CA2834751A1

CA2834751A1 - Aircraft structure for high capacity pull off

Info

Publication number: CA2834751A1
Application number: CA2834751A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Malmurugan KAMARAJ; Donald Paul MATHESON
Original assignee: Boeing Co
Current assignee: Boeing Co
Priority date: 2011-05-19
Filing date: 2012-04-19
Publication date: 2012-11-22
Anticipated expiration: 2032-04-19
Also published as: EP2709830A1; AU2016265995B2; ES2744478T3; AU2012256303A1; CN103547438B; KR20140028005A; AU2012256303B2; AU2016265995A1; EP2709830B1; KR20140027316A; RU2016138852A3; US8943697B2; JP2014519997A; AU2016266006A1; RU2016138852A; EP2709829A1; JP6095649B2; RU2013156335A; EP3363622A3; CA2955325C

Abstract

A method and product comprising a composite elongate member (402), a channel (428), and a number of composite structures (431). The composite elongate member (402) has a side configured for attachment to a structure. The channel (428) is on the side of the composite elongate member (402) and extends along a length of the composite elongate member (402). The number of composite structures (431) is configured for placement in the channel (428) and to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member (402) to the structure (404). The number of composite structures (431) is configured to increase a capacity of the composite elongate member (402) to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member (402) away from the structure (404).

Description

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE FOR HIGH CAPACITY PULL OFF
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1. Field:
The present disclosure relates generally to aircraft and, in particular, to aircraft structures.
Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to stringers and other structural designs for an aircraft.

2. Background:
Aircraft are being designed and manufactured with greater and greater percentages of composite materials. Some aircraft may have more than 50 percent of their primary structures made from composite materials. Composite materials may be used in aircraft to decrease the weight of the aircraft. This decreased weight may improve payload capacities and fuel efficiencies.
Further, composite materials may provide longer service life for various components in an aircraft.
Composite materials may be tough, light-weight materials created by combining two or more dissimilar components. For example, a composite material may include fibers and resins. The fibers and resins may be combined to form a cured composite material.
Further, by using composite materials, portions of an aircraft may be created in larger pieces or sections. For example, a fuselage in an aircraft may be created in cylindrical sections that may be put together to form the fuselage of the aircraft. Other examples may include, without limitation, wing sections joined to form a wing or stabilizer sections joined to form a stabilizer.
A stringer is an example of a component that may be manufactured from composite materials. A stringer is an elongate member and is configured for attachment to another structure, such as a panel. For example, a stringer may be attached to a skin panel for an aircraft. This skin panel may be used in a wing, fuselage, or other component in the aircraft. The stringer also may help carry and/or transfer loads. For example, a stringer may transfer a load from a skin panel to another structure. This other structure may be, for example, a frame or a rib.Designing stringers with a desired weight and performance characteristics may be challenging. For example, a stringer with desired performance characteristics may be more complex or weigh more than desired. With increased complexity, time and cost for manufacturing a stringer also may increase.
If the stringer has a desired weight, performance characteristics may be such that additional stringers may be required where a single stringer is desired.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method and apparatus that takes into account at least some of the issues discussed above, as well as possibly other issues.
SUMMARY
In one advantageous embodiment, an apparatus comprises a composite elongate member, a channel, and a number of composite structures. The composite elongate member has a side configured for attachment to a structure. The channel is on the side and extends along a length of the composite elongate member. The number of composite structures is configured for placement in the channel and to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure. The number of composite structures is configured to increase a capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure.
In another advantageous embodiment, a structural system for an aircraft comprises a composite member and a filler structure. The composite member has a base section and a vertical section in which the vertical section extends away from the base section in a direction substantially perpendicular to the base section to form a T-shape. The vertical section meets the base section at a first location of the vertical section and a second location of the vertical section in which the first location has a first curved shape and the second location has a second curved shape. A channel is formed between the first location and the second location and extends along a length of the composite member. The composite member has a first Young's modulus. The filler structure comprises segments configured to conform to a shape of the channel. The segments have a second Young's modulus that is within a desired range from the first Young's modulus.
In yet another advantageous embodiment, a method for increasing a pull-off capacity for a composite elongate member is provided. An aircraft is operated. Responsive to operation of the aircraft, forces configured to pull the composite elongate member away from a structure attached to a side of the composite elongate member are generated. A channel extends along a length of the composite elongate member on the side of the composite ember attached to the structure. A capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure is increased using a number of composite structures in the channel. The number of composite structures is configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure.
The features, functions, and advantages can be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments in which further details can be seen with reference to the following description and drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The novel features believed characteristic of the advantageous embodiments are set forth in the appended claims. The advantageous embodiments, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives, and advantages thereof will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an advantageous embodiment of the present disclosure when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is an illustration of an aircraft manufacturing and service method in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 2 is an illustration of an aircraft in which an advantageous embodiment may be implemented;
Figure 3 is an illustration of a structural system in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 4 is an illustration of a perspective view of a structural system in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 5 is an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a structural system in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 6 is an illustration of a noodle in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 7 is an illustration of a table of values for characteristics for composite layers in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 8 is an illustration of a table of values of characteristics for composite layers in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 9 is an illustration of a structural system in a wing in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;

