region, and wherein the first current collector edge region and the at least one first current collector central region and/or wherein the second current collector edge region and the at least one second current collector central region are physically separated from one another by means of a seam, and wherein the fuel cell additionally comprises an electrical load that is electrically connected between the first and the second current collectors, and wherein the electrical load comprises a non-reactive resistor, an inductance, a galvanic element, a connection for an external further load, an electronics system with a potentio- or galvanostatic control system and/or an electronics system for supplying an external load.
The fuel cell according to certain embodiments has the advantage over the prior art that an improved electrical connection has been implemented in the edge region of the fuel cell, as a result of which the current density in the edge region is increased. The increased current density in the edge region advantageously leads to the cathode potential in the edge region being reduced and therefore there being a considerably lower tendency for the membrane to degrade. The level of reliability and durability of the fuel cell are therefore considerably increased. The fuel cell comprises, in particular, a PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell).
Advantageous refinements and developments of selected embodiments can be gathered from the dependent claims and also from the description with reference to the drawings.
2a According to a preferred development of selected embodiments, a first current collector edge region likewise extends substantially as far as an edge region of the membrane on the first side of the membrane. Therefore, the first current collector edge region and the second current collector edge region advantageously lie one above the other, in particular in a congruent manner, along a direction perpendicular to the membrane in the edge region. This leads to the current density in the edge region being further increased and the degradation of the membrane in the edge region being further counteracted.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the first and/or the second current collector edge region run/runs entirely along the edge of the membrane in a plane of main extent which is parallel to the membrane. The first and second current collector edge regions are formed, in particular in a circumferential manner, in the plane of main extent. Therefore, the tendency of the membrane to become detached is advantageously reduced in the entire edge region of the membrane.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the first current collector comprises the first current collector edge region and at least one first current collector central region, and wherein the second current collector comprises the second current collector edge region and at least one second current collector central region. The first current collector edge region and the at least one first current collector central region either merge seamlessly with one another or, as an alternative, are physically separated from
Certain other exemplary embodiments provide a fuel cell comprising: a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane, and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side of the membrane, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends further in the direction of an edge region of the membrane on the second side of the membrane than a first current collector edge region which is arranged on the first side of the membrane, wherein the first current collector comprises a first current collector edge region and at least one first current collector central region, and wherein the second current collector (14) comprises the second current collector edge region and at least one second current collector central region, and wherein the first current collector edge region and the at least one first current collector central region and/or wherein the second current collector edge region and the at least one second current collector central region are physically separated from one another by means of a seam, and wherein the fuel cell additionally comprises an electrical load that is electrically connected between the first and the second current collectors, and wherein the electrical load comprises a non-reactive resistor, an inductance, a galvanic element, a connection for an external further load, an electronics system with a potentio- or galvanostatic control system and/or an electronics system for supplying an external load.
The fuel cell according to certain embodiments has the advantage over the prior art that an improved electrical connection has been implemented in the edge region of the fuel cell, as a result of which the current density in the edge region is increased. The increased current density in the edge region advantageously leads to the cathode potential in the edge region being reduced and therefore there being a considerably lower tendency for the membrane to degrade. The level of reliability and durability of the fuel cell are therefore considerably increased. The fuel cell comprises, in particular, a PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell).
Advantageous refinements and developments of selected embodiments can be gathered from the dependent claims and also from the description with reference to the drawings.
2a According to a preferred development of selected embodiments, a first current collector edge region likewise extends substantially as far as an edge region of the membrane on the first side of the membrane. Therefore, the first current collector edge region and the second current collector edge region advantageously lie one above the other, in particular in a congruent manner, along a direction perpendicular to the membrane in the edge region. This leads to the current density in the edge region being further increased and the degradation of the membrane in the edge region being further counteracted.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the first and/or the second current collector edge region run/runs entirely along the edge of the membrane in a plane of main extent which is parallel to the membrane. The first and second current collector edge regions are formed, in particular in a circumferential manner, in the plane of main extent. Therefore, the tendency of the membrane to become detached is advantageously reduced in the entire edge region of the membrane.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the first current collector comprises the first current collector edge region and at least one first current collector central region, and wherein the second current collector comprises the second current collector edge region and at least one second current collector central region. The first current collector edge region and the at least one first current collector central region either merge seamlessly with one another or, as an alternative, are physically separated from
3 one another by means of a seam. Analogously, the second current collector edge region and the at least one second current collector central region likewise merge seamlessly with one another or are physically separated from one another by means of a seam.
