CA2862291A1 - Fuel cell electrode with gradient catalyst structure - Google Patents

Fuel cell electrode with gradient catalyst structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2862291A1
CA2862291A1 CA2862291A CA2862291A CA2862291A1 CA 2862291 A1 CA2862291 A1 CA 2862291A1 CA 2862291 A CA2862291 A CA 2862291A CA 2862291 A CA2862291 A CA 2862291A CA 2862291 A1 CA2862291 A1 CA 2862291A1
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fuel cell
cell electrode
electrode assembly
platinum
assembly according
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CA2862291C (en
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Lesia V. Protsailo
Laura Roen STOLAR
Jesse M. Marzullo
Mallika Gummalla
Sergei F. Burlatsky
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Audi AG
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United Technologies Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8636—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells with a gradient in another property than porosity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8636—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells with a gradient in another property than porosity
    • H01M4/8642—Gradient in composition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
    • H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
    • H01M4/905—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9058—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC of noble metals or noble-metal based alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0223—Composites
    • H01M8/0226—Composites in the form of mixtures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/886—Powder spraying, e.g. wet or dry powder spraying, plasma spraying
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
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Abstract

An example of a stable electrode structure is to use a gradient electrode that employs large platinum particle catalyst in the close proximity to the membrane supported on conventional carbon and small platinum particles in the section of the electrode closer to a GDL supported on a stabilized carbon. Some electrode parameters that contribute to electrode performance stability and reduced change in ECA are platinum-to-carbon ratio, size of platinum particles in various parts of the electrode, use of other stable catalysts instead of large particle size platinum (alloy, etc), depth of each gradient sublayer. Another example of a stable electrode structure is to use a mixture of platinum particle sizes on a carbon support, such as using platinum particles that may be 6 nanometers and 3 nanometers. A conductive support is typically one or more of the carbon blacks.