3 Figure 10 is an illustration of a structural system in a wing in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figures 11-14 are illustrations of a structural system during the different stages for forming the structural system in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figures 15-17 are illustrations of panels from which composite structures for noodles are formed in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 18 is an illustration of a flowchart of a process for increasing a pull-off capacity for a composite elongate member in accordance with an advantageous embodiment;
Figure 19 is an illustration of a flowchart of a process for forming a structural system in accordance with an advantageous embodiment; and Figure 20 is an illustration of a flowchart of a process for forming a filler structure in accordance with an advantageous embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring more particularly to the drawings, embodiments of the disclosure may be described in the context of aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 as shown in Figure 1 and aircraft 200 as shown in Figure 2. Turning first to Figure 1, an illustration of an aircraft manufacturing and service method is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment.
During pre-production, aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 may include specification and design 102 of aircraft 200 in Figure 2 and material procurement 104.
During production, component and subassembly manufacturing 106 and system integration 108 of aircraft 200 takes place. Thereafter, aircraft 200 may go through certification and delivery 110 in order to be placed in service 112. While in service 112 by a customer, aircraft 200 is scheduled for routine maintenance and service 114, which may include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, and other maintenance or service.
Each of the processes of aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/or an operator. In these examples, the operator may be a customer. For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may include, without limitation, any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include, without limitation, any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, a leasing company, a military entity, a service organization, and so on.

4 With reference now to Figure 2, an illustration of an aircraft is depicted in which an advantageous embodiment may be implemented. In this example, aircraft 200 is produced by aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 in Figure 1 and may include airframe 202 with plurality of systems 204 and interior 206. Examples of systems 204 include one or more of propulsion system 208, electrical system 210, hydraulic system 212, and environmental system 214. Any number of other systems may be included. Although an aerospace example is shown, different advantageous embodiments may be applied to other industries, such as the automotive industry.
Apparatuses and methods embodied herein may be employed during at least one of the stages of aircraft manufacturing and service method 100.As used herein, the phrase "at least one of", when used with a list of items, means that different combinations of one or more of the listed items may be used and only one of each item in the list may be needed. For example, "at least one of item A, item B, and item C" may include, for example, without limitation, item A, or item A and item B. This example also may include item A, item B, and item C, or item B and item C.
In one illustrative example, components or subassemblies produced in component and subassembly manufacturing 106 in Figure 1 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassemblies produced while aircraft 200 is in service 112 in Figure 1. As yet another example, a number of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized during production stages, such as component and subassembly manufacturing 106 and system integration 108 in Figure 1. A
number, when referring to items, means one or more items. For example, a number of apparatus embodiments is one or more apparatus embodiments. A number of apparatus embodiments, method embodiments, or a combination thereof may be utilized while aircraft 200 is in service 112 and/or during maintenance and service 114 in Figure 1. The use of a number of the different advantageous embodiments may substantially expedite the assembly of and/or reduce the cost of aircraft 200.
The different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account a number of different considerations. For example, the different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account that the current design of stringers employs the use of composite materials referred to as noodles. A noodle is a composite material that may be placed in an area or channel extending along a length of the stringer or other type of elongate member.
The different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account that currently, these noodles are designed to ease in manufacturing stringers. The different advantageous

5 embodiments recognize and take into account that different characteristics or parameters about the noodle may not match characteristics or parameters in the rest of the stringer with this type of goal in mind.
The different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account that this type of design of the noodle in the stringer may reduce desired performance characteristics, such as the amount of force needed to pull the stringer away from a skin panel.
Therefore, the different advantageous embodiments provide a method and apparatus for a stringer that has a greater ability to withstand forces that may pull the stringer away from another structure to which the stringer is attached. The different advantageous embodiments recognize and take into account that an advantageous embodiment may be applied to any type of elongate member having a base in which a noodle is present.
In one advantageous embodiment, an apparatus comprises a composite elongate member, a channel, and a number of composite structures. The composite elongate member has a side configured for attachment to a structure. The channel is on the side of the composite elongate member and extends along a length of the composite elongate member. The number of composite structures is configured for placement in the channel and to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure. The number of composite structures is configured to increase a capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure.
With reference now to Figure 3, an illustration of a structural system is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In these illustrative examples, structural system 300 is depicted in block form. Structural system 300 is located in aircraft 301 in these illustrative examples. As depicted, structural system 300 comprises composite elongate member 302, number of composite structures 304, and structure 306.
In these depicted examples, composite elongate member 302 is formed from layers 312 of composite material 314. For example, layers 312 of composite material 314 are laid up and shaped into shape 316 for composite elongate member 302. Shape 316 may be T-shape 317 in these illustrative examples.
As depicted, T-shape 317 for composite elongate member 302 is formed by first section 320 and second section 322 of composite elongate member 302. In these illustrative examples, first section 320 may be referred to as a base section, and second section 322 may be referred to as a vertical section. First section 320 and second section 322 may be part of the same structure