Separation of the current collector central regions from the current collector edge regions has the advantage that gas from the membrane or from the gas diffusion layers can circulate between said regions.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the fuel cell comprises an electrical load which is electrically connected between the first and the second current collector. The electrical load is either directly connected to the first and the second current collector edge region or the electrical load is directly connected to the second current collector edge region and to at least one first current collector central region. The electrical load preferably comprises a non-reactive resistor, a galvanic element, a connection for an external load, an electronics system with a potentio- or galvanostatic control system and/or an electronics system for supplying an external load. The electrical load advantageously provides for a further increase in the current density in the edge region of the membrane.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the electrical load comprises an electrical load in which the actual effective power of the fuel cell is not intended to be consumed, but rather which electrical load is connected in parallel with the actual load of the fuel cell and through which a well-defined small leakage current is intended to flow only in order to increase the current density in the edge region of the membrane and therefore the service life of the fuel cell. The actual effective power of the fuel cell serves to supply a primary electrical load circuit with which electrical contact is made by means of the at least one first current collector central region and the at least one second current collector central region.
It is preferably provided that the electrical load can be temporarily connected. The electrical load is connected in specific operating states in particular.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, a catalyst layer is arranged between the membrane and the respective gas diffusion layer on each side of the membrane. Furthermore, it is provided, in particular, that the first current collector comprises the anode and the second current collector comprises the cathode. However, analogously, the second current collector could comprise the anode and the first current collector could comprise the cathode.
Separation of the current collector central regions from the current collector edge regions has the advantage that gas from the membrane or from the gas diffusion layers can circulate between said regions.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the fuel cell comprises an electrical load which is electrically connected between the first and the second current collector. The electrical load is either directly connected to the first and the second current collector edge region or the electrical load is directly connected to the second current collector edge region and to at least one first current collector central region. The electrical load preferably comprises a non-reactive resistor, a galvanic element, a connection for an external load, an electronics system with a potentio- or galvanostatic control system and/or an electronics system for supplying an external load. The electrical load advantageously provides for a further increase in the current density in the edge region of the membrane.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the electrical load comprises an electrical load in which the actual effective power of the fuel cell is not intended to be consumed, but rather which electrical load is connected in parallel with the actual load of the fuel cell and through which a well-defined small leakage current is intended to flow only in order to increase the current density in the edge region of the membrane and therefore the service life of the fuel cell. The actual effective power of the fuel cell serves to supply a primary electrical load circuit with which electrical contact is made by means of the at least one first current collector central region and the at least one second current collector central region.
It is preferably provided that the electrical load can be temporarily connected. The electrical load is connected in specific operating states in particular.
According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, a catalyst layer is arranged between the membrane and the respective gas diffusion layer on each side of the membrane. Furthermore, it is provided, in particular, that the first current collector comprises the anode and the second current collector comprises the cathode. However, analogously, the second current collector could comprise the anode and the first current collector could comprise the cathode.
4 According to a further preferred development of selected embodiments, the fuel cell comprises an electrically insulating edge enclosure which encases the membrane, the gas diffusion layers, the catalyst layers and the current collectors in the edge region of the membrane.
A further embodiment provides a fuel cell arrangement comprising a first fuel cell according to the invention, a second fuel cell according to the invention and an electrical load, wherein the first fuel cell and the second fuel cell are connected to one another in series, and wherein the electrical load is connected to the first and the second fuel cell in series in such a way that the electrical load is electrically connected between a first current collector edge region of the first fuel cell and a second current collector edge region of the second fuel cell, and that a second current collector edge region of the first fuel cell is directly connected to a first current collector edge region of the second fuel cell. Therefore, a plurality of fuel cells advantageously share one electrical load which serves to increase the current densities in the respective edge regions of the fuel cells.
Further details, features and advantages of selected embodiments can be gathered from the drawings, and also from the following description of preferred embodiments using the drawings. Here, the drawings illustrate merely exemplary embodiments which do not restrict the essential concept of the disclosure.
Brief description of the drawings Figures 1 and 2 show a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to the prior art and the associated cathode potential curve.
Figures 3 and 4 show a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a first embodiment and the associated cathode potential curve.
Figure 5 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a second embodiment.
Figure 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a third embodiment.
Figure 7 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a fourth embodiment.
Figure 8 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a fifth embodiment.
Figure 9 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a sixth embodiment.
Figure 10 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell arrangement according to a seventh embodiment.
Figures 11a to 11d show schematic plan views of the fuel cells according to various embodiments.
Embodiments In the various figures, identical parts are always provided with the same reference symbols and will therefore also be named or mentioned only once as a rule.
