CA2836045C - Spray oil and method of use thereof for controlling turfgrass pests - Google Patents
Spray oil and method of use thereof for controlling turfgrass pests Download PDFInfo
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- CA2836045C CA2836045C CA2836045A CA2836045A CA2836045C CA 2836045 C CA2836045 C CA 2836045C CA 2836045 A CA2836045 A CA 2836045A CA 2836045 A CA2836045 A CA 2836045A CA 2836045 C CA2836045 C CA 2836045C
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Abstract
A paraffinic spray oil and a method of using the spray oil for controlling turfgrass pests is disclosed. The spray oil comprises paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier, which Is formulated as an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for use. The paraffinic oil and emulsifier are present in a weight ratio ranging from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05, and preferably from about 98.5:1.5 to about 99.9:0.1. When applied to turfgrass, the O/W emulsion quickly releases the oil phase upon application to the turfgrass to contact pests thereon. When provided at sufficient paraffinic oil dosages, generally at least about 0.5 gal oil/acre and preferably in the range of about 0.5 gal/acre to about 60 gal/acre, the spray oil is effective in controlling a variety of turfgrass pests, particularly insect and fungal pests, with little or no phytotoxic effects. Further, use of the spray oil as indicated for controlling turfgrass pests also enhances the growth of turfgrass.
Description
1 "SPRAY OIL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF FOR CONTROLLING
2 TURFGRASS PESTS"
3
4 FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to spray oils, and in particular to paraffinic 6 spray oils and their method of use for controlling turfgrass pests such as harmful 7 insects and fungi.
In the field of agriculture and horticulture, it is well known to use 11 spray oils in the control plant pests such as harmful Insects, fungi, and 12 microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. The base for such spray oils are 13 generally made of naturally occurring oils such as refined petroleum products, 14 e.g., paraffinic oils, or oils extracted from plants, vegetables or animals.
Spray oils are often formulated as an oil-in-water (OM) emulsion 16 which is periodically applied directly to plants. An emulsion is a dispersed system 17 containing at least two normally immiscible phases, one being dispersed as 18 droplets In the other. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable due to excess 19 free energy associated with the surface of the dispersed droplets such that the particles tend to flocculate (clump(ng together of dispersed droplets or particles) 21 and subsequently coalesce (fusing together of agglomerates into a larger drop or 22 droplets) to decrease the surface energy. If these droplets fuse, the emulsion will 23 "break", i.e. the phases will separate, destroying the emulsion and making it 24 difficult to prepare formulations that have a suitable shelf-life for storage. To prevent or slow breaking of an emulsion, an emulsifying agent is typically added.
1 The type and concentration of a particular emulsifying agent will depend, inter 2 alia, on the emulsion phase components and the desired result.
3 Spray oils are often used as a carrier for traditional synthetic 4 chemical pesticides and for enhancing the activity of such pesticides.
The invention relates to spray oils, and in particular to paraffinic 6 spray oils and their method of use for controlling turfgrass pests such as harmful 7 insects and fungi.
In the field of agriculture and horticulture, it is well known to use 11 spray oils in the control plant pests such as harmful Insects, fungi, and 12 microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. The base for such spray oils are 13 generally made of naturally occurring oils such as refined petroleum products, 14 e.g., paraffinic oils, or oils extracted from plants, vegetables or animals.
Spray oils are often formulated as an oil-in-water (OM) emulsion 16 which is periodically applied directly to plants. An emulsion is a dispersed system 17 containing at least two normally immiscible phases, one being dispersed as 18 droplets In the other. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable due to excess 19 free energy associated with the surface of the dispersed droplets such that the particles tend to flocculate (clump(ng together of dispersed droplets or particles) 21 and subsequently coalesce (fusing together of agglomerates into a larger drop or 22 droplets) to decrease the surface energy. If these droplets fuse, the emulsion will 23 "break", i.e. the phases will separate, destroying the emulsion and making it 24 difficult to prepare formulations that have a suitable shelf-life for storage. To prevent or slow breaking of an emulsion, an emulsifying agent is typically added.
1 The type and concentration of a particular emulsifying agent will depend, inter 2 alia, on the emulsion phase components and the desired result.
3 Spray oils are often used as a carrier for traditional synthetic 4 chemical pesticides and for enhancing the activity of such pesticides.
5 Alternatively, certain spray oils can be used alone as a bona fide pest control
6 agent, in which case the oil component itself is the active ingredient.
Spray oil
Spray oil
7 alone is thought to act by coating the pests to Induce a potential variety of effects,
8 including suffocation of Insects, modification of insect feeding and egg laying
9 behavior, destruction of fungi cell walls, removal of humidity and interference with
10 physical interactions of fungi or viruses with the host plant.
11 For a number of reasons, it is preferable to use spray oils without
12 added chemical pesticides. For example, as compared with chemical pesticides,
13 spray oils are generally considered to be safer for humans, are less harmful to
14 beneficial insects such as bees, and are more quickly degraded. In addition, the
15 cost of effort of manufacturing chemical pesticides is avoided, while spray oils
16 can be simply made out of inexpensive fractions of petroleum oil. The main
17 limitation of spray oils is their potential to cause plant injury (phytotoxicity) in
18 some situations, as with certain sensitive plants or plants under drought stress.
19 The use of spray oil alone has been especially useful in effectively
20 controlling a variety of pests in tree crops, such as apple and orange trees,
21 grapes, vegetables, and flowering and omamental plants. Examples of such
22 commercially available spray oils indude Stylet-Oil (JMS Flower Farms Inc., Vero
23 Beach, Califomia) and PureSpray 10E (Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta), both of
24 which contain paraffin oil, also known as mineral oil, as the active ingredient.
1 A particularly desirous use of spray oil alone is in the control of 2 turfgrass pests. Turfgrass generally includes any maintained grass surface, such 3 as lawns and golf courses. Turfgrass has been traditionally treated with synthetic 4 chemical compounds to control pests, resulting is high maintenance costs and harmful effects to humans and the environment.
6 Although several non-petroleum spray oils have been disclosed as 7 having use in treating turfgrass, such spray oils have not found widespread 8 commercial use. For example, US patent application publication no.
9 2003/0198686 to Keen discloses the use of a spray oil composed of a combination of fish oil and plant oil to control turfgrass pests. However, fish oils 11 tend to be phytotoxic due to alcohol and acid products formed by ester hydrolysis 12 and have an unpleasant smell. US patent application publication no.
13 2003/0194454 to Bessette discloses the use of rosemary oil and wintergreen oil, 14 alone or in combination, in controlling turfgrass pests; however, such non-petroleum oils tend to become rancid upon prolonged exposure to sunlight.
16 To Applicant's knowledge, there Is no petroleum-based spray oil 17 indicated for use on turfgrass. Although Stylet-Oil, provided as a concentrate of 18 97.1% v/v paraffin oil and 2.9% v/v non-ionic emulsifier, is indicated for use 19 against stripe rust disease on grass grown for seed when applied at an oil dosage of 0.2-0.4 gal/acre, it is well established that turfgrass differs significantly 21 from grass grown for seed in several respects. For example, the major diseases 22 that affect grass grown for seed and turfgrass are not coterminous. In particular, 23 as outlined in the Online Guide to Plant Disease Control of Oregon State 24 University Extension (htto://olant-disease.iooc.orst.edun and in the hardcopy version, 'The 2004 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook", the diseases of 1 prime concem in the production of grass grown for seed include Rusts, Smuts, 2 Molds, Silvertop, Barley Yellow Dwarf, Blind Seed, Ergot, Powdery Mildew, while 3 the diseases of prime concern in turf management include Anthracnose, Dollar 4 Spot, Brown Patch, Grey Snow Mold and Pink Snow Mold. Further, for the few diseases that are in common, the chemical treatment regimes can be different.
6 For example, although Powdery Mildew is not a major problem in turfgrass, when 7 necessary, treatment with azoxystroblne fungicide is recommended at a dosage 8 of 4.1-8.7 oz of solid azostrobine per acre, compared with 1.65-4.05 oz of solid 9 azoxysrtobine per acre for grass grown for seed. The differences between grass grown for seed and turfgrass may be due to physiological and physical 11 differences imposed by different growing conditions and environments, the 12 greater degree of stress imposed on turfgrass due to Injuries caused by traffic 13 and repeated mowing of turfgrass, and the removal of pest control agents when 14 the turfgrass In mowed.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art for an Improved 16 spray oll composition for control of pests of turfgrass.
---2 The invention provides a paraffinic spray oil composition that is 3 applied to turfgrass as an oil-in-water (0/W) emulsion and is effective in 4 controlling turfgrass pests without added synthetic chemical pesticides.
5 In one aspect of the invention, the spray oil contains a quick break 6 emulsifier in a proportion with a paraffinic oil that allows the oil to be quickly 7 released from the 0/W emulsion upon application to the turfgrass for contact of 8 pests thereon. In one embodiment, the spray oil contains an oil-to-emulsifier ratio 9 ranging from 95:5 to 99.95:0.05, preferably from 98.5:1.5 to 99.9:0.1, and most 10 preferably 99.2:0.8. The spray oil can be provided in a variety of formulations, 11 including an oil-emulsifier concentrate and 0/W emulsions. The 0/VV
emulsion 12 generally comprises paraffinic oil at about 1-50% by weight, and preferably about 13 10-30% by weight.
14 The paraffinic oil indudes any oil enriched In paraffin. In one 15 embodiment, the paraffin has a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 12 to 16 about 50 (C12 to C50) or combinations thereof, and preferably with a carbon 17 number ranging from about C16 to about C35 and with an average carbon 18 number of about C23. Preferably, the paraffin content of the paraffinic oil is at 19 least about 80%, and more preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at 20 least about 99%. Suitable paraffinic oils have been refined to remove impurities 21 that are harmful to plants, especially aromatics.