6 in these examples. Of course, in other illustrative examples, first section 320 and second section 322 may be formed from different structures.
Second section 322 is positioned substantially perpendicular to first section 320 to form T-shape 317 for composite elongate member 302. In particular, second section 322 is the portion of composite elongate member 302 that extends away from first section 320 in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to first section 320.
In these illustrative examples, first section 320 is substantially planar.
Further, first section 320 is a discontinuous section. In particular, first section 320 may be discontinuous where second section 322 meets first section 320.
Second section 322 meets first section 320 at first location 321 and second location 323 of second section 322. First location 321 of second section 322 has first curved shape 324 with first radius 326. Second location 323 of second section 322 has second curved shape 328 with second radius 330.
First radius 326 is a radius for a circle that substantially fits first curved shape 324.
Second radius 330 is a radius for a circle that substantially fits second curved shape 328. In these illustrative examples, first radius 326 may be substantially equal to second radius 330.
First section 320 and second section 322 are positioned relative to each other to form channel 332.
In particular, channel 332 is formed between first location 321 and second location 323 of second section 322. First radius 326 of first curved shape 324 for first location 321 and second radius 330 of second curved shape 328 for second location 323 determine shape 333 of channel 332.
In these illustrative examples, channel 332 is formed at first side 334 of composite elongate member 302. Channel 332 extends along a length of composite elongate member 302 in these examples. Composite elongate member 302 also has second side 331 opposite to first side 334.
First side 334 may be, for example, a base side for both first section 320 and second section 322. First side 334 is configured for attachment to structure 306.
Structure 306 may be, for example, without limitation, a skin panel, a rib, a spar, a base charge, a base plate, and/or some other suitable type of structure.
In one illustrative example, first side 334 of first section 320 of composite elongate member 302 is substantially planar. Structure 306 may be attached to first side 334 of first section 320 such that surface 337 of structure 306 directly contacts first side 334 of first section 320 in this illustrative example.

7 In these illustrative examples, a first component, such as structure 306, may be attached to a second component, such as composite elongate member 302, in a number of different ways.
For example, a first component may be attached to a second component by bonding, curing, fastening, gluing, connecting, and/or attaching, in some other suitable manner the two components to each other.
First side 334 of second section 322 at first location 321 and second location 323 forms first wall 338 and second wall 340 of channel 332. In this manner, first side 334 of second section 322 at first location 321 and second location 323 may not directly contact surface 337 of structure 306 when structure 306 is attached to composite elongate member 302. Further, when attached to composite elongate member 302, surface 337 of structure 306 forms third wall 341.
Number of composite structures 304 may be placed into channel 332. Number of composite structures 304 may be comprised of layers 346 of composite material 348. As depicted, number of composite structures 304 has shape 350 that substantially conforms to shape 333 of channel 332. Number of composite structures 304 forms filler structure 336 for channel 332. Filler structure 336 may be referred to as a noodle in these illustrative examples. Each of number of composite structures 304 is a segment of filler structure 336.
For example, number of composite structures 304 may comprise a base segment, a top segment, and a set of intermediate segments located between the base segment and the top segment. As used herein, a "set of items" means zero or more items. For example, a set of intermediate segments may be an empty set or null set.
In these illustrative examples, number of composite structures 304 has first number of characteristics 352 that substantially match second number of characteristics 354 for composite elongate member 302. First number of characteristics 352 and second number of characteristics 354 may comprise, for example, without limitation, at least one of a coefficient of thermal expansion, a Young's modulus, and other suitable characteristics.
As one illustrative example, layers 346 for number of composite structures 304 may have configuration 351. Configuration 351 for layers 346 is selected such that first number of characteristics 352 for number of composite structures 304 substantially matches second number of characteristics 354 for composite elongate member 302. For example, with configuration 351, a value for a Young's modulus for number of composite structures 304 may be within a desired range from a value for a Young's module for composite elongate member 302.
Further, layers 346 for number of composite structures 304 may have first arrangement 353 that is substantially equal to second arrangement 355 for layers 312 for composite elongate

8 member 302. First arrangement 353 for layers 346 of number of composite structures 304 is an arrangement of layers 346 relative to axis 357 through composite elongate member 302. In particular, first arrangement 353 for layers 346 is an arrangement of fibers in layers 346 relative to axis 357 through composite elongate member 302.
As one illustrative example, first arrangement 353 may comprise about 50 percent of layers 346 arranged about zero degrees relative to axis 357, about 40 percent of layers 346 arranged about 45 degrees relative to axis 357, and about 10 percent of layers 346 arranged about 90 degrees relative to axis 357. In this illustrative example, second arrangement 355 for layers 312 of composite elongate member 302 may have substantially the same percentages of layers 312 arranged substantially the same as first arrangement 353.
Number of composite structures 304 is configured to attach structure 306 to composite elongate member 302. More specifically, number of composite structures 304 attaches a portion of surface 337 of structure 306 to the portions of first side 334 at first location 321 and second location 323 of second section 322 for composite elongate member 302.
When first number of characteristics 352 and second number of characteristics substantially match, capacity 356 of composite elongate member 302 to withstand forces 358 increases. Forces 358 are generated when pressure is applied to composite elongate member 302 and structure 306. For example, pressure may be applied to composite elongate member 302 and structure 306 when aircraft 301 is being operated.
As one illustrative example, pressurization in a cabin of aircraft 301 may cause pressure to be applied to composite elongate member 302 and structure 306 when composite elongate member 302 and structure 306 are part of a fuselage of aircraft 301. As another illustrative example, pressure may be applied to composite elongate member 302 and structure 306 in response to the movement of fuel in a fuel taffl( in a wing of aircraft 301 when composite elongate member 302 and structure 306 are part of the wing of aircraft 301.
The pressure applied to composite elongate member 302 and structure 306 may be in a direction substantially perpendicular to surface 337 of structure 306 in these illustrative examples. This pressure generates forces 358. Forces 358 may include any forces that pull composite elongate member 302 away from structure 306 when structure 306 is attached to composite elongate member 302 at first side 334. In other words, forces 358 include any forces that create a tensile load where composite elongate member 302 is attached to structure 306.