Description

FUEL CELL ELECTRODE WITH GRADIENT CATALYST STRUCTURE
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] This disclosure relates to stable electrode structures and, more particularly, a stable, high activity catalyst for use in fuel cells.
[0002] Fuel cells are commonly known and used for generating electric power. For example, a fuel cell typically includes an anode electrode which includes an anode catalyst. The anode catalyst is typically supported on a support material such as carbon. A
cathode electrode includes a supported cathode catalyst. An electrolyte is arranged between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode for generating an electric current in an electrochemical reaction sustained by a fuel and an oxidant supply through gas diffusion layers (GDL), which typically face the electrode surface on a side opposite the membrane surface. One example electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane (PEM).
[0003] One problem associated with fuel cells is the loss of electrochemical surface area (ECA) of the electrode catalysts and the corresponding loss of fuel cell performance. This ECA loss is associated with several key factors: Ostwald Ripening, platinum dissolution/deposition and platinum agglomeration associated with carbon corrosion. In addition, this loss in ECA is exacerbated by the operations effects of fuel cell potential cycling encountered in typical automobile and bus driving cycles.
[0004] To date, the most beneficial solutions to this problem have been to control fuel cell potential limits and the reactant environment within the cell during operation as well as start up and shut down (for example, see 6,835,479 "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SHUTTING
DOWN A FUEL CELL POWER PLANT"). What is needed is a stable electrode structure and, more particularly, a stable, high activity catalyst for use in fuel cells.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0005] An example of a stable electrode structure is to use a gradient electrode that employs large platinum particle catalyst in the close proximity to the membrane supported on conventional carbon and small platinum particles in the section of the electrode closer to a GDL
supported on a stabilized carbon. Some electrode parameters that contribute to electrode performance stability and reduced change in ECA are platinum-to-carbon ratio, size of platinum particles in various parts of the electrode, use of other stable catalysts instead of large particle size platinum (alloy, etc), depth of each gradient sublayer.
[0006] Another example of a stable electrode structure is to use a mixture of platinum particle sizes on a carbon support, such as using platinum particles that may be 6 nanometers and 3 nanometers. A conductive support, usable in the present disclosure, is typically one or more of the carbon blacks. They may be furnace black, lamp black, acetylene black, channel black, thermal black, or the like. The carbon support may be conventional carbon such as Vulcan XC72 (Cabot Corp.) with a typical surface area of ¨240 meters2/gram or a stabilized carbon, such as graphitized Vulcan (Vulcite(D) with a surface area of ¨80 m2/g.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] The disclosure can be further understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
[0008] Figure 1 is a schematic view of an example fuel cell.
[0009] Figure 2A is a schematic view of a portion of an example electrode assembly.
[0010] Figure 2B is a schematic view of a portion of another example electrode as sembly.
[0011] Figure 3 is a chart depicting performance loss after 150 hours of durability cycling for a fuel cell utilizing a gradient catalyst in wet conditions.
[0012] Figure 4 is a chart depicting performance loss of a fuel cell utilizing a gradient catalyst as compared to a catalyst with homogenous loading after 150 hours of durability cycling.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] Figure 1 schematically depicts a fuel cell 10 having an anode plate 12 and a cathode plate 14 arranged on either side of an unitized electrode assembly 24.
The unitized electrode assembly 24 includes a membrane electrode assembly 18 having a proton exchange membrane 20 arranged between an anode catalyst 22 and cathode catalyst 23 and also includes an anode gas diffusions layer 26 and a cathode gas diffusion layer 27.
[0014] A reactant source 30, which may provide a fuel such as hydrogen, supplies reactant to the anode plate 12. An oxidant source 32, such as air, is provided to the cathode plate 14. An electrochemical reaction within the membrane electrode assembly 18 provides current through a load 28, as known in the art.
[0015] Referring to Figure 2A, an example anode catalyst 22 is shown.
It should be understood that the cathode catalyst 23 may be similarly constructed. The anode catalyst 22 is provided by one or more layers, which includes at least first and second layers 34, 36. Each layer includes a mixture including an ionomer, a conductive support material and catalyst particles. The ionomer is Nation in one example. The catalyst particle size is different in each layer. In the example, the first layer 34 is arranged adjacent to the proton exchange membrane 20, and the second layer 36 is arranged adjacent to a gas diffusion layer 26.
[0016] In one example, the first and second layers 34, 36 respectively include first and second support materials 42, 44. The first and second support materials 42, 44 may be different than one another and may be provided by a carbon material, such as carbon black, for example, furnace black, lamp black, acetylene black, channel black, or thermal black. In one example, the first support material 42 is a stabilized carbon, such as a graphitized carbon, for example, Vulcite with a surface area of approximately 80 m2/g, for example.
The second support material 44 is constructed from a conventional carbon, such as Vulcan XC72 (Cabot Corp.) with a typical surface area of approximately 240 m2/g, for example. In the example illustrated, the first and second support materials 42, 44 also may differ in that the first support material 42 has a first thickness 38 that is less than a second thickness 40 of the second support material 44.
[0017] The first and second catalyst particles 46, 48 differ from one another in that the first catalyst particles 46 have a first average particle size that is greater than the catalyst particles on the second support material 44, which has a second average particle size. In one example, the first and second catalyst particles 46, 48 are platinum, such as platinum black. The first and second catalyst particles 46, 48 may be provided by other transition metals and alloys thereof. In one example, the first average particle size is 4-10 nm, and in one example 6 nm.
The second average particle size is, for example, 2-5 nm, and in one example 3 nm.
[0018] First and second layers 34, 36 are, by spraying the ionomer/support material/catalyst particles mixture onto the adjoining structure. In another example, a film transfer method can be used in which the layers are depositing onto a transfer film, and the layer is then transferred from the film to the structure. In one example, the first layer 34 is deposited onto the PEM 20 and the second layer 36 is deposited onto the first layer 34.
In another example, the second layer 36 is deposited onto the GDL 26, and the first layer 36 is deposited onto the second layer 36 or the PEM 20.
[0019] The larger catalyst particles are arranged in the area of more aggressive dissolution¨near the PEM. The smaller catalyst particles, located at the GDL, provide a performance benefit.
[0020] In one example, the first and second layers 34, 36 have approximately 50%
porosity. In one example, the first layer 34 includes approximately 60 weight percent of first catalyst particles 46, and the second layer 36 includes approximately 50 weight percent of the second catalyst particles 48. In one example, the catalyst particle loading of the first and second layers 34, 36 is approximately 0.1-0.2 mg/cm2.
[0021] Another example of a stable electrode structure is shown in Figure 2B. A
anode catalyst 122 is provided between a PEM 20 and a GDL 126. A mixture of platinum particles 146, 148 are provided in a carbon support 142 (along with an ionomer). The platinum particles 146, 148 may be 6 nanometers and 3 nanometers respectively intermixed with one another, rather than the discrete layers illustrated in Figure 2A, which can mitigate air transport losses.
[0022] Referring to Figures 3 and 4, charts illustrating the performance loss after 150 hours durability cycling of the example disclosed catalyst is shown as compared to a conventionally loaded catalyst. The results depicted in the chart relate to an example fuel cell with 0.2 mg/cm2 platinum with a first layer having an electrochemical area per unit volume of catalyst of approximately 250,000 for a depth approximately 1.8 pm, and a second layer of 400,000 for a depth of 2.4 p.m. Figure 3 illustrates the performance loss after 150 hours of durability cycling is negligible for the gradient catalyst at wet conditions (100% RH). Figure 4 illustrates the catalyst as tested under conditions including 37 dry dew point with 60 C coolant and an operating pressure of 4040 kPa. The gradient catalyst tested exhibited negligible performance loss, only an 8% loss at 1000 mA/cm2 after 150 hours.
[0023] Although a preferred embodiment has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of the claims. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine their true scope and content.

