CA2801978A1 - Detection of body odour using a visual indicator strip - Google Patents
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- CA2801978A1 CA2801978A1 CA 2801978 CA2801978A CA2801978A1 CA 2801978 A1 CA2801978 A1 CA 2801978A1 CA 2801978 CA2801978 CA 2801978 CA 2801978 A CA2801978 A CA 2801978A CA 2801978 A1 CA2801978 A1 CA 2801978A1
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a visual indicating strip for detecting human body odours, more specifically, odours arising from perspiration. The strip includes a section where visual indicating reagents are affixed and another section comprising of a colour intensity scale. The reagents undergo a colorimetric reaction upon contact with the body odour compounds from the skin. In one embodiment of the invention, two reagents, sodium nitrite and acriflavine, are used to detect carboxylic acids in body odour. The colour change the strip and its intensity can be qualitatively assessed using the colour intensity scale. The invention presented forth provides an effective system for detecting body odour in a qualitative and quantitative manner, enabling the application of this ideal system as a personal hygiene check.
Description
DETECTION OF BODY ODOUR USING A VISUAL INDICATOR STRIP
Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method of body odour detection and more precisely a system that detects carboxylic compounds found within body odour.
Background of the Invention The term "body odour" herein refers to a scent generated in various parts and zones of the human body, most commonly axilla (underarm), perineum, and perianal areas. Human body odour is a perceived unpleasant scent primarily caused by skin gland excretions and bacterial activity near the regions of those glands. Two major types of skin glands are sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
The sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily and waxy matter consisting of triglycerides, wax, and squalene. Sebum is odourless; however, bacterial breakdown of its compounds can produce minor odours.
There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine sweat glands, which are distributed throughout the body, and apocrine sweat glands, which are mainly situated in axilla, perineum, and perianal areas (Turkington etal., 2007). It is largely the result of the apocrine sweat gland excretions that causes body odours. These glands secrete organic compounds metabolized by the skin flora, thereby producing odorous substances.
Human body odour mainly arises from areas where apocrine sweat glands are prominent, namely the axilla, areola, anal, genital, and navel areas.
The skin flora plays an essential role in the formation of human body odour.
Bacteria residing in the axilla metabolize compounds secreted by the apocrine sweat glands. The microflora in the axilla mainly comprises of various species of Corynebacterium (Bojar etal., 2004). These bacteria manufacture lipases that metabolize lipids in the perspiration to smaller fatty acids, molecules that give body odours their characteristic smell. A major representative of this group of bacteria is Corynebacterium jeikeium, which resides in the moist environment of the axilla. It lacks fatty acid synthase, explaining its lipid dependence and high activity in the lipid-rich habitat (Barzantny et al., 2012). These lipophilic bacteria are involved in the formation of human body odour through four major routes and mechanisms:
1.
Biotransformation of steroids. Bacterial enzymes convert steroid precursors into 16-androstenes which contribute to human malodour (Gower etal., 1994) .
Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method of body odour detection and more precisely a system that detects carboxylic compounds found within body odour.
Background of the Invention The term "body odour" herein refers to a scent generated in various parts and zones of the human body, most commonly axilla (underarm), perineum, and perianal areas. Human body odour is a perceived unpleasant scent primarily caused by skin gland excretions and bacterial activity near the regions of those glands. Two major types of skin glands are sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
The sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily and waxy matter consisting of triglycerides, wax, and squalene. Sebum is odourless; however, bacterial breakdown of its compounds can produce minor odours.
There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine sweat glands, which are distributed throughout the body, and apocrine sweat glands, which are mainly situated in axilla, perineum, and perianal areas (Turkington etal., 2007). It is largely the result of the apocrine sweat gland excretions that causes body odours. These glands secrete organic compounds metabolized by the skin flora, thereby producing odorous substances.
Human body odour mainly arises from areas where apocrine sweat glands are prominent, namely the axilla, areola, anal, genital, and navel areas.
The skin flora plays an essential role in the formation of human body odour.
Bacteria residing in the axilla metabolize compounds secreted by the apocrine sweat glands. The microflora in the axilla mainly comprises of various species of Corynebacterium (Bojar etal., 2004). These bacteria manufacture lipases that metabolize lipids in the perspiration to smaller fatty acids, molecules that give body odours their characteristic smell. A major representative of this group of bacteria is Corynebacterium jeikeium, which resides in the moist environment of the axilla. It lacks fatty acid synthase, explaining its lipid dependence and high activity in the lipid-rich habitat (Barzantny et al., 2012). These lipophilic bacteria are involved in the formation of human body odour through four major routes and mechanisms:
1.
Biotransformation of steroids. Bacterial enzymes convert steroid precursors into 16-androstenes which contribute to human malodour (Gower etal., 1994) .
2. Cleavage of glutamine sites by aminoacylases. Glutamine conjugates released by apocrine sweat glands are cleaved by aminoacylases to produce short volatile fatty acids. A
major component of the human axillary odour is (E)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (3M2H) which is produced through aminoacylase activity (Zeng et al., 1991).
major component of the human axillary odour is (E)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (3M2H) which is produced through aminoacylase activity (Zeng et al., 1991).