9 Forces 358 may be substantially perpendicular to surface 337 of structure 306 in these illustrative examples. Further, forces 358 may be substantially perpendicular to first side 334 of first section 320 of composite elongate member 302.
The illustration of structural system 300 in Figure 3 is not meant to imply physical or architectural limitations to the manner in which an advantageous embodiment may be implemented. Other components in addition to and/or in place of the ones illustrated may be used. Some components may be unnecessary. Also, the blocks are presented to illustrate some functional components. One or more of these blocks may be combined and/or divided into different blocks when implemented in an advantageous embodiment.
For example, in some illustrative examples, more than one structure may be attached to composite elongate member 302 at first side 334. As one illustrative example, second structure 360 may be attached to structure 306. For example, when structure 306 takes the form of a base charge, second structure 360 may be a skin panel that is attached to the base charge. In some illustrative examples, the base charge may have the same arrangement as second arrangement 355 for composite elongate member 302.
As another illustrative example, third structure 362 may be attached to second side 331 of second section 322 of composite elongate member 302. Third structure 362 may be, for example, a rib, a spar, or some other suitable type of structure.
In still other illustrative examples, structural system 300 may include one or more composite members in addition to or in place of composite elongate member 302 attached to structure 306. For example, a plurality of stringers may be attached to structure 306 in the form of a skin panel to form structural system 300.
In some cases, structural system 300 may be located in a platform other than aircraft 301.
For example, structural system 300 may be located in a platform selected from at least one of a mobile platform, a stationary platform, a land-based structure, an aquatic-based structure, a space-based structure, an aircraft, a surface ship, a tank, a personnel carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a manufacturing facility, and a building.
With reference now to Figure 4, an illustration of a perspective view of a structural system is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, structural system 400 is an example of one implementation for structural system 300 in Figure 3.
The different components shown in this figure and in Figures 5, 6, and 9-17 may be combined with components in Figure 3, used with components in Figure 3, or a combination of the two.