Figure 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a typical PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell) 12 according to the prior art. The fuel cell 12 comprises a proton-conducting membrane 1. The membrane 1 is arranged between an anode-side catalyst layer 2 and a cathode-side catalyst layer 6. The anode-side catalyst layer 2 is arranged between an anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 and the membrane 1, while the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 is arranged between a cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 and the membrane 1. A first current collector 13 is provided on a first side and a second current collector 14 is provided on a second side for the purpose of making contact with the fuel cell 12. The first current collector 13 functions as an anode-side electrical contact-making means 4, while the second current collector 14 serves as a cathode-side electrical contact-making means 8. The layer structure comprising membrane 1, catalyst layers 2, 6 and gas diffusion layers 3, 7 is encased by an electrically insulating edge enclosure 5 in an edge region.
The fuel cell 12 operates by the hydrogen from the free gas volume at the anode being conducted through the anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 to the anode-side catalyst layer 2 and being split into protons and electrons there. The protons migrate through the membrane 1 to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6, and the electrons migrate by means of a primary electrical circuit (not illustrated) which is external to the fuel cell, from the anode-side electrical contact-making means 4 to the cathode-side electrical contact-making means 8. On the cathode side, the oxygen is passed through the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6, where it is reacted with the protons and electrons to produce water.
Under certain electrochemical conditions, parallel reactions are possible, which parallel reactions can attack and destroy the components of the fuel cell 12. Here, the electrode potential is an important variable for estimating whether undesired reaction regimes could prevail. The cathode potential is of central importance in the PEM fuel cell 12.
Figure 2 therefore schematically shows the cathode potential curve of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in Figure 1. It can be seen that frequent load cycles in combination with high cathode potentials (> 0.9 V in comparison to a normal hydrogen electrode) can lead to increased radical formation and to increased oxidation of the cathode-side catalyst 6 and its migration into the membrane 1. Both effects result in increased degradation of the membrane 1 and abrupt breakdown of the fuel cell 12. Simulation of the edge region of the fuel cell 12 resulted in the local current density in the edge region dropping to approximately 20% of the maximum value. Here, the cathode potential is increased to over 0.9 V, as shown in figure 2.
Therefore, there is a threat of excessive degradation as a result of platinum oxidation or increased radical formation, as a result of which the level of reliability and service life of the fuel cells 12 known from the prior art are adversely affected.
Figure 3 shows a schematic sectional view of a PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell) 12 according to an exemplary first embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment is based on the design illustrated in figure 1, that is to say the fuel cell 12 comprises a proton-conducting membrane 1 which is arranged between an anode-side catalyst layer 2 and a cathode-side catalyst layer 6. The anode-side catalyst layer 2 is arranged between an anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 and the membrane 1, while the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 is arranged between a cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 and the membrane 1. A first current collector 13 is provided on a first side and a second current collector 14 is provided on a second side for the purpose of making contact with the fuel cell 12. The first current collector 13 functions as an anode-side electrical contact-making means 4, while the second current collector 14 serves as a cathode-side electrical contact-making means 8. The layer structure comprising membrane 1, catalyst layers 2, 6 and gas diffusion layers 3, 7 is encased by an electrically insulating edge enclosure 5 in an edge region.
In contrast to the fuel cell 12 shown in figure 1, the fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment comprises a current collector edge region 9 on the cathode side, which current collector edge region extends in a plane of main extent, which is parallel to the membrane 1, as far as the outermost edge of the membrane 1, the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 and the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7. In this example, the second current collector 14 comprises a second current collector central region 15 and also the second current collector edge region 9. The second current collector central region 15 and the second current collector edge region 9 are either connected to one another in an integral manner, that is to say are of continuous design, or are interrupted by a separation point here and there. The current density in the edge region is advantageously increased by realizing the second current collector edge region 9 which reaches as far as the edge region. It has surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that the level of reliability and the durability of the fuel cell 12 can be increased by a cell construction by the current density of the edge region being increased by the electrical contact-making means 8 which is extended completely into the edge region. The cathode-side contact-making means 8, which reaches extensively at least as far as the edge enclosure, additionally has the advantage that the oxygen partial pressure within the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 can be reduced. The current collector edge region 9 preferably extends along the circumference of the entire edge region of the cell.
Figure 4 schematically shows a simulation of the cathode potential curve of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment. The simulation of the edge region with contact-making means, which reaches as far as into the edge region, through the current collector edge region 9 shows that the cathode potential can be reduced to below 0.9 V by the measures taken. It can therefore be assumed that there is a lower tendency for the membrane to degrade and an increase in the level of reliability of the fuel cell 12.