3. Cleavage of glycine-cysteine-(S)-conjugates by metallopeptidases and C-S
lyases. Various enzymes are involved in cleaving glycine-cysteine conjugates released by apocrine sweat glands to produce volatile thiols (Hasegawa etal., 2004).
lyases. Various enzymes are involved in cleaving glycine-cysteine conjugates released by apocrine sweat glands to produce volatile thiols (Hasegawa etal., 2004).
4. Metabolism of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs). The surface of skin and sweat glands contain a wide range of lipids. Cotynebacterium show strong lipase activity which generates free fatty acids from the skin lipids. Through the actions of fatty acid metabolic enzymes, these LCFAs are subsequently degraded to form short volatile fatty acids, which contribute to human malodour (James etal., 2004) .
Other lipophilic bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes utilize lipids to form propionic acid, a major constituent of perspiration. The actions of Staphylococcus epidermis cause the formation of isovaleric acid, another source of body odour (Ara etal., 2006). Both propionibacteria and staphylococci species are colonized in sebaceous glands (Barzantny, Brune, & Tauch, 2012) .
Human body odour consists of various odour components. The environment of the human axilla is mainly characterized by fluids containing cholesterol, steroid derivatives, and a wide range of lipids (Barzantny, Brune, & Tauch, 2012) . These compounds are metabolized by the skin flora and give rise to a characteristic body odour. The three major product groups that cause human malodour, in order of odour contribution, are:
1. Short volatile fatty acids 2. 16-androstenes and odoriferous steroid derivatives 3. Volatile thiols The most common of these substances present in the human body odour are shown in the table below (Zeng etal., 1991).
Acids Carbonyls Alcohol Steroids n-hexanoic g-C8-lactone Phenol 17-oxo-5a-androsten-3-y1 sulfate 2-methylhexanoic g-C9-lactone Tetradecanol cholesterol 3-methylhexanoic g-C10-lactone n-hexadecanol squalene 4-ethylpentanoic 5a-androst-16-en-3a-ol (Z)-3-methyl-2- 5a-androst-16-en-3-one hexanoic 2-ethylhexanoic n-ethylheptanoic 2-methylheptanoic (E)-3-methyl-2-hexanoic n-octanoic 2-methyloctanoic 4-ethylheptanoic n-nonanoic 2-methylnonanoic 4-ethyloctanoic n-decanoic 2-methyldecanoic 4-ethylnonanoic 9-decenoic n-undecanoic 4-ethyldecanoic Detection of Body Odour: Description of Prior Art and Research In recent years, considerable efforts have been made in understanding human body odour formation. This emerging field of biotechnological research described above has major implications in the cosmetic and deodorant industry. These industries are particularly interested in developing deodorants that target bacteria present in the axilla (ie. Corynebacterium) and their respective enzymes, which are involved in the metabolic formation of odorous compounds (Barzantny et al., 2012). To gain useful insight into body odour control, various technologies have been developed to detect and determine the compounds giving rise to the characteristic body odour.
A study by Gallagher et al. (2008) applied two techniques to analyze volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the human axilla region using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Sampling of VOC profiles were performed using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), a technique that uses fibres to collect skin metabolites, and solvent extraction, a technique that dissolves skin lipids and organic acids in a suitable solvent. Once sampling was performed, GC/MS was performed in tandem to separate volatile compounds and identify them.
Flame photometric detection was employed to detect sulphur compounds that would not be detectable using conventional GC.
An emerging technology uses a modified electronic nose (E-nose) to detect and classify human axillary body odour (Wongchoosuk et al., 2009) . Metal oxide sensors are used to detect volatile organic compounds and computer software and algorithms are used to classify such compounds. Wongchoosuk etal. (2009) developed an E-nose specific for human body odours by implementing a humidity correction algorithm which takes into account the variations of moisture in human perspiration.
Other applications of the electronic nose have been employed to detect human body odour. A common steroid present in skin odour, 5a-androst-16-en-3-one, was tested using various metal oxide sensors (Di Natale etal., 2000). An electronic nose, designed for detecting humans buried in rubble, senses VOCs found in body odour (Teo et al., 2002) .
Yet another novel approach for detecting odours and VOCs uses thin films of chemically responsive dyes in colorimetric sensor arrays. Called an Optoelectronic Nose, this technology uses dyes that respond to organic compounds and change colour according to sensitivity. Each odorant produces a unique array of colours which can be then used for the classification of compounds (Suslick, 2004).
PCT International Public No. WO 05/039656 to Macdonald etal. (2005) describes the use of an odour-controlling article which includes a visual indicator device for monitoring odour absorption. The visual indicator agent changes colour in response to the odour. This is a very generic invention in which a wide range of odour compounds can be detected with the use of different indicating agents. The application of this invention is specifically aimed to control and determine the levels of the odours. The fact that there is no surface contact with the odour compounds makes the invention unusable for detecting body odour. In this sense, this invention is deficient in that it can only be applied to situations that result in high levels of odour. Furthermore, this invention requires the use of an odour-absorbing agent, which attracts odour compounds onto its surface. The present invention eliminates the need for an odour-absorbing agent because direct contact of the material is sufficient for the attraction and adherence of odour compounds.
Other lipophilic bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes utilize lipids to form propionic acid, a major constituent of perspiration. The actions of Staphylococcus epidermis cause the formation of isovaleric acid, another source of body odour (Ara etal., 2006). Both propionibacteria and staphylococci species are colonized in sebaceous glands (Barzantny, Brune, & Tauch, 2012) .