Additionally, some of the components in this figure may be illustrative examples of how components shown in block form in Figure 3 may be implemented as physical structures.
As depicted, structural system 400 includes stringer 402, base charge 404, skin 407, and noodle 406. Stringer 402 is an example of one implementation for composite elongate member 302 in Figure 3. Base charge 404 is an example of one implementation for structure 306 in Figure 3, and noodle 406 is an example of one implementation for filler structure 336 in Figure 3.
In this illustrative example, stringer 402 is a blade stringer. Stringer 402 has first side 403 and second side 405. Further, stringer 402 has first section 408 and second section 410.
First section 408 and second section 410 are part of the same structure in this example. As depicted, first section 408 is a discontinuous section.
Second section 410 is positioned relative to first section 408 such that second section 410 extends away from first section 408 in the direction of arrow 411. Arrow 411 has a direction that is substantially perpendicular to first section 408.
In this depicted example, second section 410 meets first portion 412 of first section 408 at first location 414 of second section 410 and second portion 416 of first section 408 at second location 418 of second section 410. First location 414 has first curved shape 422. Second location 418 has second curved shape 424.
In this illustrative example, base charge 404 is attached to first side 403 of stringer 402.
In particular, first surface 426 of base charge 404 contacts first side 403 of first section 408.
Skin 407 is attached to second surface 427 of base charge 404. As depicted, first surface 426 does not come into contact with first side 403 of second section 410.
Channel 428 is formed at first side 403 of stringer 402 between first location 414 and second location 418 of second section 410. First side 403 at first location 414 forms first wall 415 for channel 428, and first side 403 at second location 418 forms second wall 417 for channel 428. Further, first surface 426 of base charge 404 forms third wall 419 for channel 428. In this manner, channel 428 has shape 430 that is conical in this illustrative example.
Noodle 406 is located in channel 428. Noodle 406 comprises number of composite structures 431. Number of composite structures 431 is an example of one implementation for number of composite structures 304 in Figure 3. Number of composite structures 431 is comprised of composite layers 432. Composite layers 432 are layers of composite material.
The configuration of composite layers 432 is selected such that shape 433 of noodle 406 substantially conforms to shape 430 of channel 428. Further, with noodle 406, a capacity for stringer 402 to withstand forces that pull stringer 402 away from base charge 404 and/or skin 407 is increased as compared to when noodle 406 is absent or when a different type of noodle is present. These forces are in the direction of arrow 411.
As depicted, composite layers 432 for noodle 406 may be laid up substantially perpendicular to first side 403 and first surface 426 of base charge 404.
Further, each of composite layers 432 may be arranged having a particular angle with respect to axis 438 through stringer 402.
With reference now to Figure 5, an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a structural system is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, a cross-sectional view of structural system 400 from Figure 4 is depicted taken along lines 5-5 in Figure 4. Second section 410 of stringer 402 is positioned substantially perpendicular relative to first section 408 of stringer 402.
As depicted in this example, first curved shape 422 has first radius 500.
Further, second curved shape 424 has second radius 502. First radius 500 is a distance from the portion of first side 403 in first location 414 that forms first curved shape 422 to point 504.
Similarly, second radius 502 is a distance from the portion of first side 403 in second location 418 that forms second curved shape 424 to point 506.
First curved shape 422 is an example of one implementation for first curved shape 324 in Figure 3. Second curved shape 424 is an example of one implementation for second curved shape 328 in Figure 3. In this illustrative example, each of first curved shape 422 and second curved shape 424 take the form of a portion of a circle. Of course, in other illustrative examples, each of first curved shape 422 and second curved shape 424 may take some other suitable form, such as, for example, a portion of an oval, an arc, a portion of an ellipse, or some other suitable type of curved shape.
Turning now to Figure 6, an illustration of a noodle is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, noodle 406 from Figures 4-5 is depicted in greater detail. As depicted, noodle 406 has configuration 601 for number of composite structures 431 comprising composite layers 432. In particular, number of composite structures 431 includes composite structure 602, composite structure 604, and composite structure 606.
Composite structure 602 is configured to contact third wall 419 of channel 428 and a base portion of first wall 415 and second wall 417 in Figure 4. Composite structure 606 is configured to contact an apical portion of first wall 415 and second wall 417 of channel 428 in Figure 4.
Composite structure 604 is located between composite structure 602 and composite structure 609. These composite structures form shape 433 for noodle 406 that substantially conforms to shape 430 of channel 428 in Figure 4.
Composite structure 602, composite structure 604, and composite structure 606 may also be referred to as segments. For example, composite structure 602 may be a base segment, composite structure 606 may be a top segment, and composite structure 604 may be an intermediate segment between the base segment and the top segment.
In this illustrative example, composite structure 602 is formed from composite layers 608, composite structure 604 is formed from composite layers 610, and composite structure 606 is formed from composite layers 612.
Configuration 601 for noodle 406 is selected such that shape 433 of noodle 406 substantially conforms to shape 430 of channel 428 in Figures 4-5. As depicted, base 614 of composite structure 602 has length 616. Base 618 of composite structure 604 has length 620, and base 622 of composite structure 606 has length 624.
Further, composite structure 602 has height 626, composite structure 604 has height 628, and composite structure 606 has height 630. Additionally, composite structure 602 has angle 632 at base 614. Composite structure 604 has angle 634 at based 618. Composite structure 606 has angle 636 at base 622.
With reference now to Figure 7, an illustration of a table of values for characteristics for composite layers is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, table 700 provides values for characteristics for composite layers 608 for composite structure 602 in noodle 406 in Figure 6.
As depicted, table 700 includes layer 702, material 704, angle 706, and thickness 708.
Layer 702 identifies the particular layer within composite layers 608. In these illustrative examples of embodiments for composite layers 608, composite layers 608 include about 20 layers of composite material.
Further, material 704 identifies the particular type of material from which a layer is formed. In this illustrative example, all of composite layers 608 are comprised of the same type of material. Angle 706 identifies the angle at which a layer is arranged with respect to axis 438 through stringer 402 in Figure 4. As depicted, different layers may be arranged at different angles with respect to axis 438. Thickness 708 identifies a thickness of a layer. In these illustrative examples, all of composite layers 608 have substantially the same thickness.
Composite layers 610 for composite structure 604 in Figure 6 may have substantially the same characteristics as composite layers 608. For example, composite layers 610 may also include about 20 layers that are comprised of substantially the same material and have substantially the same thickness. Further, the different layers in composite layers 610 may be arranged having substantially the same angles with respect to axis 438 in Figure 4 as composite layers 608.
With reference now to Figure 8, an illustration of a table of values for characteristics of composite layers is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, table 800 provides values for characteristics for composite layers 612 for composite structure 606 in noodle 406 in Figure 6. Similar to table 700 in Figure 7, table 800 includes layer 802, material 804, angle 806, and thickness 808. The embodiments of each of the characteristics for layers described in each of first curved shape 422 and second curved shape 424 in Figure 4 may be combined with each of the characteristics for layers described in Figure 7.
With reference now to Figure 9, an illustration of a structural system in a wing is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, structural system 900 is located inside wing 901 of an aircraft, such as aircraft 301 in Figure 3.
Structural system 900 includes stringers 902 attached to skin panel 904.
Stringers 902, in this illustrative example, are hat stringers. In this depicted example, filler structures (not shown in this view), such as filler structure 336 in Figure 3, may attach at least a portion of each of stringers 902 to a base charge (not shown in this view). The base charges (not shown) for stringers 902 connect stringers 902 to skin panel 904.
Further, as illustrated, rib 906 is attached to stringers 902 and skin panel 904. Rib 906 is a shear-tied rib in this depicted example. The filler structures (not shown) provide an increased capacity for stringers 902 to withstand forces that pull stringers 902 and/or rib 906 away from skin panel 904 in the direction of arrow 908.
Turning now to Figure 10, an illustration of a structural system in a wing is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. In this illustrative example, structural system 1000 is located inside wing 1001 of an aircraft, such as aircraft 301 in Figure 3.
Structural system 1000 includes stringers 1002 attached to skin panel 1004.
Stringers 1002 are hat stringers in this depicted example.
Using filler structures (not shown), such as filler structure 336 in Figure 3, to attach portions of stringers 1002 to skin panel 1004 provides an increased capacity for stringers 1002 to withstand forces that pull stringers 1002 away from skin panel 1004 in the direction of arrow 1008. This increased capacity to withstand these forces allows rib 1006 to be attached to stringers 1002 without being attached to skin panel 1004.
With reference now to Figures 11-14, illustrations of the different stages of forming a structural system are depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment.
These figures provide an example of forming a structural system, such as structural system 300 in Figure 3.
Turning now to Figure 11, composite layers 1100 are laid up. Composite layers 1100 are examples of one implementation for layers 312 of composite material 314 in Figure 3.
Composite layers 1100 may be used to form a shape for a composite elongate member, such as shape 316 for composite elongate member 302 in Figure 3. In Figure 12, heating element 1200 is placed over composite layers 1100. Heating element 1200 is a heating blanket in this illustrative example. Further, insulation element 1202 is placed over heating element 1200.
Insulation element 1202 is an insulation blanket in this illustrative example.
With heating element 1200 and insulation element 1202 over composite layers 1100, composite layers 1100 are heated. In one illustrative example, composite layers 1100 are heated to about 110 degrees Fahrenheit to shape composite layers 1100 to form a shape for a stringer.
With reference now to Figure 13, composite layers 1100 have been heated to form shape 1300. Composite layers 1100 with shape 1300 form stringer 1302. In this illustrative example, channel 1304 is formed in stringer 1302.
In Figure 14, noodle 1400 is placed into channel 1304. Noodle 1400 may be implemented using, for example, noodle 406 in Figure 6. A base charge (not shown) may be placed over noodle 1400 and stringer 1302. A skin panel (not shown) may then be placed over the base charge. Stringer 1302, noodle 1400, the base charge, and the skin panel are then cured together. This curing may be performed by heating these different components together. For example, these different components may be cured in an oven, an autoclave, or some other suitable device configured to heat components.
In some cases, the components may be placed in a bag. These components may then be heated, while a vacuum is applied to the bag to generate pressure and heat to form a structural system from the assembly of the components.
With reference now to Figures 15-17, illustrations of panels from which composite structures for noodles are formed are depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment.
These composite structures may be cut to form a number of noodles, such as noodle 406 in Figure 6.