Figure 5 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a second embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the second embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the current collector 8 which is provided on the cathode side extends only partially as far as the edge region in the fuel cell 12 according to the second embodiment.
Figure 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a third embodiment.
The fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the electrical contact-making means 4 is also drawn as far as the edge region on the anode side in the fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment. Therefore, the first current collector 13 likewise comprises a first current collector central region 16 and also a first current collector edge region 11 which extends as far as the edge region. The first current collector central region 16 and the first current collector edge region 11 are either connected to one another in an integral manner, that is to say are of continuous design, or are interrupted by a separation point here and there.
Figure 7 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fourth embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 6 according to the third embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment additionally comprises an electrical load 10 which is preferably connected in parallel to the actual regular load, not illustrated. It has already been shown using the above embodiments that the cathode potential is set in accordance with the local current density for the illustrated edge region, depending on loading of the fuel cell 12. A further increase in the current density can be achieved by contact being made with an additional electrical load on the anode and cathode side at the edge. This is realized by the electrical load 10 which is electrically connected to the anode 4 (first current collector 13) and cathode 8 (second current collector 14). The additional electrical load 10 leads to a further increase in the current density in the edge region. The primary electrical load circuit, which is closed by means of the contact-making means 4 and 8, is likewise influenced by electrical compensation currents along the contact-making means of the second current collector central region 14 and the second current collector edge region 9 and the gas diffusion layers 3, 7. The electrical load 10 can be designed, for example, as a simple resistor, external consumer, power electronics system for potentio- or galvanostatic control, power electronics system for supplying an external load or a galvanic element.
Figure 8 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fourth embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 6 according to the third embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment comprises a contact-making means, which extends as far as the edge region, in the form of the second current collector edge region 9 only on the cathode side, and furthermore the second current collector central region 15 and the second current collector edge region 9 do not merge with one another, but rather are separated from one another, on the cathode side. The current density of the edge region is decoupled as far as possible from the loading of the fuel cell 12 by the current-carrying contact extension (second current collector edge region 9) having been separated from the primary electrical load circuit which is connected to the contact-making means 4 and 8 (first and second current collector central region 16, 15). Therefore, the edge potential can be individually set independently of the operating region or load current drop. The simply separated contact-making means uses, together with the load circuit, the contact-making means of the anode 4 (first current collector central region 16). If the contact-making means at the anode 4 is separated on one side, the opposite contact-making means of the cathode is jointly used. The current of the jointly used contact-making means (first current collector central region 16) is accordingly split between the opposite separated contact-making means, that is to say the current collector edge region 9, and the contact-making means which is connected to the primary load circuit (not illustrated), that is to say the second current collector central region 15.
Figure 9 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fifth embodiment.
The fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 7 according to the fourth embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment contains a separated contact-making means, firstly the current collector central region 16 which is connected to the primary load circuit and secondly the current collector edge region 11 which is connected to the electrical load 10, on the anode side too.
Figure 10 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell arrangement 17 according to a seventh embodiment. The fuel cell arrangement 17 comprises a first fuel cell 12' and a second fuel cell 12", which fuel cells are connected in series. In this case, the first and second fuel cells 12' and 12" correspond to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 9 according to the fifth embodiment. The first and the second fuel cell 12', 12" are further connected to the electrical load 10 in series, wherein the electrical load 10 is connected to the first current collector edge region 11 of the first fuel cell 12' and to the second current collector edge region 9 of the second fuel cell 12". Furthermore, the second current collector edge region 9 of the first fuel cell 12' and the first current collector edge region 11 of the second fuel cell 12" are electrically connected to one another.
Figures 11a to 11d show schematic plan views of the fuel cells 12 according to various embodiments. Figure 11a shows a plan view of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment. It can be seen in this perspective that the current collector central regions 14 and the current collector edge regions 9 merge with one another without interruption on the cathode side. Figure 11b shows a plan view of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 8 according to the fourth embodiment. It can be seen in the shown perspective that the current collector central regions 14 and the current collector edge region 9 are separated from one another on the cathode side. Furthermore, the current collector edge region 9 is formed in a circumferential manner. Figures 11c and 11d show the same views in alternative embodiments in which the current collector central regions 15 are not in the form of grids or bars, but rather are designed (in a nub-like manner) in the form of individual, circular contact points. In figure 11c, the current collector edge regions 9 are each connected to the outer current collector central regions 14, while a circumferential current collector edge region 9 which is not connected to the current collector central regions 14 is provided in figure 11d.