Human body odour consists of various odour components. The environment of the human axilla is mainly characterized by fluids containing cholesterol, steroid derivatives, and a wide range of lipids (Barzantny, Brune, & Tauch, 2012) . These compounds are metabolized by the skin flora and give rise to a characteristic body odour. The three major product groups that cause human malodour, in order of odour contribution, are:
1. Short volatile fatty acids 2. 16-androstenes and odoriferous steroid derivatives 3. Volatile thiols The most common of these substances present in the human body odour are shown in the table below (Zeng etal., 1991).
Acids Carbonyls Alcohol Steroids n-hexanoic g-C8-lactone Phenol 17-oxo-5a-androsten-3-y1 sulfate 2-methylhexanoic g-C9-lactone Tetradecanol cholesterol 3-methylhexanoic g-C10-lactone n-hexadecanol squalene 4-ethylpentanoic 5a-androst-16-en-3a-ol (Z)-3-methyl-2- 5a-androst-16-en-3-one hexanoic 2-ethylhexanoic n-ethylheptanoic 2-methylheptanoic (E)-3-methyl-2-hexanoic n-octanoic 2-methyloctanoic 4-ethylheptanoic n-nonanoic 2-methylnonanoic 4-ethyloctanoic n-decanoic 2-methyldecanoic 4-ethylnonanoic 9-decenoic n-undecanoic 4-ethyldecanoic Detection of Body Odour: Description of Prior Art and Research In recent years, considerable efforts have been made in understanding human body odour formation. This emerging field of biotechnological research described above has major implications in the cosmetic and deodorant industry. These industries are particularly interested in developing deodorants that target bacteria present in the axilla (ie. Corynebacterium) and their respective enzymes, which are involved in the metabolic formation of odorous compounds (Barzantny et al., 2012). To gain useful insight into body odour control, various technologies have been developed to detect and determine the compounds giving rise to the characteristic body odour.
A study by Gallagher et al. (2008) applied two techniques to analyze volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the human axilla region using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. Sampling of VOC profiles were performed using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME), a technique that uses fibres to collect skin metabolites, and solvent extraction, a technique that dissolves skin lipids and organic acids in a suitable solvent. Once sampling was performed, GC/MS was performed in tandem to separate volatile compounds and identify them.
Flame photometric detection was employed to detect sulphur compounds that would not be detectable using conventional GC.
An emerging technology uses a modified electronic nose (E-nose) to detect and classify human axillary body odour (Wongchoosuk et al., 2009) . Metal oxide sensors are used to detect volatile organic compounds and computer software and algorithms are used to classify such compounds. Wongchoosuk etal. (2009) developed an E-nose specific for human body odours by implementing a humidity correction algorithm which takes into account the variations of moisture in human perspiration.
Other applications of the electronic nose have been employed to detect human body odour. A common steroid present in skin odour, 5a-androst-16-en-3-one, was tested using various metal oxide sensors (Di Natale etal., 2000). An electronic nose, designed for detecting humans buried in rubble, senses VOCs found in body odour (Teo et al., 2002) .
Yet another novel approach for detecting odours and VOCs uses thin films of chemically responsive dyes in colorimetric sensor arrays. Called an Optoelectronic Nose, this technology uses dyes that respond to organic compounds and change colour according to sensitivity. Each odorant produces a unique array of colours which can be then used for the classification of compounds (Suslick, 2004).
PCT International Public No. WO 05/039656 to Macdonald etal. (2005) describes the use of an odour-controlling article which includes a visual indicator device for monitoring odour absorption. The visual indicator agent changes colour in response to the odour. This is a very generic invention in which a wide range of odour compounds can be detected with the use of different indicating agents. The application of this invention is specifically aimed to control and determine the levels of the odours. The fact that there is no surface contact with the odour compounds makes the invention unusable for detecting body odour. In this sense, this invention is deficient in that it can only be applied to situations that result in high levels of odour. Furthermore, this invention requires the use of an odour-absorbing agent, which attracts odour compounds onto its surface. The present invention eliminates the need for an odour-absorbing agent because direct contact of the material is sufficient for the attraction and adherence of odour compounds.
US Patent 7,608,459 to Yabuki et al. (2009) describes a method for determining body odour by detecting a substance that contains a 3-mercapto alcohol derivative. The inventors developed this invention with the idea that the main component responsible for apocrine odour is alcohol compounds having thiol groups.
However, as seen above, the major odour-causing components are short volatile fatty acids, produced from fatty acid metabolism by the skin microflora. There are deficiencies in this invention because it requires sophisticated methods, such as Gas Chromatography, to quantitatively measure the odorous substance.
US Patent 4,777,143 to Price etal. (1988) describes a method for detecting the presence of carboxylic acids in a specimen. The specimen is reacted with a metal salt, forming a complex that can be colorimetrically detected. However, this invention is only feasible for the detection of the specified carboxylic acids. To detect other carboxylic acids, such as those present in body odour, further tests that determine which metal ion and organic solvent to use are required. Thus, this invention is too time-consuming and research intensive to be employed in situations where a more facile manner is needed, such as in personalized medicine and personalized hygiene.
US Patent 2010/0021341 to Newell (2010) describes a device specifically designed for hunters to detect human body odour. It comprises of a dry reactive chemical powder as an indicator which is housed inside a two-sided detecting packet. Although this device serves the purpose of detecting body odour, the deficiency therein is that it reaches a saturation limit where the reaction stops. It is also highly ineffective since the body odour compounds are not in direct contact with the reagent.