Turning now to Figure 15, panel 1500 is comprised of composite layers. Panel 1500 has height 1501. Cuts are made into panel 1500 to form composite structures 1502, 1504, and 1506. These composite structures have substantially the same shape and size. Composite structure 602 in Figure 6 may be formed in a manner similar to the manner in which composite structures 1502, 1504, and 1506 are formed. Of course, additional composite structures may be cut from panel 1500.
In Figure 16, panel 1600 is comprised of composite layers. Panel 1600 has height 1601.
Cuts are made into panel 1600 to form composite structures 1602, 1604, and 1606. These composite structures have substantially the same shape and size. Composite structure 604 in Figure 6 may be formed in a manner similar to the manner in which composite structures 1602, 1604, and 1606 are formed.
Additionally, in Figure 17, panel 1700 is comprised of composite layers. Panel 1700 has height 1701. Cuts are made into panel 1700 to form composite structures 1702 and 1704. These composite structures have substantially the same shape and size. Composite structure 606 in Figure 6 may be formed in a manner similar to the manner in which composite structures 1702 and 1704 are formed.
The composite structures formed in Figures 15, 16, and 17 may be stacked on top of each other to form noodles. In one illustrative example, composite structure 1502 may be stacked on top of composite structure 1602, which may be stacked on top of composite structure 1702 to form a noodle. These composite structures are stacked to form a noodle having a shape that substantially conforms to a particular channel in a composite elongate member.
As another example, composite structure 1504 may be stacked on top of composite structure 1604, which may be stacked on top of composite structure 1704 to form another noodle. This noodle has a substantially same size and shape as the noodle formed by stacking composite structures 1502, 1602, and 1702.
In other illustrative examples, other cuts may be made in other portions of panel 1700, such as portion 1706, to form other composite structures for the noodle. As one illustrative example, cuts may be made in panel 1700 to form composite structure 1708.
Composite structure 1708 may be used in the same noodle as composite structures 1502, 1602, and 1702, or in a different noodle.
With reference now to Figure 18, an illustration of a flowchart of a process for increasing a pull-off capacity for a composite elongate member is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment. The process illustrated in Figure 18 may be implemented to increase a pull-off capacity for composite elongate member 302 in Figure 3.
The process begins by operating an aircraft (operation 1800). In particular, in operation 1800, the process applies a pressure to the composite elongate member and a structure attached to a side of the composite elongate member. The composite elongate member may be, for example, a stringer. The structure may be, for example, a skin panel.
In response to operation of the aircraft, the process generates forces configured to pull the composite elongate member away from a structure (operation 1802), with the process terminating thereafter. The forces are in a direction substantially perpendicular to a surface of the structure. In this illustrative example, a channel extends along a length of the composite elongate member on the side of the composite elongate member attached to the structure.
The number of composite structures is configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure such that a capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure is increased. The capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure is the pull-off capacity for the composite elongate member.
With reference now to Figure 19, an illustration of a flowchart of a process for forming a structural system is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment.
The process illustrated in Figure 19 may be implemented to form structural system 300 in Figure 3.
The process begins by laying up layers for a composite elongate member (operation 1900).
These layers may be, for example, layers of composite material. The composite elongate member may be, for example, a stringer, a stiffener, or some other suitable type of composite elongate member. The process then shapes the layers to form a shape for the composite elongate member with a side configured for attachment to a structure (operation 1902).
Operation 1902 may be performed by, for example, heating the layers to form the shape for the composite elongate member. The structure may be, for example, a skin panel, a base charge, and/or some other structure having a substantially planar surface. A channel extending along a length of the composite elongate member is present on the side configured for attachment to the structure Thereafter, the process places a number of composite structures in the channel (operation 1904). The number of composite structures forms a filler structure that is configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure. The number of composite structures increases a capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure.
The process then positions the structure with respect to the side of the composite elongate member (operation 1906).
For example, in operation 1906, the structure may be placed over the composite elongate member such that a surface of the structure directly contacts at least a portion of the side of the composite structure. The process then cures the layers in the shape for the composite elongate member with the number of composite structures in the channel and the structure to form the structural system (operation 1908), with the process terminating thereafter.
With reference now to Figure 20, an illustration of a flowchart of a process for forming a filler structure is depicted in accordance with an advantageous embodiment.
The process illustrated in Figure 20 may be implemented to form filler structure 336 in Figure 3.
The process lays up composite layers for forming a composite structure for placement in a portion of a channel in a composite elongate member (operation 2000). The composite structure is for a filler structure to be placed in the channel of the composite elongate member. The composite layers for the composite structure are then compacted to form a panel (operation 2002). This compaction is performed by applying pressure to the composite layers to form the panel. The panel has a height that is substantially the height desired for the composite structure.
Thereafter, the process makes cuts into the panel to form the composite structure (operation 2004). In operation 2004, the cuts may be made at angles selected to form the composite structure having a size and shape that substantially conforms to the corresponding portion of the channel.
The process then determines whether any additional composite structures are needed to form a number of composite structures needed for the filler structure (operation 2006). If additional composite structures are not needed, the process determines whether more than one composite structure has been formed for the filler structure (operation 2008).
If more than one composite structure has not been formed for the filler structure, the process terminates. If more than one composite structure has been formed, the process attaches the composite structures to each other (operation 2010), with the process terminating thereafter. In operation 2010, the composite structures may be attached to each other in a stacked form, side by side, and/or in some other suitable manner such that an overall shape for the composite structures substantially conforms to the shape of the channel in the composite elongate member.