List of reference symbols 1 Membrane 2 Anode-side catalyst layer 3 Anode-side gas diffusion layer 4 Anode-side electrical contact-making means Edge enclosure 6 Cathode-side catalyst layer 7 Cathode-side gas diffusion layer 8 Cathode-side electrical contact-making means 9 Second current collector edge region Electrical load 11 First current collector edge region 12 Fuel cell 13 First current collector 14 Second current collector Second current collector central region 16 First current collector central region 17 Fuel cell arrangement
A further embodiment provides a fuel cell arrangement comprising a first fuel cell according to the invention, a second fuel cell according to the invention and an electrical load, wherein the first fuel cell and the second fuel cell are connected to one another in series, and wherein the electrical load is connected to the first and the second fuel cell in series in such a way that the electrical load is electrically connected between a first current collector edge region of the first fuel cell and a second current collector edge region of the second fuel cell, and that a second current collector edge region of the first fuel cell is directly connected to a first current collector edge region of the second fuel cell. Therefore, a plurality of fuel cells advantageously share one electrical load which serves to increase the current densities in the respective edge regions of the fuel cells.
Further details, features and advantages of selected embodiments can be gathered from the drawings, and also from the following description of preferred embodiments using the drawings. Here, the drawings illustrate merely exemplary embodiments which do not restrict the essential concept of the disclosure.
Brief description of the drawings Figures 1 and 2 show a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to the prior art and the associated cathode potential curve.
Figures 3 and 4 show a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a first embodiment and the associated cathode potential curve.
Figure 5 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a second embodiment.
Figure 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a third embodiment.
Figure 7 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a fourth embodiment.
Figure 8 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a fifth embodiment.
Figure 9 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell according to a sixth embodiment.
Figure 10 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell arrangement according to a seventh embodiment.
Figures 11a to 11d show schematic plan views of the fuel cells according to various embodiments.
Embodiments In the various figures, identical parts are always provided with the same reference symbols and will therefore also be named or mentioned only once as a rule.
Figure 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a typical PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell) 12 according to the prior art. The fuel cell 12 comprises a proton-conducting membrane 1. The membrane 1 is arranged between an anode-side catalyst layer 2 and a cathode-side catalyst layer 6. The anode-side catalyst layer 2 is arranged between an anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 and the membrane 1, while the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 is arranged between a cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 and the membrane 1. A first current collector 13 is provided on a first side and a second current collector 14 is provided on a second side for the purpose of making contact with the fuel cell 12. The first current collector 13 functions as an anode-side electrical contact-making means 4, while the second current collector 14 serves as a cathode-side electrical contact-making means 8. The layer structure comprising membrane 1, catalyst layers 2, 6 and gas diffusion layers 3, 7 is encased by an electrically insulating edge enclosure 5 in an edge region.
The fuel cell 12 operates by the hydrogen from the free gas volume at the anode being conducted through the anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 to the anode-side catalyst layer 2 and being split into protons and electrons there. The protons migrate through the membrane 1 to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6, and the electrons migrate by means of a primary electrical circuit (not illustrated) which is external to the fuel cell, from the anode-side electrical contact-making means 4 to the cathode-side electrical contact-making means 8. On the cathode side, the oxygen is passed through the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6, where it is reacted with the protons and electrons to produce water.
Under certain electrochemical conditions, parallel reactions are possible, which parallel reactions can attack and destroy the components of the fuel cell 12. Here, the electrode potential is an important variable for estimating whether undesired reaction regimes could prevail. The cathode potential is of central importance in the PEM fuel cell 12.
Figure 2 therefore schematically shows the cathode potential curve of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in Figure 1. It can be seen that frequent load cycles in combination with high cathode potentials (> 0.9 V in comparison to a normal hydrogen electrode) can lead to increased radical formation and to increased oxidation of the cathode-side catalyst 6 and its migration into the membrane 1. Both effects result in increased degradation of the membrane 1 and abrupt breakdown of the fuel cell 12. Simulation of the edge region of the fuel cell 12 resulted in the local current density in the edge region dropping to approximately 20% of the maximum value. Here, the cathode potential is increased to over 0.9 V, as shown in figure 2.
Therefore, there is a threat of excessive degradation as a result of platinum oxidation or increased radical formation, as a result of which the level of reliability and service life of the fuel cells 12 known from the prior art are adversely affected.