The prior art and research shows various applications for detecting body odour. Despite the heightened importance of the recent advances in the detection of body odour, a simple and effective way to detect body odour does not exist. These applications are very time-consuming, expensive to perform, and not portable. The lack of accessibility to the general public and ease of these technologies makes them very difficult for everyday use. As well, technologies such as the E-nose or Gas Chromatography require expert knowledge and aid to use them.
Advantages of the Present Invention With an increase in hygiene consciousness among the general public, there are growing concerns in regards to body odour. The ability to self-identify and detect one's own body odour has become an important practice. The presence of body odour has potentially consequential effects on an individual's social and psychosocial behaviour. It is important for individuals to be aware of the degree of their own body odour in order to take appropriate measures. Thus, the inventors of the present invention found a growing need to develop a simple and effective system for to detect and qualitatively measure body odour.
Since body odour largely constitutes of volatile organic fatty acids, it is prudent that the approach to detecting body odour includes the detection of carboxylic acids. There are various ways of detecting carboxylic acid groups. The present invention describes the use of a reaction between acriflavine and sodium nitrite. Aqueous sodium nitrite is exposed to carboxylic acid compounds which are then reacted with acriflavine to produce a violet colour. This reaction is highly specific to carboxylic acids, making it advantageous to use it for the purpose of the present invention (Johar et aL, 1971) .
Some of the novel aspects of the present invention are the use of a strip to detect the intensity of body odour, the use of a colorimetric reaction to detect carboxylic compounds in body odour, the use of visual indicating reagents to qualitatively assess the intensity of body odour, and the use of a simple and fast body odour detection method/the efficiency of this body odour detection method. The major advantage of the present invention is its ease of accessibility and use to the general public. The invention uses a fast, inexpensive, and portable method to detect body odour. It provides a qualitative assessment of the intensity of body odour and can be used as a personal hygiene check, especially by those people who are challenged or limited in their gustatory or olfactory senses.
However, as seen above, the major odour-causing components are short volatile fatty acids, produced from fatty acid metabolism by the skin microflora. There are deficiencies in this invention because it requires sophisticated methods, such as Gas Chromatography, to quantitatively measure the odorous substance.
US Patent 4,777,143 to Price etal. (1988) describes a method for detecting the presence of carboxylic acids in a specimen. The specimen is reacted with a metal salt, forming a complex that can be colorimetrically detected. However, this invention is only feasible for the detection of the specified carboxylic acids. To detect other carboxylic acids, such as those present in body odour, further tests that determine which metal ion and organic solvent to use are required. Thus, this invention is too time-consuming and research intensive to be employed in situations where a more facile manner is needed, such as in personalized medicine and personalized hygiene.
US Patent 2010/0021341 to Newell (2010) describes a device specifically designed for hunters to detect human body odour. It comprises of a dry reactive chemical powder as an indicator which is housed inside a two-sided detecting packet. Although this device serves the purpose of detecting body odour, the deficiency therein is that it reaches a saturation limit where the reaction stops. It is also highly ineffective since the body odour compounds are not in direct contact with the reagent.
The prior art and research shows various applications for detecting body odour. Despite the heightened importance of the recent advances in the detection of body odour, a simple and effective way to detect body odour does not exist. These applications are very time-consuming, expensive to perform, and not portable. The lack of accessibility to the general public and ease of these technologies makes them very difficult for everyday use. As well, technologies such as the E-nose or Gas Chromatography require expert knowledge and aid to use them.
Advantages of the Present Invention With an increase in hygiene consciousness among the general public, there are growing concerns in regards to body odour. The ability to self-identify and detect one's own body odour has become an important practice. The presence of body odour has potentially consequential effects on an individual's social and psychosocial behaviour. It is important for individuals to be aware of the degree of their own body odour in order to take appropriate measures. Thus, the inventors of the present invention found a growing need to develop a simple and effective system for to detect and qualitatively measure body odour.
Since body odour largely constitutes of volatile organic fatty acids, it is prudent that the approach to detecting body odour includes the detection of carboxylic acids. There are various ways of detecting carboxylic acid groups. The present invention describes the use of a reaction between acriflavine and sodium nitrite. Aqueous sodium nitrite is exposed to carboxylic acid compounds which are then reacted with acriflavine to produce a violet colour. This reaction is highly specific to carboxylic acids, making it advantageous to use it for the purpose of the present invention (Johar et aL, 1971) .
Some of the novel aspects of the present invention are the use of a strip to detect the intensity of body odour, the use of a colorimetric reaction to detect carboxylic compounds in body odour, the use of visual indicating reagents to qualitatively assess the intensity of body odour, and the use of a simple and fast body odour detection method/the efficiency of this body odour detection method. The major advantage of the present invention is its ease of accessibility and use to the general public. The invention uses a fast, inexpensive, and portable method to detect body odour. It provides a qualitative assessment of the intensity of body odour and can be used as a personal hygiene check, especially by those people who are challenged or limited in their gustatory or olfactory senses.
References Ara, K., Hama, M., Akiba, S., Koike, K., Okisaka, K., Hagura, T., Tomita, F.