With reference again to operation 2006, if additional composite structures are needed for the filler structure, the process returns to operation 2000 as described above to form a new composite structure.
The flowcharts and block diagrams in the different depicted embodiments illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of some possible implementations of apparatus and methods in an advantageous embodiment. In this regard, each block in the flowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, function, and/or a portion of an operation or step.
In some alternative implementations of an advantageous embodiment, the function or functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures.
For example, in some cases, two blocks shown in succession may be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. Also, other blocks may be added in addition to the illustrated blocks in a flowchart or block diagram.
Thus, the different advantageous embodiments provide a stringer that has an increased capacity to withstand forces that may pull the stringer away from another structure to which the stringer is attached. In one advantageous embodiment, a structural system comprises a composite elongate member, a number of composite structures, and a structure.
The composite elongate member has a side configured for attachment to the structure and a channel on the side of the composite elongate member. The channel extends along a length of the composite elongate member. The number of composite structures is configured for placement in the channel.
Further, the number of composite structures is configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure. The number of composite structures is configured to increase a capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure.
In this manner, the different advantageous embodiments provide a structural system that allows an increased number of intermediate ribs as compared to shear-tied ribs to be used in the wing of an aircraft. Intermediate ribs have a reduced weight as compared to shear-tied ribs.
With stringers having an increased capacity to withstand forces that may pull the stringers away from a skin panel to which the stringers are attached, intermediate ribs may be used in addition to and/or in place of shear-tied ribs in a wing to reduce the weight of the wing.
In one embodiment, a structural system for an aircraft is disclosed including a composite member having a base section and a vertical section in which the vertical section extends away from the base section in a direction substantially perpendicular to the base section to form a T-shape.
In one variant, the vertical section meets the base section at a first location of the vertical section and a second location of the vertical section in which the first location has a first curved shape and the second location has a second curved shape in which the first curved shape and the second curved shape have a substantially same radius.
In one additional variant, a channel is formed between the first location and the second location and extends along a length of the composite member; and wherein the composite member has a first Young's modulus. In yet another variant, a filler structure includes segments configured to conform to a shape of the channel and wherein the segments have a second Young's modulus that is within a desired range from the first Young's modulus.
In addition, the composite member may have a first coefficient of thermal expansion and the filler structure has a second coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially equal to the first coefficient of thermal expansion.
In one embodiment, an apparatus is disclosed that includes a composite elongate member having a side configured for attachment to a structure, a channel on the side extending along a length of the composite elongate member, and a number of composite structures configured for placement in the channel and configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member to the structure.
In one variant, the number of composite structures may be configured to increase a capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure. In yet another variant, the number of composite structures has a first number of characteristics that substantially match a second number of characteristics for the composite elongate member such that the capacity of the composite elongate member to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member away from the structure increases.
In another variant, the number of composite structures comprises layers having a configuration that results in a value for a first Young's modulus for the number of composite structures that is within a desired range from a value for a second Young's modulus for the composite elongate member.
In yet another variant, the composite elongate member and the structure are located in a platform selected from one of a mobile platform, a stationary platform, a land-based structure, an aquatic-based structure, a space-based structure, an aircraft, a surface ship, a tank, a personnel carrier, a train, a spacecraft, a space station, a satellite, a submarine, an automobile, a power plant, a bridge, a dam, a manufacturing facility, and a building. In one variant, the composite elongate member is selected from one of a stringer and a stiffener.
The description of the different advantageous embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, different advantageous embodiments may provide different advantages as compared to other advantageous embodiments. The embodiment or embodiments selected are chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:
a composite elongate member(302) having a side configured for attachment to a structure(306);
a channel(332,428) on the side extending along a length of the composite elongate member(302);
and a number of composite structures(304,431) configured for placement in the channel(332,428)and configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member (302) to the structure(306), wherein the number of composite structures(304,431) is configured to increase a capacity(356) of the composite elongate member(302) to withstand forces that pull the composite elongate member(302) away from the structure(306).