Figure 3 shows a schematic sectional view of a PEM fuel cell (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell) 12 according to an exemplary first embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment is based on the design illustrated in figure 1, that is to say the fuel cell 12 comprises a proton-conducting membrane 1 which is arranged between an anode-side catalyst layer 2 and a cathode-side catalyst layer 6. The anode-side catalyst layer 2 is arranged between an anode-side gas diffusion layer 3 and the membrane 1, while the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 is arranged between a cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 and the membrane 1. A first current collector 13 is provided on a first side and a second current collector 14 is provided on a second side for the purpose of making contact with the fuel cell 12. The first current collector 13 functions as an anode-side electrical contact-making means 4, while the second current collector 14 serves as a cathode-side electrical contact-making means 8. The layer structure comprising membrane 1, catalyst layers 2, 6 and gas diffusion layers 3, 7 is encased by an electrically insulating edge enclosure 5 in an edge region.
In contrast to the fuel cell 12 shown in figure 1, the fuel cell 12 according to the first embodiment comprises a current collector edge region 9 on the cathode side, which current collector edge region extends in a plane of main extent, which is parallel to the membrane 1, as far as the outermost edge of the membrane 1, the cathode-side catalyst layer 6 and the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7. In this example, the second current collector 14 comprises a second current collector central region 15 and also the second current collector edge region 9. The second current collector central region 15 and the second current collector edge region 9 are either connected to one another in an integral manner, that is to say are of continuous design, or are interrupted by a separation point here and there. The current density in the edge region is advantageously increased by realizing the second current collector edge region 9 which reaches as far as the edge region. It has surprisingly and unexpectedly been found that the level of reliability and the durability of the fuel cell 12 can be increased by a cell construction by the current density of the edge region being increased by the electrical contact-making means 8 which is extended completely into the edge region. The cathode-side contact-making means 8, which reaches extensively at least as far as the edge enclosure, additionally has the advantage that the oxygen partial pressure within the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 7 can be reduced. The current collector edge region 9 preferably extends along the circumference of the entire edge region of the cell.
Figure 4 schematically shows a simulation of the cathode potential curve of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment. The simulation of the edge region with contact-making means, which reaches as far as into the edge region, through the current collector edge region 9 shows that the cathode potential can be reduced to below 0.9 V by the measures taken. It can therefore be assumed that there is a lower tendency for the membrane to degrade and an increase in the level of reliability of the fuel cell 12.
Figure 5 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a second embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the second embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the current collector 8 which is provided on the cathode side extends only partially as far as the edge region in the fuel cell 12 according to the second embodiment.
Figure 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a third embodiment.
The fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the electrical contact-making means 4 is also drawn as far as the edge region on the anode side in the fuel cell 12 according to the third embodiment. Therefore, the first current collector 13 likewise comprises a first current collector central region 16 and also a first current collector edge region 11 which extends as far as the edge region. The first current collector central region 16 and the first current collector edge region 11 are either connected to one another in an integral manner, that is to say are of continuous design, or are interrupted by a separation point here and there.
Figure 7 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fourth embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 6 according to the third embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment additionally comprises an electrical load 10 which is preferably connected in parallel to the actual regular load, not illustrated. It has already been shown using the above embodiments that the cathode potential is set in accordance with the local current density for the illustrated edge region, depending on loading of the fuel cell 12. A further increase in the current density can be achieved by contact being made with an additional electrical load on the anode and cathode side at the edge. This is realized by the electrical load 10 which is electrically connected to the anode 4 (first current collector 13) and cathode 8 (second current collector 14). The additional electrical load 10 leads to a further increase in the current density in the edge region. The primary electrical load circuit, which is closed by means of the contact-making means 4 and 8, is likewise influenced by electrical compensation currents along the contact-making means of the second current collector central region 14 and the second current collector edge region 9 and the gas diffusion layers 3, 7. The electrical load 10 can be designed, for example, as a simple resistor, external consumer, power electronics system for potentio- or galvanostatic control, power electronics system for supplying an external load or a galvanic element.
Figure 8 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fourth embodiment. The fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 6 according to the third embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fourth embodiment comprises a contact-making means, which extends as far as the edge region, in the form of the second current collector edge region 9 only on the cathode side, and furthermore the second current collector central region 15 and the second current collector edge region 9 do not merge with one another, but rather are separated from one another, on the cathode side. The current density of the edge region is decoupled as far as possible from the loading of the fuel cell 12 by the current-carrying contact extension (second current collector edge region 9) having been separated from the primary electrical load circuit which is connected to the contact-making means 4 and 8 (first and second current collector central region 16, 15). Therefore, the edge potential can be individually set independently of the operating region or load current drop. The simply separated contact-making means uses, together with the load circuit, the contact-making means of the anode 4 (first current collector central region 16). If the contact-making means at the anode 4 is separated on one side, the opposite contact-making means of the cathode is jointly used. The current of the jointly used contact-making means (first current collector central region 16) is accordingly split between the opposite separated contact-making means, that is to say the current collector edge region 9, and the contact-making means which is connected to the primary load circuit (not illustrated), that is to say the second current collector central region 15.