(2006). Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 52(4), 357-364. doi:
10.1139/W05-130 Barzantny, H., Brune, I., & Tauch, A. (2012). Molecular basis of human body odour formation: Insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(1), 2-11. doi: 10.111161468-2494.2011.00669.x Barzantny, H., Schroeder, J., Strotmeier, J., Fredrich, E., Brune, I., &
Tauch, A. (2012). The transcriptional regulatory network of Corynebacterium jeikeium K411 and its interaction with metabolic routes contributing to human body odor formation. Journal of Biotechnology, 159(3), 235-248. doi:
10.1016/Mbiotec.2012.01.021 Bojar, R., Tue, C., & Holland, K. (2004). The effect of lipids on the adherence of axillary aerobic coryneform bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 38(6), 470-475. doi: 10.111141472-765X.2004.01522.x Di Natale, C., Macagnano, A., Paolesse, R., Tarizzo, E., Mantini, A., &
D'Amico, A. (2000). Human skin odor analysis by means of an electronic nose. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 65(1-3), 216-219. doi:
10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00313-5 Gallagher, M., Wysocki, J., Leyden, J. J., Spielman, A. I., Sun, X., & Preti, G. (2008). Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin. British Journal of Dermatology, /59(4), 780-791. doi:
10.1111/0365-2133.2008.08748.x Gower, D., Holland, K., Mallet, A., Rennie, P., & Watkins, W. (1994).
Comparison of 16-androstene steroid concentrations in sterile apocrine sweat and axillary secretions -interconversions of 16-androstenes by the axillary microflora - a mechanism for axillary odor production in man.
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 48(4), 409-418. doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90082-5 Hasegawa, Y., Yabuki, M., & Matsukane, M. (2004). Identification of new odoriferous compounds in human axillary sweat. Chemistry & Biodiversity, /(12), 2042-2050. doi:
10.1002/cbdv.200490157 James, A., Casey, J., Hyliands, D., & Mycock, G. (2004). Fatty acid metabolism by cutaneous bacteria and its role in axillary malodour. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 20(8), 787-793. doi:
10.1007/s11274-004-5843-8 Johar, G. S., Agarwala, U., & Sodhi, H. S. (1971). New methods for detection of carboxylic acid groups in organic compounds, with acriflavine. Talanta, /8(10) doi: 10.1016/0039-9140(71)80177-7 Suslick, K. (2004). An optoelectronic nose: "Seeing" smells by means of colorimetric sensor arrays. MRS
Bulletin, 29(10), 720-725. doi: 10.1557/mrs2004.209 Teo, A., Garg, H., & Puthusserypady, S. (2002). Detection of humans buried in rubble: An electronic nose to detect human body odor. Second Joint Embs-Bmes Conference 2002, Vols 1-3, Conference Proceedings: Bioengineering - Integrative Methodologies, New Technologiesõ
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10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053037 Turkington, C., & Dover, KJ. (2007). The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders (3rd ed). New York: Facts on File. pp 363. ISBN 978-0-8160-6403-8.
Wongchoosuk, C., Lutz, M., & Kerdcharoen, T. (2009). Detection and classification of human body odor using an electronic nose. Sensors, 9(9), 7234-7249. doi: 10.3390/s90907234 Zeng, X., Leyden, J., Lawley, H., Sawano, K., Nohara, I., & Preti, G. (1991).
Analysis of characteristic odors from human male axillae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, /7(7), 1469-1492. doi:
(2006). Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 52(4), 357-364. doi:
10.1139/W05-130 Barzantny, H., Brune, I., & Tauch, A. (2012). Molecular basis of human body odour formation: Insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 34(1), 2-11. doi: 10.111161468-2494.2011.00669.x Barzantny, H., Schroeder, J., Strotmeier, J., Fredrich, E., Brune, I., &
Tauch, A. (2012). The transcriptional regulatory network of Corynebacterium jeikeium K411 and its interaction with metabolic routes contributing to human body odor formation. Journal of Biotechnology, 159(3), 235-248. doi:
10.1016/Mbiotec.2012.01.021 Bojar, R., Tue, C., & Holland, K. (2004). The effect of lipids on the adherence of axillary aerobic coryneform bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 38(6), 470-475. doi: 10.111141472-765X.2004.01522.x Di Natale, C., Macagnano, A., Paolesse, R., Tarizzo, E., Mantini, A., &
D'Amico, A. (2000). Human skin odor analysis by means of an electronic nose. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 65(1-3), 216-219. doi:
10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00313-5 Gallagher, M., Wysocki, J., Leyden, J. J., Spielman, A. I., Sun, X., & Preti, G. (2008). Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin. British Journal of Dermatology, /59(4), 780-791. doi:
10.1111/0365-2133.2008.08748.x Gower, D., Holland, K., Mallet, A., Rennie, P., & Watkins, W. (1994).
Comparison of 16-androstene steroid concentrations in sterile apocrine sweat and axillary secretions -interconversions of 16-androstenes by the axillary microflora - a mechanism for axillary odor production in man.