22 The emulsifier can be any quick break emulsifier suitable for 23 achieving the desired result. Exemplary emulsifiers include alkyl phenol 24 ethoxylates, nonylphenolethyoxylate, dodecylphenolethoxyiates, and ethoxylated
1 A particularly desirous use of spray oil alone is in the control of 2 turfgrass pests. Turfgrass generally includes any maintained grass surface, such 3 as lawns and golf courses. Turfgrass has been traditionally treated with synthetic 4 chemical compounds to control pests, resulting is high maintenance costs and harmful effects to humans and the environment.
6 Although several non-petroleum spray oils have been disclosed as 7 having use in treating turfgrass, such spray oils have not found widespread 8 commercial use. For example, US patent application publication no.
9 2003/0198686 to Keen discloses the use of a spray oil composed of a combination of fish oil and plant oil to control turfgrass pests. However, fish oils 11 tend to be phytotoxic due to alcohol and acid products formed by ester hydrolysis 12 and have an unpleasant smell. US patent application publication no.
13 2003/0194454 to Bessette discloses the use of rosemary oil and wintergreen oil, 14 alone or in combination, in controlling turfgrass pests; however, such non-petroleum oils tend to become rancid upon prolonged exposure to sunlight.
16 To Applicant's knowledge, there Is no petroleum-based spray oil 17 indicated for use on turfgrass. Although Stylet-Oil, provided as a concentrate of 18 97.1% v/v paraffin oil and 2.9% v/v non-ionic emulsifier, is indicated for use 19 against stripe rust disease on grass grown for seed when applied at an oil dosage of 0.2-0.4 gal/acre, it is well established that turfgrass differs significantly 21 from grass grown for seed in several respects. For example, the major diseases 22 that affect grass grown for seed and turfgrass are not coterminous. In particular, 23 as outlined in the Online Guide to Plant Disease Control of Oregon State 24 University Extension (htto://olant-disease.iooc.orst.edun and in the hardcopy version, 'The 2004 PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook", the diseases of 1 prime concem in the production of grass grown for seed include Rusts, Smuts, 2 Molds, Silvertop, Barley Yellow Dwarf, Blind Seed, Ergot, Powdery Mildew, while 3 the diseases of prime concern in turf management include Anthracnose, Dollar 4 Spot, Brown Patch, Grey Snow Mold and Pink Snow Mold. Further, for the few diseases that are in common, the chemical treatment regimes can be different.
6 For example, although Powdery Mildew is not a major problem in turfgrass, when 7 necessary, treatment with azoxystroblne fungicide is recommended at a dosage 8 of 4.1-8.7 oz of solid azostrobine per acre, compared with 1.65-4.05 oz of solid 9 azoxysrtobine per acre for grass grown for seed. The differences between grass grown for seed and turfgrass may be due to physiological and physical 11 differences imposed by different growing conditions and environments, the 12 greater degree of stress imposed on turfgrass due to Injuries caused by traffic 13 and repeated mowing of turfgrass, and the removal of pest control agents when 14 the turfgrass In mowed.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art for an Improved 16 spray oll composition for control of pests of turfgrass.
---2 The invention provides a paraffinic spray oil composition that is 3 applied to turfgrass as an oil-in-water (0/W) emulsion and is effective in 4 controlling turfgrass pests without added synthetic chemical pesticides.
5 In one aspect of the invention, the spray oil contains a quick break 6 emulsifier in a proportion with a paraffinic oil that allows the oil to be quickly 7 released from the 0/W emulsion upon application to the turfgrass for contact of 8 pests thereon. In one embodiment, the spray oil contains an oil-to-emulsifier ratio 9 ranging from 95:5 to 99.95:0.05, preferably from 98.5:1.5 to 99.9:0.1, and most 10 preferably 99.2:0.8. The spray oil can be provided in a variety of formulations, 11 including an oil-emulsifier concentrate and 0/W emulsions. The 0/VV
emulsion 12 generally comprises paraffinic oil at about 1-50% by weight, and preferably about 13 10-30% by weight.
14 The paraffinic oil indudes any oil enriched In paraffin. In one 15 embodiment, the paraffin has a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 12 to 16 about 50 (C12 to C50) or combinations thereof, and preferably with a carbon 17 number ranging from about C16 to about C35 and with an average carbon 18 number of about C23. Preferably, the paraffin content of the paraffinic oil is at 19 least about 80%, and more preferably at least about 90%, and most preferably at 20 least about 99%. Suitable paraffinic oils have been refined to remove impurities 21 that are harmful to plants, especially aromatics.
22 The emulsifier can be any quick break emulsifier suitable for 23 achieving the desired result. Exemplary emulsifiers include alkyl phenol 24 ethoxylates, nonylphenolethyoxylate, dodecylphenolethoxyiates, and ethoxylated
25 alcohol/glycerol oleate mixtures, or combinations thereof.
1 Notably, it is generally considered that turfgrass is under stress due 2 to its use and maintenance, such that there is an expectation that turfgrass is particularly susceptible to potential toxic effects of spray oils.
Surprisingly, 4 Applicant has found that when the spray oil Is applied to turfgrass, particularly at an oil dosage that is higher than typically used in other spray oil applications, the 6 spray oil is effective in controlling a variety of turfgrass pests, including insects 7 and fungi, with little or no phytotoxic effects.
Accordingly, in another aspect of the invention, the invention 9 provides a method for controlling turfgrass pests comprising applying an effective amount of the spray oil to the turfgrass. In one embodiment, the effective amount 11 provides a paraffinic oil dosage of at least about 0.5 gal/acre, preferably from 12 about 5 gal/acre to about 60 gal/acre, and more preferably from about 10 gal/acre 13 to about 20 gal/acre, and which can be applied periodically as needed. The 14 optimal dosage may vary according to the type of turfgrass, the type and amount of pest on the turfgrass, and the environmental conditions, and can be readily 16 determined by established biological tests.
Unexpectedly, Applicant has also found that when the spray oil is applied to turfgrass as indicated for controlling pests, the growth of the turfgrass 19 is enhanced.
Accordingly, in another broad aspect of the invention, the invention 21 provides a spray oil and method of use of the spray oil for enhancing the growth of turfgrass comprising applying an effective amount of the spray oil to the 23 turfgrass.
1 In addition, the components of the invention are provided as kits for 2 use In controlling turfgrass pests and for enhancing the growth of turfgrass, 3 wherein the kits comprise the spray oil and instructions for use of the spray oil.
_ 2 The spray oil composition of the present invention generally 3 comprises a paraffinic oil as the active ingredient and a quick break emulsifier.
4 The composition is normally provided as an emulsifiable concentrate containing the paraffinic oil and emulsifier, which is thereafter prepared for use as a diluted 6 oil-in-water (0/W) emulsion. In the 0/W emulsion, the oil phase is dispersed in 7 the continuous aqueous phase via the emulsifier. As described in more detail 8 below, the ratio of oil to emulsifier allows the 0/VV emulsion to quickly break upon 9 application to the turfgrass, thereby releasing the oil component onto the grass blade for the control of pests thereon. Surprisingly, when used at concentrations 11 effective for controlling turfgrass pests, there are little or no phytotoxic effects.
Furthermore, it was unexpectedly observed that turfgrass treated with the spray 13 oil exhibited more vigorous growth than that observed for untreated turfgrass and 14 turfgrass treated with chemical pest control agents.
As used herein, the terms "turfgrass" or "grass" generally refer to 16 grasses that are periodically cut or mowed to provide a groundcover for various 17 utility, recreational or aesthetic purposes. Exemplary turfgrasses include 18 Fescues, Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky bluegrass, 19 Zoysia Native Grasses (e.g., Buffalo grass, Blue Grama and Wheatgrasses).
Seashore Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, and Beach Grass. Such grasses are 21 typically found locations such as parks, golf courses, sports fields, sod farms, 22 roadsides, and lawns for housing residences, commercial sites, and institutional 23 grounds.
24 As used herein, the terms lurfgrass pest" or "pest" generally refer to living organisms occurring on turfgrass that are not desired to occur on 1 turfgrass or that cause damage to turfgrass. Turfgrass pests include but are not 2 limited to insects (adult and larval forms), fungi, and microorganisms such as 3 bacteria and viruses, and are particularly contemplated to indude stationary 4 fungus, creeping, crawling hopping or flying insects, or burrowing or subterranean 5 pests that reside on the grass blade during a pre-adult stage of their lifecyde.
6 Exemplary turfgrass pests include, for example, bluegrass weevils, cutworms, 7 sod webworms, pillbugs, grubs, aphids, mites, chinch bugs, chafers, beetles, grasshoppers, scales, cranefly, earwigs, slugs, ants, fleas, mealybugs, ticks, and 9 causative agents of Grey Leaf Spot, Dollar Spot, Grey Snow Mold, Pink Snow Mold, Brown Patch, Anthracnose, Yellow Turf, Powdery Mildew, Pythium Foliar 11 Blight Disease, Necrotic Ring Spot, Pink Patch, Red Thread, Leaf Blight, Yellow 12 Patch, Downey Mildew, Pythlum Blight, Rusts, Stripe Smut, Summer Leaf Spot, 13 Take-All Patch, and Microdochium Patch Disease, or combinations thereof.
14 As used herein, the term mcontrol or mcontrolling" generally refer to 15 preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating turfgrass pests.
16 As used herein, the term ''spray oir generally refers to a paraffinic 17 oil-containing composition, including concentrates and oil-in-water emulsion 18 formulations.