Figure 9 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell 12 according to a fifth embodiment.
The fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment corresponds substantially to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 7 according to the fourth embodiment, wherein, in contrast, the fuel cell 12 according to the fifth embodiment contains a separated contact-making means, firstly the current collector central region 16 which is connected to the primary load circuit and secondly the current collector edge region 11 which is connected to the electrical load 10, on the anode side too.
Figure 10 shows a schematic sectional view of a fuel cell arrangement 17 according to a seventh embodiment. The fuel cell arrangement 17 comprises a first fuel cell 12' and a second fuel cell 12", which fuel cells are connected in series. In this case, the first and second fuel cells 12' and 12" correspond to the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 9 according to the fifth embodiment. The first and the second fuel cell 12', 12" are further connected to the electrical load 10 in series, wherein the electrical load 10 is connected to the first current collector edge region 11 of the first fuel cell 12' and to the second current collector edge region 9 of the second fuel cell 12". Furthermore, the second current collector edge region 9 of the first fuel cell 12' and the first current collector edge region 11 of the second fuel cell 12" are electrically connected to one another.
Figures 11a to 11d show schematic plan views of the fuel cells 12 according to various embodiments. Figure 11a shows a plan view of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 3 according to the first embodiment. It can be seen in this perspective that the current collector central regions 14 and the current collector edge regions 9 merge with one another without interruption on the cathode side. Figure 11b shows a plan view of the fuel cell 12 illustrated in figure 8 according to the fourth embodiment. It can be seen in the shown perspective that the current collector central regions 14 and the current collector edge region 9 are separated from one another on the cathode side. Furthermore, the current collector edge region 9 is formed in a circumferential manner. Figures 11c and 11d show the same views in alternative embodiments in which the current collector central regions 15 are not in the form of grids or bars, but rather are designed (in a nub-like manner) in the form of individual, circular contact points. In figure 11c, the current collector edge regions 9 are each connected to the outer current collector central regions 14, while a circumferential current collector edge region 9 which is not connected to the current collector central regions 14 is provided in figure 11d.
List of reference symbols 1 Membrane 2 Anode-side catalyst layer 3 Anode-side gas diffusion layer 4 Anode-side electrical contact-making means Edge enclosure 6 Cathode-side catalyst layer 7 Cathode-side gas diffusion layer 8 Cathode-side electrical contact-making means 9 Second current collector edge region Electrical load 11 First current collector edge region 12 Fuel cell 13 First current collector 14 Second current collector Second current collector central region 16 First current collector central region 17 Fuel cell arrangement
Claims (10)
1. A fuel cell comprising:
a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane, and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side of the membrane, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends further in the direction of an edge region of the membrane on the second side of the membrane than a first current collector edge region which is arranged on the first side of the membrane, wherein the first current collector comprises a first current collector edge region and at least one first current collector central region, and wherein the second current collector (14) comprises the second current collector edge region and at least one second current collector central region, and wherein the first current collector edge region and the at least one first current collector central region and/or wherein the second current collector edge region and the at least one second current collector central region are physically separated from one another by means of a seam, and wherein the fuel cell additionally comprises an electrical load that is electrically connected between the first and the second current collectors, and wherein the electrical load comprises a non-reactive resistor, an inductance, a galvanic element, a connection for an external further load, an electronics system with a potentio- or galvanostatic control system and/or an electronics system for supplying an external load.
a membrane which is arranged between two gas diffusion layers, and a first current collector which is arranged on a first side of the membrane, and a second current collector which is arranged on a second side of the membrane, which second side is situated opposite the first side, wherein a second current collector edge region extends as far as an edge region of the membrane at least on the second side of the membrane, or wherein a second current collector edge region extends further in the direction of an edge region of the membrane on the second side of the membrane than a first current collector edge region which is arranged on the first side of the membrane, wherein the first current collector comprises a first current collector edge region and at least one first current collector central region, and wherein the second current collector (14) comprises the second current collector edge region and at least one second current collector central region, and wherein the first current collector edge region and the at least one first current collector central region and/or wherein the second current collector edge region and the at least one second current collector central region are physically separated from one another by means of a seam, and wherein the fuel cell additionally comprises an electrical load that is electrically connected between the first and the second current collectors, and wherein the electrical load comprises a non-reactive resistor, an inductance, a galvanic element, a connection for an external further load, an electronics system with a potentio- or galvanostatic control system and/or an electronics system for supplying an external load.
2. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first current collector edge region extends as far as an edge region of the membrane on the first side of the membrane.
3. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the first and the second current collector edge region run/runs entirely along the edge of the membrane in a plane of main extent which is parallel to the membrane.
4. The fuel cell as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrical load is directly connected to the first and the second current collector edge region.
5. The fuel cell as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the electrical load is directly connected to the second current collector edge region and to at least one first current collector central region.
6. The fuel cell as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the electrical load can be temporarily connected.
7. The fuel cell as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a catalyst layer is arranged between the membrane and the respective gas diffusion layer on each side of the membrane.
8. The fuel cell as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the fuel cell comprises an electrically insulating edge enclosure which encases the membrane, the gas diffusion layers, and the current collectors in the edge region of the membrane.
9. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 7, wherein the fuel cell comprises an electrically insulating edge enclosure which encases the membrane, the gas diffusion layers, the catalyst layers, and the current collectors in the edge region of the membrane.
10. A fuel cell arrangement comprising a first fuel cell and a second fuel cell as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the electrical load of the first fuel cell and the second fuel cell is the same electrical load and the first fuel cell and the second fuel cell are connected to one another in series, and wherein the electrical load is connected to the first and the second fuel cell in series in such a way that the electrical load is electrically connected between a first current collector edge region of the first fuel cell and a second current collector edge region of the second fuel cell, and wherein a second current collector edge region of the first fuel cell is directly connected to a first current collector edge region of the second fuel cell.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014108746.1 | 2014-06-23 | ||
| DE102014108746.1A DE102014108746A1 (en) | 2014-06-23 | 2014-06-23 | Fuel cell and fuel cell assembly |
| PCT/EP2015/063902 WO2015197508A1 (en) | 2014-06-23 | 2015-06-22 | Fuel cell and fuel cell arrangement |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2951182A1 CA2951182A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 |
| CA2951182C true CA2951182C (en) | 2019-01-15 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2951182A Active CA2951182C (en) | 2014-06-23 | 2015-06-22 | Fuel cell and fuel cell arrangement |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3158603B1 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR101920136B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2951182C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE102014108746A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2716952T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2015197508A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0689726A (en) * | 1992-09-04 | 1994-03-29 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | Support film type solid electrolyte fuel cell having gas supplying means of internal manifold type |
| DE4443945C1 (en) * | 1994-12-09 | 1996-05-23 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | PEM fuel cell |
| JP3830609B2 (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2006-10-04 | アイシン高丘株式会社 | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
| DE10217034B4 (en) * | 2002-04-11 | 2005-02-10 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Printed circuit board fuel cell system and method of making the same |
| US6916573B2 (en) * | 2002-07-24 | 2005-07-12 | General Motors Corporation | PEM fuel cell stack without gas diffusion media |
| US6861173B2 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2005-03-01 | Sompalli Bhaskar | Catalyst layer edge protection for enhanced MEA durability in PEM fuel cells |
| DE102006051320B4 (en) * | 2006-10-24 | 2008-09-18 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Fuel cell assembly, a test rig containing them and method for their preparation |
| EP2182572A4 (en) * | 2007-08-02 | 2016-10-19 | Sharp Kk | Fuel cell stack and fuel cell system |
| FR2995145B1 (en) * | 2012-09-03 | 2014-12-26 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A FUEL CELL INCLUDING ELECTRODE / MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY |
-
2014
- 2014-06-23 DE DE102014108746.1A patent/DE102014108746A1/en not_active Ceased
-
2015
- 2015-06-22 KR KR1020167036047A patent/KR101920136B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2015-06-22 EP EP15730174.8A patent/EP3158603B1/en active Active
- 2015-06-22 CA CA2951182A patent/CA2951182C/en active Active
- 2015-06-22 WO PCT/EP2015/063902 patent/WO2015197508A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-06-22 ES ES15730174T patent/ES2716952T3/en active Active
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3158603B1 (en) | 2019-01-16 |
| ES2716952T3 (en) | 2019-06-18 |
| DE102014108746A1 (en) | 2015-12-24 |
| CA2951182A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 |
| EP3158603A1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
| KR101920136B1 (en) | 2018-11-19 |
| KR20170009975A (en) | 2017-01-25 |
| WO2015197508A1 (en) | 2015-12-30 |
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