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 48(4), 409-418. doi: 10.1016/0960-0760(94)90082-5 Hasegawa, Y., Yabuki, M., & Matsukane, M. (2004). Identification of new odoriferous compounds in human axillary sweat. Chemistry & Biodiversity, /(12), 2042-2050. doi:
10.1002/cbdv.200490157 James, A., Casey, J., Hyliands, D., & Mycock, G. (2004). Fatty acid metabolism by cutaneous bacteria and its role in axillary malodour. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 20(8), 787-793. doi:
10.1007/s11274-004-5843-8 Johar, G. S., Agarwala, U., & Sodhi, H. S. (1971). New methods for detection of carboxylic acid groups in organic compounds, with acriflavine. Talanta, /8(10) doi: 10.1016/0039-9140(71)80177-7 Suslick, K. (2004). An optoelectronic nose: "Seeing" smells by means of colorimetric sensor arrays. MRS
Bulletin, 29(10), 720-725. doi: 10.1557/mrs2004.209 Teo, A., Garg, H., & Puthusserypady, S. (2002). Detection of humans buried in rubble: An electronic nose to detect human body odor. Second Joint Embs-Bmes Conference 2002, Vols 1-3, Conference Proceedings: Bioengineering - Integrative Methodologies, New Technologiesõ
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Wongchoosuk, C., Lutz, M., & Kerdcharoen, T. (2009). Detection and classification of human body odor using an electronic nose. Sensors, 9(9), 7234-7249. doi: 10.3390/s90907234 Zeng, X., Leyden, J., Lawley, H., Sawano, K., Nohara, I., & Preti, G. (1991).
Analysis of characteristic odors from human male axillae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, /7(7), 1469-1492. doi:
10.1007/BF00983777 Summary of the Invention Personal hygiene is an increasingly important aspect among individuals of the general public. Many consumers remain uncertain about their odour because they become desensitized to their own scent. The application of the present invention allows individuals to feel more confident because it serves as a personal check for body odour. In many parts of the world where water deficit is both an environmental and social constraint, bathing and/or showering of the body is not readily practiced. To date, there does not exist a simple, easy and effective way of detecting body odour. The invention presented forth solves this problem, providing an effective system for detecting body odour in a qualitative manner. The easy detection method provided in the present invention serves several purposes.
Firstly, it allows the consumer to measure their body odour at any convenient time and place.
Secondly, the straightforward method to using the present invention allows for ease of use and portability.
Thirdly, the present invention provides a qualitative measurement of the intensity of the body odour at the applied body area.
Most importantly, the consumer's qualitative assessment enables appropriate decision-making in terms of body odour control and prevention.
The present invention comprises of a visual indicator strip used to detect and qualitatively measure body odour. The strip includes a section where visual indicating reagents are affixed and another section comprising of a colour intensity scale. The reagents undergo a colorimetric reaction upon contact with the body odour compounds from the skin. In one embodiment of the invention, two reagents, sodium nitrite and acriflavine, are used to detect carboxylic acids in body odour. The change of colour on the strip and its intensity can be qualitatively assessed using the colour intensity scale.
Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is the housing of the strip in its entirety.
FIG. 2 is the detailed anatomy of the strip according to one embodiment of the invention, comprising of various sections.
FIG. 3 is the folded configuration of the strip, when the two major sections are brought into contact.
Detailed Description of the Art The housing of the present invention is shown in Figure 1. The housing comprises of material that will protect, preserve, and cover the strip. The housing is preferably made of light paper material that covers the strip in order to preserve the reagents on the strip. Its purpose is to prevent the reagents from drying out and/or getting contaminated from the exterior environment. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the housing contains closed sealed edges 1 and an openable sealed edge 2. The user can remove the housing by peeling it from the openable end 2.
Figure 2 shows the strip removed from its housing or packaging material. It consists of 3 sections. The two equal sections 3 and 4 contain two reagents involved in the colorimetric reaction. Section 3 is the region of the strip furthest away from the colour intensity scale 7. Section 4 is the region of the strip closest to the colour intensity scale 7. Sections 3 and 4 are separated by a perforated line 6. The perforation allows the strip to be folded so that the reagents can be brought into contact with one another, leading to the initiation of the reaction. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, section 5 of the strip comprises of a scale containing a range of colours 7 that correlate to the intensities of the body odour. Additionally, section 5 is an area where the user can hold the strip and apply it to the body region.
In a preferred application of the invention, the user first removes the housing of the strip. The strip is held by the end containing section 5 and applied onto the body area (ie. the axilla). Only section 3, the section farthest from the intensity scale 7, should preferably be applied onto the body area. This ensures minimal loss of the reagents and that only one reagent is in contact with the skin.
Although it is possible to apply the whole strip onto the body area, the reaction progression will be less effective. Once the reagents have been exposed to the odour-containing body area, the user folds the strip at the perforated line 6. The two reagents come into contact with one another and the reaction is allowed to proceed for a preferred time interval of 15 seconds. Figure 3 shows the folded strip conformation. Further after, the user unfolds the strip and observes a qualitative change in the colour of the strip. The colour of the strip can be matched to the closest of the colours on the intensity scale 7.
In a preferred and advantageous embodiment of the invention, the colorimetric reaction that is employed uses two reagents, namely sodium nitrite and acriflavine. Aqueous sodium nitrite, with a preferred concentration of 0.1 %w/w is added to section 3 of the strip and aqueous acriflavine, with a preferred concentration of 0.1 %w/w is added to section 4. As described in the background, the reaction takes place when carboxylic acids from the body odour and sodium nitrite are exposed to acriflavine solution. The acriflavine solution is initially yellow-orange but changes to a violet colour when the reaction proceeds.