19 Generally defined, paraffinic oil is any oil enriched in paraffin (saturated hydrocarbon). Particularly useful paraffinic oils of the present 21 invention indude paraffins having a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 22 12 to about 50 (C12 to C50) or combinations thereof, and preferably with a 23 carbon number ranging from about C16 to about C35 and with an average 24 carbon number of about C23. Preferably, the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content 25 of at least about 80%, with a paraffin content of at least about 90% being more 1 preferred, and a paraffin content of at least about 99% being most preferred.
2 Suitable paraffin oils include HT100 and High Flash Jet, both manufactured by 3 Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta.
4 Preferably, the paraffinic oil is refined so as to substantially remove 5 impurities in the oil that are associated with plant injury, such as aromatic 6 compounds, compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. For example, the 7 paraffin oll preferably contains an aromatic content of less than 10% w/w and 8 more preferably, less than 2% w/w.
9 In general, the emulsifiers of the present invention are of the so-10 called quid( break" variety such that, when present in a suitable proportion or 11 ratio with the oil, the resulting quick break ONV emulsion quickly releases the oll 12 phase (active ingredient) upon application to the turfgrass.
Consequently, there 13 is less runoff of the ONV emulsion from the grass blades as compared to more 14 stable 0/W emulsions, such that a suffident amount of oil adheres to the 15 turfgrass for a sufficient amount of time to effectively contact and control 16 associated turfgrass pests. Preferably the oil resides on the turfgrass for a period 17 of not less than one hour.
18 Emulsifiers that are particularly suited for use in the spray oil include 19 but are not limited to alkyl phenol ethoxylates, nonylphenolethyoxylate, 20 dodecylphenolethoxylates, and ethoxylated alcohol/glycerol oleate mixtures, or 21 combinations thereof. Emulsifiers that have minimal environmental risk, such as 22 ethoxylated alcohol/glycerol oleate mixtures, are preferred.
23 The paraffin oil and emulsifier are present In a weight ratio of 24 oil:emulsifier ranging from about 95:5 to 99.95:0.05, preferably from about 25 98.5:1.5 to 99.9:0.1, and more preferably about 99.2:0.8. Applicant has found 1 that such ratios are desirable for optimum performance of the spray oil on 2 turfgrass, while at the same time providing suitable stability of the 0/W
emulsion 3 to allow for a reasonable timeframe for its preparation and storage.
4 The spray oil is normally provided as an oll-emuisifier concentrate containing about 95-99.95% by weight paraffinic oil and 0Ø05-5.0% by weight 6 (w/w) emulsifier, preferably about 98.5-99.9% by weight paraffinic oil and 0.1-7 1.5% by weight emulsifier, and more preferably about 99.2% by weight paraffinic 8 oil and about 0.8% by weight emulsifier. The concentrate can be prepared as 9 described in Example 1 below, or by any suitable method as Is known in the art so as to provide a uniform solution of paraffinic oil and emulsifier.
11 The spray oil can also be provided as a kit which includes the spray 12 oil and instructions for using the spray oil in packaged form.
Preferably the 13 paraffinic oil and emulsifier are provided as a pre-mixed concentrate, however, 14 the paraffinic oil and emulsifier may also be provided as individual components.
For use, the paraffinic oil-emuisifier concentrate is admixed with 16 water to form an 0/W emulsion. In particular, the concentrate is diluted in water 17 to provide a final paraffinic oil content of ranging from about 1% to 50% by 18 weight, and preferably from of about 10% to 30% by weight. If a concentrate is 19 not used, the individual components can simply be admixed simultaneously at their desired final amounts. Alternatively, emulsifiers provided as aqueous 21 solutions can be premixed with water prior to admixing with the paraffinic oil.
22 Any suitable method for forming an 0/W emulsion can be used, as 23 is known in the art, such as that described in Example 1 below. Such methods 24 usually involve tank mixing of the components by applying shear using a paddle mixer or blender. Alternatively, the separate components can be combined at the 1 nozzle of a spray gun to form the 0/W emulsion. In any case, the ONV
emulsion 2 should be prepared with one or two hours before use.
3 Preferably, the water component is distilled water or other such 4 water having low mineral electrolyte content. Mineral electrolytes may cause the 5 0/W emulsion to break prematurely, such as during storage or before the ONV
6 emulsion has spread evenly over the grass blade, and are therefore not 7 desirable.
8 The formulations can also include compatible customary additives 9 or adjuvants for turfgrass protection. These Include, for example, surfactants, dispersants, wetters, thickeners, organic solvents, cosolvents, antifoams.
11 carboxylic acids, preservatives, stabilizers, and the like. Although not required, 12 chemical pestiddes and herbiddes can also be included in the emulsions.
13 To control turfgrass pests, the ONV emulsion is applied to the 14 turfgrass to provide an oil dosage that is sufficient to effectively control turfgrass 15 pests. The spray oil may also be reapplied as required. Exemplary application 16 regimens are provided in Table 1.
18 Table 1. Exemplary spray oil regimens % oil by weight spray volume of dosage of oil of 0/W emulsion 0/W emulsion (active ingredient) 1-50% 10-100 gal/acre 0.1-50 gal/acre 10-30% 50-200 gal/acre 0.5-60 gal/acre 20 In general, the preferred paraffinic oil dosage Is at least about 0.5 21 gal/acre, preferably ranging from about 0.5 gal/acre to about 60 gal/acre, and 22 more preferably ranging from about 10 gal/acre to about 20 gal/acre.
However, 1 the most effective treatment for a specific application will generally depend on the 2 type of turfgrass, the type of pest(s), the level of infestation and the 3 environmental conditions and may be readily determined by established 4 biological tests known to those skilled in the art. For example, Applicant has found that the optimal oil dosage for controlling Snow Mold Is about 20 gal/acre to 6 about-30 gal/acre.
7 The spray oil can be applied to turfgrass by spraying, misting, 8 sprinkling, pouring, or any other suitable method for achieving the desired result.
9 Preferably, the 0/W emulsion is applied by spray methods, for example, using a standard spray apparatus, in which case the droplet size, pressure and volume 11 delivered may be suitably adjusted for a particular application.
12 When used as described herein, the 0/W emulsion of the present 13 invention is effective in controlling a variety of turfgrass pests.
Optimal control is 14 achieved by adjusting the timing of the applicatbn and dosage so as to target the turfgrass pest when it is most vulnerable, such as during egg or crawler stages.
16 Importantly, despite the application of high dosages of the spray oil 17 to turfgrass, the spray oil has little or no perceptible phytotoxic effect.
18 Furthermore, Applicant has observed that the treated turfgrass has a pleasant 19 residual luster and, with the exception of spray oil with a high C40 or greater carbon content, the grass Is not greasy or oily to the touch. As an unexpected 21 benefit, the treated turfgrass appeared to exhibit more vigorous growth than 22 untreated turfgrass or turfgrass treated with chemical pest control agents alone 23 (i.e. no oll applied).
1 The following examples are provided to better illustrate various 2 embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the 3 invention.
5 General Materials and Methods 7 Oils and emulsifiers 8 The following oils and emulsifiers shown in Tables 2 and 3 were 9 used as Indicated in the examples.
11 Table 2. Oils Oil Source Type No. Carbons Ave.
HT100 Petro-Canada * >99% paraffin oil C16 to C40 fraction High Flash Jet Petro-Canada * >99% paraffin oil C12 to C21 C16 fraction LSRD Petro-Canada * >99% paraffin oil C12 to C21 fraction 12 *Calgary, AB, Canada 14 Table 3. Emulsifiers Emulsifier Source Components AL3149 Uniqema* C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylates and glycerol oleate AL3313 Uniqema* Poiyoxyethyene lauryl ether, C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylates, and glycerol oleate 15 New Castle, DE, USA
1 Preparation of concentrates 2 Concentrate formulas as described in the following examples were 3 prepared by adding the emulsifier to the oil at the indicated amounts under mild 4 agitation at room temperature or with mild heating at about 50 C.
6 Concentrate formulations 7 The following concentrate formulations shown in Table 4 were used 8 as indicated in the examples.
Table 4. Concentrate formulations (all values in % w/vi of concentrate) Oil Emulsifier Examples P1 99.5% HT100 0.5% AL3313 3 P2 50% HT100 + 49.5% High Flash Jet 0.5% AL3313 3, 4 P3 95% HT100 5% AL3313 3 P4 99.5% HT100 0.5% AL3149 5 XPO2 99.5% of 50/50 blend of LSRD + HT100 0.5% AL3313 8 PC1 99.25% HT100 0.75% AL3149 7, 8, 9 PC2 99.25% of 50/50 blend of LSFtD + 0.75% AL3313 8 12 Preparation of oil-in-water emulsions 13 Oil-in-water (ONV) emulsions as described in the following 14 examples were prepared by mixing the concentrate with water as indicated using a paddle mixer under low shear conditions for a period of several minutes or until 16 the solution becomes transparent. The 0/W emulsions were typically prepared in 17 advance and stored for later use.
2 Testing for Proper Adhesion of Oil on Turfgrass 4 To determine the impact of the oil to emulsifier ratio on proper adhesion of the oil on turfgrass, an oll-soluble blue dye, Agent 376, was added to 6 0/W emulsions at 0.2% by weight during admixing. The ONV emulsions were 7 prepared from concentrates having various ratios of HT100 to AL3149 (see 8 Tables 2 and 3 for compositions of HT100 and AI3149, respectively), and with an 9 oil content of 10% by weight of the ONV emulsion. Individual blades of Vertical Palm Grass were hung vertically and 100 ml of the dyed-ONV emulsion was 11 applied to a set of 5 blades. The relative staining of turfgrass was determined by 12 visual observation, with a higher degree of staining being indicative of better 13 adhesion. The results, as shown in Table 5, indicate that the ratio of oil to 14 emulsifier needs to be adjusted to achieve optimal adhesion of the oil on the turfgrass.