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a portion of the composite elongate member (302) extends in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the portion of the side.

3. The apparatus of any of the claims 1 and 2 wherein the number of composite structures(304,431)has a first number of characteristics(352)that substantially match a second number of characteristics(354)for the composite elongate member(302) such that the capacity(356) of the composite elongate member(302) to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member(302) away from the structure(306)increases.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the first number of characteristics(352)and the second number of characteristics(354)comprise at least one of a coefficient of thermal expansion and a Young's modulus.

5. The apparatus of any of the claims 1-4 wherein the number of composite structures(304,431) comprises:
a base segment configured to contact a base portion of walls of the channel(332,428) and a surface of the structure(306);
a top segment configured to contact an apical portion of the walls of the channel(332,428); and a set of intermediate segments located between the base segment and the top segment, wherein the base segment, the top segment, and the set of intermediate segments have a shape(350,433) that substantially conforms to the shape(333,430) of the channel(332,428).

6. The apparatus of any of the claims 1-5 wherein the composite elongate member (302) comprises:
a first section (320,420); and a second section(322,422)positioned substantially perpendicular to the first section(320,420), wherein the second section(322,422) meets the first section(320,408) at a first location(321,414)of the second section(322,410) having a first curved shape(324,422) with a first radius(326,500)and a second location(323,418) of the second section(322,410)having a second curved shape(328,424) with a second radius(330,502)in which the first radius(326,500)and the second radius(330,502)are substantially equal, and wherein the first section(320,420)and the second section(322,410) are positioned with respect to each other to form the channel(332,428)between the first location(321,414)and the second location(323,414).

7. The apparatus of any of the claims 1-6 wherein the number of composite structures(304,431) comprises layers(346) of composite material that have a first arrangement(353)in which the layers(346) of composite material(348) are arranged relative to an axis(357, 438)through the composite elongate member(302) such that the first arrangement(353) is substantially equal to a second arrangement(355)for the composite elongate member(302).

8. The apparatus of any of the claims 1-7 wherein the composite elongate member (302) is selected from one of a stringer (402, 1302) and a stiffener.

9. The apparatus of any of the claims 1-8 wherein the structure(306)is selected from one of a skin panel(904,1004), a spar, a rib(906,1006), and a base charge(404).

10. The apparatus of any of the claims 1-7 wherein the composite elongate member(302) is a stringer(402,1302), a side of the stringer(402,1302) is a first side(334,403), the structure(306)is a skin panel(904,1004) attached to the first side(334,403) of the stringer(402,1302), and a rib(906,1006) is attached to a second side(331,405) of the stringer(402,1302) that is substantially opposite to the first side(334,403).

11. A method for increasing a pull-off capacity (356) for a composite elongate member (302), the method comprising:
operating an aircraft (301); and generating forces configured to pull the composite elongate member(302) away from a structure(306) attached to a side of the composite elongate member(302) during operation of the aircraft(301), wherein a channel(332,428)extends along a length of the composite elongate member(302) on the side of the composite elongate member(302) attached to the structure(306) and a number of composite structures(304,431) in the channel(332,428)is configured to attach a portion of the side of the composite elongate member(302) to the structure(306) such that a capacity(356) of the composite elongate member(302) to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member(302) away from the structure(306) is increased.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein operating the aircraft (301) comprises:
operating the aircraft(301) such that pressure is applied to the composite elongate member (302) and the structure (306) attached to the side of the composite elongate member (302), wherein the pressure causes the forces to be generated.

13. The method of any of the claims 11 and 12 wherein the forces are in a direction substantially perpendicular to a surface of the structure (306).

14. The method of any of the claims 11-13 wherein generating the forces configured to pull the composite elongate member (302) away from the structure (306) in response to the operation of the aircraft (301) comprises:
generating the forces configured to pull the composite elongate member (302) away from the structure (306) during the operation of the aircraft (301) such that a tensile load is created at a location where the composite elongate member (302) is attached to the structure (306).

15. The method of any of the claims 11-14 wherein a first number of characteristics(352) for the number of composite structures (304,431) substantially matches a second number of characteristics(354) for the composite elongate member(302) and wherein the capacity(356) of the composite elongate member(302) to withstand the forces that pull the composite elongate member(302)away from the structure(306) is increased using the number of composite structures(304,431)in the channel(332,428) in which the first number of characteristics(352) and the second number of characteristics(354) comprise at least one of a coefficient of thermal expansion and a Young's modulus.