The reaction will proceed when the strip is folded at the perforated line 6.
The change of colour and the intensity of the change of colour can be compared to the standard intensity scale 7 and a qualitative assessment of the intensity of the body odour can be determined.
In further extensions to the present invention, carboxylic acid responding calorimetric reactions other than sodium nitrite and acriflavine can also be used. A single reagent can also be used throughout the strip. This includes any pH visual indicating agent that responds to carboxylic acids, such as but not limited to phenol red, cresol red, 3-nitrophenol, Brilliant Yellow, Bromothymol Blue, and Chlorophenol Red.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the length of the strip is 7 cm and the width of the strip is 3 cm. In a preferred construction of the strip, these dimensions are presented as such in order to maintain the ease of use. The thickness of the strip should be great enough so that the strip stays rigid and firm for easy handling. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the thickness is 0.25 mm, similar to that of regular US card stock. This would allow enough comfort for the user to apply the strip on an area containing body odour.
In the embodiment of the invention, it is preferred that the strip be comprised of an adsorbent material.
This material will ensure that the reagents are not evaporated or removed from the surface. The preferred adsorbent material may consist of silica, alumina, alumina hydroxide, aluminum oxide, cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyamide 6 (Nylon 6), derivatives or combinations thereof. The adsorbent material will allow a range of aqueous reagents to be applied on its surface.
As well, this material will also be ideal to have fine powdered reagents dispersed on its surface because of its polymer matrix characteristics.
While the invention has been presented in full detail with respect to the specific embodiments, it shall become apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the scope and essence of the present invention.
Firstly, it allows the consumer to measure their body odour at any convenient time and place.
Secondly, the straightforward method to using the present invention allows for ease of use and portability.
Thirdly, the present invention provides a qualitative measurement of the intensity of the body odour at the applied body area.
Most importantly, the consumer's qualitative assessment enables appropriate decision-making in terms of body odour control and prevention.
The present invention comprises of a visual indicator strip used to detect and qualitatively measure body odour. The strip includes a section where visual indicating reagents are affixed and another section comprising of a colour intensity scale. The reagents undergo a colorimetric reaction upon contact with the body odour compounds from the skin. In one embodiment of the invention, two reagents, sodium nitrite and acriflavine, are used to detect carboxylic acids in body odour. The change of colour on the strip and its intensity can be qualitatively assessed using the colour intensity scale.
Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is the housing of the strip in its entirety.
FIG. 2 is the detailed anatomy of the strip according to one embodiment of the invention, comprising of various sections.
FIG. 3 is the folded configuration of the strip, when the two major sections are brought into contact.
Detailed Description of the Art The housing of the present invention is shown in Figure 1. The housing comprises of material that will protect, preserve, and cover the strip. The housing is preferably made of light paper material that covers the strip in order to preserve the reagents on the strip. Its purpose is to prevent the reagents from drying out and/or getting contaminated from the exterior environment. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the housing contains closed sealed edges 1 and an openable sealed edge 2. The user can remove the housing by peeling it from the openable end 2.
Figure 2 shows the strip removed from its housing or packaging material. It consists of 3 sections. The two equal sections 3 and 4 contain two reagents involved in the colorimetric reaction. Section 3 is the region of the strip furthest away from the colour intensity scale 7. Section 4 is the region of the strip closest to the colour intensity scale 7. Sections 3 and 4 are separated by a perforated line 6. The perforation allows the strip to be folded so that the reagents can be brought into contact with one another, leading to the initiation of the reaction. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, section 5 of the strip comprises of a scale containing a range of colours 7 that correlate to the intensities of the body odour. Additionally, section 5 is an area where the user can hold the strip and apply it to the body region.
In a preferred application of the invention, the user first removes the housing of the strip. The strip is held by the end containing section 5 and applied onto the body area (ie. the axilla). Only section 3, the section farthest from the intensity scale 7, should preferably be applied onto the body area. This ensures minimal loss of the reagents and that only one reagent is in contact with the skin.
Although it is possible to apply the whole strip onto the body area, the reaction progression will be less effective. Once the reagents have been exposed to the odour-containing body area, the user folds the strip at the perforated line 6. The two reagents come into contact with one another and the reaction is allowed to proceed for a preferred time interval of 15 seconds. Figure 3 shows the folded strip conformation. Further after, the user unfolds the strip and observes a qualitative change in the colour of the strip. The colour of the strip can be matched to the closest of the colours on the intensity scale 7.
In a preferred and advantageous embodiment of the invention, the colorimetric reaction that is employed uses two reagents, namely sodium nitrite and acriflavine. Aqueous sodium nitrite, with a preferred concentration of 0.1 %w/w is added to section 3 of the strip and aqueous acriflavine, with a preferred concentration of 0.1 %w/w is added to section 4. As described in the background, the reaction takes place when carboxylic acids from the body odour and sodium nitrite are exposed to acriflavine solution. The acriflavine solution is initially yellow-orange but changes to a violet colour when the reaction proceeds.
The reaction will proceed when the strip is folded at the perforated line 6.
The change of colour and the intensity of the change of colour can be compared to the standard intensity scale 7 and a qualitative assessment of the intensity of the body odour can be determined.