17 Table 5. Staining of turfgrass ratio of oil:emulsifier Staining 98.8:1.2 Light 99.4:0.6 Dark 99.5:0.5 Darkest 99.94:0.06 Darkest 99.95:0.05 Darkest 2 Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs 4 The effect of different 0/W emulsion formuladons when applied at different dosages to turfgrass were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling 6 oriental beetles In Perennial ryegrass. Oriental beetle grubs were collected in the 7 fall and over-wintered. The following spring, turfgrass grown in small containers 8 was inoculated with the grubs at a density of 5 grubs/pot prior to application of 9 ONV emulsion to the turfgrass. P1, P2 and P3 concentrates (see Table 4) were prepared as 0/W emulsions and applied to the turfgrass using a spray volume 11 equivalent to 88 gal/acre (2 gal/1000 sq ft) to provide the oil dosages shown in 12 Table 6.
14 Table 6. Dosage of emulsions % oil in ONV kg oil/hectare lb oil/acre gal olVacre emulsion Low 6.3 43 39 5.5 Medium 12.3 87 77 10.8 High 49.1 346 309 43.2 16 After 14 days, the grubs were counted to determine their mortality 17 compared to untreated turfgrass. The results as averaged from 7 trials, as shown 18 in Table 7, demonstrate that the spray oil Is useful in controlling Insect pests in 19 turfgrass.
1 Table 7. Control of oriental beetle grubs In perennial ryegrass % increase in mortality P1 low 143 P1 med 86 P1 high 115 P2 low 43 P2 low 157 P2 med 71 P3 high 43 4 Control of Chinch Bugs 6 To determine the efficacy of the invention In controlling Southern 7 chinch bugs (Maus Insular's) under field conditions, a cylinder method for field 8 pesticide screening reported by Crocker and Tubbs (1981, J. Econ. Entomol. 74:
9 730-731) was used. In April, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders were set Into 10 holes dug in plots of St. Augustine grass, with 5 cylinders as replicates in each of 11 5 plots (25 cylinders total). Each cylinder was 6 Inches In diameter (-1.5 sq. ft.) 12 by 6 inches high and driven into the soil so that the rim was about 4 inches above 13 the soil surface. Southem chinch bugs were field collected from Palm Beach 14 County, Florida and 40 chinch bugs (adults and medium to large size nymphs) 15 were put into each of the 25 cylinders. Each cylinder was then covered with fine 16 mesh cloth held in place with rubber bands to allow air, sunlight, and rain into the 17 cylinders.
The next day, the doth tops were removed from some of the cylinders 18 and a 10% 0/W emulsion prepared from P2 concentrate (see Table 4) was 19 applied at a dosage corresponding to 17.4 gal oil/acre to the cylinders using a 1 CO2 backpack sprayer at 40 psi. The cloth tops were thereafter quickly replaced.
2 The other cylinders were used as untreated controls. After 7 days, the 25 3 cylinders were dug up and each cylinder was placed in a separate bucket.
The 4 buckets were slowly flooded with water in a laboratory and live chinch bugs 5 surfacing were counted.
6 The untreated control cylinders had a mortality of 0%, while the 7 treated cylinders had an average mortality of 39%, thereby demonstrating that 8 the spray oil is useful in controlling insect pests in turfgrass.
11 Control of Grey Leaf Spot 13 Gray Leaf Spot is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungus 14 Cersospora zeas-maydis. Initial symptoms of Grey Leaf Spot indude tiny, brown 15 spots or lesions on leaves and stoions, which quickly enlarge and become oval or 16 elongated in shape. Mature lesions have a gray necrotic center with a brown to 17 red boarder within a chlorotic periphery. Severe infection results in a scorched 18 appearance and the turf density becomes reduced.
19 Experiments to determine the effect of the spray oil on Grey Leaf 20 Spot in St. Augustine turfgrass were conducted in Florida from May through to 21 mid-August. A 30% 0/W emulsion was prepared from P4 concentrate (see Table 22 4) and the emulsion was applied biweekly to the turfgrass at a spray volume of 23 1500 gal/acre to provide a dosage of 450 gal oiVacre. An untreated control was 24 used for comparison purposes, as well a number of commercially available 25 chemical fungicides applied biweekly according to the manufacturer's instructions. The grasses were rated for visual indication of disease by a trained 2 evaluator.
3 After about 60 days following treatment, the spray oil was shown to 4 have outperformed many of the comparative chemical treatments, with the spray oil and only one chemical treatment rated as having the little or no indication of 6 disease.
Therefore, the spay oil is useful in controlling fungal infections in turfgrass.
Surprisingly, despite the frequent application of a very high dosage 9 of oil, there were no indications of phytotoxicity. As an unexpected result, the turfgrass treated with the oil formulation exhibited more vigorous growth than 11 untreated grass or grass treated with chemicals. Furthermore, the spray oil 12 treated turfgrass had a pleasant residual luster and was not greasy or oily to the 13 touch.
16 Control of Grey Leaf Spot 18 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the spray oil 19 on Grey Leaf Spot in perennial ryegrass turfgrass. The experiments were conducted in the state of Pennsylvania during the summer. A 10% and 20% 0/W
21 emulsion was prepared from XPO2 concentrate (see Table 4) and the emulsion 22 was applied to the turfgrass biweekly at a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. An 23 untreated control was used for comparison purposes, as well a commercially 24 available chemical fungicide, Heritage LT, diluted at 0.8 ft oz In 2 gal water. The turfgrass was rated for visual indication of disease based on a scale of 1 to 5, 1 with 5 showing the most indication of disease. The results, as shown in Table 8, 2 demonstrate the spray oil is useful in treating fungal Infections in turfgrass.
4 Table 8. Control of Grey Leaf Spot In perennial ryegrass Disease Rating Untreated 5.0 Heritage LT 0.3 XP02, 10% ONV emulsion = 2.3 XP02, 20% ONV emulsion 1.7 7 Control of Sod Web Worm 9 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the spray oil on sod webworm In St. Augustine turfgrass. The experiment was conducted 11 during the fall in Florida using a 20% 0/W emulsion prepared from PC1 12 concentrate (see Table 4). A commercially available broad spectrum insecllcide, 13 Taistar One 0.79 SC (Bifenthrin, made by FMC), as well as an untreated control 14 were also evaluated for comparison purposes. The spray oil 0/W emulsion and Talstar were applied at a spray volume of 196 gal/acre (4 gal/1000 sq.ft.) and 16 gal/acre (2 gaV1000 sq.ft.), respectively, then grass blades were excised and 17 placed in a Petri dishes. Five webworrn larvae were deposited on the blades In 18 each dish and mortality was determined after a 4 days. Six different sets of 19 experiments were conducted. The averaged results, as shown in Table 9, demonstrate the spray oil is useful as a prophylactic treatment in controlling pests 21 in turfgrass.
2 Table 9. Control of sod webworm in St. Augustine turfgrass Dosage of active ingredient Mortality %
Untreated none 26.7 PC1 34.8 gal oil/acre 96.7 Taistar 29.1 oz/acre 100 5 Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil 7 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the spray oil 8 on Annual bluegrass weevil in a turfgrass mixture of 35% annual bluegrass and 9 65% bentgrass mowed to 0.5" height. The experiment was carried out in the 10 state of New Jersey in the spring at the Upper Montclair Country Club in the City 11 of Clifton using a 12.5% 0/W emulsion of PC1 and PC2 concentrates (see Table 12 4). Talstar (see Example 7), as well as an untreated control were also evaluated 13 for comparison purposes. Product was applied to 6 ft2 plots at a spray volume of 14 88 gaVacre (2 ga1/1000 sq. ft.) on April 19, May 10, and May 24, with 4 replicate 15 plots for each treatment group. Performance was assessed 14 days after final 16 application by counting the number of annual bluegrass weevil stages in 8 turf 17 sod cores compared to untreated samples. Phytotoxicity was also assessed 18 within 1 week of application and in all cases no perceptible phytotoxicity was 19 observed. The results, as shown in Table 10, demonstrate the spray oil is 20 effective in controlling insect pests in turfgrass.
1 Table 10. Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil in bluegrass-bentgrass Dosage of active ingredient % Reduction Talstar 0.1 lb Talstar/acre 99 PC2 11 gal oil/acre 62 PC1 11 gal oil/acre 71 PC2 + Talstar 11 gal oil/acre + 0.05 lb Talstar/acre 97 4 Control of Dollar Spot 6 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of spray oil on 7 Dollar Spot Disease (caused by the fungus, Sderodnia homoeocatpa) in 8 bentgrass. The experiment was conducted during the summer and fall in Ontario 9 using a 10% emulsions of PC1 (see Table 4). A commercially available fungicide, Daconil 2787 (40% chlorothalonil, made by Syngenta), as well as an 11 untreated control, were also evaluated for comparison purposes. The 12 experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with 13 replications, with each plot measuring 1 m x 2 m. Treatments were first applied 14 on August 5, and on August 6 the turf was inoculated with Sderotinia homoeocarpa. Treatments were reapplied every two weeks after initial treatment 16 until September 30 using a wheel-mounted compressed air boom sprayer using 17 Lumark 03-F110 nozzles at 140 kPa in water, with a spray volume of 10 litre/100 18 m2 (106 gal/acre) and 11 litre/100 m2 (116 gal/acre) for PC1 and Daconil, 19 respectively.
Dollar Spot Disease was evaluated weekly for five weeks after initial 21 treatment by estimating number of infection centres per plot as compared with 1 the control. Phytotoxicity was also evaluated, as indicated by yellowing of the 2 grass. The results, as shown in Table 11, demonstrate that the spray oil is 3 effective in controlling fungal pests in turfgrass.