Claims (13)

What is claimed is:
1. A fuel cell electrode assembly comprising:
a first layer including a first support material having first catalyst particles of a first average particle size adjoining a proton exchange membrane;
a second layer adjoining the first layer and including a second support material having second catalyst particles of a second average particle size adjoining a gas diffusion layer, the first average particle size larger than the second average particle size.
2. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first and second catalyst particles are transition metals.
3. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 2, wherein the transition metal includes platinum.
4. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first and second average particle sizes respectively are approximately 4-10 nm and 2-5 nm.
5. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 4, wherein the first and second average particle sizes are approximately 6 nm and 3 nm.
6. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 1, wherein the first and second support materials are different than one another.
7. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the first and second support materials respectively are a stabilized carbon and a conventional carbon.
8. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the first and second support materials respectively include first and second thicknesses that are different than one another.
9. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 6, wherein the carbon materials have an approximately 50% porosity.
10. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 4, wherein the first and second layers respectively include the first and second catalyst particles corresponding to approximately 60 weight percent and 50 weight percent.
11. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 4, wherein the platinum loading on the first and second layers is approximately 0.1-0.2 mg/cm2.
12. A fuel cell electrode assembly comprising:
a catalyst arranged between a proton exchange membrane and a gas diffusion layer, wherein the catalyst includes a support material having a first and second catalyst particles intermixed with one another and respectively of a first and second average particle size, the first average particle size larger than the second average particle size, the first and second average particle sizes respectively are approximately 4-10 nm and 2-5 nm.
13. The fuel cell electrode assembly according to claim 12, wherein the first and second catalyst particles are platinum.
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KR101319377B1 (en) * 2006-06-14 2013-10-17 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 Catalyst for fuel cell, and membrane-electrode assembly and fuel cell system comprising same
TWI347702B (en) * 2007-05-23 2011-08-21 Univ Yuan Ze A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly thereof
EP2228857A1 (en) * 2009-03-06 2010-09-15 Basf Se Improved membrane electrode units
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US20110159403A1 (en) 2010-03-02 2011-06-30 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Layered Catalyst Assembly and Electrode Assembly Employing the Same
JP5660603B2 (en) 2010-03-19 2015-01-28 学校法人同志社 Method for producing platinum core-shell catalyst
US8524405B2 (en) * 2010-05-20 2013-09-03 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Detection of small anode leaks in fuel cell systems

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