In further extensions to the present invention, carboxylic acid responding calorimetric reactions other than sodium nitrite and acriflavine can also be used. A single reagent can also be used throughout the strip. This includes any pH visual indicating agent that responds to carboxylic acids, such as but not limited to phenol red, cresol red, 3-nitrophenol, Brilliant Yellow, Bromothymol Blue, and Chlorophenol Red.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the length of the strip is 7 cm and the width of the strip is 3 cm. In a preferred construction of the strip, these dimensions are presented as such in order to maintain the ease of use. The thickness of the strip should be great enough so that the strip stays rigid and firm for easy handling. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the thickness is 0.25 mm, similar to that of regular US card stock. This would allow enough comfort for the user to apply the strip on an area containing body odour.
In the embodiment of the invention, it is preferred that the strip be comprised of an adsorbent material.
This material will ensure that the reagents are not evaporated or removed from the surface. The preferred adsorbent material may consist of silica, alumina, alumina hydroxide, aluminum oxide, cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyamide 6 (Nylon 6), derivatives or combinations thereof. The adsorbent material will allow a range of aqueous reagents to be applied on its surface.
As well, this material will also be ideal to have fine powdered reagents dispersed on its surface because of its polymer matrix characteristics.
While the invention has been presented in full detail with respect to the specific embodiments, it shall become apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the scope and essence of the present invention.
Claims (13)
1) An article for detecting and qualitatively measuring human body odours or body odour compounds by using at least one visual indicator that is colour sensitive to the odour.
2) An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the body odour compounds comprise of carboxylic acids.
3) An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the article is comprised of a strip with two sections:
a. First section comprising of visual indicating reagents which are affixed on the surface of the section.
b. Second section comprising of a colour intensity scale, where said section is used to compare the degree to which the reaction in the first section proceeds, and where said section is used to show increasing intensities of colours corresponding to the increasing degree of body odour.
a. First section comprising of visual indicating reagents which are affixed on the surface of the section.
b. Second section comprising of a colour intensity scale, where said section is used to compare the degree to which the reaction in the first section proceeds, and where said section is used to show increasing intensities of colours corresponding to the increasing degree of body odour.
4) An article as defined in claim 3, wherein the first section is subdivided into two subsections separated by a perforation, where said perforation can allow the two subsections to fold and come into contact with one another.
5) An article as defined in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the article is covered by a protective housing with three sealed edges and one accessible edge.
6) An article as defined in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the strip is composed of an adsorbent material to allow the visual indicating reagents to be adsorbed on the surface of the strip.
7) An article as defined in claim 6, wherein the adsorbent material is selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, alumina hydroxide, aluminum oxide, cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyamide 6 (Nylon 6), derivatives or combinations thereof.
8) An article as defined in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the strip is applied onto the body area which is suspected of body odour, further observed for a visual change on the strip and compared to the colour intensity scale for qualitative assessment of body odour.
9) An article as defined in claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the method of detection used in the article is a colorimetric quantification method which will include at least one visual indicating reagent that responds to body odour compounds by changing colour.
10) An article as defined in claim 8, wherein the colorimetric quantification method involves a reaction between sodium nitrite and acriflavine.
11) An article as defined in claim 8, wherein the colorimetric quantification method involves a visual indicating reagent that is selected from the group consisting of phenol red, cresol red, 3-nitrophenol, Brilliant Yellow, Bromothymol Blue, and Chlorophenol Red.
12) An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the article is used for the purposes of personal hygiene check and self-analysis.
13) An article as defined in claim 1, wherein the article is used for the purposes of qualitative medical diagnosis of odour-causing diseases and syndromes.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2801978 CA2801978A1 (en) | 2013-01-14 | 2013-01-14 | Detection of body odour using a visual indicator strip |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2801978 CA2801978A1 (en) | 2013-01-14 | 2013-01-14 | Detection of body odour using a visual indicator strip |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2801978A1 true CA2801978A1 (en) | 2014-07-14 |
Family
ID=51205719
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2801978 Abandoned CA2801978A1 (en) | 2013-01-14 | 2013-01-14 | Detection of body odour using a visual indicator strip |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2801978A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2023031568A1 (en) | 2021-09-06 | 2023-03-09 | Aryballe | Use of at least two volatile compound precursors for characterising the ability of the microorganisms contained in a biological sample to release volatile compounds |
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| US11760170B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Olfaction sensor preservation systems and methods |
| US11760169B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors |
| US11813926B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-14 | Denso International America, Inc. | Binding agent and olfaction sensor |
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-
2013
- 2013-01-14 CA CA 2801978 patent/CA2801978A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US11636870B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-04-25 | Denso International America, Inc. | Smoking cessation systems and methods |
| US11760170B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Olfaction sensor preservation systems and methods |
| US11760169B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors |
| US11813926B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-14 | Denso International America, Inc. | Binding agent and olfaction sensor |
| US11828210B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-28 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic systems and methods of vehicles using olfaction |
| US11881093B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-01-23 | Denso International America, Inc. | Systems and methods for identifying smoking in vehicles |
| US11932080B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2024-03-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic and recirculation control systems and methods |
| WO2023031568A1 (en) | 2021-09-06 | 2023-03-09 | Aryballe | Use of at least two volatile compound precursors for characterising the ability of the microorganisms contained in a biological sample to release volatile compounds |
| FR3126783A1 (en) | 2021-09-06 | 2023-03-10 | Aryballe | METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZING THE MICROBIOTA OF A BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE AND USES THEREOF |
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