Table 11. Control of dollar spot in bentgrass Dosage of active % Reduction % Reduction ingredient Sept. 23 Oct. 7 PC1 10.6 gal/acre 97 95 Daconil 2787 2.02 gal/acre 37 63 7 Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been 8 described in some detail herein above, those skilled in the art will recognize that 9 various substitutions and modifications of the invention may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims as defined 11 herein.
1 Notably, it is generally considered that turfgrass is under stress due 2 to its use and maintenance, such that there is an expectation that turfgrass is particularly susceptible to potential toxic effects of spray oils.
Surprisingly, 4 Applicant has found that when the spray oil Is applied to turfgrass, particularly at an oil dosage that is higher than typically used in other spray oil applications, the 6 spray oil is effective in controlling a variety of turfgrass pests, including insects 7 and fungi, with little or no phytotoxic effects.
Accordingly, in another aspect of the invention, the invention 9 provides a method for controlling turfgrass pests comprising applying an effective amount of the spray oil to the turfgrass. In one embodiment, the effective amount 11 provides a paraffinic oil dosage of at least about 0.5 gal/acre, preferably from 12 about 5 gal/acre to about 60 gal/acre, and more preferably from about 10 gal/acre 13 to about 20 gal/acre, and which can be applied periodically as needed. The 14 optimal dosage may vary according to the type of turfgrass, the type and amount of pest on the turfgrass, and the environmental conditions, and can be readily 16 determined by established biological tests.
Unexpectedly, Applicant has also found that when the spray oil is applied to turfgrass as indicated for controlling pests, the growth of the turfgrass 19 is enhanced.
Accordingly, in another broad aspect of the invention, the invention 21 provides a spray oil and method of use of the spray oil for enhancing the growth of turfgrass comprising applying an effective amount of the spray oil to the 23 turfgrass.
1 In addition, the components of the invention are provided as kits for 2 use In controlling turfgrass pests and for enhancing the growth of turfgrass, 3 wherein the kits comprise the spray oil and instructions for use of the spray oil.
_ 2 The spray oil composition of the present invention generally 3 comprises a paraffinic oil as the active ingredient and a quick break emulsifier.
4 The composition is normally provided as an emulsifiable concentrate containing the paraffinic oil and emulsifier, which is thereafter prepared for use as a diluted 6 oil-in-water (0/W) emulsion. In the 0/W emulsion, the oil phase is dispersed in 7 the continuous aqueous phase via the emulsifier. As described in more detail 8 below, the ratio of oil to emulsifier allows the 0/VV emulsion to quickly break upon 9 application to the turfgrass, thereby releasing the oil component onto the grass blade for the control of pests thereon. Surprisingly, when used at concentrations 11 effective for controlling turfgrass pests, there are little or no phytotoxic effects.
Furthermore, it was unexpectedly observed that turfgrass treated with the spray 13 oil exhibited more vigorous growth than that observed for untreated turfgrass and 14 turfgrass treated with chemical pest control agents.
As used herein, the terms "turfgrass" or "grass" generally refer to 16 grasses that are periodically cut or mowed to provide a groundcover for various 17 utility, recreational or aesthetic purposes. Exemplary turfgrasses include 18 Fescues, Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky bluegrass, 19 Zoysia Native Grasses (e.g., Buffalo grass, Blue Grama and Wheatgrasses).
Seashore Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, and Beach Grass. Such grasses are 21 typically found locations such as parks, golf courses, sports fields, sod farms, 22 roadsides, and lawns for housing residences, commercial sites, and institutional 23 grounds.
24 As used herein, the terms lurfgrass pest" or "pest" generally refer to living organisms occurring on turfgrass that are not desired to occur on 1 turfgrass or that cause damage to turfgrass. Turfgrass pests include but are not 2 limited to insects (adult and larval forms), fungi, and microorganisms such as 3 bacteria and viruses, and are particularly contemplated to indude stationary 4 fungus, creeping, crawling hopping or flying insects, or burrowing or subterranean 5 pests that reside on the grass blade during a pre-adult stage of their lifecyde.
6 Exemplary turfgrass pests include, for example, bluegrass weevils, cutworms, 7 sod webworms, pillbugs, grubs, aphids, mites, chinch bugs, chafers, beetles, grasshoppers, scales, cranefly, earwigs, slugs, ants, fleas, mealybugs, ticks, and 9 causative agents of Grey Leaf Spot, Dollar Spot, Grey Snow Mold, Pink Snow Mold, Brown Patch, Anthracnose, Yellow Turf, Powdery Mildew, Pythium Foliar 11 Blight Disease, Necrotic Ring Spot, Pink Patch, Red Thread, Leaf Blight, Yellow 12 Patch, Downey Mildew, Pythlum Blight, Rusts, Stripe Smut, Summer Leaf Spot, 13 Take-All Patch, and Microdochium Patch Disease, or combinations thereof.
14 As used herein, the term mcontrol or mcontrolling" generally refer to 15 preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating turfgrass pests.
16 As used herein, the term ''spray oir generally refers to a paraffinic 17 oil-containing composition, including concentrates and oil-in-water emulsion 18 formulations.
19 Generally defined, paraffinic oil is any oil enriched in paraffin (saturated hydrocarbon). Particularly useful paraffinic oils of the present 21 invention indude paraffins having a number of carbon atoms ranging from about 22 12 to about 50 (C12 to C50) or combinations thereof, and preferably with a 23 carbon number ranging from about C16 to about C35 and with an average 24 carbon number of about C23. Preferably, the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content 25 of at least about 80%, with a paraffin content of at least about 90% being more 1 preferred, and a paraffin content of at least about 99% being most preferred.
2 Suitable paraffin oils include HT100 and High Flash Jet, both manufactured by 3 Petro-Canada, Calgary, Alberta.
4 Preferably, the paraffinic oil is refined so as to substantially remove 5 impurities in the oil that are associated with plant injury, such as aromatic 6 compounds, compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. For example, the 7 paraffin oll preferably contains an aromatic content of less than 10% w/w and 8 more preferably, less than 2% w/w.
9 In general, the emulsifiers of the present invention are of the so-10 called quid( break" variety such that, when present in a suitable proportion or 11 ratio with the oil, the resulting quick break ONV emulsion quickly releases the oll 12 phase (active ingredient) upon application to the turfgrass.
Consequently, there 13 is less runoff of the ONV emulsion from the grass blades as compared to more 14 stable 0/W emulsions, such that a suffident amount of oil adheres to the 15 turfgrass for a sufficient amount of time to effectively contact and control 16 associated turfgrass pests. Preferably the oil resides on the turfgrass for a period 17 of not less than one hour.
18 Emulsifiers that are particularly suited for use in the spray oil include 19 but are not limited to alkyl phenol ethoxylates, nonylphenolethyoxylate, 20 dodecylphenolethoxylates, and ethoxylated alcohol/glycerol oleate mixtures, or 21 combinations thereof. Emulsifiers that have minimal environmental risk, such as 22 ethoxylated alcohol/glycerol oleate mixtures, are preferred.
23 The paraffin oil and emulsifier are present In a weight ratio of 24 oil:emulsifier ranging from about 95:5 to 99.95:0.05, preferably from about 25 98.5:1.5 to 99.9:0.1, and more preferably about 99.2:0.8. Applicant has found 1 that such ratios are desirable for optimum performance of the spray oil on 2 turfgrass, while at the same time providing suitable stability of the 0/W
emulsion 3 to allow for a reasonable timeframe for its preparation and storage.
4 The spray oil is normally provided as an oll-emuisifier concentrate containing about 95-99.95% by weight paraffinic oil and 0Ø05-5.0% by weight 6 (w/w) emulsifier, preferably about 98.5-99.9% by weight paraffinic oil and 0.1-7 1.5% by weight emulsifier, and more preferably about 99.2% by weight paraffinic 8 oil and about 0.8% by weight emulsifier. The concentrate can be prepared as 9 described in Example 1 below, or by any suitable method as Is known in the art so as to provide a uniform solution of paraffinic oil and emulsifier.
11 The spray oil can also be provided as a kit which includes the spray 12 oil and instructions for using the spray oil in packaged form.
Preferably the 13 paraffinic oil and emulsifier are provided as a pre-mixed concentrate, however, 14 the paraffinic oil and emulsifier may also be provided as individual components.
For use, the paraffinic oil-emuisifier concentrate is admixed with 16 water to form an 0/W emulsion. In particular, the concentrate is diluted in water 17 to provide a final paraffinic oil content of ranging from about 1% to 50% by 18 weight, and preferably from of about 10% to 30% by weight. If a concentrate is 19 not used, the individual components can simply be admixed simultaneously at their desired final amounts. Alternatively, emulsifiers provided as aqueous 21 solutions can be premixed with water prior to admixing with the paraffinic oil.
22 Any suitable method for forming an 0/W emulsion can be used, as 23 is known in the art, such as that described in Example 1 below. Such methods 24 usually involve tank mixing of the components by applying shear using a paddle mixer or blender. Alternatively, the separate components can be combined at the 1 nozzle of a spray gun to form the 0/W emulsion. In any case, the ONV
emulsion 2 should be prepared with one or two hours before use.
3 Preferably, the water component is distilled water or other such 4 water having low mineral electrolyte content. Mineral electrolytes may cause the 5 0/W emulsion to break prematurely, such as during storage or before the ONV
6 emulsion has spread evenly over the grass blade, and are therefore not 7 desirable.
8 The formulations can also include compatible customary additives 9 or adjuvants for turfgrass protection. These Include, for example, surfactants, dispersants, wetters, thickeners, organic solvents, cosolvents, antifoams.
11 carboxylic acids, preservatives, stabilizers, and the like. Although not required, 12 chemical pestiddes and herbiddes can also be included in the emulsions.
13 To control turfgrass pests, the ONV emulsion is applied to the 14 turfgrass to provide an oil dosage that is sufficient to effectively control turfgrass 15 pests. The spray oil may also be reapplied as required. Exemplary application 16 regimens are provided in Table 1.
18 Table 1. Exemplary spray oil regimens % oil by weight spray volume of dosage of oil of 0/W emulsion 0/W emulsion (active ingredient) 1-50% 10-100 gal/acre 0.1-50 gal/acre 10-30% 50-200 gal/acre 0.5-60 gal/acre 20 In general, the preferred paraffinic oil dosage Is at least about 0.5 21 gal/acre, preferably ranging from about 0.5 gal/acre to about 60 gal/acre, and 22 more preferably ranging from about 10 gal/acre to about 20 gal/acre.
However, 1 the most effective treatment for a specific application will generally depend on the 2 type of turfgrass, the type of pest(s), the level of infestation and the 3 environmental conditions and may be readily determined by established 4 biological tests known to those skilled in the art. For example, Applicant has found that the optimal oil dosage for controlling Snow Mold Is about 20 gal/acre to 6 about-30 gal/acre.
7 The spray oil can be applied to turfgrass by spraying, misting, 8 sprinkling, pouring, or any other suitable method for achieving the desired result.
9 Preferably, the 0/W emulsion is applied by spray methods, for example, using a standard spray apparatus, in which case the droplet size, pressure and volume 11 delivered may be suitably adjusted for a particular application.
12 When used as described herein, the 0/W emulsion of the present 13 invention is effective in controlling a variety of turfgrass pests.
Optimal control is 14 achieved by adjusting the timing of the applicatbn and dosage so as to target the turfgrass pest when it is most vulnerable, such as during egg or crawler stages.
16 Importantly, despite the application of high dosages of the spray oil 17 to turfgrass, the spray oil has little or no perceptible phytotoxic effect.
18 Furthermore, Applicant has observed that the treated turfgrass has a pleasant 19 residual luster and, with the exception of spray oil with a high C40 or greater carbon content, the grass Is not greasy or oily to the touch. As an unexpected 21 benefit, the treated turfgrass appeared to exhibit more vigorous growth than 22 untreated turfgrass or turfgrass treated with chemical pest control agents alone 23 (i.e. no oll applied).
1 The following examples are provided to better illustrate various 2 embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the 3 invention.
5 General Materials and Methods 7 Oils and emulsifiers 8 The following oils and emulsifiers shown in Tables 2 and 3 were 9 used as Indicated in the examples.
11 Table 2. Oils Oil Source Type No. Carbons Ave.
HT100 Petro-Canada * >99% paraffin oil C16 to C40 fraction High Flash Jet Petro-Canada * >99% paraffin oil C12 to C21 C16 fraction LSRD Petro-Canada * >99% paraffin oil C12 to C21 fraction 12 *Calgary, AB, Canada 14 Table 3. Emulsifiers Emulsifier Source Components AL3149 Uniqema* C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylates and glycerol oleate AL3313 Uniqema* Poiyoxyethyene lauryl ether, C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylates, and glycerol oleate 15 New Castle, DE, USA
1 Preparation of concentrates 2 Concentrate formulas as described in the following examples were 3 prepared by adding the emulsifier to the oil at the indicated amounts under mild 4 agitation at room temperature or with mild heating at about 50 C.
6 Concentrate formulations 7 The following concentrate formulations shown in Table 4 were used 8 as indicated in the examples.
Table 4. Concentrate formulations (all values in % w/vi of concentrate) Oil Emulsifier Examples P1 99.5% HT100 0.5% AL3313 3 P2 50% HT100 + 49.5% High Flash Jet 0.5% AL3313 3, 4 P3 95% HT100 5% AL3313 3 P4 99.5% HT100 0.5% AL3149 5 XPO2 99.5% of 50/50 blend of LSRD + HT100 0.5% AL3313 8 PC1 99.25% HT100 0.75% AL3149 7, 8, 9 PC2 99.25% of 50/50 blend of LSFtD + 0.75% AL3313 8 12 Preparation of oil-in-water emulsions 13 Oil-in-water (ONV) emulsions as described in the following 14 examples were prepared by mixing the concentrate with water as indicated using a paddle mixer under low shear conditions for a period of several minutes or until 16 the solution becomes transparent. The 0/W emulsions were typically prepared in 17 advance and stored for later use.
2 Testing for Proper Adhesion of Oil on Turfgrass 4 To determine the impact of the oil to emulsifier ratio on proper adhesion of the oil on turfgrass, an oll-soluble blue dye, Agent 376, was added to 6 0/W emulsions at 0.2% by weight during admixing. The ONV emulsions were 7 prepared from concentrates having various ratios of HT100 to AL3149 (see 8 Tables 2 and 3 for compositions of HT100 and AI3149, respectively), and with an 9 oil content of 10% by weight of the ONV emulsion. Individual blades of Vertical Palm Grass were hung vertically and 100 ml of the dyed-ONV emulsion was 11 applied to a set of 5 blades. The relative staining of turfgrass was determined by 12 visual observation, with a higher degree of staining being indicative of better 13 adhesion. The results, as shown in Table 5, indicate that the ratio of oil to 14 emulsifier needs to be adjusted to achieve optimal adhesion of the oil on the turfgrass.
17 Table 5. Staining of turfgrass ratio of oil:emulsifier Staining 98.8:1.2 Light 99.4:0.6 Dark 99.5:0.5 Darkest 99.94:0.06 Darkest 99.95:0.05 Darkest 2 Control of Oriental Beetle Grubs 4 The effect of different 0/W emulsion formuladons when applied at different dosages to turfgrass were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling 6 oriental beetles In Perennial ryegrass. Oriental beetle grubs were collected in the 7 fall and over-wintered. The following spring, turfgrass grown in small containers 8 was inoculated with the grubs at a density of 5 grubs/pot prior to application of 9 ONV emulsion to the turfgrass. P1, P2 and P3 concentrates (see Table 4) were prepared as 0/W emulsions and applied to the turfgrass using a spray volume 11 equivalent to 88 gal/acre (2 gal/1000 sq ft) to provide the oil dosages shown in 12 Table 6.
14 Table 6. Dosage of emulsions % oil in ONV kg oil/hectare lb oil/acre gal olVacre emulsion Low 6.3 43 39 5.5 Medium 12.3 87 77 10.8 High 49.1 346 309 43.2 16 After 14 days, the grubs were counted to determine their mortality 17 compared to untreated turfgrass. The results as averaged from 7 trials, as shown 18 in Table 7, demonstrate that the spray oil Is useful in controlling Insect pests in 19 turfgrass.
1 Table 7. Control of oriental beetle grubs In perennial ryegrass % increase in mortality P1 low 143 P1 med 86 P1 high 115 P2 low 43 P2 low 157 P2 med 71 P3 high 43 4 Control of Chinch Bugs 6 To determine the efficacy of the invention In controlling Southern 7 chinch bugs (Maus Insular's) under field conditions, a cylinder method for field 8 pesticide screening reported by Crocker and Tubbs (1981, J. Econ. Entomol. 74:
9 730-731) was used. In April, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cylinders were set Into 10 holes dug in plots of St. Augustine grass, with 5 cylinders as replicates in each of 11 5 plots (25 cylinders total). Each cylinder was 6 Inches In diameter (-1.5 sq. ft.) 12 by 6 inches high and driven into the soil so that the rim was about 4 inches above 13 the soil surface. Southem chinch bugs were field collected from Palm Beach 14 County, Florida and 40 chinch bugs (adults and medium to large size nymphs) 15 were put into each of the 25 cylinders. Each cylinder was then covered with fine 16 mesh cloth held in place with rubber bands to allow air, sunlight, and rain into the 17 cylinders.
The next day, the doth tops were removed from some of the cylinders 18 and a 10% 0/W emulsion prepared from P2 concentrate (see Table 4) was 19 applied at a dosage corresponding to 17.4 gal oil/acre to the cylinders using a 1 CO2 backpack sprayer at 40 psi. The cloth tops were thereafter quickly replaced.
2 The other cylinders were used as untreated controls. After 7 days, the 25 3 cylinders were dug up and each cylinder was placed in a separate bucket.
The 4 buckets were slowly flooded with water in a laboratory and live chinch bugs 5 surfacing were counted.
6 The untreated control cylinders had a mortality of 0%, while the 7 treated cylinders had an average mortality of 39%, thereby demonstrating that 8 the spray oil is useful in controlling insect pests in turfgrass.
11 Control of Grey Leaf Spot 13 Gray Leaf Spot is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungus 14 Cersospora zeas-maydis. Initial symptoms of Grey Leaf Spot indude tiny, brown 15 spots or lesions on leaves and stoions, which quickly enlarge and become oval or 16 elongated in shape. Mature lesions have a gray necrotic center with a brown to 17 red boarder within a chlorotic periphery. Severe infection results in a scorched 18 appearance and the turf density becomes reduced.
19 Experiments to determine the effect of the spray oil on Grey Leaf 20 Spot in St. Augustine turfgrass were conducted in Florida from May through to 21 mid-August. A 30% 0/W emulsion was prepared from P4 concentrate (see Table 22 4) and the emulsion was applied biweekly to the turfgrass at a spray volume of 23 1500 gal/acre to provide a dosage of 450 gal oiVacre. An untreated control was 24 used for comparison purposes, as well a number of commercially available 25 chemical fungicides applied biweekly according to the manufacturer's instructions. The grasses were rated for visual indication of disease by a trained 2 evaluator.
3 After about 60 days following treatment, the spray oil was shown to 4 have outperformed many of the comparative chemical treatments, with the spray oil and only one chemical treatment rated as having the little or no indication of 6 disease.
Therefore, the spay oil is useful in controlling fungal infections in turfgrass.
Surprisingly, despite the frequent application of a very high dosage 9 of oil, there were no indications of phytotoxicity. As an unexpected result, the turfgrass treated with the oil formulation exhibited more vigorous growth than 11 untreated grass or grass treated with chemicals. Furthermore, the spray oil 12 treated turfgrass had a pleasant residual luster and was not greasy or oily to the 13 touch.
16 Control of Grey Leaf Spot 18 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the spray oil 19 on Grey Leaf Spot in perennial ryegrass turfgrass. The experiments were conducted in the state of Pennsylvania during the summer. A 10% and 20% 0/W
21 emulsion was prepared from XPO2 concentrate (see Table 4) and the emulsion 22 was applied to the turfgrass biweekly at a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. An 23 untreated control was used for comparison purposes, as well a commercially 24 available chemical fungicide, Heritage LT, diluted at 0.8 ft oz In 2 gal water. The turfgrass was rated for visual indication of disease based on a scale of 1 to 5, 1 with 5 showing the most indication of disease. The results, as shown in Table 8, 2 demonstrate the spray oil is useful in treating fungal Infections in turfgrass.
4 Table 8. Control of Grey Leaf Spot In perennial ryegrass Disease Rating Untreated 5.0 Heritage LT 0.3 XP02, 10% ONV emulsion = 2.3 XP02, 20% ONV emulsion 1.7 7 Control of Sod Web Worm 9 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the spray oil on sod webworm In St. Augustine turfgrass. The experiment was conducted 11 during the fall in Florida using a 20% 0/W emulsion prepared from PC1 12 concentrate (see Table 4). A commercially available broad spectrum insecllcide, 13 Taistar One 0.79 SC (Bifenthrin, made by FMC), as well as an untreated control 14 were also evaluated for comparison purposes. The spray oil 0/W emulsion and Talstar were applied at a spray volume of 196 gal/acre (4 gal/1000 sq.ft.) and 16 gal/acre (2 gaV1000 sq.ft.), respectively, then grass blades were excised and 17 placed in a Petri dishes. Five webworrn larvae were deposited on the blades In 18 each dish and mortality was determined after a 4 days. Six different sets of 19 experiments were conducted. The averaged results, as shown in Table 9, demonstrate the spray oil is useful as a prophylactic treatment in controlling pests 21 in turfgrass.
2 Table 9. Control of sod webworm in St. Augustine turfgrass Dosage of active ingredient Mortality %
Untreated none 26.7 PC1 34.8 gal oil/acre 96.7 Taistar 29.1 oz/acre 100 5 Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil 7 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the spray oil 8 on Annual bluegrass weevil in a turfgrass mixture of 35% annual bluegrass and 9 65% bentgrass mowed to 0.5" height. The experiment was carried out in the 10 state of New Jersey in the spring at the Upper Montclair Country Club in the City 11 of Clifton using a 12.5% 0/W emulsion of PC1 and PC2 concentrates (see Table 12 4). Talstar (see Example 7), as well as an untreated control were also evaluated 13 for comparison purposes. Product was applied to 6 ft2 plots at a spray volume of 14 88 gaVacre (2 ga1/1000 sq. ft.) on April 19, May 10, and May 24, with 4 replicate 15 plots for each treatment group. Performance was assessed 14 days after final 16 application by counting the number of annual bluegrass weevil stages in 8 turf 17 sod cores compared to untreated samples. Phytotoxicity was also assessed 18 within 1 week of application and in all cases no perceptible phytotoxicity was 19 observed. The results, as shown in Table 10, demonstrate the spray oil is 20 effective in controlling insect pests in turfgrass.
1 Table 10. Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil in bluegrass-bentgrass Dosage of active ingredient % Reduction Talstar 0.1 lb Talstar/acre 99 PC2 11 gal oil/acre 62 PC1 11 gal oil/acre 71 PC2 + Talstar 11 gal oil/acre + 0.05 lb Talstar/acre 97 4 Control of Dollar Spot 6 Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of spray oil on 7 Dollar Spot Disease (caused by the fungus, Sderodnia homoeocatpa) in 8 bentgrass. The experiment was conducted during the summer and fall in Ontario 9 using a 10% emulsions of PC1 (see Table 4). A commercially available fungicide, Daconil 2787 (40% chlorothalonil, made by Syngenta), as well as an 11 untreated control, were also evaluated for comparison purposes. The 12 experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with 13 replications, with each plot measuring 1 m x 2 m. Treatments were first applied 14 on August 5, and on August 6 the turf was inoculated with Sderotinia homoeocarpa. Treatments were reapplied every two weeks after initial treatment 16 until September 30 using a wheel-mounted compressed air boom sprayer using 17 Lumark 03-F110 nozzles at 140 kPa in water, with a spray volume of 10 litre/100 18 m2 (106 gal/acre) and 11 litre/100 m2 (116 gal/acre) for PC1 and Daconil, 19 respectively.
Dollar Spot Disease was evaluated weekly for five weeks after initial 21 treatment by estimating number of infection centres per plot as compared with 1 the control. Phytotoxicity was also evaluated, as indicated by yellowing of the 2 grass. The results, as shown in Table 11, demonstrate that the spray oil is 3 effective in controlling fungal pests in turfgrass.
Table 11. Control of dollar spot in bentgrass Dosage of active % Reduction % Reduction ingredient Sept. 23 Oct. 7 PC1 10.6 gal/acre 97 95 Daconil 2787 2.02 gal/acre 37 63 7 Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been 8 described in some detail herein above, those skilled in the art will recognize that 9 various substitutions and modifications of the invention may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims as defined 11 herein.
Claims (121)
1. Use of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a weight ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier for preparing a quick break oil-in-water emulsion effective for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
2. The use of claim 1 wherein the composition consists of the paraffinic oil and the quick break emulsifier.
3. The use of claim 1 wherein the composition further comprises a compatible additive or adjuvant.
4. The use of claim 3 wherein the compatible additive or adjuvant comprises a surfactant, a dispersant, a wetter, a thickener, an organic solvent, a co-solvent, an antifoaming agent, a carboxylic acid, a preservative, a stabilizer, or a combination thereof.
5. The use of any one of claims 1, 3 and 4 wherein the composition further comprises a pesticide, a herbicide, or a combination thereof.
6. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 98.5:1.5 to about 99.9:0.1.
7. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.2:0.8 to about 99.5:0.5.
8. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 98.8:1.2.
9. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.4:0.6.
10. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.5:0.5.
11. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.94:0.06.
12. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.95:0.05.
13. The use of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.25:0.75.
14. The use of any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 12 to 50.
15. The use of claim 14 wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 16 to 35.
16. The use of any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having an average number of carbon atoms of 23.
17. The use of any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 80%.
18. The use of any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 90%.
19. The use of any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 99%.
20. The use of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
21. The use of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
22. The use of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate, a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
23. The use of any one of claims 1 to 19 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises an alcohol ethoxylate and glycerol oleate.
24. The use of any one of claims 1 to 23 wherein the turfgrass comprises Fescues, Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky Bluegrass, Zoysia Native Grasses, Buffalo Grass, Blue Grama, Wheatgrasses, Seashore Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, Beach Grass, or a combination thereof.
25. The use of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.2:0.8;
the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 16 to 35 and having an average number of carbon atoms of 23, the paraffinic oil having a paraffin content of at least about 99%; and the quick break emulsifier comprises a combination of a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate.
the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 16 to 35 and having an average number of carbon atoms of 23, the paraffinic oil having a paraffin content of at least about 99%; and the quick break emulsifier comprises a combination of a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate.
26. The use of any one of claims 1 to 25 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is substantially stable for storage for up to about two hours.
27. The use of any one of claims 1 to 26 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion effective for enhancing the growth of turfgrass is substantially non-phytotoxic to turfgrass.
28. The use of any one of claims 1 to 27 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises water having a low mineral electrolyte content.
29. The use of any one of claims 1 to 27 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises distilled water.
30. The use of any one of claims 1 to 29 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises a paraffinic oil content ranging from about 1 wt%
to about 50 wt%.
to about 50 wt%.
31. The use of claim 30 wherein the paraffinic oil content ranges from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%.
32. The use of any one of claims 1 to 31 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is for application to turfgrass to provide a dosage of the paraffinic oil per acre of turfgrass ranging from about 0.5 gallon of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 450 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
33. The use of claim 32 wherein the dosage ranges from about 0.5 gallon of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 60 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
34. The use of claim 33 wherein the dosage ranges from about 10 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 20 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
35. The use of claim 33 wherein the dosage ranges from about 2 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 11 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
36. The use of claim 35 wherein the dosage ranges from about 2 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 6 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
37. The use of claim 36 wherein the dosage is about 5.5 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
38. Use of a quick break oil-in-water emulsion of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a weight ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
39. The use of claim 38 wherein the composition consists of the paraffinic oil and the quick break emulsifier.
40. The use of claim 38 wherein the composition further comprises a compatible additive or adjuvant.
41. The use of claim 40 wherein the compatible additive or adjuvant comprises a surfactant, a dispersant, a wetter, a thickener, an organic solvent, a co-solvent, an antifoaming agent, a carboxylic acid, a preservative, a stabilizer, or a combination thereof.
42. The use of any one of claims 38, 40 and 41 wherein the composition further comprises a pesticide, a herbicide, or a combination thereof.
43. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 98.5:1.5 to about 99.9:0.1.
44. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.2:0.8 to about 99.5:0.5.
45. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 98.8:1.2.
46. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.4:0.6.
47. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.5:0.5.
48. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.94:0.06.
49. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.95:0.05.
50. The use of any one of claims 38 to 42 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.25:0.75.
51. The use of any one of claims 38 to 50 wherein the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 12 to 50.
52. The use of claim 51 wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from 16 to 35.
53. The use of any one of claims 38 to 52 wherein the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having an average number of carbon atoms of 23.
54. The use of any one of claims 38 to 53 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 80%.
55. The use of any one of claims 38 to 53 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 90%.
56. The use of any one of claims 38 to 53 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 99%.
57. The use of any one of claims 38 to 56 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
58. The use of any one of claims 38 to 56 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
59. The use of any one of claims 38 to 56 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate, a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
60. The use of any one of claims 38 to 56 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises an alcohol ethoxylate and glycerol oleate.
61. The use of any one of claims 38 to 60 wherein the turfgrass comprises Fescues, Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky Bluegrass, Zoysia Native Grasses, Buffalo Grass, Blue Grama, Wheatgrasses, Seashore Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, Beach Grass, or a combination thereof.
62. The use of claim 38 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.2:0.8;
the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 16 to 35 and having an average number of carbon atoms of 23, the paraffinic oil having a paraffin content of at least about 99%; and the quick break emulsifier comprises a combination of a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate.
the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 16 to 35 and having an average number of carbon atoms of 23, the paraffinic oil having a paraffin content of at least about 99%; and the quick break emulsifier comprises a combination of a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate.
63. The use of any one of claims 38 to 62 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is substantially stable for storage for up to about two hours.
64. The use of any one of claims 38 to 63 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is substantially non-phytotoxic to turfgrass.
65. The use of any one of claims 38 to 64 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises water having a low mineral electrolyte content.
66. The use of any one of claims 38 to 64 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises distilled water.
67. The use of any one of claims 38 to 66 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises a paraffinic oil content ranging from about 1 wt%
to about 50 wt%.
to about 50 wt%.
68. The use of claim 67 wherein the paraffinic oil content ranges from about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%.
69. The use of any one of claims 38 to 68 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is for application to turfgrass to provide a dosage of the paraffinic oil per acre of turfgrass ranging from about 0.5 gallon of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 450 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
70. The use of claim 69 wherein the dosage ranges from about 0.5 gallon of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 60 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
71. The use of claim 70 wherein the dosage ranges from about 10 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 20 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
72. The use of claim 70 wherein the dosage ranges from about 2 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 11 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
73. The use of claim 72 wherein the dosage ranges from about 2 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 6 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
74. The use of claim 73 wherein the dosage is about 5.5 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
75. A method for enhancing the growth of turfgrass, the method comprising applying to turfgrass a quick break oil-in-water emulsion of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier, the quick break oil-in-water emulsion effective for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
76. The method of claim 75 wherein the composition consists of the paraffinic oil and the quick break emulsifier.
77. The method of claim 75 wherein the composition further comprises a compatible additive or adjuvant.
78. The method of claim 77 wherein the compatible additive or adjuvant comprises a surfactant, a dispersant, a wetter, a thickener, an organic solvent, a co-solvent, an antifoaming agent, a carboxylic acid, a preservative, a stabilizer, or a combination thereof.
79. The method of any one of claims 75, 77 and 78 wherein the composition further comprises a pesticide, a herbicide, or a combination thereof.
80. The method of any one of claims 75 to 79, further comprising preparing the quick break oil-in-water emulsion.
81. The method of claim 80 wherein preparing the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises mixing, agitating, or stirring the paraffinic oil and the quick break emulsifier with water.
82. The method of claim 81 wherein mixing, agitating or stirring is performed under low shear conditions.
83. The method of claim 81 or 82 wherein mixing, agitating, or stirring is performed for a sufficient amount of time to achieve a substantially translucent quick break oil-in-water emulsion.
84. The method of any one of claims 75 and 77 to 79, further comprising preparing the quick break oil-in-water emulsion wherein preparing the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises premixing the quick break emulsifier with water prior to admixing with the paraffinic oil.
85. The method of any one of claims 80 to 84 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is prepared no more than about two hours prior to applying the quick break oil-in-water emulsion to turfgrass.
86. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 98.5:1.5 to about 99.9:0.1.
87. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.2:0.8 to about 99.5:0.5.
88. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 98.8:1.2.
89. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.4:0.6.
90. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.5:0.5.
91. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.94:0.06.
92. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.95:0.05.
93. The method of any one of claims 75 to 85 wherein the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.25:0.75.
94. The method of any one of claims 75 to 93 wherein the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 12 to 50.
95. The method of claim 94 wherein the number of carbon atoms ranges from to 35.
96. The method of any one of claims 75 to 95 wherein the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having an average number of carbon atoms of 23.
97. The method of any one of claims 75 to 96 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 80%.
98. The method of any one of claims 75 to 96 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 90%.
99. The method of any one of claims 75 to 96 wherein the paraffinic oil has a paraffin content of at least about 99%.
100. The method of any one of claims 75 to 99 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises an alkyl phenol ethoxylate, a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
101. The method of any one of claims 75 to 99 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises a nonylphenolethoxylate, a dodecylphenolethoxylate, a mixture of an ethoxylated alcohol and a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
102. The method of any one of claims 75 to 99 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate, a glycerol oleate, or a combination thereof.
103. The method of any one of claims 75 to 99 wherein the quick break emulsifier comprises an alcohol ethoxylate and glycerol oleate.
104. The method of any one of claims 75 to 103 wherein the turfgrass comprises Fescues, Rye, Bent, Bahia, St. Augustine, Centipede, Kentucky Bluegrass, Zoysia Native Grasses, Buffalo Grass, Blue Grama, Wheatgrasses, Seashore Paspalum, Carpet Grass, Buffo, Beach Grass, or a combination thereof.
105. The method of claim 75 wherein a. the weight ratio of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier is about 99.2:0.8;
b. the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 16 to 35 and having an average number of carbon atoms of 23, the paraffinic oil having a paraffin content of at least about 99%; and c. the quick break emulsifier comprises a combination of a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate.
b. the paraffinic oil comprises paraffin having a number of carbon atoms ranging from 16 to 35 and having an average number of carbon atoms of 23, the paraffinic oil having a paraffin content of at least about 99%; and c. the quick break emulsifier comprises a combination of a polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, a C10 to C16 alcohol ethoxylate and a glycerol oleate.
106. The method of any one of claims 75 to 105 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is substantially stable for storage for up to about two hours.
107. The method of any one of claims 75 to 106 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is substantially non-phytotoxic to turfgrass.
108. The method of any one of claims 75 to 107 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises a paraffinic oil content ranging from about 1 wt% to about 50 wt%.
109. The method of claim 108 wherein the paraffinic oil content ranges from about wt% to about 30 wt%.
110. The method of any one of claims 75 to 109 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises water having a low mineral electrolyte content.
111. The method of any one of claims 75 to 109 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion comprises distilled water.
112. The method of any one of claims 75 to 111 wherein the quick break oil-in-water emulsion is applied to turfgrass to provide a dosage of the paraffinic oil per acre of turfgrass ranging from about 0.5 gallon of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 450 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
113. The method of claim 112 wherein the dosage ranges from about 0.5 gallon of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 60 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
114. The method of claim 112 wherein the dosage ranges from about 10 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 20 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
115. The method of claim 112 wherein the dosage ranges from about 2 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 11 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
116. The method of claim 112 wherein the dosage ranges from about 2 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre to about 6 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
117. The method of claim 112 wherein the dosage is about 5.5 gallons of the paraffinic oil per acre.
118. A commercial package for use in enhancing the growth of turfgrass, the commercial package comprising:
a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a weight ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier for preparing a quick break oil-in-water emulsion effective for enhancing the growth of turfgrass;
and instructions for use of the quick break oil-in-water emulsion for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a weight ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier for preparing a quick break oil-in-water emulsion effective for enhancing the growth of turfgrass;
and instructions for use of the quick break oil-in-water emulsion for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
119. The commercial package of claim 118 wherein the paraffinic oil and the quick break emulsifier are provided as a mixture.
120. The commercial package of claim 118 wherein the paraffinic oil and the quick break emulsifier are provided individually.
121. A commercial package for use in enhancing the growth of turfgrass, the commercial package comprising:
a quick break oil-in-water emulsion of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a weight ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier for enhancing the growth of turfgrass; and instructions for use of the quick break oil-in-water emulsion for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
a quick break oil-in-water emulsion of a composition comprising a paraffinic oil and a quick break emulsifier in a weight ratio from about 95:5 to about 99.95:0.05 of the paraffinic oil to the quick break emulsifier for enhancing the growth of turfgrass; and instructions for use of the quick break oil-in-water emulsion for enhancing the growth of turfgrass.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2836045A CA2836045C (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2005-05-16 | Spray oil and method of use thereof for controlling turfgrass pests |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US57254404P | 2004-05-18 | 2004-05-18 | |
| US60/572,544 | 2004-05-18 | ||
| CA002472806A CA2472806A1 (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2004-06-30 | Compositions and methods for treating turf insect pests and diseases such as fungal infestations |
| CA2,472,806 | 2004-06-30 | ||
| CA2507482A CA2507482C (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2005-05-16 | Spray oil and method of use thereof for controlling turfgrass pests |
| CA2836045A CA2836045C (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2005-05-16 | Spray oil and method of use thereof for controlling turfgrass pests |
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| CA2507482A Division CA2507482C (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2005-05-16 | Spray oil and method of use thereof for controlling turfgrass pests |
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